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Shen T, Oh Y, Jeong S, Cho S, Fiehn O, Youn JH. High-Fat Feeding Alters Circulating Triglyceride Composition: Roles of FFA Desaturation and ω-3 Fatty Acid Availability. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8810. [PMID: 39201497 PMCID: PMC11354557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Plasma triglycerides (TGs) are a key factor for assessing the risk of diabetes or CVD. However, previous lipidomics studies have demonstrated that not all TG molecules behave the same way. Individual TGs with different fatty acid compositions are regulated differentially under various conditions. In addition, distinct groups of TGs were identified to be associated with increased diabetes risk (TGs with lower carbon number [C#] and double-bond number [DB#]), or with decreased risk (TGs with higher C# and DB#). In this study, we examined the effects of high-fat feeding in rats on plasma lipid profiles with special attention to TG profiles. Wistar rats were maintained on either a low-fat (control) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 weeks. Plasma samples were obtained before and 2.5 h after a meal (n = 10 each) and subjected to lipidomics analyses. High-fat feeding significantly impacted circulating lipid profiles, with the most significant effects observed on TG profile. The effects of an HFD on individual TG species depended on DB# in their fatty acid chains; an HFD increased TGs with low DB#, associated with increased diabetes risk, but decreased TGs with high DB#, associated with decreased risk. These changes in TGs with an HFD were associated with decreased indices of hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity, assessed from hepatic fatty acid profiles. Decreased SCD activity would reduce the conversion of saturated to monounsaturated fatty acids, contributing to the increases in saturated TGs or TGs with low DB#. In addition, an HFD selectively depleted ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), contributing to the decreases in TGs with high DB#. Thus, an HFD had profound impacts on circulating TG profiles. Some of these changes were at least partly explained by decreased hepatic SCD activity and depleted ω-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Shen
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Youngtaek Oh
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (Y.O.); (S.C.)
| | - Shinwu Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
| | - Suengmok Cho
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (Y.O.); (S.C.)
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Jang H. Youn
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (Y.O.); (S.C.)
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Plötz T, Lenzen S. Mechanisms of lipotoxicity-induced dysfunction and death of human pancreatic beta cells under obesity and type 2 diabetes conditions. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13703. [PMID: 38327101 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The term "pancreatic beta-cell lipotoxicity" refers to the detrimental effects of free fatty acids (FFAs) on a wide variety of cellular functions. Basic research in the field has primarily analyzed the effects of palmitic acid and oleic acid. The focus on these two physiological FFAs, however, ignores differences in chain length and degree of saturation. In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the lipotoxic mechanisms, a wide range of structurally related FFAs should be investigated. Structure-activity relationship analyses of FFAs in the human EndoC-βH1 beta-cell line have provided a deep insight into the mechanisms of beta-cell lipotoxicity. This review focuses on the effects of a wide range of FFAs with crucial structural determinants for the development of lipotoxicity in human beta cells and documents an association between increased triglyceride stores in obesity and in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Plötz
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sigurd Lenzen
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Diabetes Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Torres AN, Tavares L, Pereira MJ, Eriksson JW, Jones JG. Positional and compositional analysis of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adipose tissue triglyceride by 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4632. [PMID: 34676601 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and turnover of triglyceride in adipose tissue involves enzymes with preferences for specific fatty acid classes and/or regioselectivity regarding the fatty acid position within the glycerol moiety. The focus of the current study was to characterize both the composition of fatty acids and their positional distribution in triglycerides of biopsied human subcutaneous adipose tissue, from subjects with wide ranges of body mass index (BMI) and insulin sensitivity, using 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The triglyceride sn2 position was significantly more enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids compared with that of sn1,3, while the abundance of saturated fatty acids was significantly lower in the sn2 position compared with that of sn1,3. Furthermore, the analysis revealed significant positive correlations between the total fraction of palmitoleic acid with both BMI and insulin sensitivity scores (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index). Additionally, we established that 13 C NMR chemical shifts for ω-3 signals, centered at 31.9 ppm, provided superior resolution of the most abundant fatty acid species, including palmitoleate, compared with the ω-2 signals that were used previously. 13 C NMR spectroscopy reveals for the first time a highly nonhomogenous distribution of fatty acids in the glycerol sites of human adipose tissue triglyceride, and that these distributions are correlated with different phenotypes, such as BMI and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra N Torres
- Metabolism, Aging and Disease, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Ludgero Tavares
- Metabolism, Aging and Disease, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
- CIVG - Vasco da Gama Research Center, University School Vasco da Gama - EUVG, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John G Jones
- Metabolism, Aging and Disease, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
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Ofori EK, Letsu BS, Amponsah SK, Ahenkorah J, Crabbe S, Kwao-Zigah G, Oppong SY, Diaba-Nuhoho P, Amanquah SD. Impact of blood perilipin A levels on obesity and metabolic health. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:367. [PMID: 36503541 PMCID: PMC9743615 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perilipin A is a common protein that coats lipid surfaces preventing them from being exposed to oxidative damage. Researchers have found little consistency in the relationship between perilipin A levels in the blood and body fat. This study was a cross-sectional observational that looked at circulating perilipin A levels and how they relate to metabolic health. RESULTS The participants in this study were 86 individuals with a mean age of 45.5 ± 1.2 years. Multiple clinical and metabolic indicators (age, weight, BMI, total body fat mass, triglyceride, and HOMA-IR) were shown to be inversely associated with perilipin A levels (rho = - 0.32, - 0.37, - 0.40, - 0.45, - 0.33 and - 0.29; p < 0.05 respectively). Obese persons were almost six times more likely than non-obese individuals to have lower perilipin A levels (odds ratio = 6.22, CI = 2.35-11.50, p < 0.001). Our findings underscore the important role of perilipin A proteins in metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel K Ofori
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Bright Selorm Letsu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Seth K Amponsah
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - John Ahenkorah
- Department of Anatomy, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Genevieve Kwao-Zigah
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Seth D Amanquah
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
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Roles of Palmitoleic Acid and Its Positional Isomers, Hypogeic and Sapienic Acids, in Inflammation, Metabolic Diseases and Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142146. [PMID: 35883589 PMCID: PMC9319324 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the monounsaturated hexadecenoic fatty acids are being increasingly considered as biomarkers of health with key functions in physiology and pathophysiology. Palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) and sapienic acid (16:1n-10) are synthesized from palmitic acid by the action of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and fatty acid desaturase 2, respectively. A third positional isomer, hypogeic acid (16:1n-9) is produced from the partial β-oxidation of oleic acid. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the effects of palmitoleic acid and, where available, sapienic acid and hypogeic acid, on metabolic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cancer. The results have shown diverse effects among studies in cell lines, animal models and humans. Palmitoleic acid was described as a lipokine able to regulate different metabolic processes such as an increase in insulin sensitivity in muscle, β cell proliferation, prevention of endoplasmic reticulum stress and lipogenic activity in white adipocytes. Numerous beneficial effects have been attributed to palmitoleic acid, both in mouse models and in cell lines. However, its role in humans is not fully understood, and is sometimes controversial. Regarding sapienic acid and hypogeic acid, studies on their biological effects are still scarce, but accumulating evidence suggests that they also play important roles in metabolic regulation. The multiplicity of effects reported for palmitoleic acid and the compartmentalized manner in which they often occur, may suggest the overlapping actions of multiple isomers being present at the same or neighboring locations.
