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Fan N, Su L, Lv A, Wen W, Gao L, You X, Zhou P, An Y. PECTIN ACETYLESTERASE12 regulates shoot branching via acetic acid and auxin accumulation in alfalfa shoots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:518-533. [PMID: 38365203 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Shoot branching is an important biological trait affecting alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) production, but its development is complicated and the mechanism is not fully clear. In the present study, pectin acetylesterase 12 (MsPAE12) and NAM/ATAF/CUC-domain transcription factor gene (MsNAC73) were isolated from alfalfa. MsPAE12 was highly expressed in shoot apexes, and MsNAC73 was found to be a key transcriptional repressor of MsPAE12 by directly binding to salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) elements in the MsPAE12 promoter. The biological functions of MsPAE12 and MsNAC73 were studied through overexpression (OE) and down-expression (RNAi) of the 2 genes in alfalfa. The numbers of shoot branches increased in MsPAE12-OE lines but decreased in MsPAE12-RNAi and MsNAC73-OE plants, which was negatively related to their indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) accumulation in shoot apexes. Furthermore, the contents of acetic acid (AA) in shoot apexes decreased in MsPAE12-OE plants but increased in MsPAE12-RNAi and MsNAC73-OE plants. The changes of AA contents were positively related to the expression of TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE 1 (MsTAA1), TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE-RELATED 2 (MsTAR2), and YUCCA flavin monooxygenase (MsYUCC4) and the contents of tryptophan (Trp), indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA), and IAA in shoot apexes of MsPAE12-OE, MsPAE12-RNAi, and MsNAC73-OE plants. Exogenous application of AA to wild type (WT) and MsPAE12-OE plants increased Trp, IPA, and IAA contents and decreased branch number. Exogenous IAA suppressed shoot branching in MsPAE12-OE plants, but exogenous IAA inhibitors increased shoot branching in MsPAE12-RNAi plants. These results indicate that the MsNAC73-MsPAE12 module regulates auxin-modulated shoot branching via affecting AA accumulation in shoot apexes of alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Fan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- College of Life Science, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China
| | - Liantai Su
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Aimin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wuwu Wen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Li Gao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiangkai You
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuan An
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201101, China
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2
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Sun S, Bakkeren G. A bird's-eye view: exploration of the flavin-containing monooxygenase superfamily in common wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1369299. [PMID: 38681221 PMCID: PMC11046709 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1369299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The Flavin Monooxygenase (FMO) gene superfamily in plants is involved in various processes most widely documented for its involvement in auxin biosynthesis, specialized metabolite biosynthesis, and plant microbial defense signaling. The roles of FMOs in defense signaling and disease resistance have recently come into focus as they may present opportunities to increase immune responses in plants including leading to systemic acquired resistance, but are not well characterized. We present a comprehensive catalogue of FMOs found in genomes across vascular plants and explore, in depth, 170 wheat TaFMO genes for sequence architecture, cis-acting regulatory elements, and changes due to Transposable Element insertions. A molecular phylogeny separates TaFMOs into three clades (A, B, and C) for which we further report gene duplication patterns, and differential rates of homoeologue expansion and retention among TaFMO subclades. We discuss Clade B TaFMOs where gene expansion is similarly seen in other cereal genomes. Transcriptome data from various studies point towards involvement of subclade B2 TaFMOs in disease responses against both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens, substantiated by promoter element analysis. We hypothesize that certain TaFMOs are responsive to both abiotic and biotic stresses, providing potential targets for enhancing disease resistance, plant yield and other important agronomic traits. Altogether, FMOs in wheat and other crop plants present an untapped resource to be exploited for improving the quality of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Sun
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Guus Bakkeren
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research & Development Center, Summerland, BC, Canada
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3
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Wróbel-Kwiatkowska M, Turski W, Silska G, Rakicka-Pustułka M, Dymińska L, Rymowicz W. Determination of Bioactive Compound Kynurenic Acid in Linum usitatissimum L. Molecules 2024; 29:1702. [PMID: 38675522 PMCID: PMC11051930 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a bioactive compound exhibiting multiple actions and positive effects on human health due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. KYNA has been found to have a beneficial effect on wound healing and the prevention of scarring. Despite notable progress in the research focused on KYNA observed during the last 10 years, KYNA's presence in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) has not been proven to date. In the present study, parts of flax plants were analysed for KYNA synthesis. Moreover, eight different cultivars of flax seeds were tested for the presence of KYNA, resulting in a maximum of 0.432 µg/g FW in the seeds of the cultivar Jan. The level of KYNA was also tested in the stems and roots of two selected flax cultivars: an oily cultivar (Linola) and a fibrous cultivar (Nike). The exposure of plants to the KYNA precursors tryptophan and kynurenine resulted in higher levels of KYNA accumulation in flax shoots and roots. Thus, the obtained results indicate that KYNA might be synthesized in flax. The highest amount of KYNA (295.9 µg/g dry weight [DW]) was detected in flax roots derived from plants grown in tissue cultures supplemented with tryptophan. A spectroscopic analysis of KYNA was performed using the FTIR/ATR method. It was found that, in tested samples, the characteristic KYNA vibration bands overlap with the bands corresponding to the vibrations of biopolymers (especially pectin and cellulose) present in flax plants and fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wróbel-Kwiatkowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland (W.R.)
| | - Waldemar Turski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8B, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Grażyna Silska
- Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants—National Research Institute, Wojska Polskiego 71B, 60-630 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Rakicka-Pustułka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland (W.R.)
| | - Lucyna Dymińska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Komandorska 118/120, 53-345 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Waldemar Rymowicz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland (W.R.)
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4
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Choi HW. From the Photosynthesis to Hormone Biosynthesis in Plants. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 40:99-105. [PMID: 38606440 PMCID: PMC11016555 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.01.2024.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Land plants produce glucose (C6H12O6) through photosynthesis by utilizing carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and light energy. Glucose can be stored in various polysaccharide forms for later use (e.g., sucrose in fruit, amylose in plastids), used to create cellulose, the primary structural component of cell walls, and immediately metabolized to generate cellular energy, adenosine triphosphate, through a series of respiratory pathways including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, plants must metabolize glucose into amino acids, nucleotides, and various plant hormones, which are crucial for regulating many aspects of plant physiology. This review will summarize the biosynthesis of different plant hormones, such as auxin, salicylic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid, in relation to glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyong Woo Choi
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea
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5
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Moore S, Jervis G, Topping JF, Chen C, Liu J, Lindsey K. A predictive model for ethylene-mediated auxin and cytokinin patterning in the Arabidopsis root. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:100886. [PMID: 38504522 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The interaction between auxin and cytokinin is important in many aspects of plant development. Experimental measurements of both auxin and cytokinin concentration and reporter gene expression clearly show the coexistence of auxin and cytokinin concentration patterning in Arabidopsis root development. However, in the context of crosstalk among auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene, little is known about how auxin and cytokinin concentration patterns simultaneously emerge and how they regulate each other in the Arabidopsis root. This work utilizes a wide range of experimental observations to propose a mechanism for simultaneous patterning of auxin and cytokinin concentrations. In addition to revealing the regulatory relationships between auxin and cytokinin, this mechanism shows that ethylene signaling is an important factor in achieving simultaneous auxin and cytokinin patterning, while also predicting other experimental observations. Combining the mechanism with a realistic in silico root model reproduces experimental observations of both auxin and cytokinin patterning. Predictions made by the mechanism can be compared with a variety of experimental observations, including those obtained by our group and other independent experiments reported by other groups. Examples of these predictions include patterning of auxin biosynthesis rate, changes in PIN1 and PIN2 patterns in pin3,4,7 mutants, changes in cytokinin patterning in the pls mutant, PLS patterning, and various trends in different mutants. This research reveals a plausible mechanism for simultaneous patterning of auxin and cytokinin concentrations in Arabidopsis root development and suggests a key role for ethylene pattern integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Moore
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - George Jervis
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Jennifer F Topping
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Chunli Chen
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Junli Liu
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Keith Lindsey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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6
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Günther J, Halitschke R, Gershenzon J, Burow M. Heterologous expression of PtAAS1 reveals the metabolic potential of the common plant metabolite phenylacetaldehyde for auxin synthesis in planta. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14078. [PMID: 38148231 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes and amines are common plant metabolites involved in several specialized metabolite biosynthesis pathways. Recently, we showed that the aromatic aldehyde synthase PtAAS1 and the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase PtAADC1 contribute to the herbivory-induced formation of volatile 2-phenylethanol and its glucoside 2-phenylethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside in Populus trichocarpa. To unravel alternative metabolic fates of phenylacetaldehyde and 2-phenylethylamine beyond alcohol and alcohol glucoside formation, we heterologously expressed PtAAS1 and PtAADC1 in Nicotiana benthamiana and analyzed plant extracts using untargeted LC-qTOF-MS and targeted LC-MS/MS analysis. While the metabolomes of PtAADC1-expressing plants did not significantly differ from those of control plants, expression of PtAAS1 resulted in the accumulation of phenylacetic acid (PAA) and PAA-amino acid conjugates, identified as PAA-aspartate and PAA-glutamate. Herbivory-damaged poplar leaves revealed significantly induced accumulation of PAA-Asp, while levels of PAA remained unaltered upon herbivory. Transcriptome analysis showed that members of auxin-amido synthetase GH3 genes involved in the conjugation of auxins with amino acids were significantly upregulated upon herbivory in P. trichocarpa leaves. Overall, our data indicates that phenylacetaldehyde generated by poplar PtAAS1 serves as a hub metabolite linking the biosynthesis of volatile, non-volatile herbivory-induced specialized metabolites, and phytohormones, suggesting that plant growth and defense can be balanced on a metabolic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Günther
- Department for Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department for Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Meike Burow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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7
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James ME, Allsopp RN, Groh JS, Kaur A, Wilkinson MJ, Ortiz-Barrientos D. Uncovering the genetic architecture of parallel evolution. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:5575-5589. [PMID: 37740681 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the genetic architecture underlying adaptive traits is exceptionally challenging in natural populations. This is because associations between traits not only mask the targets of selection but also create correlated patterns of genomic divergence that hinder our ability to isolate causal genetic effects. Here, we examine the repeated evolution of components of the auxin pathway that have contributed to the replicated loss of gravitropism (i.e. the ability of a plant to bend in response to gravity) in multiple populations of the Senecio lautus species complex in Australia. We use a powerful approach which combines parallel population genomics with association mapping in a Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross (MAGIC) population to break down genetic and trait correlations to reveal how adaptive traits evolve during replicated evolution. We sequenced auxin and shoot gravitropism-related gene regions in 80 individuals from six natural populations (three parallel divergence events) and 133 individuals from a MAGIC population derived from two of the recently diverged natural populations. We show that artificial tail selection on gravitropism in the MAGIC population recreates patterns of parallel divergence in the auxin pathway in the natural populations. We reveal a set of 55 auxin gene regions that have evolved repeatedly during the evolution of the species, of which 50 are directly associated with gravitropism divergence in the MAGIC population. Our work creates a strong link between patterns of genomic divergence and trait variation contributing to replicated evolution by natural selection, paving the way to understand the origin and maintenance of adaptations in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddie E James
