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Bonet ML, Ribot J, Sánchez J, Palou A, Picó C. Early Life Programming of Adipose Tissue Remodeling and Browning Capacity by Micronutrients and Bioactive Compounds as a Potential Anti-Obesity Strategy. Cells 2024; 13:870. [PMID: 38786092 PMCID: PMC11120104 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The early stages of life, especially the period from conception to two years, are crucial for shaping metabolic health and the risk of obesity in adulthood. Adipose tissue (AT) plays a crucial role in regulating energy homeostasis and metabolism, and brown AT (BAT) and the browning of white AT (WAT) are promising targets for combating weight gain. Nutritional factors during prenatal and early postnatal stages can influence the development of AT, affecting the likelihood of obesity later on. This narrative review focuses on the nutritional programming of AT features. Research conducted across various animal models with diverse interventions has provided insights into the effects of specific compounds on AT development and function, influencing the development of crucial structures and neuroendocrine circuits responsible for energy balance. The hormone leptin has been identified as an essential nutrient during lactation for healthy metabolic programming against obesity development in adults. Studies have also highlighted that maternal supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamin A, nicotinamide riboside, and polyphenols during pregnancy and lactation, as well as offspring supplementation with myo-inositol, vitamin A, nicotinamide riboside, and resveratrol during the suckling period, can impact AT features and long-term health outcomes and help understand predisposition to obesity later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Luisa Bonet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (M.L.B.); (J.S.); (A.P.); (C.P.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Joan Ribot
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (M.L.B.); (J.S.); (A.P.); (C.P.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Sánchez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (M.L.B.); (J.S.); (A.P.); (C.P.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (M.L.B.); (J.S.); (A.P.); (C.P.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (M.L.B.); (J.S.); (A.P.); (C.P.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
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2
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Skowronski AA, Leibel RL, LeDuc CA. Neurodevelopmental Programming of Adiposity: Contributions to Obesity Risk. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:253-280. [PMID: 37971140 PMCID: PMC10911958 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This review analyzes the published evidence regarding maternal factors that influence the developmental programming of long-term adiposity in humans and animals via the central nervous system (CNS). We describe the physiological outcomes of perinatal underfeeding and overfeeding and explore potential mechanisms that may mediate the impact of such exposures on the development of feeding circuits within the CNS-including the influences of metabolic hormones and epigenetic changes. The perinatal environment, reflective of maternal nutritional status, contributes to the programming of offspring adiposity. The in utero and early postnatal periods represent critically sensitive developmental windows during which the hormonal and metabolic milieu affects the maturation of the hypothalamus. Maternal hyperglycemia is associated with increased transfer of glucose to the fetus driving fetal hyperinsulinemia. Elevated fetal insulin causes increased adiposity and consequently higher fetal circulating leptin concentration. Mechanistic studies in animal models indicate important roles of leptin and insulin in central and peripheral programming of adiposity, and suggest that optimal concentrations of these hormones are critical during early life. Additionally, the environmental milieu during development may be conveyed to progeny through epigenetic marks and these can potentially be vertically transmitted to subsequent generations. Thus, nutritional and metabolic/endocrine signals during perinatal development can have lifelong (and possibly multigenerational) impacts on offspring body weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja A Skowronski
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Charles A LeDuc
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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3
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McCarty KJ, Pratt SL, Long NM. Effects of Exogenous Glucocorticoid Infusion on Appetitic Center Development in Postnatal Dairy Bull Calves. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1980. [PMID: 37370490 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of exogenous glucocorticoid administration on leptin concentrations and brain development markers, such as protein and hypothalamic gene expression, in dairy bull calves. Within 4 h of parturition, Holstein bulls were intravenously infused with either a low cortisol dose (LC; n = 9, 3.5 µg/kg of body weight (BW)), high cortisol dose (HC; n = 9, 7.0 µg/kg BW), or control (CON; n = 9, saline) dose, with a 2nd infusion 24 h postpartum. Jugular blood was collected prior to infusion and daily until the calves were euthanized (day 5). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the third ventricle and adipose (omental, perirenal, and mesenteric) and hypothalamic tissue were collected. The blood and CSF samples were analyzed for leptin concentrations. The data were analyzed using SAS. Serum (p = 0.013) and CSF (p = 0.005) leptin concentrations in HC- and LC-treated calves were decreased compared with CON-treated calves. Leptin protein expression was decreased (p < 0.044) in perirenal and omental adipose tissue of LC-treated calves compared with CON-treated calves. Gene abundance of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and fibroblast growth factors 1 and 2 were decreased (p < 0.006) in HC- and LC-treated calves compared with CON-treated calves. In summary, cortisol administered to dairy bull calves reduced leptin concentrations, decreased leptin protein expression in perirenal and omental adipose tissue, and altered gene expression in hypothalamic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keelee J McCarty
- Animal And Veterinary Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | - Scott L Pratt
- Animal And Veterinary Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | - Nathan M Long
- Animal And Veterinary Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
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Pomar CA, Castillo P, Palou M, Palou A, Picó C. Implementation of a healthy diet to lactating rats attenuates the early detrimental programming effects in the offspring born to obese dams. Putative relationship with milk hormone levels. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 107:109043. [PMID: 35569798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lactation is a critical period of development and alterations in milk composition due to maternal diet or status may affect infant growth. We aimed to evaluate in rats whether improving maternal nutrition during lactation attenuates early imprinted adverse metabolic effects in the offspring born to obese dams. Three groups were studied: Control (C) dams, fed with standard diet; Western diet (WD) dams, fed with WD one month prior to gestation and during gestation and lactation; and Reversion (Rev) dams, fed as WD-dams, but moved to a standard diet during lactation. Macronutrient content, insulin, leptin and adiponectin levels were determined in milk. Phenotypic traits and circulating parameters in dams and their offspring were determined throughout lactation. Results showed that, at weaning, WD-dams displayed lower body weight and greater plasma insulin and non-esterified fatty acids levels than C-dams, and signs of hepatic steatosis. Milk from WD-dams showed lower protein content and insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels during the entire or the late lactation. Rev-dams retained excess body fat content, but milk composition and most circulating parameters were not different from controls at late lactation and showed higher leptin mRNA levels in mammary gland than WD-dams. The offspring of WD-dams, but not that of Rev-dams, displayed higher body weight, adiposity, and circulating leptin and glucose levels than controls at weaning. In conclusion, dietary improvement during lactation prevents early adverse effects in offspring associated with maternal intake of an obesogenic diet, that may be related with the normalization of milk hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A Pomar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, IdISBa, 07010, Palma, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Castillo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, IdISBa, 07010, Palma, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, IdISBa, 07010, Palma, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, IdISBa, 07010, Palma, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, IdISBa, 07010, Palma, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Colldén G, Caron E, Bouret SG. Neonatal leptin antagonism improves metabolic programming of postnatally overnourished mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1138-1144. [PMID: 35173277 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Alteration of the perinatal nutritional environment is an important risk factor for the development of metabolic diseases in later life. The hormone leptin plays a critical role in growth and development. Previous studies reported that postnatal overnutrition increases leptin secretion during the pre-weaning period. However, a direct link between leptin, neonatal overnutrition, and lifelong metabolic regulation has not been investigated. METHODS We used the small litter mouse model combined with neonatal leptin antagonist injections to examine whether attenuating leptin during early life improves lifelong metabolic regulation in postnatally overnourished mice. RESULTS Postnatally overnourished mice displayed rapid weight gain during lactation and remained overweight as adults. These mice also showed increased adiposity and perturbations in glucose homeostasis in adulthood. Neonatal administration of a leptin antagonist normalized fat mass and insulin sensitivity in postnatally overnourished mice. These metabolic improvements were associated with enhanced sensitivity of hypothalamic neurons to leptin. CONCLUSIONS Early postnatal overnutrition causes metabolic alterations that can be permanently attenuated with the administration of a leptin antagonist during a restricted developmental window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Colldén
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, FHU 1,000 Days for Health, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Emilie Caron
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, FHU 1,000 Days for Health, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Sebastien G Bouret
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, FHU 1,000 Days for Health, Lille, 59000, France.
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The postnatal leptin surge in mice is variable in both time and intensity and reflects nutritional status. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:39-49. [PMID: 34475504 PMCID: PMC8748198 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The murine postnatal leptin surge occurs within the first 4 weeks of life and is critical for neuronal projection development within hypothalamic feeding circuits. Here we describe the influence of nutritional status on the timing and magnitude of the postnatal leptin surge in mice. METHODS Plasma leptin concentrations were measured 1-3 times per week for the first 4 weeks of life in C57BL/6J pups reared in litters adjusted to 3 (small), 7-8 (normal), or 11-12 (large) pups per dam fed breeder chow or raised in litters of 7-8 by dams fed high-fat diet (HFD) ad libitum starting either prior to conception or at parturition. RESULTS Mice raised in small litters become fatter than pups raised in either normal or large litters. The leptin surge in small litter pups starts earlier, lasts longer, and is dramatically larger in magnitude compared to normal litter pups, even when leptin concentrations are normalized to fat mass. In mice reared in large litters, weight gain is diminished and the surge is both significantly delayed and lower in magnitude compared to control pups. Pups reared by HFD-fed dams (starting preconception or at parturition) are fatter and have augmented leptin surge magnitude compared to pups suckled by chow-fed dams. Surge timing varies depending upon nutritional status of the pup; the source of the surge is primarily subcutaneous adipose tissue. At peak leptin surge, within each group, fat mass and plasma leptin are uncorrelated; in comparison with adults, pups overproduce leptin relative to fat mass. Plasma leptin elevation persists longer than previously described; at postnatal day 27 mice continue overproducing leptin relative to fat mass. CONCLUSIONS In mice, small litter size and maternal HFD feeding during the perinatal period augment the plasma leptin surge whereas large litter size is associated with a delayed surge of reduced magnitude.