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Li VL, Kim JT, Long JZ. Adipose Tissue Lipokines: Recent Progress and Future Directions. Diabetes 2020; 69:2541-2548. [PMID: 33219098 PMCID: PMC7679773 DOI: 10.2337/dbi20-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Beyond classical metabolic functions in energy storage and energy expenditure, adipose tissue is also a dynamic endocrine organ that secretes bioactive factors into blood plasma. Historically, studies of the adipose secretome have predominantly focused on polypeptide adipokines. Recently, adipose-derived blood-borne lipids ("lipokines") have emerged as a distinct class of endocrine factors. Lipokines are intimately connected to intracellular pathways of fatty acid metabolism and therefore uniquely poised to communicate the intracellular energy status of adipocytes to other nonadipose tissues including liver, muscle, and pancreas. Here, we discuss recent progress on our understanding of adipose-secreted lipokines as endocrine regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism. We also provide our perspective on future directions for adipose-secreted lipids, including limitations of the currently available experimental data as well as potential strategies for addressing the remaining open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L Li
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Joon T Kim
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Jonathan Z Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Ramos P, Bush NC, Jensen MD. Sex and Depot Differences in Palmitoleic Acid Content of Human Blood and Fat. Lipids 2020; 55:63-72. [PMID: 31944322 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Palmitoleic acid has been classified as an insulin-sensitizing lipokine, but evidence for this from human studies has been inconsistent. We hypothesized that this is related to either the types of samples or conditions under which samples are collected. We measured plasma palmitoleic acid and total free fatty acids (FFA) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography in blood samples collected from 34 adults under a variety of conditions. We collected duplicate samples of adipose (n = 10), FFA (n = 9), and very low density lipoprotein triacylglycerol (VLDL-TAG) (n = 7) to measure the palmitoleic acid as a percentage of total fatty acids. We tested whether the percentage of palmitoleic acid was correlated with insulin resistance, as measured by homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Adipose stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD-1) protein was measured by capillary Western blotting. FFA-palmitoleic acid percentage increased as a function of total FFA and was greater (p < 0.005) in females than males. Adipose palmitoleic acid percentage was greater in females than males (p < 0.001), as was adipose SCD-1. Palmitoleic acid was greater in femoral fat than in abdominal fat in both females and males (p < 0.001), and correlated positively with HOMA-IR only in females. The test-retest reliability values for percentage palmitoleic acid were 7 ± 10% for adipose, 24 ± 26% for VLDL, and 53 ± 31% for FFA. Because FFA-palmitoleic acid percentage varies as a function of total FFA, investigators should re-evaluate how palmitoleic acid data is presented. The positive relationship between adipose palmitoleic acid and HOMA-IR in females suggests that it is not a potent insulin-sensitizing lipokine in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ramos
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rm 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Nikki C Bush
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rm 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Michael D Jensen
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rm 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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Tricò D, Mengozzi A, Nesti L, Hatunic M, Gabriel Sanchez R, Konrad T, Lalić K, Lalić NM, Mari A, Natali A. Circulating palmitoleic acid is an independent determinant of insulin sensitivity, beta cell function and glucose tolerance in non-diabetic individuals: a longitudinal analysis. Diabetologia 2020; 63:206-218. [PMID: 31676981 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-05013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Experimental studies suggest that the fatty acid palmitoleate may act as an adipocyte-derived lipid hormone (or 'lipokine') to regulate systemic metabolism. We investigated the relationship of circulating palmitoleate with insulin sensitivity, beta cell function and glucose tolerance in humans. METHODS Plasma NEFA concentration and composition were determined in non-diabetic individuals from the Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular disease (RISC) study cohort at baseline (n = 1234) and after a 3 year follow-up (n = 924). Glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and beta cell function were assessed during an OGTT. Whole-body insulin sensitivity was measured by a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp (M/I) and OGTT (oral glucose insulin sensitivity index [OGIS]). The liver insulin resistance index was calculated using clinical and biochemical data. Body composition including fat mass was determined by bioelectrical impedance. RESULTS Circulating palmitoleate was proportional to fat mass (r = 0.21, p < 0.0001) and total NEFA levels (r = 0.19, p < 0.0001). It correlated with whole-body insulin sensitivity (M/I: standardised regression coefficient [std. β] = 0.16, p < 0.0001), liver insulin resistance (std. β = -0.14, p < 0.0001), beta cell function (potentiation: std. β = 0.08, p = 0.045) and glucose tolerance (2 h glucose: std. β = -0.24, p < 0.0001) after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, adiposity and other NEFA. High palmitoleate concentrations prevented the decrease in insulin sensitivity associated with excess palmitate (p = 0.0001). In a longitudinal analysis, a positive independent relationship was observed between changes in palmitoleate and insulin sensitivity over time (std. β = 0.07, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We demonstrated that plasma palmitoleate is an independent determinant of insulin sensitivity, beta cell function and glucose tolerance in non-diabetic individuals. These results support the role of palmitoleate as a beneficial lipokine released by adipose tissue to prevent the negative effects of adiposity and excess NEFA on systemic glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Tricò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Mengozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nesti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mensud Hatunic
- Department of Endocrinology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, University College Dublin School of Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Thomas Konrad
- Institute for Metabolic Research, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katarina Lalić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojša M Lalić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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Hu W, Fitzgerald M, Topp B, Alam M, O'Hare TJ. A review of biological functions, health benefits, and possible de novo biosynthetic pathway of palmitoleic acid in macadamia nuts. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Knebel B, Fahlbusch P, Poschmann G, Dille M, Wahlers N, Stühler K, Hartwig S, Lehr S, Schiller M, Jacob S, Kettel U, Müller-Wieland D, Kotzka J. Adipokinome Signatures in Obese Mouse Models Reflect Adipose Tissue Health and Are Associated with Serum Lipid Composition. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102559. [PMID: 31137678 PMCID: PMC6567124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte and hepatic lipid metabolism govern whole-body metabolic homeostasis, whereas a disbalance of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in fat and liver might lead to obesity, with severe co-morbidities. Nevertheless, some obese people are metabolically healthy, but the “protective” mechanisms are not yet known in detail. Especially, the adipocyte-derived molecular mediators that indicate adipose functionality are poorly understood. We studied transgenic mice (alb-SREBP-1c) with a “healthy” obese phenotype, and obob mice with hyperphagia-induced “sick” obesity to analyze the impact of the tissue-specific DNL on the secreted proteins, i.e., the adipokinome, of the primary adipose cells by label-free proteomics. Compared to the control mice, adipose DNL is reduced in both obese mouse models. In contrast, the hepatic DNL is reduced in obob but elevated in alb-SREBP-1c mice. To investigate the relationship between lipid metabolism and adipokinomes, we formulated the “liver-to-adipose-tissue DNL” ratio. Knowledge-based analyses of these results revealed adipocyte functionality with proteins, which was involved in tissue remodeling or metabolism in the alb-SREBP-1c mice and in the control mice, but mainly in fibrosis in the obob mice. The adipokinome in “healthy” obesity is similar to that in a normal condition, but it differs from that in “sick” obesity, whereas the serum lipid patterns reflect the “liver-to-adipose-tissue DNL” ratio and are associated with the adipokinome signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Knebel