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robin N Allsopp
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeffrey S Groh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Avneet Kaur
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie J Wilkinson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Ortiz-Barrientos
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Espindula E, Sperb ER, Moz B, Pankievicz VCS, Tuleski TR, Tadra-Sfeir MZ, Bonato P, Scheid C, Merib J, de Souza EM, Passaglia LMP. Effects on gene expression during maize-Azospirillum interaction in the presence of a plant-specific inhibitor of indole-3-acetic acid production. Genet Mol Biol 2023; 46:e20230100. [PMID: 37725833 PMCID: PMC10510588 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2023-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Amongst the sustainable alternatives to increase maize production is the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Azospirillum brasilense is one of the most well-known PGPB being able to fix nitrogen and produce phytohormones, especially indole-3-acetic acid - IAA. This work investigated if there is any contribution of the bacterium to the plant's IAA levels, and how it affects the plant. To inhibit plant IAA production, yucasin, an inhibitor of the TAM/YUC pathway, was applied. Plantlets' IAA concentration was evaluated through HPLC and dual RNA-Seq was used to analyze gene expression. Statistical differences between the group treated with yucasin and the other groups showed that A. brasilense inoculation was able to prevent the phenotype caused by yucasin concerning the number of lateral roots. Genes involved in the auxin and ABA response pathways, auxin efflux transport, and the cell cycle were regulated by the presence of the bacterium, yucasin, or both. Genes involved in the response to biotic/abiotic stress, plant disease resistance, and a D-type cellulose synthase changed their expression pattern among two sets of comparisons in which A. brasilense acted as treatment. The results suggest that A. brasilense interferes with the expression of many maize genes through an IAA-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliandro Espindula
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de
Biociências, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e
Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Edilena Reis Sperb
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de
Biociências, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e
Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Brenda Moz
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de
Biociências, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e
Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vânia Carla Silva Pankievicz
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico,
Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Thalita Regina Tuleski
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico,
Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Michelle Zibetti Tadra-Sfeir
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico,
Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Paloma Bonato
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico,
Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Camila Scheid
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA),
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Josias Merib
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA),
Departamento de Farmacociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Porto
Alegre, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Maltempi de Souza
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico,
Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciane Maria Pereira Passaglia
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de
Biociências, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e
Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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9
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Sharma V, Ankita, Karnwal A, Sharma S, Kamal B, Jadon VS, Gupta S, Sivanasen I. A Comprehensive Review Uncovering the Challenges and Advancements in the In Vitro Propagation of Eucalyptus Plantations. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3018. [PMID: 37687265 PMCID: PMC10490407 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The genus Eucalyptus is a globally captivated source of hardwood and is well known for its medicinal uses. The hybrid and wild species of Eucalyptus are widely used as exotic plantations due to their renowned potential of adapting to various systems and sites, and rapid large-scale propagation of genetically similar plantlets, which further leads to the extensive propagation of this species. Tissue culture plays a crucial role in the preservation, propagation, and genetic improvement of Eucalyptus species. Despite unquestionable progression in biotechnological and tissue culture approaches, the productivity of plantations is still limited, often due to the low efficiency of clonal propagation from cuttings. The obtained F1 hybrids yield high biomass and high-quality low-cost raw material for large-scale production; however, the development of hybrid, clonal multiplication, proliferation, and post-developmental studies are still major concerns. This riveting review describes the problems concerning the in vitro and clonal propagation of Eucalyptus plantation and recent advances in biotechnological and tissue culture practices for massive and rapid micropropagation of Eucalyptus, and it highlights the Eucalyptus germplasm preservation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Sharma
- School of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India; (V.S.); (A.); (A.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Ankita
- School of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India; (V.S.); (A.); (A.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Arun Karnwal
- School of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India; (V.S.); (A.); (A.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Shivika Sharma
- School of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India; (V.S.); (A.); (A.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Barkha Kamal
- DBS (PG) College, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Vikash S. Jadon
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant Dehradun 248016, Uttarakhand, India; (V.S.J.); (S.G.)
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant Dehradun 248016, Uttarakhand, India; (V.S.J.); (S.G.)
| | - Iyyakkannu Sivanasen
- Department of Bioresource and Food Science, Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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10
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Kurepa J, Smalle JA. Plant Hormone Modularity and the Survival-Reproduction Trade-Off. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1143. [PMID: 37627027 PMCID: PMC10452219 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Biological modularity refers to the organization of living systems into separate functional units that interact in different combinations to promote individual well-being and species survival. Modularity provides a framework for generating and selecting variations that can lead to adaptive evolution. While the exact mechanisms underlying the evolution of modularity are still being explored, it is believed that the pressure of conflicting demands on limited resources is a primary selection force. One prominent example of conflicting demands is the trade-off between survival and reproduction. In this review, we explore the available evidence regarding the modularity of plant hormones within the context of the survival-reproduction trade-off. Our findings reveal that the cytokinin module is dedicated to maximizing reproduction, while the remaining hormone modules function to ensure reproduction. The signaling mechanisms of these hormone modules reflect their roles in this survival-reproduction trade-off. While the cytokinin response pathway exhibits a sequence of activation events that aligns with the developmental robustness expected from a hormone focused on reproduction, the remaining hormone modules employ double-negative signaling mechanisms, which reflects the necessity to prevent the excessive allocation of resources to survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan A. Smalle
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
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11
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Bajguz A, Piotrowska-Niczyporuk A. Biosynthetic Pathways of Hormones in Plants. Metabolites 2023; 13:884. [PMID: 37623827 PMCID: PMC10456939 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytohormones exhibit a wide range of chemical structures, though they primarily originate from three key metabolic precursors: amino acids, isoprenoids, and lipids. Specific amino acids, such as tryptophan, methionine, phenylalanine, and arginine, contribute to the production of various phytohormones, including auxins, melatonin, ethylene, salicylic acid, and polyamines. Isoprenoids are the foundation of five phytohormone categories: cytokinins, brassinosteroids, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and strigolactones. Furthermore, lipids, i.e., α-linolenic acid, function as a precursor for jasmonic acid. The biosynthesis routes of these different plant hormones are intricately complex. Understanding of these processes can greatly enhance our knowledge of how these hormones regulate plant growth, development, and physiology. This review focuses on detailing the biosynthetic pathways of phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bajguz
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
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12
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Pérez-Pérez Y, Solís MT, Albacete A, Testillano PS. Opposite Auxin Dynamics Determine the Gametophytic and Embryogenic Fates of the Microspore. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11177. [PMID: 37446349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The microspore can follow two different developmental pathways. In vivo microspores follow the gametophytic program to produce pollen grains. In vitro, isolated microspores can be reprogrammed by stress treatments and follow the embryogenic program, producing doubled-haploid embryos. In the present study, we analyzed the dynamics and role of endogenous auxin in microspore development during these two different scenarios, in Brassica napus. We analyzed auxin concentration, cellular accumulation, the expression of the TAA1 auxin biosynthesis gene, and the PIN1-like efflux carrier gene, as well as the effects of inhibiting auxin biosynthesis by kynurenine on microspore embryogenesis. During the gametophytic pathway, auxin levels and TAA1 and PIN1-like expression were high at early stages, in tetrads and tapetum, while they progressively decreased during gametogenesis in both pollen and tapetum cells. In contrast, in microspore embryogenesis, TAA1 and PIN1-like genes were upregulated, and auxin concentration increased from the first embryogenic divisions. Kynurenine treatment decreased both embryogenesis induction and embryo production, indicating that auxin biosynthesis is required for microspore embryogenesis initiation and progression. The findings indicate that auxin exhibits two opposite profiles during these two microspore developmental pathways, which determine the different cell fates of the microspore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Pérez-Pérez
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Solís
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Physiology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Center for Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Abu-Zaitoon YM, Al-Ramamneh EADM, Al Tawaha AR, Alnaimat SM, Almomani FA. Comparative Coexpression Analysis of Indole Synthase and Tryptophan Synthase A Reveals the Independent Production of Auxin via the Cytosolic Free Indole. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1687. [PMID: 37111910 PMCID: PMC10142997 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Indole synthase (INS), a homologous cytosolic enzyme of the plastidal tryptophan synthase A (TSA), has been reported as the first enzyme in the tryptophan-independent pathway of auxin synthesis. This suggestion was challenged as INS or its free indole product may interact with tryptophan synthase B (TSB) and, therefore, with the tryptophan-dependent pathway. Thus, the main aim of this research was to find out whether INS is involved in the tryptophan-dependent or independent pathway. The gene coexpression approach is widely recognized as an efficient tool to uncover functionally related genes. Coexpression data presented here were supported by both RNAseq and microarray platforms and, hence, considered reliable. Coexpression meta-analyses of Arabidopsis genome was implemented to compare between the coexpression of TSA and INS with all genes involved in the production of tryptophan via the chorismate pathway. Tryptophan synthase A was found to be coexpressed strongly with TSB1/2, anthranilate synthase A1/B1, phosphoribosyl anthranilate transferase1, as well as indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase1. However, INS was not found to be coexpressed with any target genes suggesting that it may exclusively and independently be involved in the tryptophan-independent pathway. Additionally, annotation of examined genes as ubiquitous or differentially expressed were described and subunits-encoded genes available for the assembly of tryptophan and anthranilate synthase complex were suggested. The most probable TSB subunits expected to interact with TSA is TSB1 then TSB2. Whereas TSB3 is only used under limited hormone conditions to assemble tryptophan synthase complex, putative TSB4 is not expected to be involved in the plastidial synthesis of tryptophan in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef M. Abu-Zaitoon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of science, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Maan 71111, Jordan; (A.R.A.T.)