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LeDuc CA, Skowronski AA, Rosenbaum M. The Role of Leptin in the Development of Energy Homeostatic Systems and the Maintenance of Body Weight. Front Physiol 2021; 12:789519. [PMID: 34955895 PMCID: PMC8703217 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.789519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
LEP is a pleiotropic gene and the actions of leptin extend well beyond simply acting as the signal of the size of adipose tissue stores originally proposed. This is a discussion of the multi-system interactions of leptin with the development of the neural systems regulating energy stores, and the subsequent maintenance of energy stores throughout the lifespan. The prenatal, perinatal, and later postnatal effects of leptin on systems regulating body energy stores and on the energy stores themselves are heavily influenced by the nutritional environment which leptin exposure occurs. This review discusses the prenatal and perinatal roles of leptin in establishing the neuronal circuitry and other systems relevant to the adiposity set-point (or “threshold”) and the role of leptin in maintaining weight homeostasis in adulthood. Therapeutic manipulation of the intrauterine environment, use of leptin sensitizing agents, and identification of specific cohorts who may be more responsive to leptin or other means of activating the leptin signaling pathway are ripe areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A LeDuc
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alicja A Skowronski
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael Rosenbaum
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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Vickers MH. Early life nutrition and neuroendocrine programming. Neuropharmacology 2021; 205:108921. [PMID: 34902348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the nutritional environment in early life can significantly increase the risk for obesity and a range of development of metabolic disorders in offspring in later life, effects that can be passed onto future generations. This process, termed development programming, provides the framework of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) paradigm. Early life nutritional compromise including undernutrition, overnutrition or specific macro/micronutrient deficiencies, results in a range of adverse health outcomes in offspring that can be further exacerbated by a poor postnatal nutritional environment. Although the mechanisms underlying programming remain poorly defined, a common feature across the phenotypes displayed in preclinical models is that of altered wiring of neuroendocrine circuits that regulate satiety and energy balance. As such, altered maternal nutritional exposures during critical early periods of developmental plasticity can result in aberrant hardwiring of these circuits with lasting adverse consequences for the offspring. There is also increasing evidence around the role of an altered epigenome and the gut-brain axis in mediating some of the central programming effects observed. Further, although such programming was once considered to result in a permanent change in developmental trajectory, there is evidence, at least from preclinical models, that programming can be reversed via targeted nutritional manipulations during early development. Further work is required at a mechanistic level to allow for identification for early markers of later disease risk, delineation of sex-specific effects and pathways to implementation of strategies aimed at breaking the transgenerational transmission of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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Khounsaknalath S, Etoh K, Sakuma K, Saito K, Saito A, Abe T, Ebara F, Sugiyama T, Kobayashi E, Gotoh T. Effects of early high nutrition related to metabolic imprinting events on growth, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of grass-fed Wagyu (Japanese Black cattle). J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6273774. [PMID: 33974688 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to clarify how early high plane of nutrition related to metabolic imprinting affected growth, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of grass-fed Wagyu (Japanese Black cattle). Wagyu steers were allocated randomly into 2 dietary groups: (1) steers fed milk replacer (crude protein 26.0%, crude fat 25.5%; maximum intake 0.6 kg/d) until 3 mo of age and then fed roughage (orchard grass hay) ad libitum from 4 to 10 mo of age (roughage group, RG; n = 11); (2) steers fed milk replacer (maximum intake of 1.8 kg/d) until 3 mo of age and then fed a high-concentrate diet from 4 to 10 mo of age (early high nutrition, EHN; n = 12). After 11 mo of age, all steers were fed roughage ad libitum until 31 mo of age and then slaughtered. Growth performance, carcass traits, longissimus muscle (LM) meat quality and intramuscular fat (IMF) content, plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentration, and bone mineral density were measured. Body weight was greater in EHN steers (571 kg) than RG steers (520 kg; P < 0.01). Plasma IGF-I levels were higher in EHN steers than in RG steers at 3, 10, and 14 mo of age (P < 0.01, P < 0.005, P < 0.001, respectively); however, plasma IGF-I levels were lower in EHN steers compared with RG steers at 30 mo of age (P < 0.01). The total weight of the muscles and bones of the left half of the carcass was not different between the 2 groups (P = 0.065). Five of the 19 muscles investigated (semimembranosus, P = 0.036; infraspinatus, P = 0.024; supraspinatus, P = 0.0019; serratus ventralis cervicis, P = 0.032; serratus ventralis thoracis, P = 0.027) were heavier in EHN steers. Total fat weight in the left half of the carcass was 30% greater (P = 0.025) in HNE carcasses. Subcutaneous and perirenal fat weights were 53% and 84% greater (P = 0.008, P = 0.002, respectively) in EHN carcasses. The LM IMF content was greater in EHN loins (13.2%) compared with RG loins (9.4%) at 31 mo of age (P = 0.038); however, no differences were found for shear force, tenderness, and cook loss. These results suggested early high-nutrition affected the growth and meat quality of livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kotaro Etoh
- Kuju Agriculture Research Center, Kyushu University, Taketa, Oita 878-0201, Japan
| | - Kaori Sakuma
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo-mura, Fukushima 961-8511, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Saito
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo-mura, Fukushima 961-8511, Japan
| | | | - Tsuyoshi Abe
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo-mura, Fukushima 961-8511, Japan
| | - Fumio Ebara
- Kuju Agriculture Research Center, Kyushu University, Taketa, Oita 878-0201, Japan
| | - Toshie Sugiyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo-mura, Fukushima 961-8511, Japan
| | - Takafumi Gotoh
- Kuju Agriculture Research Center, Kyushu University, Taketa, Oita 878-0201, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 899-0065, Japan
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Skowronski AA, LeDuc CA, Foo KS, Goffer Y, Burnett LC, Egli D, Leibel RL. Physiological consequences of transient hyperleptinemia during discrete developmental periods on body weight in mice. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/524/eaax6629. [PMID: 31894105 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax6629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Leptin plays a role in central nervous system developmental programs and intercurrent physiological processes related to body fat regulation. The timing and neuromolecular mechanisms for these effects are relevant to the prevention and treatment of obesity. Factors implicated in a body weight "set point" including dietary fat, circulating leptin, and other adipokines tend to covary with adiposity and are difficult to disarticulate experimentally. To dissociate leptin effects from adiposity and diet, we created a transgenic mouse in which leptin expression is regulated by doxycycline exposure. Using this system, we investigated the physiological consequences of developmentally-timed transient hyperleptinemia on subsequent adiposity. We evaluated physiological effects of leptin elevation during adulthood (9 to 29 weeks old), "adolescence" (3 to 8 weeks old), and the immediate postnatal period [postnatal days 0 to 22 (P0 to P22)] on long-term adiposity and susceptibility to gain weight on high-fat diet (HFD) fed ad libitum. We found that inducing chronic hyperleptinemia in adult or "adolescent" mice did not alter body weight when excess leptin was discontinued, and upon later exposure to HFD, weight gain did not differ from controls. However, transient elevation of circulating leptin from P0 to P22 increased weight and fat gain in response to HFD, indicating greater susceptibility to obesity as adults. Thus, transient plasma leptin elevations-mimicking one aspect of transient adiposity-increased later susceptibility to diet-induced obesity, although these effects were restricted to a critical developmental (P0 to P22) time window. These findings may have clinical implications for weight management in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja A Skowronski
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Charles A LeDuc
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kylie S Foo
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yossef Goffer
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lisa C Burnett
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. .,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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11
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Park S, Jang A, Bouret SG. Maternal obesity-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress causes metabolic alterations and abnormal hypothalamic development in the offspring. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000296. [PMID: 32163401 PMCID: PMC7067374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The steady increase in the prevalence of obesity and associated type II diabetes mellitus is a major health concern, particularly among children. Maternal obesity represents a risk factor that contributes to metabolic perturbations in the offspring. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has emerged as a critical mechanism involved in leptin resistance and type 2 diabetes in adult individuals. Here, we used a mouse model of maternal obesity to investigate the importance of early life ER stress in the nutritional programming of this metabolic disease. Offspring of obese dams developed glucose intolerance and displayed increased body weight, adiposity, and food intake. Moreover, maternal obesity disrupted the development of melanocortin circuits associated with neonatal hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance. ER stress-related genes were up-regulated in the hypothalamus of neonates born to obese mothers. Neonatal treatment with the ER stress-relieving drug tauroursodeoxycholic acid improved metabolic and neurodevelopmental deficits and reversed leptin resistance in the offspring of obese dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Park
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alice Jang
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sebastien G. Bouret
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Lille, France
- University of Lille, FHU 1,000 Days for Health, Lille, France
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12
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Reeves J, Smith C, Dierenfeld ES, Whitehouse-Tedd K. Captivity-induced metabolic programming in an endangered felid: implications for species conservation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3630. [PMID: 32107441 PMCID: PMC7046719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60577-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Reintroduction of captive-bred individuals into the wild is an important conservation activity. However, environmental conditions can influence developmental programming, potentially causing metabolic disorders in adults. These effects are investigated here for the first time in an endangered species. Using body weight and feed intake data for Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) (n = 22), we compared the growth of captive versus wild born and/or reared individuals. Captive-born individuals gained weight as a function of calorie intake, unlike wild-born individuals. When compared with females reared in the wild, captive-reared females achieved a larger body size, without evidence of obesity. Captivity-associated changes to metabolic programming may compromise survival in the wild if an increased body size incurs a greater energy requirement. Large body size may also confer a competitive advantage over smaller, wild-born individuals, disrupting the social organisation of existing wild populations, and inferring long-term implications for the phenotypic composition of wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Reeves
- Iberian Lynx Captive Breeding Centre "El Acebuche", Parque Nacional de Doñana, Matalascañas, 21760, Huelva, Spain
| | - Carl Smith
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, NG25 0QF, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Ecology & Vertebrate Zoology, University of Łódź, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ellen S Dierenfeld
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, NG25 0QF, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
- Ellen S. Dierenfeld LLC, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Katherine Whitehouse-Tedd
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, NG25 0QF, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom.
