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Maltz RM, Marte-Ortiz P, McClinchie MG, Hilt ME, Bailey MT. T Cell-Induced Colitis Is Exacerbated by Prolonged Stress: A Comparison in Male and Female Mice. Biomedicines 2024; 12:214. [PMID: 38255320 PMCID: PMC10813177 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress exposure is well recognized to exacerbate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) but the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. In this study, chronic T cell-mediated colitis was induced by adoptively transferring CD4+CD45RBhigh splenic T cells from C57BL/6 WT donor mice into Rag1tm1Mom mice. Two weeks after T cell transfer, mice were exposed to a prolonged restraint stressor (RST) for 8 h per day for 6 consecutive days. The colitis phenotype was assessed via histopathology and semi-quantitative rt-PCR at humane endpoints or 10 weeks post-T-cell transfer. Mice that received the T cell transplant developed chronic colitis marked by increases in colonic histopathology and inflammatory cytokines. Colonic histopathology was greater in males than females regardless of RST exposure but RST exposure increased histopathology scores in females such that they reached scores observed in the males. This pattern was consistent with cytokine gene expression and protein levels in the colon (especially for IFN-γ, IL-17A, and TNF-α). Serum cytokine levels were not strongly affected by exposure to the stressor. Using a murine model of chronic T cell-mediated colitis, this study demonstrates that biological sex strongly influences colonic inflammation and exposure to chronic stress has a more pronounced effect in females than in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M. Maltz
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Oral and Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Affinity Group, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Pedro Marte-Ortiz
- The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Madeline G. McClinchie
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Miranda E. Hilt
- The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael T. Bailey
- The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Oral and Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Affinity Group, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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Mazzari G, Lowry CA, Langgartner D, Reber SO. Subcutaneous Mycobacterium vaccae ameliorates the effects of early life adversity alone or in combination with chronic stress during adulthood in male and female mice. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 26:100568. [PMID: 37727147 PMCID: PMC10506060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial stress is a burden of modern society and poses a clear risk factor for a plethora of somatic and affective disorders, of which most are associated with an activated immune status and chronic low-grade inflammation. Preclinical and clinical studies further suggest that a failure in immunoregulation promotes an over-reaction of the inflammatory stress response and, thus, predisposes an individual to the development of stress-related disorders. Therefore, all genetic (i.e., sex) and environmental (i.e., early life adversity; ELA) factors facilitating an adult's inflammatory stress response are likely to increase their stress vulnerability. In the present study we investigated whether repeated subcutaneous (s.c.) administrations with a heat-killed preparation of Mycobacterium vaccae (M. vaccae; National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC) 11659), an abundant soil saprophyte with immunoregulatory properties, are protective against negative behavioral, immunological and physiological consequences of ELA alone or of ELA followed by chronic psychosocial stress during adulthood (CAS) in male and female mice. ELA was induced by the maternal separation (MS) paradigm, CAS was induced by 19 days of chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) in males and by a 7-week exposure to the social instability paradigm (SIP) in females. Our data indicate that ELA effects in both sexes, although relatively mild, were to a great extent prevented by subsequent s.c. M. vaccae administrations. Moreover, although the use of different paradigms for males and females impedes a direct comparison, male mice seemed to be more susceptible to CAS than females, with only females benefitting slightly from the stress protective effects of s.c. M. vaccae administrations when given prior to CAS alone. Finally, our data support the hypothesis that female mice are more vulnerable to the additive effects of ELA and CAS than male mice and that s.c. M. vaccae administrations subsequent to ELA but prior to CAS are protective in both sexes. Taken together and considering the limitation that CAS in males and females was induced by different paradigms, our findings are consistent with the hypotheses that murine stress vulnerability during different phases of life is strongly sex dependent and that developing immunoregulatory approaches, such as repeated s.c. administrations with immunoregulatory microorganisms, have potential for prevention/treatment of stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mazzari
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christopher A. Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), The Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Dominik Langgartner
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan O. Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Fang H, Li J, Lu L, Yang J, Feng H, Yin X, Wang S, He X, Song L, Shi Y, Gao Y, Shi H, Yin X. Long-lasting and sex-dependent effects of late lactational maternal deprivation on socioemotional behaviors in adult mice. Neurosci Lett 2023; 799:137096. [PMID: 36738955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The lactation period is an important period for individual development and a sensitive period for the behavioral phenotypes and plasticity of individual offspring. Early life experiences (e.g., maternal deprivation (MD) and neglect) have significant long-lasting and dual effects on individual stress reactivities during adulthood. Theoretically, stress inoculation can improve the adaptive capacity of the body, but overstress can lead to dysfunction when adaptive mechanisms fail.To date, the potential effects of late lactational MD on the socioemotional behaviors of mouse offspring during adulthood are still not fully understood. In the present study, mice were subjected to early deprivation by individually separating pups from their dam for 0 min, 15 min, and 3 h per day from PND 13-25. The social dominance test (SDT), social interaction test (SI), open field test (OFT), and forced swim test (FST) were carried out during adulthood. The results showed that the social dominance of male mice in the 15 min/d MD group significantly increased, especially in low-rank mice. In the 3 h/d MD group, the social dominance of female mice was decreased, especially in the lower-rank mice. The anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of the 15 min/d MD group were significantly increased in male mice. Our study provides direct evidence that MD during late lactation period results in long-lasting effects on social dominance as well as on anxiety and depression phenotypes in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlu Fang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jiabo Li
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Liuhua Lu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xueyong Yin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xinyue He
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Li Song
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 050017, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 050017, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 050017, China
| | - Haishui Shi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 050017, China.
| | - Xi Yin
- Department of Functional Region of Diagnosis, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China.
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Borges JV, Pires VN, de Freitas BS, Rübensam G, Vieira VC, de Souza Dos Santos C, Schröder N, Bromberg E. Behavior, BDNF and epigenetic mechanisms in response to social isolation and social support in middle aged rats exposed to chronic stress. Behav Brain Res 2023; 441:114303. [PMID: 36657665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Social deprivation can be stressful for group-living mammals. On the other hand, an amazing response of these animals to stress is seeking social contact to give and receive joint protection in threatening situations. We explored the effects of social isolation and social support on epigenetic and behavioral responses to chronic stress. More specifically, we investigated the behavioral responses, corticosterone levels, BDNF gene expression, and markers of hippocampal epigenetic alterations (levels of H3K9 acetylation and methylation, H3K27 methylation, HDAC5, DNMT1, and DNMT3a gene expressions) in middle-aged adult rats maintained in different housing conditions (isolation or accompanied housing) and exposed to the chronic unpredictable stress protocol (CUS). Isolation was associated with decreased basal levels of corticosterone, impaired long-term memory, and decreased expression of the BDNF gene, besides altering the balance of H3K9 from acetylation to methylation and increasing the DNMT1 gene expression. The CUS protocol decreased H3K9 acetylation, besides increasing H3K27 methylation and DNMT1 gene expression, but had no significant effects on memory and BDNF gene expression. Interestingly, the effects of CUS on corticosterone and HDAC5 gene expression were seen only in isolated animals, whereas the effects of CUS on DNMT1 gene expression were more pronounced in isolated than accompanied animals. In conclusion, social isolation in middle age showed broader effects than chronic unpredictable stress on behavioral and epigenetic alterations potentially associated with decreased BDNF expression. Moreover, social support prevented the adverse effects of CUS on HPA axis functioning, HDAC5, and DNMT1 gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Viana Borges
- Laboratory of Biology and Development of the Nervous System, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ipiranga Av. 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vivian Naziaseno Pires
- Laboratory of Biology and Development of the Nervous System, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ipiranga Av. 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ipiranga Av. 6690, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Betânia Souza de Freitas
- Laboratory of Biology and Development of the Nervous System, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ipiranga Av. 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rübensam
- Center of Toxicology and Pharmacology Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vitória Corrêa Vieira
- Laboratory of Biology and Development of the Nervous System, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ipiranga Av. 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cristophod de Souza Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Biology and Development of the Nervous System, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ipiranga Av. 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nadja Schröder
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Elke Bromberg
- Laboratory of Biology and Development of the Nervous System, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ipiranga Av. 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ipiranga Av. 6690, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil.