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Pia Fahlbusch
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Matthias Dille
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Natalie Wahlers
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Kai Stühler
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, BMFZ, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Sonja Hartwig
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Stefan Lehr
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Martina Schiller
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Sylvia Jacob
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Kettel
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dirk Müller-Wieland
- Clinical Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jörg Kotzka
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Gancheva S, Jelenik T, Álvarez-Hernández E, Roden M. Interorgan Metabolic Crosstalk in Human Insulin Resistance. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1371-1415. [PMID: 29767564 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive energy intake and reduced energy expenditure drive the development of insulin resistance and metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolic signals derived from dietary intake or secreted from adipose tissue, gut, and liver contribute to energy homeostasis. Recent metabolomic studies identified novel metabolites and enlarged our knowledge on classic metabolites. This review summarizes the evidence of their roles as mediators of interorgan crosstalk and regulators of insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism. Circulating lipids such as free fatty acids, acetate, and palmitoleate from adipose tissue and short-chain fatty acids from the gut effectively act on liver and skeletal muscle. Intracellular lipids such as diacylglycerols and sphingolipids can serve as lipotoxins by directly inhibiting insulin action in muscle and liver. In contrast, fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids have been recently shown to exert a series of beneficial effects. Also, ketoacids are gaining interest as potent modulators of insulin action and mitochondrial function. Finally, branched-chain amino acids not only predict metabolic diseases, but also inhibit insulin signaling. Here, we focus on the metabolic crosstalk in humans, which regulates insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis in the main insulin-sensitive tissues, skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Gancheva
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Tomas Jelenik
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Elisa Álvarez-Hernández
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
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12
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Song Z, Xiaoli AM, Yang F. Regulation and Metabolic Significance of De Novo Lipogenesis in Adipose Tissues. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101383. [PMID: 30274245 PMCID: PMC6213738 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is a complex and highly regulated process in which carbohydrates from circulation are converted into fatty acids that are then used for synthesizing either triglycerides or other lipid molecules. Dysregulation of DNL contributes to human diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the lipogenic pathway may provide a new therapeutic opportunity for combating various pathological conditions that are associated with dysregulated lipid metabolism. Hepatic DNL has been well documented, but lipogenesis in adipocytes and its contribution to energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity are less studied. Recent reports have gained significant insights into the signaling pathways that regulate lipogenic transcription factors and the role of DNL in adipose tissues. In this review, we will update the current knowledge of DNL in white and brown adipose tissues with the focus on transcriptional, post-translational, and central regulation of DNL. We will also summarize the recent findings of adipocyte DNL as a source of some signaling molecules that critically regulate energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Song
- Departments of Medicine and Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Alus M Xiaoli
- Departments of Medicine and Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Fajun Yang
- Departments of Medicine and Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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13
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de Souza CO, Vannice GK, Rosa Neto JC, Calder PC. Is Palmitoleic Acid a Plausible Nonpharmacological Strategy to Prevent or Control Chronic Metabolic and Inflammatory Disorders? Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 28980402 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although dietary fatty acids can modulate metabolic and immune responses, the effects of palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) remain unclear. Since this monounsaturated fatty acid is described as a lipokine, studies with cell culture and rodent models have suggested it enhances whole body insulin sensitivity, stimulates insulin secretion by β cells, increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation, improves the blood lipid profile, and alters macrophage differentiation. However, human studies report elevated blood levels of palmitoleic acid in people with obesity and metabolic syndrome. These findings might be reflection of the level or activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, which synthesizes palmitoleate and is enhanced in liver and adipose tissue of obese patients. The aim of this review is to describe the immune-metabolic effects of palmitoleic acid observed in cell culture, animal models, and humans to answer the question of whether palmitoleic acid is a plausible nonpharmacological strategy to prevent, control, or ameliorate chronic metabolic and inflammatory disorders. Despite the beneficial effects observed in cell culture and in animal studies, there are insufficient human intervention studies to fully understand the physiological effects of palmitoleic acid. Therefore, more human-based research is needed to identify whether palmitoleic acid meets the promising therapeutic potential suggested by the preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila O de Souza
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José C Rosa Neto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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14
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ALJohani AM, Syed DN, Ntambi JM. Insights into Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 Regulation of Systemic Metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:831-842. [PMID: 29089222 PMCID: PMC5701860 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) is a central regulator of fuel metabolism and may represent a therapeutic target to control obesity and the progression of related metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and hepatic steatosis. SCD1 catalyzes the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), mainly oleate and palmitoleate, which are important in controlling weight gain in response to feeding high carbohydrate diets. In this review, we evaluate the role of SCD1 isoform in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism in metabolic tissues. These highlights of recent findings are aimed toward advancing our understanding of the role of SCD1 in the development of metabolic diseases, which may help evaluate the possible health outcomes of modulating MUFA levels through targeting SCD1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M ALJohani