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13
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Dunger D, Darendeliler F, Kandemir N, Harris M, Rabbani A, Kappelgaard AM. What is the evidence for beneficial effects of growth hormone treatment beyond height in short children born small for gestational age? A review of published literature. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33:53-70. [PMID: 31860471 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background An increasing body of evidence supports the view that both an adverse intrauterine milieu and rapid postnatal weight gain in children born small for gestational age (SGA) contribute towards the risk for the development of chronic diseases in adult life. Content The aim of this review was to identify and summarize the published evidence on metabolic and cardiovascular risk, as well as risk of impaired cardiac function, intellectual capacity, quality of life, pubertal development and bone strength among children born SGA. The review will then address whether growth hormone (GH) therapy, commonly prescribed to reduce the height deficit in children born SGA who do not catch up in height, increases or decreases these risks over time. Summary Overall, there are limited data in support of a modest beneficial effect of GH therapy on the adverse metabolic and cardiovascular risk observed in short children born SGA. Evidence to support a positive effect of GH on bone strength and psychosocial outcomes is less convincing. Outlook Further evaluation into the clinical relevance of any potential long-term benefits of GH therapy on metabolic and cardiovascular endpoints is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 116, Level 8, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,The Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Feyza Darendeliler
- Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurgun Kandemir
- İhsan Doğramacı Children's Hospital, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mark Harris
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ali Rabbani
- Growth and Development Research Center, Children's Medical Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Marousez L, Lesage J, Eberlé D. Epigenetics: Linking Early Postnatal Nutrition to Obesity Programming? Nutrients 2019; 11:E2966. [PMID: 31817318 PMCID: PMC6950532 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite constant research and public policy efforts, the obesity epidemic continues to be a major public health threat, and new approaches are urgently needed. It has been shown that nutrient imbalance in early life, from conception to infancy, influences later obesity risk, suggesting that obesity could result from "developmental programming". In this review, we evaluate the possibility that early postnatal nutrition programs obesity risk via epigenetic mechanisms, especially DNA methylation, focusing on four main topics: (1) the dynamics of epigenetic processes in key metabolic organs during the early postnatal period; (2) the epigenetic effects of alterations in early postnatal nutrition in animal models or breastfeeding in humans; (3) current limitations and remaining outstanding questions in the field of epigenetic programming; (4) candidate pathways by which early postnatal nutrition could epigenetically program adult body weight set point. A particular focus will be given to the potential roles of breast milk fatty acids, neonatal metabolic and hormonal milieu, and gut microbiota. Understanding the mechanisms by which early postnatal nutrition can promote lifelong metabolic modifications is essential to design adequate recommendations and interventions to "de-program" the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Delphine Eberlé
- University Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Équipe Malnutrition Maternelle et Programmation des Maladies Métaboliques, F-59000 Lille, France
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15
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Zecharia D, Rauch M, Sharabi-Nov A, Tamir S, Gutman R. Postnatal administration of leptin antagonist mitigates susceptibility to obesity under high-fat diet in male αMUPA mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E783-E793. [PMID: 31454257 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00099.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Perturbations in postnatal leptin signaling have been associated with altered susceptibility to diet-induced obesity (DIO) under high-fat-diet (HFD), albeit with contradicting evidence. Previous studies have shown that alpha murine urokinase-type plasminogen activator (αMUPA) mice have a higher and longer postnatal leptin surge compared with their wild types (WTs) as well as lower body weight and food intake under regular diet (RD). Here we explored αMUPA's propensity for DIO and the effect of attenuating postnatal leptin signaling with leptin antagonist (LA) on energy homeostasis under both RD and HFD. Four-day-old αMUPA pups were treated on alternate days until postnatal day 18 with either vehicle or LA (10 or 20 mg·day-1·kg-1) and weaned into RD or HFD. Compared with RD-fed αMUPA males, HFD-fed αMUPA males showed higher energy intake, even when corrected for body weight difference, and became hyperinsulinemic and obese. Additionally, HFD-fed αMUPA males gained body weight at a higher rate than their WTs mainly because of strain differences in energy expenditure. LA administration did not affect strain differences under RD but attenuated αMUPA's hyperinsulinemia and DIO under HFD, most likely by mediating energy expenditure. Together with our previous findings, these results suggest that αMUPA's leptin surge underlies its higher susceptibility to obesity under HFD, highlighting the role of leptin-related developmental processes in inducing obesity in a postweaning obesogenic environment, at least in αMUPA males. This study therefore supports the use of αMUPA mice for elucidating developmental mechanisms of obesity and the efficacy of early-life manipulations via leptin surge axis in attenuating DIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Zecharia
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute. Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Maayan Rauch
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute. Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Adi Sharabi-Nov
- Research Wing, Ziv Medical Center, Zefat, Israel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Snait Tamir
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
- Laboratory of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Roee Gutman
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute. Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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16
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Palou M, Picó C, Palou A. Leptin as a breast milk component for the prevention of obesity. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:875-892. [PMID: 30285146 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin ingested as a component of breast milk is increasingly recognized to play a role in the postnatal programming of a healthy phenotype in adulthood. Besides its primary function in controlling body weight, leptin may be an essential nutrient required during lactation to ensure that the system controlling fat accumulation and body composition is well organized from the early stages of development. This review delves into the following topics: (1) the imprinted protective function of adequate leptin intake during lactation in future metabolic health; (2) the consequences of a lack of leptin intake or of alterations in leptin levels; and (3) the mechanisms described for the effects of leptin on postnatal programming. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of breastfeeding and the need to establish optimal or reference intake values for leptin during lactation to design patterns of personalized nutrition from early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Palou
- Alimentómica SL, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Nutrigenomics and Obesity Group, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Picó
- Nutrigenomics and Obesity Group, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Nutrigenomics and Obesity Group, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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17
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Buck CO, Eliot MN, Kelsey KT, Chen A, Kalkwarf H, Lanphear BP, Braun JM. Neonatal Adipocytokines and Longitudinal Patterns of Childhood Growth. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:1323-1330. [PMID: 31199076 PMCID: PMC6656611 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipocytokines are markers of fetal metabolism, but their association with childhood growth is unclear. This study examined associations of neonatal adipocytokines with longitudinal childhood adiposity measures in a prospective cohort of pregnant women and their children. METHODS Leptin and adiponectin concentrations at delivery and children's BMI z scores between age 4 weeks and 8 years were measured. Differences in BMI z scores and rates of BMI z score change by leptin (n = 257) and adiponectin (n = 271) terciles were estimated. RESULTS Children in the middle (mean difference: 0.2; 95% CI: -0.1 to 0.4) and highest (0.4; 95% CI: 0.1 to 0.6) leptin terciles had greater BMI z scores than children in the lowest tercile. Associations were null after adjustment for birth weight z score. Children in the lowest adiponectin tercile had greater gains in BMI z score (change per year: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.13) than children in the middle (0.07; 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.09) and highest terciles (0.04; 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.05) (adiponectin × age interaction P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Lower adiponectin levels were associated with increased rates of BMI gains in the first 8 years of life. Though leptin was positively associated with BMI, this association may be confounded by birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine O. Buck
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Melissa N Eliot
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Karl T. Kelsey
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Heidi Kalkwarf
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Bruce P. Lanphear
- Faculty of Health and Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Joseph M. Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
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18
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Reynolds CM, Vickers MH. The role of adipokines in developmental programming: evidence from animal models. J Endocrinol 2019. [DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the environment during critical periods of development, including altered maternal nutrition, can increase the risk for the development of a range of metabolic, cardiovascular and reproductive disorders in offspring in adult life. Following the original epidemiological observations of David Barker that linked perturbed fetal growth to adult disease, a wide range of experimental animal models have provided empirical support for the developmental programming hypothesis. Although the mechanisms remain poorly defined, adipose tissue has been highlighted as playing a key role in the development of many disorders that manifest in later life. In particular, adipokines, including leptin and adiponectin, primarily secreted by adipose tissue, have now been shown to be important mediators of processes underpinning several phenotypic features associated with developmental programming including obesity, insulin sensitivity and reproductive disorders. Moreover, manipulation of adipokines in early life has provided for potential strategies to ameliorate or reverse the adverse sequalae that are associated with aberrant programming and provided insight into some of the mechanisms involved in the development of chronic disease across the lifecourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Reynolds