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Bahi A, Dreyer JL. Effects of chronic psychosocial stress on 'binge-like' sucrose intake in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 120:110625. [PMID: 36055562 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating episodes are persistent and are essential features of numerous eating disorders (EDs). Susceptibility to EDs is largely presumed to be associated with early life stress. In fact, converging evidence from preclinical animal studies have implicated stress as a driver of binge eating. Still, literature examination indicates that vulnerability to EDs may depend on factors such as severity, time, and the type of stressor. Therefore, we aimed at exploring the link between chronic psychosocial stress and 'binge-like' sucrose intake in adolescent mice. To this aim, intruders' experimental mice were exposed to the chronic subordinate colony (CSC) housing, in the presence of a resident aggressive mouse for 2 weeks. At the end of the stress period, mice were tested for anxiety-like behavior then assessed for 'binge-like' intake of sucrose using a long-term drinking in the dark (DID) method that successfully replicates binge eating in humans. As expected, and compared to single housed colony controls (SHC), CSC exposure elicited an anxiogenic-like response in the open field (OF) and elevated-plus maze (EPM) tests and reduced weight gain. Most importantly, we report here for the first time, that mice exposed to chronic psychosocial stress displayed a 'binge-like' consumption of sucrose. However, neither quinine (bitter) nor saccharin (sweet) intakes were affected by CSC exposure. Finally, using Pearson's correlation, results showed a strong correlation between anxiety-like behavior parameters and sucrose intake. Overall these findings support the validity of our chronic psychosocial stress to model binge EDs and establish the long-term consequences of stress on 'binge-like' eating in male mice. These data suggest that chronic psychosocial stress is a risk factor for developing anxiety-associated EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Bahi
- College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Jean-Luc Dreyer
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Maltz RM, Marte-Ortiz P, Rajasekera TA, Loman BR, Gur TL, Bailey MT. Stressor-Induced Increases in Circulating, but Not Colonic, Cytokines Are Related to Anxiety-like Behavior and Hippocampal Inflammation in a Murine Colitis Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042000. [PMID: 35216112 PMCID: PMC8877477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressor exposure increases colonic inflammation. Because inflammation leads to anxiety-like behavior, we tested whether stressor exposure in mice recovering from dextran-sulfate-sodium (DSS)-induced colitis enhances anxiety-like behavior. Mice received 2% DSS for five consecutive days prior to being exposed to a social-disruption (SDR) stressor (or being left undisturbed). After stressor exposure, their behavior was tested and colitis was assessed via histopathology and via inflammatory-cytokine measurement in the serum and colon. Cytokine and chemokine mRNA levels in the colon, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), hippocampus, and amygdala were measured with RT-PCR. SDR increased anxiety-like behaviors, which correlated with serum and hippocampal IL-17A. The stressor also reduced IL-1β, CCL2, and iNOS in the colonic tissue, but increased iNOS, IFNγ, IL-17A, and TNFα in the MLNs. A network analysis indicated that reductions in colonic iNOS were related to elevated MLN iNOS and IFNγ. These inflammatory markers were related to serum and hippocampal IL-17A and associated with anxiety-like behavior. Our data suggest that iNOS may protect against extra-colonic inflammation, and when suppressed during stress it is associated with elevated MLN IFNγ, which may coordinate gut-to-brain inflammation. Our data point to hippocampal IL-17A as a key correlate of anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M. Maltz
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (P.M.-O.); (B.R.L.)
- Oral and Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Affinity Group, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-614-722-5116; Fax: +1-614-722-2979
| | - Pedro Marte-Ortiz
- The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (P.M.-O.); (B.R.L.)
| | - Therese A. Rajasekera
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (T.A.R.); (T.L.G.)
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brett R. Loman
- The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (P.M.-O.); (B.R.L.)
| | - Tamar L. Gur
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (T.A.R.); (T.L.G.)
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael T. Bailey
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (P.M.-O.); (B.R.L.)
- Oral and Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Affinity Group, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (T.A.R.); (T.L.G.)
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Matisz C, Gruber A. Neuroinflammatory remodeling of the anterior cingulate cortex as a key driver of mood disorders in gastrointestinal disease and disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 133:104497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Wu R, Li S, Huang Y, Pang J, Cai Y, Zhang X, Jiang T, Yang S, Wei W. Postpartum maternal exposure to predator odor alters offspring antipredator behavior, basal HPA axis activity and immunoglobulin levels in adult Brandt's voles. Behav Brain Res 2022; 416:113532. [PMID: 34416302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Predation risk can program offspring behavior, physiology, and fitness through maternal effect, but most studies have mainly focused on this effect during pregnancy; little is known about the effect of postpartum predation risk on offspring's phenotype. Here, we compared the antipredator behaviors of adult offspring (approximately 90 days old) produced by female Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) exposed to one of three treatments: cat odor (CO), rabbit odor (RO), and distilled water (DW) for 60 min daily from postpartum day 1-18. Basal levels of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT), hypothalamic corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), as well as spleen immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgG) were also measured. Our data showed that the offspring of CO-exposed mothers displayed less head-out behavior to acute 15-min CO exposure, and female offspring showed more freezing behavior. CO offspring showed significantly lower basal ACTH and CORT levels than the RO and DW offspring. Additionally, female but not male CO offspring had higher hypothalamic CRH expression and spleen IgG levels than controls, showing a sex-specific effect. These findings demonstrate that postpartum maternal predator risk exposure promotes a passive-avoidant response to these cues in adult offspring, showing a cross-generational maternal effect of postpartum predation risk. Further, these changes may be associated with alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyong Wu
- Department of Animal Behavior, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Animal Behavior, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yefeng Huang
- Department of Animal Behavior, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jinyue Pang
- Department of Animal Behavior, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yongjian Cai
- Department of Animal Behavior, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Animal Behavior, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- Department of Animal Behavior, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Shengmei Yang
- Department of Animal Behavior, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Wanhong Wei
- Department of Animal Behavior, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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Bakalar D, Sweat S, Drossel G, Jiang SZ, Samal BS, Stroth N, Xu W, Zhang L, Zhang H, Eiden LE. Relationships between constitutive and acute gene regulation, and physiological and behavioral responses, mediated by the neuropeptide PACAP. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 135:105447. [PMID: 34741979 PMCID: PMC8900973 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of gene knock-out technology in 1987, insight into the role(s) of neuropeptides in centrally- and peripherally-mediated physiological regulation has been gleaned by examining altered physiological functioning in mammals, predominantly mice, after genetic editing to produce animals deficient in neuropeptides or their cognate G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). These results have complemented experiments involving infusion of neuropeptide agonists or antagonists systemically or into specific brain regions. Effects of gene loss are often interpreted as indicating that the peptide and its receptor(s) are required for the physiological or behavioral responses elicited in wild-type mice at the time of experimental examination. These interpretations presume that peptide/peptide receptor gene deletion affects only the expression of the peptide/receptor itself, and therefore impacts physiological events only at the time at which the experiment is conducted. A way to support 'real-time' interpretations of neuropeptide gene knock-out is to demonstrate that the wild-type transcriptome, except for the deliberately deleted gene(s), in tissues of interest, is preserved in the knock-out mouse. Here, we show that there is a cohort of genes (constitutively PACAP-Regulated Genes, or cPRGs) whose basal expression is affected by constitutive knock-out of the Adcyap1 gene in C57Bl6/N mice, and additional genes whose expression in response to physiological challenge, in adults, is altered or impaired in the absence of PACAP expression (acutely PACAP-Regulated Genes, or aPRGs). Distinguishing constitutive and acute transcriptomic effects of neuropeptide deficiency on physiological function and behavior in mice reveals alternative mechanisms of action, and changing functions of neuropeptides, throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Bakalar
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA
| | - Sean Sweat
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA
| | - Gunner Drossel
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA
| | - Sunny Z. Jiang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA
| | - Babru S. Samal
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA
| | - Nikolas Stroth
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA
| | - Wenqin Xu
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA
| | - Limei Zhang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA,Department of Physiology, Autonomous National University of Mexico (UNAM) Medical School, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA
| | - Lee E. Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA,Correspondence Lee E. Eiden, Ph.D., Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath – Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA, Phone: +13014964110,