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deeba N Syed
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - James M Ntambi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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15
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Astudillo AM, Meana C, Guijas C, Pereira L, Lebrero P, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. Occurrence and biological activity of palmitoleic acid isomers in phagocytic cells. J Lipid Res 2017; 59:237-249. [PMID: 29167413 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m079145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the role of palmitoleic acid [16:1n-7 (cis-9-hexadecenoic acid)] as a lipid hormone that coordinates cross-talk between liver and adipose tissue and exerts anti-inflammatory protective effects on hepatic steatosis and insulin signaling in murine models of metabolic disease. More recently, a 16:1n-7 isomer, cis-7-hexadecenoic acid (16:1n-9), that also possesses marked anti-inflammatory effects, has been described in human circulating monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. By using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analyses of dimethyl disulfide derivatives of fatty acyl methyl esters, we describe in this study the presence of a third 16:1 isomer, sapienic acid [16:1n-10 (6-cis-hexadecenoic acid)], in phagocytic cells. Cellular levels of 16:1n-10 appear to depend not only on the cellular content of linoleic acid, but also on the expression level of fatty acid desaturase 2, thus revealing a complex regulation both at the enzyme level, via fatty acid substrate competition, and directly at the gene level. However, unlike 16:1n-7 and 16:1n-9, 16:1n-10 levels are not regulated by the activation state of the cell. Moreover, while 16:1n-7 and 16:1n-9 manifest strong anti-inflammatory activity when added to the cells at low concentrations (10 μM), notably higher concentrations of 16:1n-10 are required to observe a comparable effect. Collectively, these results suggest the presence in phagocytic cells of an unexpected variety of 16:1 isomers, which can be distinguished on the basis of their biological activity and cellular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma M Astudillo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Meana
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Guijas
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Laura Pereira
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Patricia Lebrero
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Balboa
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Zeman M, Vecka M, Burda M, Tvrzická E, Staňková B, Macášek J, Žák A. Fatty Acid Composition of Plasma Phosphatidylcholine Determines Body Fat Parameters in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome-Related Traits. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2017; 15:371-378. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2017.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Zeman
- 4th Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Vecka
- 4th Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Burda
- Institute for Research and Applications of Fuzzy Modelling, Centre of Excellence IT4Innovations, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tvrzická
- 4th Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Staňková
- 4th Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Macášek
- 4th Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Žák
- 4th Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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17
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van Heerden B, Kasonga A, Kruger MC, Coetzee M. Palmitoleic Acid Inhibits RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Resorption by Suppressing NF-κB and MAPK Signalling Pathways. Nutrients 2017; 9:E441. [PMID: 28452958 PMCID: PMC5452171 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells that are responsible for the breakdown or resorption of bone during bone remodelling. Studies have shown that certain fatty acids (FAs) can increase bone formation, reduce bone loss, and influence total bone mass. Palmitoleic acid (PLA) is a 16-carbon, monounsaturated FA that has shown anti-inflammatory properties similar to other FAs. The effects of PLA in bone remain unexplored. Here we investigated the effects of PLA on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption in RAW264.7 murine macrophages. PLA decreased the number of large, multinucleated tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive osteoclasts and furthermore, suppressed the osteolytic capability of these osteoclasts. This was accompanied by a decrease in expression of resorption markers (Trap, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Mmp9), cathepsin K (Ctsk)). PLA further decreased the expression of genes involved in the formation and function of osteoclasts. Additionally, PLA inhibited NF-κB activity and the activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Moreover, PLA induced apoptosis in mature osteoclasts. This study reveals that PLA inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast formation in RAW264.7 murine macrophages through suppression of NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways. This may indicate that PLA has potential as a therapeutic for bone diseases characterized by excessive osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abe Kasonga
- Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Marlena C Kruger
- School of Food and Nutrition, Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well-being, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Magdalena Coetzee
- Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well-being, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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18
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von Frankenberg AD, Marina A, Song X, Callahan HS, Kratz M, Utzschneider KM. A high-fat, high-saturated fat diet decreases insulin sensitivity without changing intra-abdominal fat in weight-stable overweight and obese adults. Eur J Nutr 2017; 56:431-443. [PMID: 26615402 PMCID: PMC5291812 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to determine the effects of dietary fat on insulin sensitivity and whether changes in insulin sensitivity were explained by changes in abdominal fat distribution or very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) fatty acid composition. METHODS Overweight/obese adults with normal glucose tolerance consumed a control diet (35 % fat/12 % saturated fat/47 % carbohydrate) for 10 days, followed by a 4-week low-fat diet (LFD, n = 10: 20 % fat/8 % saturated fat/62 % carbohydrate) or high-fat diet (HFD, n = 10: 55 % fat/25 % saturated fat/27 % carbohydrate). All foods and their eucaloric energy content were provided. Insulin sensitivity was measured by labeled hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, abdominal fat distribution by MRI, and fasting VLDL fatty acids by gas chromatography. RESULTS The rate of glucose disposal (Rd) during low- and high-dose insulin decreased on the HFD but remained unchanged on the LFD (Rd-low: LFD: 0.12 ± 0.11 vs. HFD: -0.37 ± 0.15 mmol/min, mean ± SE, p < 0.01; Rd-high: LFD: 0.11 ± 0.37 vs. HFD: -0.71 ± 0.26 mmol/min, p = 0.08). Hepatic insulin sensitivity did not change. Changes in subcutaneous fat were positively associated with changes in insulin sensitivity on the LFD (r = 0.78, p < 0.01) with a trend on the HFD (r = 0.60, p = 0.07), whereas there was no association with intra-abdominal fat. The LFD led to an increase in VLDL palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), and palmitoleic (16:1n7c) acids, while no changes were observed on the HFD. Changes in VLDL n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n6) were strongly associated with changes in insulin sensitivity on both diets (LFD: r = -0.77; p < 0.01; HFD: r = -0.71; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS A diet very high in fat and saturated fat adversely affects insulin sensitivity and thereby might contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER NCT00930371.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anize D von Frankenberg
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Post-Graduate Endocrinology Program, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Endocrinology, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S Columbian Way (151), Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.