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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19
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Smith AM, Pankey CL, Odhiambo JF, Ghnenis AB, Nathanielsz PW, Ford SP. Rapid Communication: Reduced maternal nutrition during early- to mid-gestation elevates newborn lamb plasma cortisol concentrations and eliminates the neonatal leptin surge. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2640-2645. [PMID: 29982763 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidemiological and animal studies show that maternal nutrient reduction (MNR) and maternal overnutrition/obesity (MO) alter fetal growth and development, predisposing offspring (F1) to endocrine and appetite dysregulation. Compared to F1 of control-fed ewes, F1 of MO ewes display hypercortisolemia at birth and fail to exhibit the neonatal leptin surge implicated in lifelong appetite regulation. Here, we determined if MNR also elevates newborn lamb plasma cortisol and eliminates the neonatal leptin surge. Starting 30 d prior to conception, nulliparous control (CON, n = 6) ewes ate 100% NRC recommendations through parturition. Nutrient-reduced (NR, n = 6) ewes ate a CON diet through day 27 of gestation. From gestational days 28 to 78, NR ewes ate 50% of the CON diet before realimentation to 100% NRC recommendations. Jugular blood was collected daily from lambs from birth (day 0) through postnatal day 10, to determine plasma cortisol and leptin. Newborn NR plasma cortisol concentrations were increased (P < 0.0001) vs. CON and were similar to concentrations in MO lambs. Plasma leptin concentrations were similar between groups through postnatal day 7. The leptin surge, seen in CON lambs on postnatal days 8 to 10 was not present in NR lambs. These data show that, similar to MO lambs, early pregnancy MNR elevates newborn lamb plasma cortisol and eliminates the neonatal leptin surge. In the light of the similar elevation of neonatal cortisol in MNR and MO lambs, we conclude that cortisol plays a central role in regulating the neonatal lamb leptin surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Smith
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Chris L Pankey
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - John F Odhiambo
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Adel B Ghnenis
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Peter W Nathanielsz
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Stephen P Ford
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
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20
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Intrauterine exposure to metformin: Evaluation of endothelial and perivascular adipose tissue function in abdominal aorta of adult offspring. Life Sci 2018; 207:72-79. [PMID: 29852188 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The biguanide metformin (MET) has been used during pregnancy for treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome and gestational diabetes. MET crosses the placenta and maternal treatment can expose the progeny to this drug during important phases of body development. Direct vascular protective effects have been described with the treatment of metformin. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether intrauterine exposure to metformin is safe for the vascular system of offspring. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the intrinsic effects of metformin exposure in utero in the offspring abdominal aorta reactivity, in the presence and absence of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and endothelium. For this, Wistar rats were treated with metformin 293 mg/kg/day (MET) or water (CTR) by gavage during the gestational period. The abdominal aorta reactivity to phenylephrine, acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside was evaluated in male adult offspring. It was observed that abdominal aorta relaxation was similar between MET and CTR groups in the presence or absence of PVAT. In addition, the contraction to phenylephrine was similar between MET and CTR groups in the presence and absence of PVAT and endothelium. Therefore, metformin exposure during pregnancy had no intrinsic effect on the offspring abdominal aorta PVAT and endothelial function, demonstrating it to be safe to the vascular system of the offspring.
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21
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Prabakaran AD, Karakkat JV, Vijayan R, Chalissery J, Ibrahim MF, Kaimala S, Adeghate EA, Al-Marzouqi AH, Ansari SA, Mensah-Brown E, Emerald BS. Identification of early indicators of altered metabolism in normal development using a rodent model system. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.031815. [PMID: 29434026 PMCID: PMC5897726 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the existence of a close relationship between the early maternal developmental environment, fetal size at birth and the risk of developing disease in adulthood has been suggested, most studies, however, employed experimentally induced intrauterine growth restriction as a model to link this with later adult disease. Because embryonic size variation also occurs under normal growth and differentiation, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes and their relevance to later adult disease risk becomes important. The birth weight of rat pups vary according to the uterine horn positions. Using birth weight as a marker, we compared two groups of rat pups – lower birth weight (LBW, 5th to 25th percentile) and average birth weight (ABW, 50th to 75th percentile) – using morphological, biochemical and molecular biology, and genetic techniques. Our results show that insulin metabolism, Pi3k/Akt and Pparγ signaling and the genes regulating growth and metabolism are significantly different in these groups. Methylation at the promoter of the InsII (Ins2) gene and DNA methyltransferase 1 in LBW pups are both increased. Additionally, the Dnmt1 repressor complex, which includes Hdac1, Rb (Rb1) and E2f1, was also upregulated in LBW pups. We conclude that the Dnmt1 repressor complex, which regulates the restriction point of the cell cycle, retards the rate at which cells traverse the G1 or G0 phase of the cell cycle in LBW pups, thereby slowing down growth. This regulatory mechanism mediated by Dnmt1 might contribute to the production of small-size pups and altered physiology and pathology in adult life. Summary: This study suggests an important link between the early embryonic environment and later adult physiology and pathology. At least one process by which this might be coordinated is through the regulatory mechanisms mediated by Dnmt1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Daniel Prabakaran
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Jimsheena Valiyakath Karakkat
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ranjit Vijayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Jisha Chalissery
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Marwa F Ibrahim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Suneesh Kaimala
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ernest A Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ahmed Hassan Al-Marzouqi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, PO Box 505055, Dubai, UAE
| | - Suraiya Anjum Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Eric Mensah-Brown
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bright Starling Emerald
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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22
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Abstract
Any effective strategy to tackle the global obesity and rising noncommunicable disease epidemic requires an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms that underlie these conditions that manifest as a consequence of complex gene-environment interactions. In this context, it is now well established that alterations in the early life environment, including suboptimal nutrition, can result in an increased risk for a range of metabolic, cardiovascular, and behavioral disorders in later life, a process preferentially termed developmental programming. To date, most of the mechanistic knowledge around the processes underpinning development programming has been derived from preclinical research performed mostly, but not exclusively, in laboratory mouse and rat strains. This review will cover the utility of small animal models in developmental programming, the limitations of such models, and potential future directions that are required to fully maximize information derived from preclinical models in order to effectively translate to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Reynolds
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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23
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Long-lived weight-reduced αMUPA mice show higher and longer maternal-dependent postnatal leptin surge. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188658. [PMID: 29190757 PMCID: PMC5708666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether long-lived weight-reduced αMUPA mice differ from their wild types in postnatal body composition and leptin level, and whether these differences are affected by maternal-borne factors. Newborn αMUPA and wild type mice had similar body weight and composition up to the third postnatal week, after which αMUPA mice maintained lower body weight due to lower fat-free mass. Both strains showed a surge in leptin levels at the second postnatal week, initiating earlier in αMUPA mice, rising higher and lasting longer than in the wild types, mainly in females. Leptin level in dams' serum and breast milk, and in their pup's stomach content were also higher in αMUPA than in the WT during the surge peak. Leptin surge preceded the strain divergence in body weight, and was associated with an age-dependent decrease in the leptin:fat mass ratio-suggesting that postnatal sex and strain differences in leptin ontogeny are strongly influenced by processes independent of fat mass, such as production and secretion, and possibly outside fat tissues. Dam removal elevated corticosterone level in female pups from both strains similarly, yet mitigated the leptin surge only in αMUPA-eliminating the strain differences in leptin levels. Overall, our results indicate that αMUPA's postnatal leptin surge is more pronounced than in the wild type, more sensitive to maternal deprivation, less related to pup's total adiposity, and is associated with a lower post-weaning fat-free mass. These strain-related postnatal differences may be related to αMUPA's higher milk-borne leptin levels. Thus, our results support the use of αMUPA mice in future studies aimed to explore the relationship between maternal (i.e. milk-borne) factors, postnatal leptin levels, and post-weaning body composition and energy homeostasis.