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Sadeghimahalli F, Karbaschi R, Salimi M, Khodagholi F, Zardooz H. Pancreatic HB9 protein level is affected by early life stress in young adult rats: possible involvement of TNF-α and corticosterone. Arch Physiol Biochem 2021; 127:406-413. [PMID: 31368362 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1645699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examined foot shock stress effects, during weaning, on pancreatic HB9 protein expression in young adult male rats in the presence or absence of adulthood stress. The pups were divided into Control, Early life stress, Young adult stress, and Early + young adult stress groups. Plasma corticosterone, insulin, glucose, and TNF-α concentrations, and pancreatic HB9 protein expression were assessed. At 2 weeks of age, stress increased plasma corticosterone level. During young adulthood, plasma TNF-α and glucose concentrations increased, whereas plasma insulin and pancreatic HB9 protein levels decreased in Early life stress group. Whereas, Early + young adulthood stress group showed no change in the study parameters, except for plasma corticosterone and insulin concentrations. Overall, early life stress reduced pancreatic HB9 protein expression possibly by elevating plasma corticosterone and TNF-α levels in early life and adulthood, respectively. However, combined with adulthood stress, HB9 protein expression increased to the level of Control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Sadeghimahalli
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Education Development Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Roxana Karbaschi
- Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Salimi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homeira Zardooz
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Vrankova S, Galandakova Z, Benko J, Cebova M, Riecansky I, Pechanova O. Duration of Social Isolation Affects Production of Nitric Oxide in the Rat Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910340. [PMID: 34638682 PMCID: PMC8509065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Social isolation deprives rodents of social interactions that are critical for normal development of brain and behavior. Several studies have indicated that postweaning isolation rearing may affect nitric oxide (NO) production. The aim of this study was to compare selected behavioral and biochemical changes related to NO production in the brain of rats reared in social isolation for different duration. At the age of 21 days, male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups reared in isolation or socially for 10 or 29 weeks. At the end of the rearing, open-field and prepulse inhibition (PPI) tests were carried out. Furthermore, in several brain areas we assessed NO synthase (NOS) activity, protein expression of nNOS and iNOS isoforms and the concentration of conjugated dienes (CD), a marker of oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation. Social isolation for 10 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in PPI, which was accompanied by a decrease in NOS activity in the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum, an increase in iNOS in the hippocampus and an increase in CD concentration in cortex homogenate. On the other hand, a 29 week isolation had an opposite effect on NOS activity, which increased in the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum in animals reared in social isolation, accompanied by a decrease in CD concentration. The decrease in NOS activity after 10 weeks of isolation might have been caused by chronic stress induced by social isolation, which has been documented in previous studies. The increased oxidative state might result in the depleted NO bioavailability, as NO reacts with superoxide radical creating peroxynitrite. After 29 weeks of isolation, this loss of NO might be compensated by the subsequent increase in NOS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislava Vrankova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.G.); (J.B.); (M.C.); (I.R.); (O.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zuzana Galandakova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.G.); (J.B.); (M.C.); (I.R.); (O.P.)
| | - Jakub Benko
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.G.); (J.B.); (M.C.); (I.R.); (O.P.)
| | - Martina Cebova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.G.); (J.B.); (M.C.); (I.R.); (O.P.)
| | - Igor Riecansky
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.G.); (J.B.); (M.C.); (I.R.); (O.P.)
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychiatry, Slovak Medical University, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Olga Pechanova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.G.); (J.B.); (M.C.); (I.R.); (O.P.)
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12
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Rivera DS, Lindsay CB, Oliva CA, Bozinovic F, Inestrosa NC. "Live together, die alone": The effect of re-socialization on behavioural performance and social-affective brain-related proteins after a long-term chronic social isolation stress. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100289. [PMID: 33426200 PMCID: PMC7785960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Loneliness affects group-living mammals triggering a cascade of stress-dependent physiological disorders. Indeed, social isolation stress is a major risk factor for several neuropsychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression. Furthermore, social isolation has a negative impact on health and fitness. However, the neurobiological consequences of long-term chronic social isolation stress (LTCSIS) manifested during the adulthood of affected individuals are not fully understood. Our study assessed the impact of LTCSIS and social buffering (re-socialization) on the behavioural performance and social-affective brain-related proteins in diurnal, social, and long-lived Octodon degus (degus). Thereby, anxiety-like and social behaviour, and social recognition memory were assessed in male and female animals subjected to a variety of stress-inducing treatments applied from post-natal and post-weaning until their adulthood. Additionally, we evaluated the relationship among LTCSIS, Oxytocin levels (OXT), and OXT-Ca2+-signalling proteins in the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and the prefrontal cortex. Our findings suggest that LTCSIS induces anxiety like-behaviour and impairs social novelty preference whereas sociability is unaffected. On the other hand, re-socialization can revert both isolation-induced anxiety and social memory impairment. However, OXT and its signalling remained reduced in the abovementioned brain areas, suggesting that the observed changes in OXT-Ca2+ pathway proteins were permanent in male and female degus. Based on these findings, we conclude degus experience social stress differently, suggesting the existence of sex-related mechanisms to cope with specific adaptive challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S. Rivera
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina B. Lindsay
- Center of Aging and Regeneration UC (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina A. Oliva
- Center of Aging and Regeneration UC (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- Center of Aging and Regeneration UC (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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Zardooz H, Sadeghimahalli F, Khodagholi F. Early postnatal stress impairs insulin secretion in response to psychological stress in adult rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:277-286. [PMID: 32458408 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adversity in early life can induce metabolic defects in exposure to stress in adulthood. Therefore, the exploration of involving mechanisms can be helpful in the treatment of metabolic disorders. So, the present study was conducted in terms of exploring the effects of interaction between early postnatal stress and young adulthood psychological stress on insulin secretion and pancreatic GLUT-2 levels in male rats. METHODS Footshock as a model of early life stress (at 2 weeks of age) and psychological stress induced by communication box as a model of young adulthood stress (at 8-10 weeks of age) were induced in male Wistar rats for five consecutive days (2 times/day). Blood samples were drawn to measure glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell dysfunction (HOMA-B), before and after stress protocol in young adult rats. Corticosterone was measured on days 1 and 5 of stress induction. The day after the stress period, factors including glucose tolerance, TNF-alpha, isolated islets' insulin output and levels of pancreatic GLUT-2 protein via western blotting were determined. RESULTS The combination of early footshock exposure and psychological stress during adulthood did not affect plasma corticosterone, but increased plasma insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B and TNF-alpha levels. Plasma TNF was not only increased by the combination of both stressors, but also after only E STR exposure. HOMA-IR was increased in both Psy STR and E + Psy-STR groups. Plasma glucose just increased in Psy STR group. The combination of these two life stressors further increased the in vitro insulin secretion from isolated islets in response to 16.7-mM glucose. The level of Glut2 was increased in Psy STR and decreased in both E STR and E + Psy STR groups. Finally, glucose tolerance was impaired and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was increased in E + Psy STR group. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, inducing stress in early life makes the organism more susceptible to metabolic defects in exposure to psychological stress later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zardooz
- Department of Physiology and Neurophysiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Sadeghimahalli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- Diabetes Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - F Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Sinet F, Soty M, Zemdegs J, Guiard B, Estrada J, Malleret G, Silva M, Mithieux G, Gautier-Stein A. Dietary Fibers and Proteins Modulate Behavior via the Activation of Intestinal Gluconeogenesis. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:1249-1265. [PMID: 33429400 DOI: 10.1159/000514289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several studies have suggested that diet, especially the one enriched in microbiota-fermented fibers or fat, regulates behavior. The underlying mechanisms are currently unknown. We previously reported that certain macronutrients (fermentable fiber and protein) regulate energy homeostasis via the activation of intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN), which generates a neural signal to the brain. We hypothesized that these nutriments might control behavior using the same gut-brain circuit. METHODS Wild-type and IGN-deficient mice were fed chow or diets enriched in protein or fiber. Changes in their behavior were assessed using suited tests. Hippocampal neurogenesis, extracellular levels of serotonin, and protein expression levels were assessed by immunofluorescence, in vivo dialysis, and Western blotting, respectively. IGN was rescued by infusing glucose into the portal vein of IGN-deficient mice. RESULTS We show here that both fiber- and protein-enriched diets exert beneficial actions on anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors. These benefits do not occur in mice lacking IGN. Consistently, IGN-deficient mice display hallmarks of depressive-like disorders, including decreased hippocampal neurogenesis, basal hyperactivity, and deregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which are associated with increased expression of the precursor of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the hypothalamus and decreased expression of the glucocorticoid receptor in the hippocampus. These neurobiological alterations are corrected by portal glucose infusion mimicking IGN. CONCLUSION IGN translates nutritional information, allowing the brain to finely coordinate energy metabolism and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Sinet