| | - Anna Marina
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Xiaoling Song
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Holly S Callahan
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Mario Kratz
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kristina M Utzschneider
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Endocrinology, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S Columbian Way (151), Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
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19
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Huber AH, Kleinfeld AM. Unbound free fatty acid profiles in human plasma and the unexpected absence of unbound palmitoleate. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:578-585. [PMID: 28082409 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m074260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined for the first time the profiles of the nine most abundant unbound FFAs (FFAus) in human plasma. Profiles were determined for a standard reference plasma of pooled healthy adults for which the Lipid MAPSMAPS Consortium had determined the total FFA profiles. Measurements were performed by using 20 different acrylodan-labeled fatty acid binding protein mutants (probes), which have complementary specificities for the nine FFAs that comprise more than 96% of long-chain plasma FFA. The acrylodan fluorescence emission for each probe changes upon binding a FFAu. The plasma concentrations of each of the nine FFAus were determined by combining the measured fluorescence ratios of the 20 probes. The total molar FFAu concentration accounted for <10-5 of the total FFA concentration, and the mole fractions of the FFAu profiles were substantially different than the total FFA profiles. Myristic acid, for example, comprises 22% of the unbound versus 2.8% of the total. The most surprising difference is our finding of zero unbound cis-9-palmitoleic acid (POA), whereas the total POA was 7.2%. An unidentified plasma component appears to specifically prevent the release of POA. FFAus are the physiologically active FFAs, and plasma FFAu profiles may provide novel information about human health.
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20
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Frigolet ME, Gutiérrez-Aguilar R. The Role of the Novel Lipokine Palmitoleic Acid in Health and Disease. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:173S-181S. [PMID: 28096141 PMCID: PMC5227969 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.011130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The monounsaturated fatty acid palmitoleate (palmitoleic acid) is one of the most abundant fatty acids in serum and tissues, particularly adipose tissue and liver. Its endogenous production by stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 gives rise to its cis isoform, cis-palmitoleate. Although trans-palmitoleate is also synthesized in humans, it is mainly found as an exogenous source in ruminant fat and dairy products. Recently, palmitoleate was considered to be a lipokine based on evidence demonstrating its release from adipose tissue and its metabolic effects on distant organs. After this finding, research has been performed to determine whether palmitoleate has beneficial effects on metabolism and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Thus, the aim of this work was to review the current status of knowledge about palmitoleate, its metabolism, and its influence on metabolic abnormalities. Results have shown mixed cardiovascular effects, direct or inverse correlations with obesity, and hepatosteatosis, but a significant amelioration or prevention of insulin resistance and diabetes. Finally, the induction of palmitoleate release from adipose tissue, dietary intake, and its supplementation are all interventions with a potential impact on certain metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Frigolet
- Metabolic Diseases: Obesity and Diabetes Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico; and
| | - Ruth Gutiérrez-Aguilar
- Metabolic Diseases: Obesity and Diabetes Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico; and
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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21
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Guijas C, Meana C, Astudillo AM, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. Foamy Monocytes Are Enriched in cis-7-Hexadecenoic Fatty Acid (16:1n-9), a Possible Biomarker for Early Detection of Cardiovascular Disease. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:689-99. [PMID: 27265749 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human monocytes respond to arachidonic acid, a secretory product of endothelial cells, by activating the de novo pathway of fatty acid biosynthesis, resulting in the acquisition of a foamy phenotype due to accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Recruitment of foamy monocytes to endothelium is a key step in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Here we describe that lipid droplets of foamy monocytes are enriched in a rather uncommon fatty acid, cis-7-hexadecenoic acid (16:1n-9), a positional isomer of palmitoleic acid. 16:1n-9 was found to possess an anti-inflammatory activity both in vitro and in vivo that is comparable with that of omega-3 fatty acids and clearly distinguishable from the effects of palmitoleic acid. Selective accumulation in neutral lipids of phagocytic cells of an uncommon fatty acid reveals an early phenotypic change that may provide a biomarker of proatherogenicity, and a potential target for intervention in the early stages of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guijas
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, Calle Sanz y Forés 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Meana
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, Calle Sanz y Forés 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alma M Astudillo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, Calle Sanz y Forés 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Balboa
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, Calle Sanz y Forés 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, Calle Sanz y Forés 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Merino J, Sala-Vila A, Plana N, Girona J, Vallve JC, Ibarretxe D, Ros E, Ferré R, Heras M, Masana L. Serum palmitoleate acts as a lipokine in subjects at high cardiometabolic risk. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:261-267. [PMID: 26817937 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Clinical data on the role as a lipokine of de novo lipogenesis-derived palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7cis) in serum non-esterified fatty acids (palmitoleate) are scarce. We aimed to assess whether palmitoleate relates to cardiometabolic risk. METHODS AND RESULTS In this cross-sectional study we included 358 individuals aged 30-65-years at high cardiovascular risk. We tested the association of palmitoleate (determined by gas chromatography) with metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components (defined by ATPIII criteria), fatty liver index (a surrogate of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD]), and subclinical atherosclerosis (determined as ultrasound-measured carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness). Palmitoleate concentration was higher in women compared with men (median ± range interquartile, 1.36 ± 0.96 vs. 0.97 ± 0.77 μmol/L respectively, P < 0.001). In both genders palmitoleate concentration was associated with a higher prevalence of MS: men, odds ratio [OR: 1.12 (95%CI: 1.03; 1.23, P = 0.010)]; women [OR: 1.07 (95%CI: 1.03; 1.13, P = 0.005)], and all of its components except low HDL-cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia. Palmitoleate was also associated with increased risk of NAFLD in both men [OR: 1.12 (95%CI: 1.03; 1.29, P = 0.031)] and women [OR: 1.11 (95%CI: 1.05; 1.19, P = 0.001)]. No associations with subclinical atherosclerosis were detected. CONCLUSIONS Our observational data supports a relationship between de novo lipogenesis-derived circulating palmitoleic acid (palmitoleate) and increased cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Merino
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - A Sala-Vila
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - N Plana
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Girona
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J C Vallve
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Ibarretxe
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Ros
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - R Ferré
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Heras
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Masana
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
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Kawabata K, Karahashi M, Sakamoto T, Tsuji Y, Yamazaki T, Okazaki M, Mitsumoto A, Kudo N, Kawashima Y. Fatty Acid β-Oxidation Plays a Key Role in Regulating cis-Palmitoleic Acid Levels in the Liver. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1995-2008. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yukiho Tsuji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | | | - Mari Okazaki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | | | - Naomi Kudo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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24