| | | | - Abdel Rahman Al Tawaha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of science, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Maan 71111, Jordan; (A.R.A.T.)
| | - Sulaiman M. Alnaimat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of science, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Maan 71111, Jordan; (A.R.A.T.)
| | - Fouad A. Almomani
- Department of Applied Biology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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14
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Carneros E, Sánchez-Muñoz J, Pérez-Pérez Y, Pintos B, Gómez-Garay A, Testillano PS. Dynamics of Endogenous Auxin and Its Role in Somatic Embryogenesis Induction and Progression in Cork Oak. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1542. [PMID: 37050168 PMCID: PMC10097209 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a feasible in vitro regeneration system with biotechnological applications in breeding programs, although, in many forest species, SE is highly inefficient, mainly due to their recalcitrance. On the other hand, SE represents a valuable model system for studies on cell reprogramming, totipotency acquisition, and embryogenic development. The molecular mechanisms that govern the transition of plant somatic cells to embryogenic cells are largely unknown. There is increasing evidence that auxins mediate this transition and play a key role in somatic embryo development, although data on woody species are very limited. In this study, we analyzed the dynamics and possible role of endogenous auxin during SE in cork oak (Quercus suber L.). The auxin content was low in somatic cells before cell reprogramming, while it increased after induction of embryogenesis, as revealed by immunofluorescence assays. Cellular accumulation of endogenous auxin was also detected at the later stages of somatic embryo development. These changes in auxin levels correlated with the expression patterns of the auxin biosynthesis (QsTAR2) and signaling (QsARF5) genes, which were upregulated after SE induction. Treatments with the inhibitor of auxin biosynthesis, kynurenine, reduced the proliferation of proembryogenic masses and impaired further embryo development. QsTAR2 and QsARF5 were downregulated after kynurenine treatment. Our findings indicate a key role of endogenous auxin biosynthesis and signaling in SE induction and multiplication, as well as somatic embryo development of cork oak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Carneros
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (J.S.-M.); (Y.P.-P.)
| | - Jorge Sánchez-Muñoz
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (J.S.-M.); (Y.P.-P.)
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pérez
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (J.S.-M.); (Y.P.-P.)
| | - Beatriz Pintos
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Physiology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.P.); (A.G.-G.)
| | - Aránzazu Gómez-Garay
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Physiology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.P.); (A.G.-G.)
| | - Pilar S. Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (J.S.-M.); (Y.P.-P.)
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15
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Hou J, Xu Y, Zhang S, Yang X, Wang S, Hong J, Dong C, Zhang P, Yuan L, Zhu S, Chen G, Tang X, Huang X, Zhang J, Wang C. Auxin participates in regulating the leaf curl development of Wucai (Brassica campestris L.). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13908. [PMID: 37022777 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Wucai (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. rosularis Tsen) belongs to the Brassica genus of the Cruciferae family, and its leaf curl is a typical feature that distinguishes Wucai from other nonheading cabbage subspecies. Our previous research found that plant hormones were involved in the development of the leaf curl in Wucai. However, the molecular mechanisms and the hormones regulating the formation of leaf curl in Wucai have not yet been reported. This study aimed to understand the molecular functions related to hormone metabolism during the formation of leaf curl in Wucai. A total of 386 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by transcriptome sequencing of two different morphological parts of the same leaf of Wucai germplasm W7-2, and 50 DEGs were found to be related to plant hormones, which were mainly involved in the auxin signal transduction pathway. Then, we measured the content of endogenous hormones in two different forms of the same leaf of Wucai germplasm W7-2. A total of 17 hormones with differential content were identified, including auxin, cytokinins, jasmonic acids, salicylic acids, and abscisic acid. And we found that treatment with auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid can affect the leaf curl phenotype of Wucai and pak choi (Brassica rapa L. subsp. Chinensis). These results indicated that plant hormones, especially auxin, are involved in developing the leaf curl of Wucai. Our findings provide a potentially valuable reference for future research on the development of leaf curls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Hou
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, Hefei, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaona Yang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Hong
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Cuina Dong
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lingyun Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, Hefei, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, China
| | - Shidong Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, Hefei, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, China
| | - Guohu Chen
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, Hefei, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, Hefei, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, China
| | - Xingxue Huang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, China
| | - Chenggang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, Hefei, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, China
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16
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Gruet C, Abrouk D, Börner A, Muller D, Moënne-Loccoz Y. Wheat genome architecture influences interactions with phytobeneficial microbial functional groups in the rhizosphere. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1018-1032. [PMID: 36494920 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wheat has undergone a complex evolutionary history, which led to allopolyploidization and the hexaploid bread wheat Triticum aestivum. However, the significance of wheat genomic architecture for beneficial plant-microbe interactions is poorly understood, especially from a functional standpoint. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that wheat genomic architecture was an overriding factor determining root recruitment of microorganisms with particular plant-beneficial traits. We chose five wheat species representing genomic profiles AA (Triticum urartu), BB {SS} (Aegilops speltoides), DD (Aegilops tauschii), AABB (Triticum dicoccon) and AABBDD (Triticum aestivum) and assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction their ability to interact with free-nitrogen fixers, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase producers, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol producers and auxin producers via the phenylpyruvate decarboxylase pathway, in combination with Illumina MiSeq metabarcoding analysis of N fixers (and of the total bacterial community). We found that the abundance of the microbial functional groups could fluctuate according to wheat genomic profile, as did the total bacterial abundance. N fixer diversity and total bacterial diversity were also influenced significantly by wheat genomic profile. Often, rather similar results were obtained for genomes DD (Ae. tauschii) and AABBDD (T. aestivum), pointing for the first time that the D genome could be particularly important for wheat-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gruet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Danis Abrouk
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Andreas Börner
- Genebank Department, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Daniel Muller
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yvan Moënne-Loccoz
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
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17
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Modrego A, Pasternak T, Omary M, Albacete A, Cano A, Pérez-Pérez JM, Efroni I. Mapping of the Classical Mutation rosette Highlights a Role for Calcium in Wound-Induced Rooting. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:152-164. [PMID: 36398993 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Removal of the root system induces the formation of new roots from the remaining shoot. This process is primarily controlled by the phytohormone auxin, which interacts with other signals in a yet unresolved manner. Here, we study the classical tomato mutation rosette (ro), which lacks shoot-borne roots. ro mutants were severely inhibited in formation of wound-induced roots (WiRs) and had reduced auxin transport rates. We mapped ro to the tomato ortholog of the Arabidopsis thaliana BIG and the mammalians UBR4/p600. RO/BIG is a large protein of unknown biochemical function. In A. thaliana, BIG was implicated in regulating auxin transport and calcium homeostasis. We show that exogenous calcium inhibits WiR formation in tomato and A. thaliana ro/big mutants. Exogenous calcium antagonized the root-promoting effects of the auxin indole-3-acetic-acid but not of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, an auxin analog that is not recognized by the polar transport machinery, and accumulation of the auxin transporter PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) was sensitive to calcium levels in the ro/big mutants. Consistent with a role for calcium in mediating auxin transport, both ro/big mutants and calcium-treated wild-type plants were hypersensitive to treatment with polar auxin transport inhibitors. Subcellular localization of BIG suggests that, like its mammalian ortholog, it is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. Analysis of subcellular morphology revealed that ro/big mutants exhibited disruption in cytoplasmic streaming. We suggest that RO/BIG maintains auxin flow by stabilizing PIN membrane localization, possibly by attenuating the inhibitory effect of Ca2+ on cytoplasmic streaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abelardo Modrego
- The Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Taras Pasternak
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche 03202, Spain
| | - Moutasem Omary
- The Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Antonio Cano
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Fisiología Vegetal), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | | | - Idan Efroni
- The Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Cong L, Ling H, Liu S, Wang A, Zhai R, Yang C, Wang Z, Xu L. 'Yunnan' quince rootstock promoted flower bud formation of 'Abbé Fetel' pear by altering hormone levels and PbAGL9 expression. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 282:153924. [PMID: 36805518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flower busd formation is an important plant growth process. It has been reported that dwarfing rootstocks can significantly affect the flower bud formation of scions. In this study, we found the dwarfing rootstock 'Yunnan' quince could significantly increase the flowering rate of 'Abbé Fetel' pear scions. The RNA-sequencing data revealed significant changes in the expression of genes related to hormone pathways. Furthermore, hormone analyses indicated that 'Yunnan' quince significantly decreased the GA3 content and increased the cytokinin/auxin ratio in 'Abbé Fetel' pear apical buds. The hormone contents were consistent with the RNA-sequencing data. Moreover, we found the flower development-related genes PbAGL9 and PbCAL-A1 were significantly upregulated and PbTFL1 was significantly downregulated in 'Abbé Fetel'/'Yunnan' quince apical buds. To further clarify the relationship between hormones and flowering-related genes, a hormone response assay was carried out. We found the expression levels of PbCAl-A1, PbTFL1 and PbAGL9 were regulated by hormones including GA3, CPPU and NAA. Y1H and dual-luciferase assays indicated that PbAGL9 significantly decreased the promoter activity of PbTFL1. In summary, 'Yunnan' quince upregulated PbCAL-A1 and PbAGL9, and downregulated PbTFL1 expression by decreasing the GA3 content and increasing the cytokinin/auxin ratio in 'Abbé Fetel' pear apical buds. Additionally, 'Yunnan' quince down-regulate PbTFL1 by upregulating the expression of PbAGL9, and eventually promoted floral induction in 'Abbé Fetel' pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Cong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Hutian Ling
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Shanshan Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Azheng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Rui Zhai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Chengquan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Zhigang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Lingfei Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