- INSERM UMR-S1213, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Maud Soty
- INSERM UMR-S1213, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Juliane Zemdegs
- CRCA - UMR 5169 - Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Guiard
- CRCA - UMR 5169 - Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Judith Estrada
- INSERM UMR-S1213, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gaël Malleret
- Forgetting and Cortical Dynamics, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marine Silva
- INSERM UMR-S1213, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- INSERM UMR-S1213, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Inducing a stressed phenotype in healthy recipient mice by adoptively transferring CD4 + lymphocytes from mice undergoing chronic psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 122:104898. [PMID: 33126029 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although chronic stress is an acknowledged risk factor for the development of somatic and affective disorders, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying stress-induced pathologies are not fully understood. Interestingly, rodent studies involving immune cell transfer suggest that CD4+ T cells might be at least in part involved in reactivation of a chemically-induced colitis by stress. However, until now evidence is lacking that these immune cell types are indeed involved in the development of a "stressed phenotype". The aim of the present study was, therefore, to assess the effects of adoptively transferring total mesenteric lymph node cells (mesLNCs) and CD4+ mesLNCs isolated from chronically-stressed mice into healthy recipient mice on various physiological, immunological and behavioral parameters. To induce chronic psychosocial stress in donor mice we employed the chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) paradigm. Our data indicate that transfer of total or CD4+ mesLNCs from CSC mice, compared with respective cells from single-housed control (SHC) mice, promoted splenomegaly and interferon (IFN)-γ secretion from in vitro anti-CD3-stimulated mesLNCs in naïve recipient mice. This effect was independent of recipient mice additionally being administered with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) or not. Transfer of CD4+ mesLNCs additionally increased adrenal weight and secretion of IL-6 from in vitro anti-CD3 stimulated mesLNCs in recipients administered with DSS. Importantly, transfer of neither cell type from CSC vs. SHC donor mice affected anxiety-related behavior of recipient mice in the light-dark box. Taken together, our data demonstrate that typical physiological and immunological, but not behavioral, effects of chronic stress can be induced in naïve recipient mice by adoptively transferring mesLNCs, in particular CD4+ mesLNCs, from chronically stressed donor mice.
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16
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Langgartner D, Marks J, Nguyen TC, Reber SO. Changes in adrenal functioning induced by chronic psychosocial stress in male mice: A time course study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 122:104880. [PMID: 33065459 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC, 19 days), an established and preclinically-validated mouse model for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), causes evening hypocorticism and a reduced adrenal in vitro ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) sensitivity despite pronounced adrenal hyperplasia. However, until now it remains unclear at what time point during CSC exposure evening hypocorticism and adrenal in vitro ACTH insensitivity develop and whether the repeated change of dominant aggressor mice plays an important role in this context. It is, therefore, the aim of the current study, to explore the detailed time course of these stress-induced adrenal changes. METHODS Adrenal weight, plasma corticosterone (CORT) and ACTH were assessed in the morning of days 8 (right before exposure to the 2nd aggressor), 9 (24 h after exposure to the 2nd aggressor), 15 (right before exposure to the 3rd aggressor), 16 (24 h after exposure to the 3rd aggressor) and 20 or in the evening of days 8 (10 h after exposure to the 2nd aggressor), 9 (34 h after exposure to the 2nd aggressor), 15 (10 h after exposure to the 3rd aggressor), 16 (34 h after exposure to the 3rd aggressor) and 20 of CSC exposure. Moreover, we in vitro cultured adrenal explants of all mice euthanized in the morning of days 8, 9, 15, 16 and 20 either in the presence or absence of ACTH to subsequently assess CORT concentration in the supernatants. RESULTS Our results indicate that while adrenal mass was increased at all time points assessed, plasma morning CORT only transiently increased in response to the 2nd (on day 8) but not 3rd (on day 15) dominant aggressor mouse. Moreover, although mild signs of adrenal in vitro ACTH insensitivity developed already after one week of CSC exposure, moderate and severe adrenal in vitro ACTH insensitivity required two and three weeks of chronic subordination, respectively. CONCLUSION Together with unaffected plasma ACTH levels at all time points assessed, our data suggest that stress-induced adrenal in vitro ACTH insensitivity develops gradually during times of chronic subordination while subordination to different aggressor mice aggravates its severity. Moreover, a mild form of adrenal ACTH insensitivity seems to allow prevention of morning hypercorticism on day 8 of CSC, despite functional adrenal mass being increased, while a moderate and severe form of adrenal ACTH insensitivity in CSC mice seems to promote HPA axis adaptation to repeated homotypic stressor exposure (i.e. dominant aggressor mice) and basal evening hypocorticism in CSC mice, respectively. Our results might, therefore, be the basis for future clinical studies assessing CORT supplementation as novel treatment regimen for somatic and affective pathologies linked to chronic and/or traumatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Langgartner
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Janina Marks
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thien C Nguyen
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan O Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Lajud N, Roque A, Cheng JP, Bondi CO, Kline AE. Early Life Stress Preceding Mild Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Increases Neuroinflammation but Does Not Exacerbate Impairment of Cognitive Flexibility during Adolescence. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:411-421. [PMID: 33040677 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) followed by pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) negatively impacts spatial learning and memory and increases microglial activation in adolescent rats, but whether the same paradigm negatively affects higher order executive function is not known. Hence, we utilized the attentional set-shifting test (AST) to evaluate executive function (cognitive flexibility) and to determine its relationship with neuroinflammation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity after pediatric mTBI in male rats. ELS was induced via maternal separation for 180 min per day (MS180) during the first 21 post-natal (P) days, while controls (CONT) were undisturbed. At P21, fully anesthetized rats received a mild controlled cortical impact (2.2 mm tissue deformation at 4 m/sec) or sham injury. AST was evaluated during adolescence on P35-P40 and cytokine expression and HPA activity were analyzed on P42. The data indicate that pediatric mTBI produced a significant reversal learning deficit on the AST versus sham (p < 0.05), but that the impairment was not exacerbated further by MS180. Additionally, ELS produced an overall elevation in set-loss errors on the AST, and increased hippocampal interleukin (IL)-1β expression after TBI. A significant correlation was observed in executive dysfunction and IL-1β expression in the ipsilateral pre-frontal cortex and hippocampus. Although the combination of ELS and pediatric mTBI did not worsen executive function beyond that of mTBI alone (p > 0.05), it did result in increased hippocampal neuroinflammation relative to mTBI (p < 0.05). These findings provide important insight into the susceptibility to incur alterations in cognitive and neuroimmune functioning after stress exposure and TBI during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Lajud
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán - Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Angélica Roque
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán - Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, México.,Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Cheng
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Corina O Bondi
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony E Kline
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Nikbakhsh R, Nikbakhsh R, Radmard M, Tafazolimoghadam A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Pirri F, Noormohammady P, Sabouri M, Shababi N, Ziai SA, Dehpour AR. The possible role of nitric oxide in anti-convulsant effects of Naltrindole in seizure-induced by social isolation stress in male mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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19
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Alberry BLJ, Castellani CA, Singh SM. Hippocampal transcriptome analysis following maternal separation implicates altered RNA processing in a mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. J Neurodev Disord 2020; 12:15. [PMID: 32416732 PMCID: PMC7231420 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-020-09316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are common, seen in 1–5% of the population in the USA and Canada. Children diagnosed with FASD are not likely to remain with their biological parents, facing early maternal separation and foster placements throughout childhood. Methods We model FASD in mice via prenatal alcohol exposure and further induce early life stress through maternal separation. We use RNA-seq followed by clustering of expression profiles through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to analyze transcriptomic changes that result from the treatments. We use reverse transcription qPCR to validate these changes in the mouse hippocampus. Results We report an association between adult hippocampal gene expression and prenatal ethanol exposure followed by postnatal separation stress that is related to behavioral changes. Expression profile clustering using WGCNA identifies a set of transcripts, module 19, associated with anxiety-like behavior (r = 0.79, p = 0.002) as well as treatment group (r = 0.68, p = 0.015). Genes in this module are overrepresented by genes involved in transcriptional regulation and other pathways related to neurodevelopment. Interestingly, one member of this module, Polr2a, polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide A, is downregulated by the combination of prenatal ethanol and postnatal stress in an RNA-Seq experiment and qPCR validation (q = 2e−12, p = 0.004, respectively). Conclusions Together, transcriptional control in the hippocampus is implicated as a potential underlying mechanism leading to anxiety-like behavior via environmental insults. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanism involved and use this insight towards early diagnosis and amelioration strategies involving children born with FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L J Alberry