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Firth EC, Gamble GD, Cornish J, Vickers MH. Neonatal leptin treatment reverses the bone-suppressive effects of maternal undernutrition in adult rat offspring. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7686. [PMID: 28794412 PMCID: PMC5550441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the early life environment, including maternal undernutrition (UN) during pregnancy, can lead to increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in offspring. Leptin treatment of neonates born to UN rats reverses the programmed metabolic phenotype, but the possible benefits of this treatment on bone tissue have not been defined. We describe for the first time the effects of neonatal leptin treatment on bone in adult offspring following maternal UN. Offspring from either UN or ad libitum-fed (AD) rats were treated with either saline or leptin (2.5 µg/ g.d on postnatal days (D)3–13) and were fed either a chow or high fat (HF) diet from weaning until study completion at D170. Analysis of micro-tomographic data of the left femur showed highly significant effects of UN on cortical and trabecular bone tissue indices, contributing to inferior microstructure and bone strength, almost all of which were reversed by early leptin life treatment. The HF fat diet negatively affected trabecular bone tissue, but the effects of only trabecular separation and number were reversed by leptin treatment. The negative effects of maternal UN on skeletal health in adult offspring might be prevented or attenuated by various interventions including leptin. Establishment of a minimal efficacious leptin dose warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwyn C Firth
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Greg D Gamble
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jillian Cornish
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Reynolds CM, Perry JK, Vickers MH. Manipulation of the Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor (GH-IGF) Axis: A Treatment Strategy to Reverse the Effects of Early Life Developmental Programming. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081729. [PMID: 28786951 PMCID: PMC5578119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from human clinical, epidemiological, and experimental animal models has clearly highlighted a link between the early life environment and an increased risk for a range of cardiometabolic disorders in later life. In particular, altered maternal nutrition, including both undernutrition and overnutrition, spanning exposure windows that cover the period from preconception through to early infancy, clearly highlight an increased risk for a range of disorders in offspring in later life. This process, preferentially termed “developmental programming” as part of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) framework, leads to phenotypic outcomes in offspring that closely resemble those of individuals with untreated growth hormone (GH) deficiency, including increased adiposity and cardiovascular disorders. As such, the use of GH as a potential intervention strategy to mitigate the effects of developmental malprogramming has received some attention in the DOHaD field. In particular, experimental animal models have shown that early GH treatment in the setting of poor maternal nutrition can partially rescue the programmed phenotype, albeit in a sex-specific manner. Although the mechanisms remain poorly defined, they include changes to endothelial function, an altered inflammasome, changes in adipogenesis and cardiovascular function, neuroendocrine effects, and changes in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Similarly, GH treatment to adult offspring, where an adverse metabolic phenotype is already manifest, has shown efficacy in reversing some of the metabolic disorders arising from a poor early life environment. Components of the GH-insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-IGF binding protein (GH-IGF-IGFBP) system, including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), have also shown promise in ameliorating programmed metabolic disorders, potentially acting via epigenetic processes including changes in miRNA profiles and altered DNA methylation. However, as with the use of GH in the clinical setting of short stature and GH-deficiency, the benefits of treatment are also, in some cases, associated with potential unwanted side effects that need to be taken into account before effective translation as an intervention modality in the DOHaD context can be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Reynolds
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Schwartz MW, Seeley RJ, Zeltser LM, Drewnowski A, Ravussin E, Redman LM, Leibel RL. Obesity Pathogenesis: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:267-296. [PMID: 28898979 PMCID: PMC5546881 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is among the most common and costly chronic disorders worldwide. Estimates suggest that in the United States obesity affects one-third of adults, accounts for up to one-third of total mortality, is concentrated among lower income groups, and increasingly affects children as well as adults. A lack of effective options for long-term weight reduction magnifies the enormity of this problem; individuals who successfully complete behavioral and dietary weight-loss programs eventually regain most of the lost weight. We included evidence from basic science, clinical, and epidemiological literature to assess current knowledge regarding mechanisms underlying excess body-fat accumulation, the biological defense of excess fat mass, and the tendency for lost weight to be regained. A major area of emphasis is the science of energy homeostasis, the biological process that maintains weight stability by actively matching energy intake to energy expenditure over time. Growing evidence suggests that obesity is a disorder of the energy homeostasis system, rather than simply arising from the passive accumulation of excess weight. We need to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this "upward setting" or "resetting" of the defended level of body-fat mass, whether inherited or acquired. The ongoing study of how genetic, developmental, and environmental forces affect the energy homeostasis system will help us better understand these mechanisms and are therefore a major focus of this statement. The scientific goal is to elucidate obesity pathogenesis so as to better inform treatment, public policy, advocacy, and awareness of obesity in ways that ultimately diminish its public health and economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Lori M Zeltser
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Eric Ravussin
- John S. McIlhenny Skeletal Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Leanne M Redman
- John S. McIlhenny Skeletal Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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MacKay H, Patterson ZR, Abizaid A. Perinatal Exposure to Low-Dose Bisphenol-A Disrupts the Structural and Functional Development of the Hypothalamic Feeding Circuitry. Endocrinology 2017; 158:768-777. [PMID: 28323920 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a component of polycarbonate and other plastics to which humans are regularly exposed at low levels. BPA is characterized as an endocrine disruptor because of observations of its estrogenic activity in various experimental models. We have previously shown evidence of disrupted hypothalamic feeding circuitry and leptin sensitivity in adult BPA-exposed animals subjected to a high-fat diet, but because these animals were already exhibiting a diet-induced obese phenotype, we could not rule out the possibility that these observations were simply consequences of the obesity, not a preexisting phenotype produced by BPA exposure. Here, we studied leptin sensitivity and hypothalamic structure in young BPA-exposed animals before the onset of a body weight or metabolic phenotype. Pregnant and lactating CD-1 mice were exposed to either BPA or diethylstilbestrol (DES) at low, environmentally relevant doses via their diet. Studies of leptin function and neurobiology were conducted on offspring at several time points. Young adult offspring from this experiment were resistant to leptin-induced suppression of food intake, body weight loss, and hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) upregulation. Both male and female BPA-exposed mice showed a reduced density of POMC projections into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). BPA- and DES-exposed pups had respectively delayed and blunted postnatal leptin surges, and POMC projections into the PVN were rescued in female BPA-exposed animals given daily injections of supplemental leptin. Our findings suggest that BPA, a putative obesogen, may exert its effects through developmental programming of the hypothalamic melanocortin circuitry, permanently altering the neurobiology of metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry MacKay
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Maternal Nutrition during Pregnancy Affects Testicular and Bone Development, Glucose Metabolism and Response to Overnutrition in Weaned Horses Up to Two Years. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169295. [PMID: 28081146 PMCID: PMC5231272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pregnant mares and post-weaning foals are often fed concentrates rich in soluble carbohydrates, together with forage. Recent studies suggest that the use of concentrates is linked to alterations of metabolism and the development of osteochondrosis in foals. The aim of this study was to determine if broodmare diet during gestation affects metabolism, osteoarticular status and growth of yearlings overfed from 20 to 24 months of age and/or sexual maturity in prepubertal colts. Material and methods Twenty-four saddlebred mares were fed forage only (n = 12, group F) or cracked barley and forage (n = 12, group B) from mid-gestation until foaling. Colts were gelded at 12 months of age. Between 20 and 24 months of age, all yearlings were overfed (+140% of requirements) using an automatic concentrate feeder. Offspring were monitored for growth between 6 and 24 months of age, glucose homeostasis was evaluated via modified frequently sampled intra veinous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) at 19 and 24 months of age and osteoarticular status was investigated using radiographic examinations at 24 months of age. The structure and function of testicles from prepubertal colts were analyzed using stereology and RT-qPCR. Results Post-weaning weight growth was not different between groups. Testicular maturation was delayed in F colts compared to B colts at 12 months of age. From 19 months of age, the cannon bone was wider in B vs F yearlings. F yearlings were more insulin resistant at 19 months compared to B yearlings but B yearlings were affected more severely by overnutrition with reduced insulin sensitivity. The osteoarticular status at 24 months of age was not different between groups. Conclusion In conclusion, nutritional management of the pregnant broodmare and the growing foal may affect sexual maturity of colts and the metabolism of foals until 24 months of age. These effects may be deleterious for reproductive and sportive performances in older horses.