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Stolbikova AV, Dudareva LV, Rudikovskii AV, Stavitskaya ZO, Kopytina TV, Rudikovskaya EG. Characteristics of composition and content of auxins in tissues of Siberian apple tree <i>Malus baccata</i> L. Borkh. PROCEEDINGS OF UNIVERSITIES. APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.21285/2227-2925-2022-12-4-620-626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the highest content of auxins is found primarily in the areas of active mitosis, including young leaves, apical meristems, cambium, embryos and endosperm, as well as developing fruits, which determines, among other things, plant habitus and fruit size. In agriculture and biotechnology, auxins (indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are used to stimulate lateral development, including in apple tree rootstocks. Despite the crucial role of endogenous IBA in rooting, its presence in apple tree tissues remains unconfirmed, although its content in planta was shown for many other plants. Therefore, in this work, the composition and content of auxins in 2 tissue types of Siberian apple tree of lowand high-growing forms, along with the presence of IBA in them, was compared. Tissues of ovary and bark of Siberian apple tree (Malus baccata L. Borkh.) of 2 forms (low and tall) growing on an experimental plot of Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry SB RAS were used in the study. Bark samples were collected from the 1st year shoots at the stage of intensive sap flow. The ovary samples were collected in July at the stage of active growth. Auxins purified by solid-phase extraction were analysed by GC-MS. In addition to IAA-3, the following auxins were found in fast-growing tissues of the Siberian apple tree both in the cambium layer of annual gain during intensive sap flow and set fruit during the active growth stage: IBA, indole-1-acetic acid, indole-3-carboxylic acid and indole-3-propionic acid. Similar to other plants, the content of these auxins was significantly lower than that of endogenous IAA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L. V. Dudareva
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, SB RAS
| | | | | | - T. V. Kopytina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, SB RAS
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20
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Significance of NatB-mediated N-terminal acetylation of auxin biosynthetic enzymes in maintaining auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1410. [PMID: 36550195 PMCID: PMC9780221 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The auxin IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid) plays key roles in regulating plant growth and development, which depends on an intricate homeostasis that is determined by the balance between its biosynthesis, metabolism and transport. YUC flavin monooxygenases catalyze the rate-limiting step of auxin biosynthesis via IPyA (indole pyruvic acid) and are critical targets in regulating auxin homeostasis. Despite of numerous reports on the transcriptional regulation of YUC genes, little is known about those at the post-translational protein level. Here, we show that loss of function of CKRC3/TCU2, the auxiliary subunit (Naa25) of Arabidopsis NatB, and/or of its catalytic subunit (Naa20), NBC, led to auxin-deficiency in plants. Experimental evidences show that CKRC3/TCU2 can interact with NBC to form a NatB complex, catalyzing the N-terminal acetylation (NTA) of YUC proteins for their intracellular stability to maintain normal auxin homeostasis in plants. Hence, our findings provide significantly new insight into the link between protein NTA and auxin biosynthesis in plants.
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21
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Hao M, Wang W, Liu J, Wang H, Zhou R, Mei D, Fu L, Hu Q, Cheng H. Auxin Biosynthesis Genes in Allotetraploid Oilseed Rape Are Essential for Plant Development and Response to Drought Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15600. [PMID: 36555242 PMCID: PMC9778849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Crucial studies have verified that IAA is mainly generated via the two-step pathway in Arabidopsis, in which tryptophan aminotransferase (TAA) and YUCCA (YUC) are the two crucial enzymes. However, the role of the TAA (or TAR) and YUC genes in allotetraploid oilseed rape underlying auxin biosynthesis and development regulation remains elusive. In the present study, all putative TAR and YUC genes were identified in B. napus genome. Most TAR and YUC genes were tissue that were specifically expressed. Most YUC and TAR proteins contained trans-membrane regions and were confirmed to be endoplasmic reticulum localizations. Enzymatic activity revealed that YUC and TAR protein members were involved in the conversion of IPA to IAA and Trp to IPA, respectively. Transgenic plants overexpressing BnaYUC6a in both Arabidopsis and B. napus displayed high auxin production and reduced plant branch angle, together with increased drought resistance. Moreover, mutation in auxin biosynthesis BnaTARs genes by CRISPR/Cas9 caused development defects. All these results suggest the convergent role of BnaYUC and BnaTAR genes in auxin biosynthesis. Different homoeologs of BnaYUC and BnaTAR may be divergent according to sequence and expression variation. Auxin biosynthesis genes in allotetraploid oilseed rape play a pivotal role in coordinating plant development processes and stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiong Hu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Hongtao Cheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
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Wu H, Zhang K, Zhang Z, Wang J, Jia P, Cong L, Li J, Duan Y, Ke F, Zhang F, Liu Z, Lu F, Wang Y, Li Z, Chang M, Zou J, Zhu K. Cell-penetrating peptide: A powerful delivery tool for DNA-free crop genome editing. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 324:111436. [PMID: 36037982 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing system based on the CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) technology is a milestone for biology. However, public concerns regarding genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and recalcitrance in the crop of choice for regeneration have limited its application. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are derived from protein transduction domains (PTDs) that can take on various cargoes across the plant wall, and membrane of target cells. Selected CPPs show mild cytotoxicity and are a suitable delivery tool for DNA-free genome editing. Moreover, CPPs may also be applied for the transient delivery of morphogenic transcription factors, also known as developmental regulators (DRs), to overcome the bottleneck of the crop of choice regeneration. In this review, we introduce a brief history of cell-penetrating peptides and discuss the practice of CPP-mediated DNA-free transfection and the prospects of this potential delivery tool for improving crop genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- Sorghum Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Kuangye Zhang
- Sorghum Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- Sorghum Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jiaxu Wang
- Sorghum Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Pengxiang Jia
- Zhejiang Wanli University, 315100 Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ling Cong
- Sorghum Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jia Li
- Sorghum Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Youhou Duan
- Sorghum Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fulai Ke
- Sorghum Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Sorghum Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Sorghum Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Sorghum Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Sorghum Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Sorghum Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ming Chang
- The Key Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Plant Health, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jianqiu Zou
- Sorghum Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Kai Zhu
- Sorghum Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning Province, China.
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Luo W, Xiao N, Wu F, Mo B, Kong W, Yu Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of YUCCA Gene Family in Mikania micrantha. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13037. [PMID: 36361840 PMCID: PMC9655643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin is a general coordinator for growth and development throughout plant lifespan, acting in a concentration-dependent manner. Tryptophan aminotransferases (YUCCA) family catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) to form indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and plays a critical role in auxin homeostasis. Here, 18 YUCCA family genes divided into four categories were identified from Mikania micrantha (M. micrantha), one of the world's most invasive plants. Five highly conserved motifs were characterized in these YUCCA genes (MmYUCs). Transcriptome analysis revealed that MmYUCs exhibited distinct expression patterns in different organs and five MmYUCs showed high expression levels throughout all the five tissues, implying that they may play dominant roles in auxin biosynthesis and plant development. In addition, MmYUC6_1 was overexpressed in DR5::GUS Arabidopsis line to explore its function, which resulted in remarkably increased auxin level and typical elevated auxin-related phenotypes including shortened roots and elongated hypocotyls in the transgenic plants, suggesting that MmYUC6_1 promoted IAA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Collectively, these findings provided comprehensive insight into the phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal distributions, expression patterns and functions of the MmYUC genes in M. micrantha, which would facilitate the study of molecular mechanisms underlying the fast growth of M. micrantha and preventing its invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigui Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Nian Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Feiyan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Beixin Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenwen Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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24
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Xue Z, Huang F, Liu J, Ke Y, Wei H, Gao P, Qi Y, Yu L. A high trans-zeatin nucleoside concentration in corms may promote the multileaf growth of Amorphophallus muelleri. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:964003. [PMID: 36275554 PMCID: PMC9583388 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.964003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Amorphophallus muelleri has a multileaf growth pattern different from that of other konjacs; however, the hormonal mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not clear. In this study, the levels of hormones closely related to the sprouting of the axillary bud, including five types of cytokinins, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were measured. In the second leaf sprouting stage, the content of trans-zeatin riboside (tZR) in corms increased more than 5000-fold over that in the dormancy period. Surprisingly, although the expression of CYP735A1 and CYP735A2, which synthesize the precursors for tZR was elevated at the second leaf sprouting stage, the expression of IPTs, which have key roles in cytokinin biosynthesis, did not change significantly. In addition, most cytokinin contents in leaves during the same period were significantly lower than those in corms. We speculate that the high cytokinin contents in the corms may not biosynthesized de novo in corms. In addition, the IAA content in the corms also considerably increased during the second leaf sprouting stage. Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase (AO1) and auxin efflux carrier PIN1A, presented relatively high expression levels in the same period. In contrast, ABA content, and the expression of NCED1, a rate-limiting enzyme in ABA biosynthesis, were suppressed at the second leaf sprouting stage. It is worth mentioning that N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl) adenosine (iP)-type cytokinins have a high content in corms in the dormant period that significantly decreases after the first leaf sprouting stage, which is completely different from the trend of tZR. By treating dormant corms with iP, the percentage of multibud plants increased, and the growth performance in terms of bud and root length was significantly higher than those of the control. This implies that iP-type cytokinins tend to play a role in promoting first seedling sprouting. Furthermore, there was a remarkable increase of the IAA content in both corms and roots under iP treatment but an inhibitory effect in buds. We speculate that the increase in the IAA content induced by iP is tissue specific. These results will assist in the understanding of the role of hormones, especially cytokinins, in the multileaf growth type of konjac.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Qi
- *Correspondence: Ying Qi, ; Lei Yu,
| | - Lei Yu
- *Correspondence: Ying Qi, ; Lei Yu,
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25
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Vignati E, Lipska M, Dunwell JM, Caccamo M, Simkin AJ. Options for the generation of seedless cherry, the ultimate snacking product. PLANTA 2022; 256:90. [PMID: 36171415 PMCID: PMC9519733 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript identifies cherry orthologues of genes implicated in the development of pericarpic fruit and pinpoints potential options and restrictions in the use of these targets for commercial exploitation of parthenocarpic cherry fruit. Cherry fruit contain a large stone and seed, making processing of the fruit laborious and consumption by the consumer challenging, inconvenient to eat 'on the move' and potentially dangerous for children. Availability of fruit lacking the stone and seed would be potentially transformative for the cherry industry, since such fruit would be easier to process and would increase consumer demand because of the potential reduction in costs. This review will explore the background of seedless fruit, in the context of the ambition to produce the first seedless cherry, carry out an in-depth analysis of the current literature around parthenocarpy in fruit, and discuss the available technology and potential for producing seedless cherry fruit as an 'ultimate snacking product' for the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Vignati
- NIAB East Malling, Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, New Road, West Malling, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6EU, UK
| | - Marzena Lipska
- NIAB East Malling, Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, New Road, West Malling, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK
| | - Jim M Dunwell
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6EU, UK
| | - Mario Caccamo
- NIAB, Cambridge Crop Research, Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Andrew J Simkin
- NIAB East Malling, Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, New Road, West Malling, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK.