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Christina A Castellani
- McKusick-Nathans Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shiva M Singh
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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20
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Bahi A, Dreyer JL. Environmental enrichment decreases chronic psychosocial stress-impaired extinction and reinstatement of ethanol conditioned place preference in C57BL/6 male mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:707-721. [PMID: 31786650 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE During the last few decades, alcohol use disorders (AUD) have reached an epidemic prevalence, yet social influences on alcoholism have not been fully addressed. Several factors can modulate alcohol intake. On one hand, stress can reinforce ethanol-induced behaviors and be an important component in AUD and alcoholism. On the other hand, environmental enrichment (EE) has a neuroprotective role and prevents the development of excessive ethanol intake in rodents. However, studies showing the role of EE in chronic psychosocial stress-impaired ethanol-conditioned rewards are nonexistent. AIM The purpose of the current study is to explore the potential protective role of EE on extinction and reinstatement of ethanol-conditioned place preference (EtOH-CPP) following chronic psychosocial stress. METHODS In the first experiment and after the EtOH-CPP test, the mice were subjected to 15 days of chronic stress, then housed in a standard (SE) or enriched environment (EE) while EtOH-CPP extinction was achieved by repeated exposure to the CPP chambers without ethanol injection. In the second experiment and after the EtOH-CPP test, extinction was achieved as described above. Mice were then exposed to chronic stress for 2 weeks before being housed in a SE or EE. EtOH-CPP reinstatement was induced by a single exposure to the conditioning chambers. RESULTS As expected, stress exposure increased anxiety-like behavior and reduced weight gain. More importantly, we found that EE significantly shortened chronic stress-delayed extinction and decreased the reinstatement of EtOH-CPP. CONCLUSION These results support the hypothesis that EE reduces the impact of alcohol-associated environmental stimuli, and hence it may be a general intervention for reducing cue-elicited craving and relapse in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Bahi
- College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE. .,Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE.
| | - Jean-Luc Dreyer
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Roque A, Ruiz-González R, Pineda-López E, Torner L, Lajud N. Prenatal immobilization stress and postnatal maternal separation cause differential neuroendocrine responses to fasting stress in adult male rats. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 62:737-748. [PMID: 31886525 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal immobilization stress (PNS) and postnatal maternal separation (MS180) are two widely used rodent models of early-life stress (ELS) that affect the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, cause behavioral alterations, and affect glucose tolerance in adults. We compared anxiety-like behavior, coping strategies, and HPA axis activity in PNS and MS180 adult (4-month-old) male rats and assessed their glucose tolerance and HPA axis response after mild fasting stress. Both PNS and MS180 induced a passive coping strategy in the forced swimming test, without affecting anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze. Moreover, both PNS and MS180 increased the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone expression; however, only MS180 increased the circulating corticosterone levels. Both early life stressors increased fasting glucose levels and this effect was significantly higher in PNS rats. MS180 rats showed impaired glucose tolerance 120 min after intravenous glucose administration, whereas PNS rats displayed an efficient homeostatic response. Moreover, MS180 rats showed higher circulating corticosteroid levels in response to fasting stress (overnight fasting, 12 hr), which were restored after glucose administration. In conclusion, early exposure to postnatal MS180, unlike PNS, increases the HPA axis response to moderate fasting stress, indicating a differential perception of fasting as a stressor in these two ELS models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Roque
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Desarrollo, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de - Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Roberto Ruiz-González
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Desarrollo, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de - Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Edel Pineda-López
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Desarrollo, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de - Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Luz Torner
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de - Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Naima Lajud
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Desarrollo, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de - Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, México
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Early postnatal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and reduced insulin sensitivity in adult rats. Endocr Regul 2019; 53:213-220. [PMID: 31734655 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2019-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early life stress influences the development of metabolic disorders, including functional changes in the developing of pancreas mediated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In the present study, the role of an early postnatal stress on corticosterone, glucose, and insulin levels was investigated during young adulthood. METHODS Two groups of pups were studied, including control group (pups not receiving foot shock by communication box), and early stress group (pups receiving foot shock by communication box 2 times/day for 5 consecutive days). In rats, concentration of plasma corticosterone, glucose, and insulin was detected before and after placing them into the communication box at 2 weeks of age. At 8-10 weeks of age, concentrations of plasma corticosterone, glucose, and insulin and glucose tolerance were measured in young adult rats. RESULTS Our results showed that early postnatal foot shock stress increased the corticosterone, insulin, and glucose levels in the postnatal age (p<0.01) that did not last until young adult age, but it caused a significant increase in plasma glucose and insulin levels (p<0.05) following the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in young adult rats. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that impaired IPGTT in young adult rats who experienced early postnatal stress can indicate insulin resistance or reduced insulin sensitivity that make it at risk of the type 2 diabetes later in life.
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Foertsch S, Lackner I, Weber B, Füchsl AM, Langgartner D, Wirkert E, Peters S, Fois G, Pressmar J, Fegert JM, Frick M, Gündel H, Kalbitz M, Reber SO. Sensory contact to the stressor prevents recovery from structural and functional heart damage following psychosocial trauma. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:667-677. [PMID: 31085218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disorders (CVD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly comorbid, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Chronic psychosocial stress was induced in male mice by chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC), a pre-clinically validated mouse model for PTSD. Cardiac structure and function were assessed on day 20 of the CSC paradigm. Following CSC, mice were kept in different sensory contact modalities to the last aggressor for 30 days, and development of cardiac function and behavioral aspects were determined. Here we show that psychosocial trauma affects heart structure by disturbing cell-to-cell integrity of cardiomyocytes, causes tachycardia, disturbance of diurnal heart rate rhythmicity and behavioral deficits in a mouse model for PTSD. Structural and functional alterations were also found in cardiomyocytes upon in vitro treatment with pro-inflammatory cytokines typically increased after psychosocial trauma. Interestingly, sensory contact to the aggressor subsequent to psychosocial trauma prohibits functional and structural heart recovery, while isolation was beneficial for cardiac but detrimental for mental health. These findings contribute to our understanding of potential mechanisms underlying the high comorbidity of CVD and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Foertsch
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ina Lackner
- Department of Traumatology, Hand, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Birte Weber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea M Füchsl
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dominik Langgartner
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eva Wirkert
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Peters
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Giorgio Fois
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen Pressmar
- Department of Traumatology, Hand, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jörg M Fegert
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Harald Gündel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Miriam Kalbitz
- Department of Traumatology, Hand, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan O Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Abstract
The developmental period constitutes a critical window of sensitivity to stress. Indeed, early-life adversity increases the risk to develop psychiatric diseases, but also gastrointestinal disorders such as the irritable bowel syndrome at adulthood. In the past decade, there has been huge interest in the gut-brain axis, especially as regards stress-related emotional behaviours. Animal models of early-life adversity, in particular, maternal separation (MS) in rodents, demonstrate lasting deleterious effects on both the gut and the brain. Here, we review the effects of MS on both systems with a focus on stress-related behaviours. In addition, we discuss more recent findings showing the impact of gut-directed interventions, including nutrition with pre- and probiotics, illustrating the role played by gut microbiota in mediating the long-term effects of MS. Overall, preclinical studies suggest that nutritional approaches with pro- and prebiotics may constitute safe and efficient strategies to attenuate the effects of early-life stress on the gut-brain axis. Further research is required to understand the complex mechanisms underlying gut-brain interaction dysfunctions after early-life stress as well as to determine the beneficial impact of gut-directed strategies in a context of early-life adversity in human subjects.