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Reynolds CM, Segovia SA, Vickers MH. Experimental Models of Maternal Obesity and Neuroendocrine Programming of Metabolic Disorders in Offspring. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:245. [PMID: 28993758 PMCID: PMC5622157 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies have clearly shown that disease risk in later life is increased following a poor early life environment, a process preferentially termed developmental programming. In particular, this work clearly highlights the importance of the nutritional environment during early development with alterations in maternal nutrition, including both under- and overnutrition, increasing the risk for a range of cardiometabolic and neurobehavioral disorders in adult offspring characterized by both adipokine resistance and obesity. Although the mechanistic basis for such developmental programming is not yet fully defined, a common feature derived from experimental animal models is that of alterations in the wiring of the neuroendocrine pathways that control energy balance and appetite regulation during early stages of developmental plasticity. The adipokine leptin has also received significant attention with clear experimental evidence that normal regulation of leptin levels during the early life period is critical for the normal development of tissues and related signaling pathways that are involved in metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis. There is also increasing evidence that alterations in the epigenome and other underlying mechanisms including an altered gut-brain axis may contribute to lasting cardiometabolic dysfunction in offspring. Ongoing studies that further define the mechanisms between these associations will allow for identification of early risk markers and implementation of strategies around interventions that will have obvious beneficial implications in breaking a programmed transgenerational cycle of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark H. Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Mark H. Vickers,
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Steinbrekera B, Roghair R. Modeling the impact of growth and leptin deficits on the neuronal regulation of blood pressure. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:R47-R60. [PMID: 27613336 PMCID: PMC5148679 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The risk of hypertension is increased by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preterm birth. In the search for modifiable etiologies for this life-threatening cardiovascular morbidity, a number of pathways have been investigated, including excessive glucocorticoid exposure, nutritional deficiency and aberration in sex hormone levels. As a neurotrophic hormone that is intimately involved in the cardiovascular regulation and whose levels are influenced by glucocorticoids, nutritional status and sex hormones, leptin has emerged as a putative etiologic and thus a therapeutic agent. As a product of maternal and late fetal adipocytes and the placenta, circulating leptin typically surges late in gestation and declines after delivery until the infant consumes sufficient leptin-containing breast milk or accrues sufficient leptin-secreting adipose tissue to reestablish the circulating levels. The leptin deficiency seen in IUGR infants is a multifactorial manifestation of placental insufficiency, exaggerated glucocorticoid exposure and fetal adipose deficit. The preterm infant suffers from the same cascade of events, including separation from the placenta, antenatal steroid exposure and persistently underdeveloped adipose depots. Preterm infants remain leptin deficient beyond term gestation, rendering them susceptible to neurodevelopmental impairment and subsequent cardiovascular dysregulation. This pathologic pathway is efficiently modeled by placing neonatal mice into atypically large litters, thereby recapitulating the perinatal growth restriction-adult hypertension phenotype. In this model, neonatal leptin supplementation restores the physiologic leptin surge, attenuates the leptin-triggered sympathetic activation in adulthood and prevents leptin- or stress-evoked hypertension. Further pathway interrogation and clinical translation are needed to fully test the therapeutic potential of perinatal leptin supplementation.
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MESH Headings
- Adiposity
- Adult
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Fetal Growth Retardation/drug therapy
- Fetal Growth Retardation/metabolism
- Fetal Growth Retardation/physiopathology
- Hormone Replacement Therapy
- Humans
- Hypertension/etiology
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/prevention & control
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/drug therapy
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/metabolism
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/physiopathology
- Leptin/deficiency
- Leptin/genetics
- Leptin/metabolism
- Leptin/therapeutic use
- Male
- Mice
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/agonists
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders/drug therapy
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders/metabolism
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders/physiopathology
- Pregnancy
- Receptors, Leptin/agonists
- Receptors, Leptin/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiba Steinbrekera
- Stead Family Department of PediatricsCarver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Robert Roghair
- Stead Family Department of PediatricsCarver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Oxytocin, a main breastfeeding hormone, prevents hypertension acquired in utero: A therapeutics preview. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3071-3084. [PMID: 27658996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for ischemic heart disease and stroke, leading causes of morbidity and death worldwide. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), caused by an excess of glucocorticoid exposure to the fetus, produces an imbalance in oxidative stress altering many biochemical and epigenetic gene transcription processes exposing the fetus and neonate to the 'thrifty' phenotype and pervasive polymorphisms appearance damaging health, cognitive, and behavioral processes in later life. OT is a major regulator of oxidative stress radicals that plays a major role in neonatal maturation of the central nervous system and many peripheral tissues expressing oxytocin/oxytocin-receptor (OT/OTR) system in the early postnatal period. OT and OTR are damaged by IUGR and early stress. This review highlights the fact that hypertension is likely to be a legacy of preterm birth due to IUGR and failure to meet nutritional needs in early infancy when fed formula instead of breastfeeding or human milk.
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Wertheimer GS, Girardi CEN, de Oliveira AM, Monteiro Longo B, Suchecki D. Maternal deprivation alters growth, food intake, and neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus of adolescent male and female rats. Dev Psychobiol 2016; 58:1066-1075. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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Abstract
Pregnancy is an immunological paradox that implies that a semi-allogeneic fetus is not rejected by the maternal immune system, from implantation of the embryo to delivery. Progesterone (P4), estradiol (E2) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), contribute to the transformation of immune cells in a transient tolerance state, necessary to the maintenance of pregnancy. The effects of pregnancy hormones depend probably of their maternal plasma level. hCG is dangerous at high concentrations because it can stimulate autoantibodies production, whereas in physiological concentrations, hCG, P4 and E2 upregulate immune response expanding regulatory T and B cells, allowing the fetus to grow within the maternal uterus in a protective environment. A second example of fetal-maternal relation found recently is the role of maternal nutrition on development of the fetal hypothalamic neurons. Experiments in mice fed on a high fat diet reveal a critical timing when altered maternal metabolism affect formation of hypothalamic neurocircuits of the offspring and predispose him to long-term metabolic disorders.
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Mela V, Díaz F, Vázquez MJ, Argente J, Tena-Sempere M, Viveros MP, Chowen JA. Interaction between neonatal maternal deprivation and serum leptin levels on metabolism, pubertal development, and sexual behavior in male and female rats. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:2. [PMID: 26759712 PMCID: PMC4710050 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-015-0054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal deprivation (MD) during neonatal life can have long-term effects on metabolism and behavior, with males and females responding differently. We previously reported that MD during 24 h at postnatal day (PND) 9 blocks the physiological neonatal leptin surge in both sexes. It is known that modifications in neonatal leptin levels can affect metabolism in adulthood. Thus, we hypothesized that at least some of the long-term metabolic changes that occur in response to MD are due to the decline in serum leptin during this critical period of development. Hence, we predicted that treatment with leptin during MD would normalize these metabolic changes, with this response also differing between the sexes. METHODS MD was carried-out in Wistar rats for 24 h on PND9. Control and MD rats of both sexes were treated from PND 9 to 13 with leptin (3 mg/kg/day sc) or vehicle. Weight gain, food intake, glucose tolerance, and pubertal onset were monitored. Sexual behavior was analyzed in males. Rats were killed at PND90, and serum hormones and hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in metabolic control and reproduction were measured. Results were analyzed by three-way analysis of covariance using sex, MD, and leptin treatment as factors and litter as the covariate and employing repeated measures where appropriate. RESULTS In males, MD advanced the external signs of puberty and increased serum insulin and triglyceride levels and hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels at PND90. Neonatal leptin treatment normalized these effects. In contrast, MD decreased circulating triglycerides, as well as estradiol levels, in females at PND90 and these changes were also normalized by neonatal leptin treatment. Neonatal leptin treatment also had long-term effects in control rats as it advanced the external signs of puberty in control males, but delayed them in females. Neonatal leptin treatment increased serum insulin and hypothalamic mRNA levels of the leptin receptor and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in control males and increased orexin mRNA levels in controls of both sexes. Although pubertal onset in males was advanced by either MD or neonatal leptin treatment in males and delayed by leptin treatment in females, the mRNA levels of hypothalamic neuropeptides and receptors related to reproduction were not affected by MD or neonatal leptin treatment in either sex at PND90. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that some of the long-term changes in metabolic and reproductive parameters induced by MD, such as advanced pubertal onset and increased hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia in adult males and decreased serum triglyceride and estradiol levels in females, are most likely due to the decrease in leptin levels during the period of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Mela
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology. Complutense University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Díaz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 65, Madrid, 28009 Spain ; CIBEROBN, Instituto Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Vázquez
- CIBEROBN, Instituto Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba & Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 65, Madrid, 28009 Spain ; CIBEROBN, Instituto Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBEROBN, Instituto Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba & Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria-Paz Viveros
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology. Complutense University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 65, Madrid, 28009 Spain ; CIBEROBN, Instituto Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Tungalagsuvd A, Matsuzaki T, Iwasa T, Munkhzaya M, Yiliyasi M, Kawami T, Kato T, Kuwahara A, Irahara M. The expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic factors in middle‐aged female rats that had been subjected to prenatal undernutrition. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 49:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Altankhuu Tungalagsuvd
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyTokushima UniversityGraduate SchoolInstitute of Medical Sciences3‐18‐15 Kuramoto‐ChoTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyTokushima UniversityGraduate SchoolInstitute of Medical Sciences3‐18‐15 Kuramoto‐ChoTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwasa
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyTokushima UniversityGraduate SchoolInstitute of Medical Sciences3‐18‐15 Kuramoto‐ChoTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Munkhsaikhan Munkhzaya
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyTokushima UniversityGraduate SchoolInstitute of Medical Sciences3‐18‐15 Kuramoto‐ChoTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Mayila Yiliyasi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyTokushima UniversityGraduate SchoolInstitute of Medical Sciences3‐18‐15 Kuramoto‐ChoTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Takako Kawami
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyTokushima UniversityGraduate SchoolInstitute of Medical Sciences3‐18‐15 Kuramoto‐ChoTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Takeshi Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyTokushima UniversityGraduate SchoolInstitute of Medical Sciences3‐18‐15 Kuramoto‐ChoTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Akira Kuwahara
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyTokushima UniversityGraduate SchoolInstitute of Medical Sciences3‐18‐15 Kuramoto‐ChoTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Minoru Irahara
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyTokushima UniversityGraduate SchoolInstitute of Medical Sciences3‐18‐15 Kuramoto‐ChoTokushima770‐8503Japan
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Glucose metabolism and hepatic Igf1 DNA methylation are altered in the offspring of dams fed a low-salt diet during pregnancy. Physiol Behav 2015; 154:68-75. [PMID: 26596702 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A low-salt (LS) diet during pregnancy has been linked to insulin resistance in adult offspring, at least in the experimental setting. However, it remains unclear if this effect is due to salt restriction during early or late pregnancy. To better understand this phenomenon, 12-week-old female Wistar rats were fed a LS or normal-salt (NS) diet during gestation or a LS diet during either the first (LS10) or second (LS20) half of gestation. Glucose tolerance test, HOMA-IR, gene expression analysis and DNA methylation measurements were conducted for the Insr, Igf1, Igf1r, Ins1 and Ins2 genes in the livers of neonates and in the liver, white adipose tissue and muscle of 20-week-old male offspring. Birth weight was lower in the LS20 and LS animals compared with the NS and LS10 rats. In the liver, the Igf1 levels in the LS10, LS20 and LS neonates were lower than those in the NS neonates. Methylation of the Insr, Igf1r, Ins1 and Ins2 genes was influenced in a variable manner by low salt intake during pregnancy. Increased liver Igf1 methylation was observed in the LS and LS20 neonates compared with their NS and LS10 counterparts. Glucose intolerance was observed in adult offspring as an effect of low salt intake over the duration of pregnancy. Compared to the NS animals, the HOMA-IR was higher in the 12-week-old LS and 20-week-old LS-10 rats. Based on these results, it appears that the reason a LS diet during pregnancy induces a low birth weight is its negative correlation with Igf1 DNA methylation in neonates.