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK.
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26
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Aizezi Y, Xie Y, Guo H, Jiang K. New Wine in an Old Bottle: Utilizing Chemical Genetics to Dissect Apical Hook Development. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081285. [PMID: 36013464 PMCID: PMC9410295 DOI: 10.3390/life12081285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The apical hook is formed by dicot seedlings to protect the tender shoot apical meristem during soil emergence. Regulated by many phytohormones, the apical hook has been taken as a model to study the crosstalk between individual signaling pathways. Over recent decades, the roles of different phytohormones and environmental signals in apical hook development have been illustrated. However, key regulators downstream of canonical hormone signaling have rarely been identified via classical genetics screening, possibly due to genetic redundancy and/or lethal mutation. Chemical genetics that utilize small molecules to perturb and elucidate biological processes could provide a complementary strategy to overcome the limitations in classical genetics. In this review, we summarize current progress in hormonal regulation of the apical hook, and previously reported chemical tools that could assist the understanding of this complex developmental process. We also provide insight into novel strategies for chemical screening and target identification, which could possibly lead to discoveries of new regulatory components in apical hook development, or unidentified signaling crosstalk that is overlooked by classical genetics screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalikunjiang Aizezi
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yinpeng Xie
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (K.J.)
| | - Kai Jiang
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (K.J.)
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27
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Wang JL, Di DW, Luo P, Zhang L, Li XF, Guo GQ, Wu L. The roles of epigenetic modifications in the regulation of auxin biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:959053. [PMID: 36017262 PMCID: PMC9396225 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.959053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is one of the most important plant growth regulators of plant morphogenesis and response to environmental stimuli. Although the biosynthesis pathway of auxin has been elucidated, the mechanisms regulating auxin biosynthesis remain poorly understood. The transcription of auxin biosynthetic genes is precisely regulated by complex signaling pathways. When the genes are expressed, epigenetic modifications guide mRNA synthesis and therefore determine protein production. Recent studies have shown that different epigenetic factors affect the transcription of auxin biosynthetic genes. In this review, we focus our attention on the molecular mechanisms through which epigenetic modifications regulate auxin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Li Wang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong-Wei Di
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Pan Luo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guang-Qin Guo
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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28
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Pan L, Wang M, Yang Y, Chen C, Dai H, Zhang Z, Hua B, Miao M. Whole-genome resequencing identified QTLs, candidate genes and Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR markers associated with the large fruit of Atlantic Giant ( Cucurbita maxima). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:942004. [PMID: 35937359 PMCID: PMC9354748 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.942004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic Giant (AG) pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) produces the world's largest fruit. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of AG fruit formation is of scientific and practical importance. In this research, genome-wide resequencing of an F2 population produced by a cross between AG and its small-fruit ancestor Hubbard was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes. Transgressive segregation of fruit size-related traits was observed in the F2 population, suggesting that fruit size was a quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. A genetic map with an average physical distance of 154 kb per marker was constructed, and 13 QTLs related to fruit size were identified using bin-map construction. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that pathways associated with assimilate accumulation into the fruit, including carbohydrate metabolism, were significantly enriched in differentially expressed genes. According to the predicted impact of mutation on the biological function of certain proteins, 13 genes were selected as candidate genes associated with fruit size, among which two phytohormone-related genes, CmaCh17G011340 (a flavin-containing monooxygenase) and CmaCh04G029660 (a leucine-rich repeat protein kinase) were chosen for further investigation. Finally, one insertion-deletion (inDel) and three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were successfully transformed to Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers. The novel QTLs and candidate genes identified provide insights into the genetic mechanism of large fruit formation of AG, and the genetic map and tightly linked KASP markers developed in this study can be employed for marker-assisted breeding to alter fruit size of C. maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Pan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yating Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Dai
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bing Hua
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Minmin Miao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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29
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Sivanesan I, Nayeem S, Venkidasamy B, Kuppuraj SP, RN C, Samynathan R. Genetic and epigenetic modes of the regulation of somatic embryogenesis: a review. Biol Futur 2022; 73:259-277. [DOI: 10.1007/s42977-022-00126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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30
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Ozga JA, Jayasinghege CPA, Kaur H, Gao L, Nadeau CD, Reinecke DM. Auxin receptors as integrators of developmental and hormonal signals during reproductive development in pea. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4094-4112. [PMID: 35395070 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Auxins regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. In pea, three of the five TIR1/AFB members (PsTIR1a, PsTIR1b, and PsAFB2) have been implicated in auxin-related responses during fruit/seed development; however, the roles of PsAFB4 and PsAFB6 in these processes are unknown. Using yeast two-hybrid assays, we found that all five pea TIR1/AFB receptor proteins interacted with the pea AUX/IAAs PsIAA6 and/or PsIAA7 in an auxin-dependent manner, a requirement for functional auxin receptors. All five auxin receptors are expressed in young ovaries (pericarps) and rapidly developing seeds, with overlapping and unique developmental and hormone-regulated gene expression patterns. Pericarp PsAFB6 expression was suppressed by seeds and increased in response to deseeding, and exogenous hormone treatments suggest that seed-derived auxin and deseeding-induced ethylene are involved in these responses, respectively. Ethylene-induced elevation of pericarp PsAFB6 expression was associated with 4-Cl-IAA-specific reduction in ethylene responsiveness. In developing seeds, expression of PsTAR2 and PsYUC10 auxin biosynthesis genes was associated with high auxin levels in seed coat and cotyledon tissues, and PsAFB2 dominated the seed tissue transcript pool. Overall, auxin receptors had overlapping and unique developmental and hormone-regulated gene expression patterns during fruit/seed development, suggesting mediation of diverse responses to auxin, with PsAFB6 linking auxin and ethylene signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn A Ozga
- Plant BioSystems, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Charitha P A Jayasinghege
- Plant BioSystems, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Harleen Kaur
- Plant BioSystems, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Lingchao Gao
- Plant BioSystems, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Courtney D Nadeau
- Plant BioSystems, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Dennis M Reinecke
- Plant BioSystems, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
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31
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Indole-3-pyruvic acid regulates TAA1 activity, which plays a key role in coordinating the two steps of auxin biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203633119. [PMID: 35696560 PMCID: PMC9231625 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203633119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin biosynthesis involves two types of enzymes: the Trp aminotransferases (TAA/TARs) and the flavin monooxygenases (YUCCAs). This two-step pathway is highly conserved throughout the plant kingdom and is essential for almost all of the major developmental processes. Despite their importance, it is unclear how these enzymes are regulated and how their activities are coordinated. Here, we show that TAA1/TARs are regulated by their product indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA) (or its mimic KOK2099) via negative feedback regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. This regulatory system also functions in rice and tomato. This negative feedback regulation appears to be achieved by both the reversibility of Trp aminotransferase activity and the competitive inhibition of TAA1 activity by IPyA. The Km value of IPyA is 0.7 µM, and that of Trp is 43.6 µM; this allows IPyA to be maintained at low levels and prevents unfavorable nonenzymatic indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) formation from IPyA in vivo. Thus, IPyA levels are maintained by the push (by TAA1/TARs) and pull (by YUCCAs) of the two biosynthetic enzymes, in which TAA1 plays a key role in preventing the over- or under-accumulation of IPyA. TAA1 prefer Ala among various amino acid substrates in the reverse reaction of auxin biosynthesis, allowing TAA1 to show specificity for converting Trp and pyruvate to IPyA and Ala, and the reverse reaction.