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KUNEŠOVÁ M, SEDLÁČKOVÁ B, BRADNOVÁ O, TVRZICKÁ E, STAŇKOVÁ B, ŠRÁMKOVÁ P, DOLEŽALOVÁ K, KALOUSKOVÁ P, HLAVATÝ P, HILL M, BENDLOVÁ B, FRIED M, HAINER V, VRBÍKOVÁ J. Fatty Acid Composition of Adipose Tissue Triglycerides in Obese Diabetic Women After Bariatric Surgery: a 2-Year Follow up. Physiol Res 2015; 64:S155-66. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is the most effective method in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different types of bariatric procedures on remission of T2DM and on the fatty acid composition in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Patients included obese diabetic women who underwent bariatric surgery: biliopancreatic diversion (BPD), n=8, laparoscopic gastric banding (LAGB), n=9 or laparoscopic greater curvature plication (LGCP), n=12. Anthropometric characteristics and fatty acid composition of adipose tissue (FA AT) were analyzed before surgery, then 6 months and 2 years after surgery. FA AT was analyzed by gas chromatography. Diabetes remission was estimated. BPD was most efficient in inducing a remission of diabetes (p=0.004). Significantly higher increases in lauric (12:0), myristoleic (14:1n-5) and palmitoleic (16:1n-7) acids and delta-9 desaturase were found two years after BPD, suggesting higher lipogenesis in adipose tissue. Docosatetraenoic acid (22:4n-6) increased significantly after BPD, while docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) decreased 6 months after BPD and increased after 2 years. No changes were found after LAGB and LGCP after 2 years. Bariatric surgery led to significant changes in the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue in severely obese diabetic women after six months and two years, and was partly influenced by the type of surgery used.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. KUNEŠOVÁ
- Institute of Endocrinology Obesity Management Centre, Prague, Czech Republic
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Mashek
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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26
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Burhans MS, Flowers MT, Harrington KR, Bond LM, Guo CA, Anderson RM, Ntambi JM. Hepatic oleate regulates adipose tissue lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:304-18. [PMID: 25555387 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m054429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is associated with detrimental metabolic phenotypes including enhanced risk for diabetes. Stearoyl-CoA desaturases (SCDs) catalyze the synthesis of MUFAs. In mice, genetic ablation of SCDs reduces hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and protects against diet-induced hepatic steatosis and adiposity. To understand the mechanism by which hepatic MUFA production influences adipose tissue stores, we created two liver-specific transgenic mouse models in the SCD1 knockout that express either human SCD5 or mouse SCD3, that synthesize oleate and palmitoleate, respectively. We demonstrate that hepatic de novo synthesized oleate, but not palmitoleate, stimulate hepatic lipid accumulation and adiposity, reversing the protective effect of the global SCD1 knockout under lipogenic conditions. Unexpectedly, the accumulation of hepatic lipid occurred without induction of the hepatic DNL program. Changes in hepatic lipid composition were reflected in plasma and in adipose tissue. Importantly, endogenously synthesized hepatic oleate was associated with suppressed DNL and fatty acid oxidation in white adipose tissue. Regression analysis revealed a strong correlation between adipose tissue lipid fuel utilization and hepatic and adipose tissue lipid storage. These data suggest an extrahepatic mechanism where endogenous hepatic oleate regulates lipid homeostasis in adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie S Burhans
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Matthew T Flowers
- Biochemistry, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Madison, WI 53705
| | | | - Laura M Bond
- Biochemistry, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Chang-An Guo
- Biochemistry, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Rozalyn M Anderson
- Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Madison, WI 53705
| | - James M Ntambi
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Madison, WI 53705 Biochemistry, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Madison, WI 53705
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27
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Lee JJ, Lambert JE, Hovhannisyan Y, Ramos-Roman MA, Trombold JR, Wagner DA, Parks EJ. Palmitoleic acid is elevated in fatty liver disease and reflects hepatic lipogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:34-43. [PMID: 25527748 PMCID: PMC4266891 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.092262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biochemical evidence has linked the coordinate control of fatty acid (FA) synthesis with the activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1). The ratio of 16:1n-7 to 16:0 [SCD1₁₆] in plasma triacylglycerol FA has been used as an index to reflect liver SCD1₁₆ activity and has been proposed as a biomarker of FA synthesis, although this use has not been validated by comparison with isotopically measured de novo lipogenesis (DNL(Meas)). OBJECTIVE We investigated plasma lipid 16:1n-7 and FA indexes of elongation and desaturation in relation to lipogenesis. DESIGN In this cross-sectional investigation of metabolism, 24 overweight adults, who were likely to have elevated DNL, consumed D2O for 10 d and had liver fat (LF) measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triacylglycerols and plasma free FA [nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs)] were analyzed by using gas chromatography for the FA composition (molar percentage) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry for deuterium enrichment. RESULTS In all subjects, VLDL-triacylglycerol 16:1n-7 was significantly (P < 0.01) related to DNL(Meas) (r = 0.56), liver fat (r = 0.53), and adipose insulin resistance (r = 0.56); similar positive relations were shown with the SCD1₁₆ index, and the pattern in NEFAs echoed that of VLDL-triacylglycerols. Compared with subjects with low LF (3.1 ± 2.7%; n = 11), subjects with high LF (18.4 ± 3.6%; n = 13) exhibited a 45% higher VLDL-triacylglycerol 16:1n-7 molar percentage (P < 0.01), 16% of subjects had lower 18:2n-6 (P = 0.01), and 27% of subjects had higher DNL as assessed by using a published DNL index (ratio of 16:0 to 18:2n-6; P = 0.03), which was isotopically confirmed by DNL(Meas) (increased 2.5-fold; P < 0.01). Compared with 16:0 in the diet, the low amount of dietary 16:1n-7 in VLDL-triacylglycerols corresponded to a stronger signal of elevated DNL. CONCLUSION The current data provide support for the use of the VLDL-triacylglycerol 16:1n-7 molar percentage as a biomarker for elevated liver fat when isotope use is not feasible; however, larger-scale confirmatory studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Lee
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - Jennifer E Lambert
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - Yelena Hovhannisyan
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - Maria A Ramos-Roman
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - Justin R Trombold
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - David A Wagner
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - Elizabeth J Parks
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
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Hirahatake KM, Slavin JL, Maki KC, Adams SH. Associations between dairy foods, diabetes, and metabolic health: potential mechanisms and future directions. Metabolism 2014; 63:618-27. [PMID: 24636056 PMCID: PMC5367265 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence supports an inverse relationship between adequate intake of dairy foods and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes (T2D). The biological mechanisms responsible for this association remain to be established. This review provides a current perspective on proposed mechanisms that may underlie these effects, and highlights how randomized clinical trials can be applied to investigate these relationships. Results from epidemiological studies generally support that consumption of milk and dairy products is associated with a lower incidence of T2D or improvements in glucose homeostasis indices, and studies of animal and cell models support a positive effect of dairy-rich diets or components on metabolic and inflammation factors relevant to T2D and insulin resistance. Emerging evidence indicates that dairy components that alter mitochondrial function (e.g., leucine actions on silent information regulator transcript 1 (SIRT1)-associated pathways), promote gut microbial population shifts, or influence inflammation and cardiovascular function (e.g., Ca-regulated peptides calcitonin gene-related peptide [CGRP] or calcitonin) should be considered as possible mechanistic factors linking dairy intake with lower risk for T2D. The possibility that dairy-derived trans-palmitoleic acid (tC16:1) has metabolic bioactivities has also been proposed. Pre-clinical and clinical studies focusing specifically on these parameters are needed to validate hypotheses regarding the potential roles of dairy products and their components on the determinants of glucose tolerance, particularly insulin sensitivity, pancreatic endocrine function, and inflammation in individuals at-risk for T2D development. Such experiments would complement epidemiological studies and add to the evidence base for recommendations regarding consumption of dairy products and their individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Hirahatake
- Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Joanne L Slavin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | | | - Sean H Adams
- Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA.