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Abstract
Suboptimal maternal nutrition exerts lasting impacts on obesity risk in offspring, but the direction of the effect is determined by the timing of exposure. While maternal undernutrition in early pregnancy is associated with increased body mass index, in later pregnancy it can be protective. The importance of the timing of maternal undernutrition is also observed in rodents, however, many of the processes that occur in the last trimester of human gestation are delayed to the postnatal period. Neonatal leptin administration exerts lasting impacts on susceptibility to obesity in rodents. Although leptin can influence the formation of hypothalamic circuits involved in homeostatic control of feeding during the postnatal period, these effects are too late to account for its ability to reverse adverse metabolic programming due to early gestational exposure to maternal undernutrition. This review presents an alternative framework for understanding the effects of neonatal leptin through influences on developing thermoregulatory circuits.
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Pollock KE, Stevens D, Pennington KA, Thaisrivongs R, Kaiser J, Ellersieck MR, Miller DK, Schulz LC. Hyperleptinemia During Pregnancy Decreases Adult Weight of Offspring and Is Associated With Increased Offspring Locomotor Activity in Mice. Endocrinology 2015. [PMID: 26196541 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women who are obese or have gestational diabetes mellitus have elevated leptin levels and their children have an increased risk for child and adult obesity. The goals of this study were to determine whether offspring weights are altered by maternal hyperleptinemia, and whether this occurs via behavioral changes that influence energy balance. We used 2 hyperleptinemic mouse models. The first was females heterozygous for a leptin receptor mutation (DB/+), which were severely hyperleptinemic, and that were compared with wild-type females. The second model was wild-type females infused with leptin (LEP), which were moderately hyperleptinemic, and were compared with wild-type females infused with saline (SAL). Total food consumption, food preference, locomotor activity, coordinated motor skills, and anxiety-like behaviors were assessed in wild-type offspring from each maternal group at 3 postnatal ages: 4-6, 11-13, and 19-21 weeks. Half the offspring from each group were then placed on a high-fat diet, and behaviors were reassessed. Adult offspring from both groups of hyperleptinemic dams weighed less than their respective controls beginning at 23 weeks of age, independent of diet or sex. Weight differences were not explained by food consumption or preference, because female offspring from hyperleptinemic dams tended to consume more food and had reduced preference for palatable, high-fat and sugar, food compared with controls. Offspring from DB/+ dams were more active than offspring of controls, as were female offspring of LEP dams. Maternal hyperleptinemia during pregnancy did not predispose offspring to obesity, and in fact, reduced weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Pollock
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Damaiyah Stevens
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Kathleen A Pennington
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Rose Thaisrivongs
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Jennifer Kaiser
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Mark R Ellersieck
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Dennis K Miller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Laura Clamon Schulz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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Dearden L, Ozanne SE. Early life origins of metabolic disease: Developmental programming of hypothalamic pathways controlling energy homeostasis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 39:3-16. [PMID: 26296796 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of animal and human studies demonstrate that perinatal exposure to adverse metabolic conditions - be it maternal obesity, diabetes or under-nutrition - results in predisposition of offspring to develop obesity later in life. This mechanism is a contributing factor to the exponential rise in obesity rates. Increased weight gain in offspring exposed to maternal obesity is usually associated with hyperphagia, implicating altered central regulation of energy homeostasis as an underlying cause. Perinatal development of the hypothalamus (a brain region key to metabolic regulation) is plastic and sensitive to metabolic signals during this critical time window. Recent research in non-human primate and rodent models has demonstrated that exposure to adverse maternal environments impairs the development of hypothalamic structure and consequently function, potentially underpinning metabolic phenotypes in later life. This review summarizes our current knowledge of how adverse perinatal environments program hypothalamic development and explores the mechanisms that could mediate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dearden
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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Reynolds CM, Gray C, Li M, Segovia SA, Vickers MH. Early Life Nutrition and Energy Balance Disorders in Offspring in Later Life. Nutrients 2015; 7:8090-111. [PMID: 26402696 PMCID: PMC4586579 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes is often causally linked to changes in diet and lifestyle; namely increased intake of calorically dense foods and concomitant reductions in physical activity. Epidemiological studies in humans and controlled animal intervention studies have now shown that nutritional programming in early periods of life is a phenomenon that affects metabolic and physiological functions throughout life. This link is conceptualised as the developmental programming hypothesis whereby environmental influences during critical periods of developmental plasticity can elicit lifelong effects on the health and well-being of the offspring. The mechanisms by which early environmental insults can have long-term effects on offspring remain poorly defined. However there is evidence from intervention studies which indicate altered wiring of the hypothalamic circuits that regulate energy balance and epigenetic effects including altered DNA methylation of key adipokines including leptin. Studies that elucidate the mechanisms behind these associations will have a positive impact on the health of future populations and adopting a life course perspective will allow identification of phenotype and markers of risk earlier, with the possibility of nutritional and other lifestyle interventions that have obvious implications for prevention of non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Reynolds
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Clint Gray
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Minglan Li
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Stephanie A Segovia
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Li M, Reynolds CM, Gray C, Vickers MH. Preweaning GH Treatment Normalizes Body Growth Trajectory and Reverses Metabolic Dysregulation in Adult Offspring After Maternal Undernutrition. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3228-38. [PMID: 25993526 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Maternal undernutrition (UN) results in growth disorders and metabolic dysfunction in offspring. Although dysregulation of the GH-IGF axis in offspring is a known consequence of maternal UN, little is known about the efficacy of GH treatment during the period of developmental plasticity on later growth and metabolic outcomes. The present study investigated the effect of preweaning GH treatment on growth, glucose metabolism, and the GH-IGF axis in adult male and female offspring after maternal UN. Female Sprague Dawley rats were fed either a chow diet ad libitum (control [CON]) or 50% of ad libitum (UN) throughout pregnancy. From postnatal day 3, CON and UN pups received either saline (CON-S and UN-S) or GH (2.5 μg/g·d CON-GH and UN-GH) daily throughout lactation. At weaning, male and female offspring were randomly selected from each litter and fed a standard chow diet for the remainder of the study. Preweaning GH treatment normalized maternal UN-induced alterations in postweaning growth trajectory and concomitant adiposity in offspring. Plasma leptin concentrations were increased in UN-S offspring and normalized in the UN-GH group. Hepatic GH receptor expression was significantly elevated in UN-S offspring and normalized with GH treatment. Hepatic IGF binding protein-2 gene expression and plasma IGF-1 to IGF binding protein-3 ratio was reduced in UN-S offspring and elevated with GH treatment. GH treatment during a critical developmental window prevented maternal UN-induced changes in postnatal growth patterns and related adiposity, suggesting that manipulation of the GH-IGF-1 axis in early development may represent a promising avenue to prevent adverse developmental programming effects in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglan Li
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Clare M Reynolds
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Clint Gray
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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da Silva AI, Braz GRF, Pedroza AA, Nascimento L, Freitas CM, Ferreira DJS, Manhães de Castro R, Lagranha CJ. Fluoxetine induces lean phenotype in rat by increasing the brown/white adipose tissue ratio and UCP1 expression. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2015; 47:309-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-015-9617-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lecoutre S, Breton C. Maternal nutritional manipulations program adipose tissue dysfunction in offspring. Front Physiol 2015; 6:158. [PMID: 26029119 PMCID: PMC4429565 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the concept of Developmental Origin of Health and Disease, both human and animal studies have demonstrated a close link between nutrient supply perturbations in the fetus or neonate (i.e., maternal undernutrition, obesity, gestational diabetes and/or rapid catch-up growth) and increased risk of adult-onset obesity. Indeed, the adipose tissue has been recognized as a key target of developmental programming in a sex-and depot-specific manner. Despite different developmental time windows, similar mechanisms of adipose tissue programming have been described in rodents and in bigger mammals (sheep, primates). Maternal nutritional manipulations reprogram offspring's adipose tissue resulting in series of alterations: enhanced adipogenesis and lipogenesis, impaired sympathetic activity with reduced noradrenergic innervations and thermogenesis as well as low-grade inflammation. These changes affect adipose tissue development, distribution and composition predisposing offspring to fat accumulation. Modifications of hormonal tissue sensitivity (i.e., leptin, insulin, glucocorticoids) and/or epigenetic mechanisms leading to persistent changes in gene expression may account for long-lasting programming across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lecoutre
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Santé, UPRES EA 4489, Equipe Malnutrition Maternelle et Programmation des Maladies Métaboliques, Université de Lille Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Christophe Breton