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32
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Li M, Wrobel-Marek J, Heidmann I, Horstman A, Chen B, Reis R, Angenent GC, Boutilier K. Auxin biosynthesis maintains embryo identity and growth during BABY BOOM-induced somatic embryogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1095-1110. [PMID: 34865162 PMCID: PMC8825264 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is a type of plant cell totipotency where embryos develop from nonreproductive (vegetative) cells without fertilization. Somatic embryogenesis can be induced in vitro by auxins, and by ectopic expression of embryo-expressed transcription factors like the BABY BOOM (BBM) AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR domain protein. These different pathways are thought to converge to promote auxin response and biosynthesis, but the specific roles of the endogenous auxin pathway in somatic embryogenesis induction have not been well-characterized. Here we show that BBM transcriptionally regulates the YUCCA3 (YUC3) and YUC8 auxin biosynthesis genes during BBM-mediated somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. BBM induced local and ectopic YUC3 and YUC8 expression in seedlings, which coincided with increased DR5 auxin response and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis and with ectopic expression of the WOX2 embryo reporter. YUC-driven auxin biosynthesis was required for BBM-mediated somatic embryogenesis, as the number of embryogenic explants was reduced by ca. 50% in yuc3 yuc8 mutants and abolished after chemical inhibition of YUC enzyme activity. However, a detailed YUC inhibitor time-course study revealed that YUC-dependent IAA biosynthesis is not required for the re-initiation of totipotent cell identity in seedlings. Rather, YUC enzymes are required later in somatic embryo development for the maintenance of embryo identity and growth. This study resolves a long-standing question about the role of endogenous auxin biosynthesis in transcription factor-mediated somatic embryogenesis and also provides an experimental framework for understanding the role of endogenous auxin biosynthesis in other in planta and in vitro embryogenesis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Li
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
| | - Justyna Wrobel-Marek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, 40-032, Poland
| | - Iris Heidmann
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
- Enza Zaden Research and Development B.V, Enkhuizen, 1602 DB, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Horstman
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
| | - Baojian Chen
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
| | - Ricardo Reis
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
| | - Kim Boutilier
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Author for communication:
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Mishra BS, Sharma M, Laxmi A. Role of sugar and auxin crosstalk in plant growth and development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13546. [PMID: 34480799 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Under the natural environment, nutrient signals interact with phytohormones to coordinate and reprogram plant growth and survival. Sugars are important molecules that control almost all morphological and physiological processes in plants, ranging from seed germination to senescence. In addition to their functions as energy resources, osmoregulation, storage molecules, and structural components, sugars function as signaling molecules and interact with various plant signaling pathways, such as hormones, stress, and light to modulate growth and development according to fluctuating environmental conditions. Auxin, being an important phytohormone, is associated with almost all stages of the plant's life cycle and also plays a vital role in response to the dynamic environment for better growth and survival. In the previous years, substantial progress has been made that showed a range of common responses mediated by sugars and auxin signaling. This review discusses how sugar signaling affects auxin at various levels from its biosynthesis to perception and downstream gene activation. On the same note, the review also highlights the role of auxin signaling in fine-tuning sugar metabolism and carbon partitioning. Furthermore, we discussed the crosstalk between the two signaling machineries in the regulation of various biological processes, such as gene expression, cell cycle, development, root system architecture, and shoot growth. In conclusion, the review emphasized the role of sugar and auxin crosstalk in the regulation of several agriculturally important traits. Thus, engineering of sugar and auxin signaling pathways could potentially provide new avenues to manipulate for agricultural purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuwaneshwar Sharan Mishra
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
- Bhuwaneshwar Sharan Mishra, Ram Gulam Rai P. G. College Banktashiv, Affiliated to Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur, Deoria, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohan Sharma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashverya Laxmi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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Fàbregas N, Fernie AR. The reliance of phytohormone biosynthesis on primary metabolite precursors. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 268:153589. [PMID: 34896926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
There is some debate as to whether phytohormone metabolites should be classified as primary or secondary metabolites. Phytohormones have profound effects on growth - a typical trait of primary metabolites - yet several of them are formed from secondary metabolite precursors. This is further exacerbated by the blurred distinction between primary and secondary metabolism. What is clearer, however, is that phytohormones display distinctive regulatory mechanisms from other metabolites. Moreover, by contrast to microbial and mammalian systems, the majority of plant metabolite receptors characterized to date are hormone receptors. Here, we provide an overview of the metabolic links between primary metabolism and phytohormone biosynthesis in an attempt to complement recent reviews covering the signaling crosstalk between elements of core metabolism and the phytohormones. In doing so, we cover the biosynthesis of both the classical metabolic phytohormones namely auxins, salicylic acid, jasmonate, ethylene, cytokinins, brassinosteroids, gibberellins and abscisic acid as well as recently described plant growth regulators which have been proposed as novel phytohormones namely strigolactones blumenols, zaxinone and β-cyclocitral as well as melatonin. For each hormone, we describe the primary metabolite precursors which fuel its synthesis, act as conjugates or in the case of 2-oxoglutarate act more directly as a co-substrate in the biosynthesis of gibberellin, auxin and salicylic acid. Furthermore, several amino acids operate as hormone conjugates, such as jasmonate-conjugates. In reviewing the biosynthesis of all the phytohormones simultaneously, the exceptional intricacy of the biochemical interplay that underpins their interaction emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Fàbregas
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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35
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Chen H, Bullock DA, Alonso JM, Stepanova AN. To Fight or to Grow: The Balancing Role of Ethylene in Plant Abiotic Stress Responses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:plants11010033. [PMID: 35009037 PMCID: PMC8747122 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants often live in adverse environmental conditions and are exposed to various stresses, such as heat, cold, heavy metals, salt, radiation, poor lighting, nutrient deficiency, drought, or flooding. To adapt to unfavorable environments, plants have evolved specialized molecular mechanisms that serve to balance the trade-off between abiotic stress responses and growth. These mechanisms enable plants to continue to develop and reproduce even under adverse conditions. Ethylene, as a key growth regulator, is leveraged by plants to mitigate the negative effects of some of these stresses on plant development and growth. By cooperating with other hormones, such as jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), brassinosteroids (BR), auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), and cytokinin (CK), ethylene triggers defense and survival mechanisms thereby coordinating plant growth and development in response to abiotic stresses. This review describes the crosstalk between ethylene and other plant hormones in tipping the balance between plant growth and abiotic stress responses.
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Uc-Chuc MA, Kú-González ÁF, Jiménez-Ramírez IA, Loyola-Vargas VM. Identification, analysis, and modeling of the YUCCA protein family genome-wide in Coffea canephora. Proteins 2021; 90:1005-1024. [PMID: 34890079 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Auxin is involved in almost every aspect of plant growth and development, from embryogenesis to senescence. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the main known natural auxin that is synthesized by enzymes tryptophan aminotransferase of arabidopsis (TAA) and YUCCA (YUC) of the flavin-containing monooxygenases family (FMO) from one of the tryptophan-dependent pathways. Genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of the YUC-protein family have been conducted in Coffea canephora in the present study. A total of 10 members CcYUC gene family were identified in C. canephora. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the CcYUC protein family is evolutionarily conserved, and they consist of four groups. In contrast, bioinformatic analysis predicted a hydrophobic transmembrane helix (TMH) for one CcYUC (YUC10) member only. Isoelectric point (pI), molecular mass (Ms), signal peptide, subcellular localization, and phosphorylation sites were predicted for CcYUC proteins. YUC enzymes require the prosthetic group flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) for their enzymatic activity. Therefore, we include the molecular docking for CcYUC2-FAD-NADPH-IPyA and yucasin, which is a specific inhibitor for YUC activity. The docking results showed FAD and NADPH binding at the big and small domain sites, respectively, in CcYUC2. IPyA binds very close to FAD along the big domain, and yucasin competes for the same site as IPA, blocking IAA production. Furthermore, in silico point mutations affect the stability of the CcYUC2-4 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Uc-Chuc
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Ángela F Kú-González
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Irma A Jiménez-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Víctor M Loyola-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Mérida, Mexico
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Fernández H, Grossmann J, Gagliardini V, Feito I, Rivera A, Rodríguez L, Quintanilla LG, Quesada V, Cañal MJ, Grossniklaus U. Sexual and Apogamous Species of Woodferns Show Different Protein and Phytohormone Profiles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:718932. [PMID: 34868105 PMCID: PMC8633544 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.718932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The gametophyte of ferns reproduces either by sexual or asexual means. In the latter, apogamy represents a peculiar case of apomixis, in which an embryo is formed from somatic cells. A proteomic and physiological approach was applied to the apogamous fern Dryopteris affinis ssp. affinis and its sexual relative D. oreades. The proteomic analysis compared apogamous vs. female gametophytes, whereas the phytohormone study included, in addition to females, three apogamous stages (filamentous, spatulate, and cordate). The proteomic profiles revealed a total of 879 proteins and, after annotation, different regulation was found in 206 proteins of D. affinis and 166 of its sexual counterpart. The proteins upregulated in D. affinis are mostly associated to protein metabolism (including folding, transport, and proteolysis), ribosome biogenesis, gene expression and translation, while in the sexual counterpart, they account largely for starch and sucrose metabolism, generation of energy and photosynthesis. Likewise, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used to assess the levels of indol-3-acetic acid (IAA); the cytokinins: 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), trans-Zeatine (Z), trans-Zeatin riboside (ZR), dyhidrozeatine (DHZ), dyhidrozeatin riboside (DHZR), isopentenyl adenine (iP), isopentenyl adenosine (iPR), abscisic acid (ABA), the gibberellins GA3 and GA4, salicylic acid (SA), and the brassinosteroids: brassinolide (BL) and castasterone (CS). IAA, the cytokinins Z, ZR, iPR, the gibberellin GA4, the brassinosteoids castasterone, and ABA accumulated more in the sexual gametophyte than in the apogamous one. When comparing the three apogamous stages, BA and SA peaked in filamentous, GA3 and BL in spatulate and DHRZ in cordate gametophytes. The results point to the existence of large metabolic differences between apogamous and sexual gametophytes, and invite to consider the fern gametophyte as a good experimental system to deepen our understanding of plant reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Fernández
- Area of Plant Physiology, Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, Oviedo University, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jonas Grossmann