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Chronic psychosocial stress compromises the immune response and endochondral ossification during bone fracture healing via β-AR signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8615-8622. [PMID: 30948630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819218116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial stress/trauma represents an increasing burden in our modern society and a risk factor for the development of mental disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD, in turn, is highly comorbid with a plethora of inflammatory disorders and has been associated with increased bone fracture risk. Since a balanced inflammatory response after fracture is crucial for successful bone healing, we hypothesize that stress/trauma alters the inflammatory response after fracture and, consequently, compromises fracture healing. Here we show, employing the chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) paradigm as a clinically relevant mouse model for PTSD, that mice subjected to CSC displayed increased numbers of neutrophils in the early fracture hematoma, whereas T lymphocytes and markers for cartilage-to-bone transition and angiogenesis were reduced. At late stages of fracture healing, CSC mice were characterized by decreased bending stiffness and bony bridging of the fracture callus. Strikingly, a single systemic administration of the β-adrenoreceptor (AR) blocker propranolol before femur osteotomy prevented bone marrow mobilization of neutrophils and invasion of neutrophils into the fracture hematoma, both seen in the early phase after fracture, as well as a compromised fracture healing in CSC mice. We conclude that chronic psychosocial stress leads to an imbalanced immune response after fracture via β-AR signaling, accompanied by disturbed fracture healing. These findings offer possibilities for clinical translation in patients suffering from PTSD and fracture.
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Social isolation and social support at adulthood affect epigenetic mechanisms, brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and behavior of chronically stressed rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 366:36-44. [PMID: 30880220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) provides one possible explanation for the dysfunctions induced by stress, such as psychiatric disorders and cognitive decline. Interestingly, social support can be protective against some of these effects, but the mechanisms of social buffering are poorly understood. Conversely, early isolation exacerbates the responses to stressors, although its effects in adulthood remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of social isolation and social buffering on hippocampal epigenetic mechanisms, BDNF levels and behavioral responses of chronically stressed young adult rats. Male Wistar rats (3 months) were assigned to accompanied (paired) or isolated housing. After one-month half of each group was submitted to a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) protocol for 18 days. Among accompanied animals, only one was exposed to stress. Behavioral analysis encompassed the Open field, plus maze and inhibitory avoidance tasks. Hippocampal H3K9 and H4K12 acetylation, HDAC5 expression and BDNF levels were evaluated. Isolated housing increased HDAC5 expression, decreased H3K9 and H4K12 acetylation, reduced BDNF levels, and impaired long-term memory. Stress affected weight gain, induced anxiety-like behavior and decreased AcK9H3 levels. Interactions between housing conditions and social stress were seen only for HDAC5 expression, which showed a further increase in the isolated + CUS group but remained constant in accompanied animals. In conclusion, social isolation at adulthood induced epigenetic alterations and exacerbated the effects of chronic stress on HDAC5. Notwithstanding, social support counteracted the adverse effects of stress on HDAC5 expression.
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27
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Langgartner D, Lowry CA, Reber SO. Old Friends, immunoregulation, and stress resilience. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:237-269. [PMID: 30386921 PMCID: PMC6334733 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable body of evidence indicating that chronic adverse experience, especially chronic psychosocial stress/trauma, represents a major risk factor for the development of many somatic and affective disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the mechanisms underlying the development of chronic stress-associated disorders are still in large part unknown, and current treatment and prevention strategies lack efficacy and reliability. A greater understanding of mechanisms involved in the development and persistence of chronic stress-induced disorders may lead to novel approaches to prevention and treatment of these disorders. In this review, we provide evidence indicating that increases in immune (re-)activity and inflammation, potentially promoted by a reduced exposure to immunoregulatory microorganisms ("Old Friends") in today's modern society, may be causal factors in mediating the vulnerability to development and persistence of stress-related pathologies. Moreover, we discuss strategies to increase immunoregulatory processes and attenuate inflammation, as for instance contact with immunoregulatory Old Friends, which appears to be a promising strategy to promote stress resilience and to prevent/treat chronic stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Langgartner
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Denver, CO, 80220, USA
- Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO, 80220, USA
| | - Stefan O Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Sun Y, Li L, Xie R, Wang B, Jiang K, Cao H. Stress Triggers Flare of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children and Adults. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:432. [PMID: 31709203 PMCID: PMC6821654 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic inflammatory disease characterized by chronic and relapsing manifestations. It is noteworthy that the prevalence of IBD is gradually increasing in both children and adults. Currently, the pathogenesis of IBD remains to be completely elucidated. IBD is believed to occur through interactions among genetics, environmental factors, and the gut microbiota. However, the relapsing and remitting course of IBD underlines the importance of other modifiers, such as psychological stress. Growing evidence from clinical and experimental studies suggests that stress acts as a promoting or relapsing factor for IBD. Importantly, recent studies have reported an increasing incidence of anxiety or depression in both children and adults with IBD. In this article, we review the mechanisms by which stress affects IBD, such as via impaired intestinal barrier function, disturbance of the gut microbiota, intestinal dysmotility, and immune and neuroendocrine dysfunction. With regard to both children and adults, we provide recent evidence to describe how stress can affect IBD at various stages. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of mental healing and discuss the value of approaches targeting stress in clinical management to develop enhanced strategies for the prevention and treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Runxiang Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Surkin PN, Brenhouse H, Deak T, Liberman AC, Lasaga M. Stress, alcohol and infection during early development: A brief review of common outcomes and mechanisms. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12602. [PMID: 29682808 PMCID: PMC6181762 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although stress is an adaptive physiological response to deal with adverse conditions, its occurrence during the early stages of life, such as infancy or adolescence, can induce adaptations in multiple physiological systems, including the reproductive axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the limbic cortex and the immune system. These early changes have consequences in adult life, as seen in the physiological and behavioural responses to stress. This review highlights the impact of several stress challenges incurred at various stages of development (perinatal, juvenile, adolescent periods) and how the developmental timing of early-life stress confers unique physiological adaptations that may persist across the lifespan. In doing so, we emphasise how intrinsic sex differences in the stress response might contribute to sex-specific vulnerabilities, the molecular processes underlying stress in the adult, and potential therapeutic interventions to mitigate the effects of early stage stress, including the novel molecular mechanism of SUMOylation as a possible key target of HPA regulation during early-life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Nicolás Surkin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Fisiología, Marcelo T. de Alvear 2142, 1122 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Heather Brenhouse
- Psychology Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Terrence Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - Ana Clara Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Lasaga
- INBIOMED Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1121 ABG, Argentina
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30
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Langgartner D, Füchsl AM, Kaiser LM, Meier T, Foertsch S, Buske C, Reber SO, Mulaw MA. Biomarkers for classification and class prediction of stress in a murine model of chronic subordination stress. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202471. [PMID: 30183738 PMCID: PMC6124755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Selye defined stress as the nonspecific response of the body to any demand and thus an inherent element of all diseases. He reported that rats show adrenal hypertrophy, thymicolymphatic atrophy, and gastrointestinal ulceration, referred to as the stress triad, upon repeated exposure to nocuous agents. However, Selye's stress triad as well as its extended version including reduced body weight gain, increased plasma glucocorticoid (GC) concentrations, and GC resistance of target cells do not represent reliable discriminatory biomarkers for chronic stress. To address this, we collected multivariate biological data from male mice exposed either to the preclinically validated chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) paradigm or to single-housed control (SHC) condition. We then used principal component analysis (PCA), top scoring pairs (tsp) and support vector machines (SVM) analyses to identify markers that discriminate between chronically stressed and non-stressed mice. PCA segregated stressed and non-stressed mice, with high loading for some of Selye's stress triad parameters. The tsp analysis, a simple and highly interpretable statistical approach, identified left adrenal weight and relative thymus weight as the pair with the highest discrimination score and prediction accuracy validated by a blinded dataset (92% p-value < 0.0001; SVM model = 83% accuracy and p-value < 0.0001). This finding clearly shows that simultaneous consideration of these two parameters can be used as a reliable biomarker of chronic stress status. Furthermore, our analysis highlights that the tsp approach is a very powerful method whose application extends beyond what has previously been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Langgartner