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Santé, UPRES EA 4489, Equipe Malnutrition Maternelle et Programmation des Maladies Métaboliques, Université de Lille Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Maternal dietary protein supplement confers long-term sex-specific beneficial consequences of obesity resistance and glucose tolerance to the offspring in Brandt's voles. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 182:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Konieczna J, Palou M, Sánchez J, Picó C, Palou A. Leptin intake in suckling rats restores altered T3 levels and markers of adipose tissue sympathetic drive and function caused by gestational calorie restriction. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:959-66. [PMID: 25869480 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal calorie restriction during gestation in rats has been associated with altered white adipose tissue (WAT) sympathetic innervation and function in offspring. Here, we aimed to investigate whether supplementation with oral leptin (a breast milk component) throughout the lactation period may revert the aforementioned adverse programming effects. METHODS Three groups of male and female rats were studied at the postnatal day 25: the offspring of control dams, the offspring of 20% calorie-restricted dams during pregnancy (CR) and CR rats supplemented with physiological doses of leptin throughout lactation (CR-Leptin). Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels and its immunoreactive area, and mRNA expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes and of deiodinase iodothyronine type II (Dio2) were determined in WAT. Triiodothyronine (T3) levels were determined in the blood. RESULTS In CR males, leptin treatment restored the decreased TH levels and its immunoreactive area in WAT, and partially normalized expression levels of genes related to lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation (adipose triglyceride lipase, hormone-sensitive lipase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha). Leptin treatment also reverted the decreased T3 plasma levels and WAT lipoprotein lipase mRNA levels occurring in CR males and females, and the decreased Dio2 mRNA levels in CR females. CONCLUSIONS Leptin supplementation throughout the lactation period reverts the malprogrammed effects on WAT structure and function induced by undernutrition during pregnancy. These findings support the relevance of the intake of leptin during lactation, bearing clear characteristics of essential nutrient, and provide a strategy to treat and/or prevent the programmed trend to obesity acquired by inadequate fetal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Konieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB) and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - M Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB) and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - J Sánchez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB) and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - C Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB) and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - A Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB) and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Blood cell transcriptomic-based early biomarkers of adverse programming effects of gestational calorie restriction and their reversibility by leptin supplementation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9088. [PMID: 25766068 PMCID: PMC4357898 DOI: 10.1038/srep09088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenge of preventing major chronic diseases requires reliable, early biomarkers. Gestational mild undernutrition in rats is enough to program the offspring to develop later pathologies; the intake of leptin, a breastmilk component, during lactation may reverse these programming effects. We used these models to identify, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), transcriptomic-based early biomarkers of programmed susceptibility to later disorders, and explored their response to neonatal leptin intake. Microarray analysis was performed in PBMCs from the offspring of control and 20% gestational calorie-restricted dams (CR), and CR-rats supplemented with physiological doses of leptin throughout lactation. Notably, leptin supplementation normalised 218 of the 224 mRNA-levels identified in PBMCs associated to undernutrition during pregnancy. These markers may be useful for early identification and subsequent monitoring of individuals who are at risk of later diseases and would specifically benefit from the intake of appropriate amounts of leptin during lactation.
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Mueller CA, Eme J, Burggren WW, Roghair RD, Rundle SD. Challenges and opportunities in developmental integrative physiology. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 184:113-24. [PMID: 25711780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This review explores challenges and opportunities in developmental physiology outlined by a symposium at the 2014 American Physiological Society Intersociety Meeting: Comparative Approaches to Grand Challenges in Physiology. Across animal taxa, adverse embryonic/fetal environmental conditions can alter morphological and physiological phenotypes in juveniles or adults, and capacities for developmental plasticity are common phenomena. Human neonates with body sizes at the extremes of perinatal growth are at an increased risk of adult disease, particularly hypertension and cardiovascular disease. There are many rewarding areas of current and future research in comparative developmental physiology. We present key mechanisms, models, and experimental designs that can be used across taxa to investigate patterns in, and implications of, the development of animal phenotypes. Intraspecific variation in the timing of developmental events can be increased through developmental plasticity (heterokairy), and could provide the raw material for selection to produce heterochrony--an evolutionary change in the timing of developmental events. Epigenetics and critical windows research recognizes that in ovo or fetal development represent a vulnerable period in the life history of an animal, when the developing organism may be unable to actively mitigate environmental perturbations. 'Critical windows' are periods of susceptibility or vulnerability to environmental or maternal challenges, periods when recovery from challenge is possible, and periods when the phenotype or epigenome has been altered. Developmental plasticity may allow survival in an altered environment, but it also has possible long-term consequences for the animal. "Catch-up growth" in humans after the critical perinatal window has closed elicits adult obesity and exacerbates a programmed hypertensive phenotype (one of many examples of "fetal programing"). Grand challenges for developmental physiology include integrating variation in developmental timing within and across generations, applying multiple stressor dosages and stressor exposure at different developmental timepoints, assessment of epigenetic and parental influences, developing new animal models and techniques, and assessing and implementing these designs and models in human health and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Mueller
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - J Eme
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - W W Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - R D Roghair
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 1270 CBRB JPP, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - S D Rundle
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, 611 Davy Building Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
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The maternal deprivation animal model revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 51:151-63. [PMID: 25616179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress, in the form of MD (24h at pnd 9), interferes with brain developmental trajectories modifying both behavioral and neurobiochemical parameters. MD has been reported to enhance neuroendocrine responses to stress, to affect emotional behavior and to impair cognitive function. More recently, changes in body weight gain, metabolic parameters and immunological responding have also been described. Present data give support to the fact that neuronal degeneration and/or astrocyte proliferation are present in specific brain regions, mainly hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus, which are particularly vulnerable to the effects of neonatal stress. The MD animal model arises as a valuable tool for the investigation of the brain processes occurring at the narrow time window comprised between pnd 9 and 10 that are critical for the establishment of brain circuitries critical for the regulation of behavior, metabolism and energy homeostasis. In the present review we will discuss three possible mechanisms that might be crucial for the effects of MD, namely, the rapid increase in glucocorticoids, the lack of the neonatal leptin surge, and the enhanced endocannabinoid signaling during the specific critical period of MD. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the detrimental consequences of MD is a concern for public health and may provide new insights into mental health prevention strategies and into novel therapeutic approaches in neuropsychiatry.
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Gotoh T. Potential of the application of epigenetics in animal production. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our many current environmental challenges, including worldwide abnormal weather, global warming, and pollution, necessitate a new and innovative strategy for animal production for the next generation. This strategy should incorporate not only higher-efficiency production, but also advanced biological concepts and multi-functional agricultural techniques, into environmentally friendly systems. Recent research has discovered a unique phenomenon referred to as ‘foetal and neonatal programming’, which is based on ‘the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD)’ concept. These studies have shown that alterations in foetal and early postnatal nutrition and endocrine status may result in developmental adaptations that permanently change the structure, physiology and metabolism of affected animals during adult life. Ruminants fill an important ecological niche that capitalises on the symbiotic relationship between fibre-fermenting ruminal microbes and the mammalian demand for usable nutrients. The timing of the perturbation in maternal nutrient availability plays an important role in determining the effect that the foetal and neonatal programming will have on the developing placenta or foetus and offspring performance. Developmental programming through nutritional manipulations may help the ruminant, as an effective grass–protein converter, fulfil its production potential.
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Vargas-Martínez F, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Petersson M, Olausson HA, Jiménez-Estrada I. Neuropeptides as neuroprotective agents: Oxytocin a forefront developmental player in the mammalian brain. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 123:37-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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