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29
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Nestel PJ, Straznicky N, Mellett NA, Wong G, De Souza DP, Tull DL, Barlow CK, Grima MT, Meikle PJ. Specific plasma lipid classes and phospholipid fatty acids indicative of dairy food consumption associate with insulin sensitivity. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:46-53. [PMID: 24153346 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.071712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports have suggested that the consumption of dairy foods may reduce risk of type 2 diabetes on the basis of evidence of raised circulating ruminant fatty acids. OBJECTIVE We determined whether certain phospholipid species and fatty acids that are associated with full-fat dairy consumption may also be linked to diminished insulin resistance. DESIGN Four variables of insulin resistance and sensitivity were defined from oral-glucose-tolerance tests in 86 overweight and obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. Plasma phospholipids, sphingolipids, and fatty acids were determined by using a lipidomic analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to provide objective markers of dairy consumption. Food records provided information on dairy products. Associations were determined by using linear regression analyses adjusted for potential confounders age, sex, systolic blood pressure, waist:hip ratio, or body mass index (BMI) and corrected for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Lysophosphatidylcholine, lyso-platelet-activating factor, and several phospholipid fatty acids correlated directly with the number of servings of full-fat dairy foods. Lysophosphatidylcholine and lyso-platelet-activating factor were also associated directly with insulin sensitivity when accounting for the waist:hip ratio (Matsuda index unadjusted, P < 0.001 for both; adjusted for multiple comparisons, P < 0.02 for both) and inversely with insulin resistance (fasting insulin unadjusted, P < 0.001 for both; adjusted, P = 0.04 and P < 0.05, respectively; homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance adjusted, P = 0.04 for both; post-glucose insulin area under the plasma insulin curve during the 120 min of the test adjusted, P < 0.01 for both). The substitution of BMI for the waist:hip ratio attenuated associations modestly. Phospholipid fatty acid 17:0 also tended to be associated directly with insulin sensitivity and inversely with resistance. CONCLUSION Variables of insulin resistance were lower at higher concentrations of specific plasma phospholipids that were also indicators of full-fat dairy consumption. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00163943.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul John Nestel
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (PJN, NS, NAM, GW, CKB, MTG, and PJM), and Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (DPDS and DLT)
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30
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Eissing L, Scherer T, Tödter K, Knippschild U, Greve JW, Buurman WA, Pinnschmidt HO, Rensen SS, Wolf AM, Bartelt A, Heeren J, Buettner C, Scheja L. De novo lipogenesis in human fat and liver is linked to ChREBP-β and metabolic health. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1528. [PMID: 23443556 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical interest in de novo lipogenesis has been sparked by recent studies in rodents demonstrating that de novo lipogenesis specifically in white adipose tissue produces the insulin-sensitizing fatty acid palmitoleate. By contrast, hepatic lipogenesis is thought to contribute to metabolic disease. How de novo lipogenesis in white adipose tissue versus liver is altered in human obesity and insulin resistance is poorly understood. Here we show that lipogenic enzymes and the glucose transporter-4 are markedly decreased in white adipose tissue of insulin-resistant obese individuals compared with non-obese controls. By contrast, lipogenic enzymes are substantially upregulated in the liver of obese subjects. Bariatric weight loss restored de novo lipogenesis and glucose transporter-4 gene expression in white adipose tissue. Notably, lipogenic gene expression in both white adipose tissue and liver was strongly linked to the expression of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein-β and to metabolic risk markers. Thus, de novo lipogenesis predicts metabolic health in humans in a tissue-specific manner and is likely regulated by glucose-dependent carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Eissing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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31
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Dietary Supplementation of Calcium may Counteract Obesity in Mice Mediated by Changes in Plasma Fatty Acids. Lipids 2013; 48:817-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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32
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Flock MR, Kris-Etherton PM. Diverse physiological effects of long-chain saturated fatty acids: implications for cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2013; 16:133-40. [PMID: 23037905 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328359e6ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to discuss the metabolism of long-chain saturated fatty acids and the ensuing effects on an array of metabolic events. RECENT FINDINGS Individual long-chain saturated fatty acids exhibit unique biological properties. Dietary saturated fat absorption varies depending on chain-length and the associated food matrix. The in-vivo metabolism of saturated fatty acids varies depending on the individual fatty acid and the nutritional state of the individual. A variety of fatty acid metabolites are formed, each with their own unique structure and properties that warrant further research. Replacing saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acids improves the blood lipid profile and reduces cardiovascular disease risk, although the benefits depend on the specific saturated fatty acid(s) being replaced. SUMMARY Acknowledging the complexity of saturated fatty acid metabolism and associated metabolic events is important when assessing their effects on cardiovascular disease risk. Investigating the biological effects of saturated fatty acids will advance our understanding of how they affect cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Flock
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA
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33
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The fatty acid, palmitoleate (16:1 n - 7), has received a lot of attention in recent years for being 'lipokine' and for the first time, we review the evidence to determine if there is something special about palmitoleate in humans. RECENT FINDINGS Despite dietary intakes being low (<4% of total energy) palmitoleate is the second most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid in most, but not all, blood lipid pools and notably more abundant in adipose tissue. Thus, compared with other fatty acids, the palmitoleate content of lipid pools must be influenced by endogenous synthesis, which appears to be tissue and depot specific. We present a summary of dietary intervention studies of food components enriched in palmitoleate but this gives inconclusive results in regards to an impact on human metabolic regulation. SUMMARY To date, there is no strong evidence from human studies suggesting that palmitoleate has 'lipokine' effects. However, unlike other fatty acids, there is a clear tendency towards compartmentalization and tissue-specific formation of palmitoleate, which is intriguing and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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34