- Functional Genomics Center, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Gagliardini
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich and Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Feito
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Finca Experimental La Mata, Grado, Spain
| | - Alejandro Rivera
- Area of Plant Physiology, Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, Oviedo University, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lucía Rodríguez
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Finca Experimental La Mata, Grado, Spain
| | - Luis G. Quintanilla
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Víctor Quesada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Oncology of the Principality of Asturias, Oviedo University, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Mª Jesús Cañal
- Area of Plant Physiology, Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, Oviedo University, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich and Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ackerman-Lavert M, Fridman Y, Matosevich R, Khandal H, Friedlander-Shani L, Vragović K, Ben El R, Horev G, Tarkowská D, Efroni I, Savaldi-Goldstein S. Auxin requirements for a meristematic state in roots depend on a dual brassinosteroid function. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4462-4472.e6. [PMID: 34418341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Root meristem organization is maintained by an interplay between hormone signaling pathways that both interpret and determine their accumulation and distribution. The interacting hormones Brassinosteroids (BR) and auxin control the number of meristematic cells in the Arabidopsis root. BR was reported both to promote auxin signaling input and to repress auxin signaling output. Whether these contradicting molecular outcomes co-occur and what their significance in meristem function is remain unclear. Here, we established a dual effect of BR on auxin, with BR simultaneously promoting auxin biosynthesis and repressing auxin transcriptional output, which is essential for meristem maintenance. Blocking BR-induced auxin synthesis resulted in rapid BR-mediated meristem loss. Conversely, plants with reduced BR levels were resistant to a critical loss of auxin biosynthesis, maintaining their meristem morphology. In agreement, injured root meristems, which rely solely on local auxin synthesis, regenerated when both auxin and BR synthesis were inhibited. Use of BIN2 as a tool to selectively inhibit BR signaling yielded meristems with distinct phenotypes depending on the perturbed tissue: meristem reminiscent either of BR-deficient mutants or of high BR exposure. This enabled mapping of the BR-auxin interaction that maintains the meristem to the outer epidermis and lateral root cap tissues and demonstrated the essentiality of BR signaling in these tissues for meristem response to BR. BR activity in internal tissues however, proved necessary to control BR levels. Together, we demonstrate a basis for inter-tissue coordination and how a critical ratio between these hormones determines the meristematic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ackerman-Lavert
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Y Fridman
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - R Matosevich
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - H Khandal
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - L Friedlander-Shani
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - K Vragović
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - R Ben El
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - G Horev
- Lorey I. Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - D Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - I Efroni
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Savaldi-Goldstein
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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Kacprzyk J, Burke R, Schwarze J, McCabe PF. Plant programmed cell death meets auxin signalling. FEBS J 2021; 289:1731-1745. [PMID: 34543510 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Both auxin signalling and programmed cell death (PCD) are essential components of a normally functioning plant. Auxin underpins plant growth and development, as well as regulating plant defences against environmental stresses. PCD, a genetically controlled pathway for selective elimination of redundant, damaged or infected cells, is also a key element of many developmental processes and stress response mechanisms in plants. An increasing body of evidence suggests that auxin signalling and PCD regulation are often connected. While generally auxin appears to suppress cell death, it has also been shown to promote PCD events, most likely via stimulation of ethylene biosynthesis. Intriguingly, certain cells undergoing PCD have also been suggested to control the distribution of auxin in plant tissues, by either releasing a burst of auxin or creating an anatomical barrier to auxin transport and distribution. These recent findings indicate novel roles of localized PCD events in the context of plant development such as control of root architecture, or tissue regeneration following injury, and suggest exciting possibilities for incorporation of this knowledge into crop improvement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kacprzyk
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rory Burke
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Johanna Schwarze
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul F McCabe
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Fontes-Puebla AA, Borrego EJ, Kolomiets MV, Bernal JS. Maize biochemistry in response to root herbivory was mediated by domestication, spread, and breeding. PLANTA 2021; 254:70. [PMID: 34499214 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With domestication, northward spread, and breeding, maize defence against root-herbivores relied on induced defences, decreasing levels of phytohormones involved in resistance, and increasing levels of a phytohormone involved in tolerance. We addressed whether a suite of maize (Zea mays mays) phytohormones and metabolites involved in herbivore defence were mediated by three successive processes: domestication, spread to North America, and modern breeding. With those processes, and following theoretical predictions, we expected to find: a change in defence strategy from reliance on induced defences to reliance on constitutive defences; decreasing levels of phytohormones involved in herbivore resistance, and; increasing levels of a phytohormone involved in herbivore tolerance. We tested those predictions by comparing phytohormone levels in seedlings exposed to root herbivory by Diabrotica virgifera virgifera among four plant types encompassing those processes: the maize ancestor Balsas teosinte (Zea mays parviglumis), Mexican maize landraces, USA maize landraces, and USA inbred maize cultivars. With domestication, maize transitioned from reliance on induced defences in teosinte to reliance on constitutive defences in maize, as predicted. One subset of metabolites putatively involved in herbivory defence (13-oxylipins) was suppressed with domestication, as predicted, though another was enhanced (9-oxylipins), and both were variably affected by spread and breeding. A phytohormone (indole-3-acetic acid) involved in tolerance was enhanced with domestication, and with spread and breeding, as predicted. These changes are consistent with documented changes in herbivory resistance and tolerance, and occurred coincidentally with cultivation in increasingly resource-rich environments, i.e., from wild to highly enriched agricultural environments. We concluded that herbivore defence evolution in crops may be mediated by processes spanning thousands of generations, e.g., domestication and spread, as well as by processes spanning tens of generations, e.g., breeding and agricultural intensification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Fontes-Puebla
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Campo Experimental Costa de Hermosillo, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Eli J Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Julio S Bernal
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Auxin and Cytokinin Interplay during Leaf Morphogenesis and Phyllotaxy. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081732. [PMID: 34451776 PMCID: PMC8400353 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Auxins (IAA) and cytokinins (CKs) are the most influential phytohormones, having multifaceted roles in plants. They are key regulators of plant growth and developmental processes. Additionally, their interplay exerts tight control on plant development and differentiation. Although several reviews have been published detailing the auxin-cytokinin interplay in controlling root growth and differentiation, their roles in the shoot, particularly in leaf morphogenesis are largely unexplored. Recent reports have provided new insights on the roles of these two hormones and their interplay on leaf growth and development. In this review, we focus on the effect of auxins, CKs, and their interactions in regulating leaf morphogenesis. Additionally, the regulatory effects of the auxins and CKs interplay on the phyllotaxy of plants are discussed.
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Tabeta H, Watanabe S, Fukuda K, Gunji S, Asaoka M, Hirai MY, Seo M, Tsukaya H, Ferjani A. An auxin signaling network translates low-sugar-state input into compensated cell enlargement in the fugu5 cotyledon. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009674. [PMID: 34351899 PMCID: PMC8341479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, the effective mobilization of seed nutrient reserves is crucial during germination and for seedling establishment. The Arabidopsis H+-PPase-loss-of-function fugu5 mutants exhibit a reduced number of cells in the cotyledons. This leads to enhanced post-mitotic cell expansion, also known as compensated cell enlargement (CCE). While decreased cell numbers have been ascribed to reduced gluconeogenesis from triacylglycerol, the molecular mechanisms underlying CCE remain ill-known. Given the role of indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) in cotyledon development, and because CCE in fugu5 is specifically and completely cancelled by ech2, which shows defective IBA-to-indoleacetic acid (IAA) conversion, IBA has emerged as a potential regulator of CCE. Here, to further illuminate the regulatory role of IBA in CCE, we used a series of high-order mutants that harbored a specific defect in IBA-to-IAA conversion, IBA efflux, IAA signaling, or vacuolar type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) activity and analyzed the genetic interaction with fugu5-1. We found that while CCE in fugu5 was promoted by IBA, defects in IBA-to-IAA conversion, IAA response, or the V-ATPase activity alone cancelled CCE. Consistently, endogenous IAA in fugu5 reached a level 2.2-fold higher than the WT in 1-week-old seedlings. Finally, the above findings were validated in icl-2, mls-2, pck1-2 and ibr10 mutants, in which CCE was triggered by low sugar contents. This provides a scenario in which following seed germination, the low-sugar-state triggers IAA synthesis, leading to CCE through the activation of the V-ATPase. These findings illustrate how fine-tuning cell and organ size regulation depend on interplays between metabolism and IAA levels in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Tabeta
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Keita Fukuda
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuka Gunji
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Asaoka
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRA, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | | | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Molecular genetic and structural studies have revealed the mechanisms of fundamental components of key auxin regulatory pathways consisting of auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling. Chemical biology methods applied in auxin research have been greatly expanded through the understanding of auxin regulatory pathways. Many small-molecule modulators of auxin metabolism, transport, and signaling have been generated on the basis of the outcomes of genetic and structural studies on auxin regulatory pathways. These chemical modulators are now widely used as essential tools for dissecting auxin biology in diverse plants. This review covers the structures, primary targets, modes of action, and applications of chemical tools in auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama City 700-0005, Japan
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44
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Cytokinin-Controlled Gradient Distribution of Auxin in Arabidopsis Root Tip. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083874. [PMID: 33918090 PMCID: PMC8069370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant root is a dynamic system, which is able to respond promptly to external environmental stimuli by constantly adjusting its growth and development. A key component regulating this growth and development is the finely tuned cross-talk between the auxin and cytokinin phytohormones. The gradient distribution of auxin is not only important for the growth and development of roots, but also for root growth in various response. Recent studies have shed light on the molecular mechanisms of cytokinin-mediated regulation of local auxin biosynthesis/metabolism and redistribution in establishing active auxin gradients, resulting in cell division and differentiation in primary root tips. In this review, we focus our attention on the molecular mechanisms underlying the cytokinin-controlled auxin gradient in root tips.