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea M. Füchsl
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lisa M. Kaiser
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tatjana Meier
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandra Foertsch
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Buske
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan O. Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Medhanie A. Mulaw
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Masis-Calvo M, Schmidtner AK, de Moura Oliveira VE, Grossmann CP, de Jong TR, Neumann ID. Animal models of social stress: the dark side of social interactions. Stress 2018; 21:417-432. [PMID: 29745275 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2018.1462327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Social stress occurs in all social species, including humans, and shape both mental health and future interactions with conspecifics. Animal models of social stress are used to unravel the precise role of the main stress system - the HPA axis - on the one hand, and the social behavior network on the other, as these are intricately interwoven. The present review aims to summarize the insights gained from three highly useful and clinically relevant animal models of psychosocial stress: the resident-intruder (RI) test, the chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC), and the social fear conditioning (SFC). Each model brings its own focus: the role of the HPA axis in shaping acute social confrontations (RI test), the physiological and behavioral impairments resulting from chronic exposure to negative social experiences (CSC), and the neurobiology underlying social fear and its effects on future social interactions (SFC). Moreover, these models are discussed with special attention to the HPA axis and the neuropeptides vasopressin and oxytocin, which are important messengers in the stress system, in emotion regulation, as well as in the social behavior network. It appears that both nonapeptides balance the relative strength of the stress response, and simultaneously predispose the animal to positive or negative social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Masis-Calvo
- a Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Anna K Schmidtner
- a Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | | | - Cindy P Grossmann
- a Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Trynke R de Jong
- a Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
- b Medische Biobank Noord-Nederland B.V , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Inga D Neumann
- a Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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32
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Maltz RM, Keirsey J, Kim SC, Mackos AR, Gharaibeh RZ, Moore CC, Xu J, Bakthavatchalu V, Somogyi A, Bailey MT. Prolonged restraint stressor exposure in outbred CD-1 mice impacts microbiota, colonic inflammation, and short chain fatty acids. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196961. [PMID: 29742146 PMCID: PMC5942810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressor-exposure has been shown to exacerbate inflammation and change the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota; however stressor-induced effects on microbiota-derived metabolites and their receptors are unknown. Thus, bacterial-produced short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as well as microbial community composition, were assessed in the colons of mice exposed to stress during infection with Citrobacter rodentium. Mice were exposed to overnight restraint on 7 consecutive nights, or left undisturbed as a control. After the first exposure of restraint, mice were orally challenged with C. rodentium or with vehicle. Microbial community composition was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and SCFA levels measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Pathogen levels and colonic inflammation were also assessed 6 days post-infection. Results demonstrated that the microbial community structure and SCFA production were significantly affected by both stressor exposure and C. rodentium-infection. Exposure to prolonged restraint in the absence of infection significantly reduced SCFAs (acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid). Multiple bacterial taxa were affected by stressor exposure, with the relative abundance of Lactobacillus being significantly reduced and directly correlated with propionic acid. Lactobacillus abundances were inversely correlated with colonic inflammation, supporting the contention that Lactobacillus helps to regulate mucosal inflammatory responses. Our data indicates that restraint stressor can have significant effects on pathogen-induced colonic inflammation and suggest that stressor-induced changes in the microbiota, microbial-produced SCFAs and their receptors may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M. Maltz
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Keirsey
- Campus Chemical Instrumentation Center Mass Spec and Proteomics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Sandra C. Kim
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Amy R. Mackos
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Raad Z. Gharaibeh
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
- Bioinformatics Services Division, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
| | - Cathy C. Moore
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | - Jinyu Xu
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Vasudevan Bakthavatchalu
- The Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Arpad Somogyi
- Campus Chemical Instrumentation Center Mass Spec and Proteomics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Bailey
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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Reshetnikov V, Studenikina A, Ryabushkina J, Merkulova T, Bondar N. The impact of early-life stress on the expression of HPA-associated genes in the adult murine brain. BEHAVIOUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Early life is an important period for the development of the nervous system and for the programming of behavioural phenotypes in adulthood. In our study, two types of early-life stress were used: prolonged separation of pups from their mothers (for 3 h/day, maternal separation (MS)) and brief separation (for 15 min/day, handling (HD)). We analysed the effects of early-life stress on behaviour and the expression of HPA-associated genes in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and frontal cortex of male mice. Adult mice in the MS group demonstrated reduced locomotor activity and deficiencies in spatial long-term memory, while the HD showed no significant changes. Additionally, early-life MS resulted in reduced hippocampal Crhr1 mRNA, increased MR/GR mRNA in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Both groups, HD and MS, showed increased Avp mRNA in the hypothalamus. Thus, prolonged maternal separation but not brief leads to adverse behavioural changes and influences the expression of HPA-associated genes in a brain region-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- V.V. Reshetnikov
- aLaboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A.A. Studenikina
- aLaboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- bNovosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - J.A. Ryabushkina
- aLaboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- cNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - T.I. Merkulova
- aLaboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- cNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N.P. Bondar
- aLaboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- cNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Foertsch S, Haffner-Luntzer M, Kroner J, Gross F, Kaiser K, Erber M, Reber SO, Ignatius A. Chronic psychosocial stress disturbs long-bone growth in adolescent mice. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:1399-1409. [PMID: 28982680 PMCID: PMC5769608 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a strong association between psychiatric and somatic disorders is generally accepted, little is known regarding the interrelationship between mental and skeletal health. Although depressive disorders have been shown to be strongly associated with osteoporosis and increased fracture risk, evidence from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients is less consistent. Therefore, the present study investigated the influence of chronic psychosocial stress on bone using a well-established murine model for PTSD. C57BL/6N mice (7 weeks old) were subjected to chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) for 19 days, whereas control mice were singly housed. Anxiety-related behavior was assessed in the open-field/novel-object test, after which the mice were euthanized to assess endocrine and bone parameters. CSC mice exhibited increased anxiety-related behavior in the open-field/novel-object test, increased adrenal and decreased thymus weights, and unaffected plasma morning corticosterone. Microcomputed tomography and histomorphometrical analyses revealed significantly reduced tibia and femur lengths, increased growth-plate thickness and reduced mineral deposition at the growth plate, suggesting disturbed endochondral ossification during long-bone growth. This was associated with reduced Runx2 expression in hypertrophic chondrocytes in the growth plate. Trabecular thicknesses and bone mineral density were significantly increased in CSC compared to singly housed mice. Tyrosine hydroxylase expression was increased in bone marrow cells located at the growth plates of CSC mice, implying that local adrenergic signaling might be involved in the effects of CSC on the skeletal phenotype. In conclusion, chronic psychosocial stress negatively impacts endochondral ossification in the growth plate, affecting both longitudinal and appositional bone growth in adolescent mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Foertsch
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen Kroner
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Gross