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Hodson L, Fielding BA. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase: rogue or innocent bystander? Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:15-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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35
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Bergman BC, Howard D, Schauer IE, Maahs DM, Snell-Bergeon JK, Clement TW, Eckel RH, Perreault L, Rewers M. The importance of palmitoleic acid to adipocyte insulin resistance and whole-body insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E40-50. [PMID: 23150678 PMCID: PMC3537110 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-2892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Type 1 diabetes is an insulin-resistant state, but it is less clear which tissues are affected. Our previous report implicated skeletal muscle and liver insulin resistance in people with type 1 diabetes, but this occurred independently of generalized, visceral, or ectopic fat. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to measure adipose tissue insulin sensitivity and plasma triglyceride composition in individuals with type 1 diabetes after overnight insulin infusion to lower fasting glucose. DESIGN, PATIENTS, AND METHODS Fifty subjects (25 individuals with type 1 diabetes and 25 controls without) were studied. After 3 d of dietary control and overnight insulin infusion, we performed a three-stage hyperinsulinemic/euglycemic clamp infusing insulin at 4, 8, and 40 mU/m(2) · min. Infusions of [1,1,2,3,3-(2)H(2)]glycerol and [1-(13)C]palmitate were used to quantify lipid metabolism. RESULTS Basal glycerol and palmitate rates of appearance were similar between groups, decreased more in control subjects during the first two stages of the clamp, and similarly suppressed during the highest insulin dose. The concentration of insulin required for 50% inhibition of lipolysis was twice as high in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Plasma triglyceride saturation was similar between groups, but palmitoleic acid in plasma triglyceride was inversely related to adipocyte insulin sensitivity. Unesterified palmitoleic acid in plasma was positively related to insulin sensitivity in controls, but not in individuals with type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Adipose tissue insulin resistance is a significant feature of type 1 diabetes. Palmitoleic acid is not related to insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetes, as it was in controls, suggesting a novel mechanism for insulin resistance in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Bergman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, P.O. Box 6511, MS 8106, Aurora, Colorado 80045.
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36
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Pinnick KE, Neville MJ, Fielding BA, Frayn KN, Karpe F, Hodson L. Gluteofemoral adipose tissue plays a major role in production of the lipokine palmitoleate in humans. Diabetes 2012; 61:1399-403. [PMID: 22492525 PMCID: PMC3357300 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of lower-body adipose tissue (AT) is paradoxically associated with reduced cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk. We examined whether the beneficial metabolic properties of lower-body AT are related to the production and release of the insulin-sensitizing lipokine palmitoleate (16:1n-7). Using venoarterial difference sampling, we investigated the relative release of 16:1n-7 from lower-body (gluteofemoral) and upper-body (abdominal subcutaneous) AT depots. Paired gluteofemoral and abdominal subcutaneous AT samples were analyzed for triglyceride fatty acid composition and mRNA expression. Finally, the triglyceride fatty acid composition of isolated human preadipocytes was determined. Relative release of 16:1n-7 was markedly higher from gluteofemoral AT compared with abdominal subcutaneous AT. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), the key enzyme involved in endogenous 16:1n-7 production, was more highly expressed in gluteofemoral AT and was associated with greater enrichment of 16:1n-7. Furthermore, isolated human preadipocytes from gluteofemoral AT displayed a higher content of SCD1-derived fatty acids. We demonstrate that human gluteofemoral AT plays a major role in determining systemic concentrations of the lipokine palmitoleate. Moreover, this appears to be an inherent feature of gluteofemoral AT. We propose that the beneficial metabolic properties of lower-body AT may be partly explained by the intrinsically greater production and release of palmitoleate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Pinnick
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Matt J. Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Barbara A. Fielding
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Postgraduate Medical School, University of Surrey, Surrey, U.K
| | - Keith N. Frayn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals Trust, Oxford, U.K
- Corresponding author: Leanne Hodson, , or Fredrik Karpe,
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Corresponding author: Leanne Hodson, , or Fredrik Karpe,
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37
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Wu Y, Li R, Hildebrand DF. Biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of palmitoleate production, an important contributor to human health and sustainable industry. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:340-9. [PMID: 22658963 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Palmitoleate (cis-Δ9-16:1) shows numerous health benefits such as increased cell membrane fluidity, reduced inflammation, protection of the cardiovascular system, and inhibition of oncogenesis. Plant oils containing this unusual fatty acid can also be sustainable feedstocks for producing industrially important and high-demand 1-octene. Vegetable oils rich in palmitoleate are the ideal candidates for biodiesel production. Several wild plants are known that can synthesize high levels of palmitoleate in seeds. However, low yields and poor agronomic characteristics of these plants limit their commercialization. Metabolic engineering has been developed to create oilseed crops that accumulate high levels of palmitoleate or other unusual fatty acids, and significant advances have been made recently in this field, particularly using the model plant Arabidopsis as the host. The engineered targets for enhancing palmitoleate synthesis include overexpression of Δ9 desaturase from mammals, yeast, fungi, and plants, down-regulating KASII, coexpression of an ACP-Δ9 desaturase in plastids and CoA-Δ9 desaturase in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and optimizing the metabolic flux into triacylglycerols (TAGs). This review will mainly describe the recent progress towards producing palmitoleate in transgenic plants by metabolic engineering along with our current understanding of palmitoleate biosynthesis and its regulation, as well as highlighting the bottlenecks that require additional investigation by combining lipidomics, transgenics and other "-omics" tools. A brief review of reported health benefits and non-food uses of palmitoleate will also be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Wu
- Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
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