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Xu X, E Z, Zhang D, Yun Q, Zhou Y, Niu B, Chen C. OsYUC11-mediated auxin biosynthesis is essential for endosperm development of rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:934-950. [PMID: 33793908 PMCID: PMC8133553 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a phytohormone essential for plant development. However, our understanding of auxin-regulated endosperm development remains limited. Here, we described rice YUCCA (YUC) flavin-containing monooxygenase encoding gene OsYUC11 as a key contributor to auxin biosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm. Grain filling or storage product accumulation was halted by mutation of OsYUC11, but the deficiencies could be recovered by the exogenous application of auxin. A rice transcription factor (TF) yeast library was screened, and 41 TFs that potentially bind to the OsYUC11 promoter were identified, of which OsNF-YB1, a member of the nuclear factor Y family, is predominantly expressed in the endosperm. Both osyuc11 and osnf-yb1 mutants exhibited reduced seed size and increased chalkiness, accompanied by a reduction in indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis. OsNF-YB1 can bind the OsYUC11 promoter to induce gene expression in vivo. We also found that OsYUC11 was a dynamically imprinted gene that predominantly expressed the paternal allele in the endosperm up to 10 d after fertilization (DAF) but then became a non-imprinted gene at 15 DAF. A functional maternal allele of OsYUC11 was able to recover the paternal defects of this gene. Overall, the findings indicate that OsYUC11-mediated auxin biosynthesis is essential for endosperm development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiguo E
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongping Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianbin Yun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Baixiao Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Author for communication:
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Verma S, Attuluri VPS, Robert HS. An Essential Function for Auxin in Embryo Development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a039966. [PMID: 33431580 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenesis in seed plants is the process during which a single cell develops into a mature multicellular embryo that encloses all the modules and primary patterns necessary to build the architecture of the new plant after germination. This process involves a series of cell divisions and coordinated cell fate determinations resulting in the formation of an embryonic pattern with a shoot-root axis and cotyledon(s). The phytohormone auxin profoundly controls pattern formation during embryogenesis. Auxin functions in the embryo through its maxima/minima distribution, which acts as an instructive signal for tissue specification and organ initiation. In this review, we describe how disruptions of auxin biosynthesis, transport, and response severely affect embryo development. Also, the mechanism of auxin action in the development of the shoot-root axis and the three-tissue system is discussed with recent findings. Biological tools that can be implemented to study the auxin function during embryo development are presented, as they may be of interest to the reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subodh Verma
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Venkata Pardha Saradhi Attuluri
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hélène S Robert
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Ahres M, Pálmai T, Gierczik K, Dobrev P, Vanková R, Galiba G. The Impact of Far-Red Light Supplementation on Hormonal Responses to Cold Acclimation in Barley. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030450. [PMID: 33802867 PMCID: PMC8002655 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold acclimation, the necessary prerequisite for promotion of freezing tolerance, is affected by both low temperature and enhanced far-red/red light (FR/R) ratio. The impact of FR supplementation to white light, created by artificial LED light sources, on the hormone levels, metabolism, and expression of the key hormone metabolism-related genes was determined in winter barley at moderate (15 °C) and low (5 °C) temperature. FR-enhanced freezing tolerance at 15 °C was associated with promotion of abscisic acid (ABA) levels, and accompanied by a moderate increase in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and cis-zeatin levels. The most prominent impact on the plants’ freezing tolerance was found after FR pre-treatment at 15 °C (for 10 days) followed by cold treatment at FR supplementation (7 days). The response of ABA was diminished in comparison with white light treatment, probably due to the elevation of stress tolerance during FR pre-treatment. Jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) were transiently reduced. When the plants were exposed directly to a combination of cold (5 °C) and FR supplementation, ABA increase was higher than in white light, and was associated with enhanced elevation of JA and, in the longer term (after 7 days), with IAA and cis-zeatin increase, which indicates a stronger stress response and better acclimation. Cold hardening was more efficient when FR light was applied in the early developmental stage of the barley plants (three-leaf stage, 18 days), rather than in later stages (28-days). The dynamics of the phytohormone changes are well supported by the expression profiles of the key hormone metabolism-related genes. This series of treatments serves as evidence for the close relationship between plant hormones, light quality, and low temperature at the beginning of cold acclimation. Besides the timing of the FR treatments, plant age also represents a key factor during light spectrum-dependent cold acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ahres
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Agricultural Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (M.A.); (T.P.); (K.G.); (G.G.)
- Department of Environmental Sustainability, Festetics Doctoral School, IES, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Tamás Pálmai
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Agricultural Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (M.A.); (T.P.); (K.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Krisztián Gierczik
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Agricultural Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (M.A.); (T.P.); (K.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Radomíra Vanková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gábor Galiba
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Agricultural Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (M.A.); (T.P.); (K.G.); (G.G.)
- Department of Environmental Sustainability, Festetics Doctoral School, IES, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
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Jahn L, Hofmann U, Ludwig-Müller J. Indole-3-Acetic Acid Is Synthesized by the Endophyte Cyanodermella asteris via a Tryptophan-Dependent and -Independent Way and Mediates the Interaction with a Non-Host Plant. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2651. [PMID: 33800748 PMCID: PMC7961953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is one of the main signals playing a role in the communication between host and endophytes. Endophytes can synthesize IAA de novo to influence the IAA homeostasis in plants. Although much is known about IAA biosynthesis in microorganisms, there is still less known about the pathway by which IAA is synthesized in fungal endophytes. The aim of this study is to examine a possible IAA biosynthesis pathway in Cyanodermella asteris. In vitro cultures of C. asteris were incubated with the IAA precursors tryptophan (Trp) and indole, as well as possible intermediates, and they were additionally treated with IAA biosynthesis inhibitors (2-mercaptobenzimidazole and yucasin DF) to elucidate possible IAA biosynthesis pathways. It was shown that (a) C. asteris synthesized IAA without adding precursors; (b) indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN), indole-3-acetamide (IAM), and indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAD) increased IAA biosynthesis; and (c) C. asteris synthesized IAA also by a Trp-independent pathway. Together with the genome information of C. asteris, the possible IAA biosynthesis pathways found can improve the understanding of IAA biosynthesis in fungal endophytes. The uptake of fungal IAA into Arabidopsis thaliana is necessary for the induction of lateral roots and other fungus-related growth phenotypes, since the application of the influx inhibitor 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA) but not the efflux inhibitor N-1-naphtylphthalamic acid (NPA) were altering these parameters. In addition, the root phenotype of the mutation in an influx carrier, aux1, was partially rescued by C. asteris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (L.J.); (U.H.)
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Accumulation of the Auxin Precursor Indole-3-Acetamide Curtails Growth through the Repression of Ribosome-Biogenesis and Development-Related Transcriptional Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042040. [PMID: 33670805 PMCID: PMC7923163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The major auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), is associated with a plethora of growth and developmental processes including embryo development, expansion growth, cambial activity, and the induction of lateral root growth. Accumulation of the auxin precursor indole-3-acetamide (IAM) induces stress related processes by stimulating abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. How IAM signaling is controlled is, at present, unclear. Here, we characterize the ami1rooty double mutant, that we initially generated to study the metabolic and phenotypic consequences of a simultaneous genetic blockade of the indole glucosinolate and IAM pathways in Arabidopsisthaliana. Our mass spectrometric analyses of the mutant revealed that the combination of the two mutations is not sufficient to fully prevent the conversion of IAM to IAA. The detected strong accumulation of IAM was, however, recognized to substantially impair seed development. We further show by genome-wide expression studies that the double mutant is broadly affected in its translational capacity, and that a small number of plant growth regulating transcriptional circuits are repressed by the high IAM content in the seed. In accordance with the previously described growth reduction in response to elevated IAM levels, our data support the hypothesis that IAM is a growth repressing counterpart to IAA.
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Zhang L, Luo P, Bai J, Wu L, Di DW, Liu HQ, Li JJ, Liu YL, Khaskheli AJ, Zhao CM, Guo GQ. Function of histone H2B monoubiquitination in transcriptional regulation of auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:206. [PMID: 33589721 PMCID: PMC7884795 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The auxin IAA is a vital plant hormone in controlling growth and development, but our knowledge about its complicated biosynthetic pathways and molecular regulation are still limited and fragmentary. cytokinin induced root waving 2 (ckrw2) was isolated as one of the auxin-deficient mutants in a large-scale forward genetic screen aiming to find more genes functioning in auxin homeostasis and/or its regulation. Here we show that CKRW2 is identical to Histone Monoubiquitination 1 (HUB1), a gene encoding an E3 ligase required for histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) in Arabidopsis. In addition to pleiotropic defects in growth and development, loss of CKRW2/HUB1 function also led to typical auxin-deficient phenotypes in roots, which was associated with significantly lower expression levels of several functional auxin synthetic genes, namely TRP2/TSB1, WEI7/ASB1, YUC7 and AMI1. Corresponding defects in H2Bub1 were detected in the coding regions of these genes by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis, indicating the involvement of H2Bub1 in regulating auxin biosynthesis. Importantly, application of exogenous cytokinin (CK) could stimulate CKRW2/HUB1 expression, providing an epigenetic avenue for CK to regulate the auxin homeostasis. Our results reveal a previously unknown mechanism for regulating auxin biosynthesis via HUB1/2-mediated H2Bub1 at the chromatin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Institute of Cell Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Pan Luo
- Institute of Cell Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Jie Bai
- Institute of Cell Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wu
- Institute of Cell Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Wei Di
- Institute of Cell Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Qing Liu
- Institute of Cell Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Institute of Cell Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Institute of Cell Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Allah Jurio Khaskheli
- Institute of Cell Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Ming Zhao
- Institute of Cell Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Guang-Qin Guo
- Institute of Cell Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China.
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