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kaiser
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Maike Erber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan O Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Langgartner D, Peterlik D, Foertsch S, Füchsl AM, Brokmann P, Flor PJ, Shen Z, Fox JG, Uschold-Schmidt N, Lowry CA, Reber SO. Individual differences in stress vulnerability: The role of gut pathobionts in stress-induced colitis. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 64:23-32. [PMID: 28012830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC), an established mouse model for chronic psychosocial stress, promotes a microbial signature of gut inflammation, characterized by expansion of Proteobacteria, specifically Helicobacter spp., in association with colitis development. However, whether the presence of Helicobacter spp. during CSC is critically required for colitis development is unknown. Notably, during previous CSC studies performed at Regensburg University (University 1), male specific-pathogen-free (SPF) CSC mice lived in continuous subordination to a physically present and Helicobacter spp.-positive resident. Therefore, it is likely that CSC mice were colonized, during the CSC procedure, with Helicobacter spp. originating from the dominant resident. In the present study we show that employing SPF CSC mice and Helicobacter spp.-free SPF residents at Ulm University (University 2), results in physiological responses that are typical of chronic psychosocial stress, including increased adrenal and decreased thymus weights, decreased adrenal in vitro adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) responsiveness, and increased anxiety-related behavior. However, in contrast to previous studies that used Helicobacter spp.-positive resident mice, use of Helicobacter spp.-negative resident mice failed to induce spontaneous colitis in SPF CSC mice. Consistent with the hypothesis that the latter is due to a lack of Helicobacter spp. transmission from dominant residents to subordinate mice during the CSC procedure, colonization of SPF residents with Helicobacter typhlonius at University 2, prior to the start of the CSC model, rescued the colitis-inducing potential of CSC exposure. Furthermore, using SPF CSC mice and H. typhlonius-free SPF residents at University 1 prevented CSC-induced colitis. In summary, our data support the hypothesis that the presence or absence of exposure to certain pathobionts contributes to individual variability in susceptibility to stress-/trauma-associated pathologies and to reproducibility of stress-related outcomes between laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Langgartner
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Peterlik
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Foertsch
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea M Füchsl
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Petra Brokmann
- Animal Research Facility, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter J Flor
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicole Uschold-Schmidt
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver, CO 80220, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stefan O Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Bahi A. Environmental enrichment reduces chronic psychosocial stress-induced anxiety and ethanol-related behaviors in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 77:65-74. [PMID: 28390969 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous research from our laboratory has shown that exposure to chronic psychosocial stress increased voluntary ethanol consumption and preference as well as acquisition of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice. This study was done to determine whether an enriched environment could have "curative" effects on chronic psychosocial stress-induced ethanol intake and CPP. For this purpose, experimental mice "intruders" were exposed to the chronic subordinate colony (CSC) housing for 19 consecutive days in the presence of an aggressive "resident" mouse. At the end of that period, mice were tested for their anxiety-like behavior using the elevated plus maze (EPM) test then housed in a standard or enriched environment (SE or EE respectively). Anxiety and ethanol-related behaviors were investigated using the open field (OF) test, a standard two-bottle choice drinking paradigm, and the CPP procedure. As expected, CSC exposure increased anxiety-like behavior and reduced weight gain as compared to single housed colony (SHC) controls. In addition, CSC exposure increased voluntary ethanol intake and ethanol-CPP. Interestingly, we found that EE significantly and consistently reduced anxiety and ethanol consumption and preference. However, neither tastants' (saccharin and quinine) intake nor blood ethanol metabolism were affected by EE. Finally, and most importantly, EE reduced the acquisition of CPP induced by 1.5g/kg ethanol. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that EE can reduce voluntary ethanol intake and ethanol-induced conditioned reward and seems to be one of the strategies to reduce the behavioral deficits and the risk of anxiety-induced alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Bahi
- Department of Anatomy, Tawam Medical Campus, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Zinni M, Zuena AR, Marconi V, Petrella C, Fusco I, Giuli C, Canu N, Severini C, Broccardo M, Theodorou V, Lattanzi R, Casolini P. Maternal exposure to low levels of corticosterone during lactation protects adult rat progeny against TNBS-induced colitis: A study on GR-mediated anti-inflammatory effect and prokineticin system. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173484. [PMID: 28267767 PMCID: PMC5340375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The early phase of life represents a critical period for the development of an organism. Interestingly, early life experiences are able to influence the development of the gastrointestinal tract and the reactivity to colonic inflammatory stress. We recently demonstrated that adult male rats exposed to low doses of corticosterone during lactation (CORT-nursed rats) are protected against experimental colitis induced by the intracolonic infusion of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). Based on these interesting results, we wanted to better investigate which cellular actors could be involved in the protection of CORT-nursed rats from TNBS-induced experimental colitis. Therefore, in the present work, we focused our attention on different factors implicated in GR-mediated anti-inflammatory effect. To address this issue, colonic tissues, collected from control and CORT-nursed healthy animals and from control and CORT-nursed colitic rats, were processed and the following inflammatory factors were evaluated: the expression of (i) glucocorticoid receptors (GR), (ii) glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), (iii) phospho-p65NF-κB, (iv) the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, (v) the prokineticins PK2 and PK2L and (vi) their receptors PKR1 and PKR2. We found that adult CORT-nursed rats, in comparison to controls, showed increased expression of colonic GR and reduced expression of pro-inflammatory molecules (IL-1β, TNF-α, PK2 and PK2L) in response to inflammatory colitis. The observed changes were associated with an increase in GILZ colonic expression and with a reduction in phospo-p65NF-κB colonic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Zinni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Zuena
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Marconi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Petrella
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Fusco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Giuli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Canu
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Severini
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Broccardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vassilia Theodorou
- INRA, EI-Purpan, UMR 1331 TOXALIM Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Team, Toulouse, France
| | - Roberta Lattanzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Casolini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Mackos AR, Maltz R, Bailey MT. The role of the commensal microbiota in adaptive and maladaptive stressor-induced immunomodulation. Horm Behav 2017; 88:70-78. [PMID: 27760302 PMCID: PMC5303636 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, it has become increasingly evident that there are extensive bidirectional interactions between the body and its microbiota. These interactions are evident during stressful periods, where it is recognized that commensal microbiota community structure is significantly changed. Many different stressors, ranging from early life stressors to stressors administered during adulthood, lead to significant, community-wide differences in the microbiota. The mechanisms through which this occurs are not yet known, but it is known that commensal microbes can recognize, and respond to, mammalian hormones and neurotransmitters, including those that are involved with the physiological response to stressful stimuli. In addition, the physiological stress response also changes many aspects of gastrointestinal physiology that can impact microbial community composition. Thus, there are many routes through which microbial community composition might be disrupted during stressful periods. The implications of these disruptions in commensal microbial communities for host health are still not well understood, but the commensal microbiota have been linked to stressor-induced immunopotentiation. The role of the microbiota in stressor-induced immunopotentiation can be adaptive, such as when these microbes stimulate innate defenses against bacterial infection. However, the commensal microbiota can also lead to maladaptive immune responses during stressor-exposure. This is evident in animal models of colonic inflammation where stressor exposure increases the inflammation through mechanisms involving the microbiota. It is likely that during stressor exposure, immune cell functioning is regulated by combined effects of both neurotransmitters/hormones and commensal microbes. Defining this regulation should be a focus of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Mackos
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States.
| | - Ross Maltz
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States; Department of Gastroenterology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - Michael T Bailey
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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Peterlik D, Stangl C, Bauer A, Bludau A, Keller J, Grabski D, Killian T, Schmidt D, Zajicek F, Jaeschke G, Lindemann L, Reber SO, Flor PJ, Uschold-Schmidt N. Blocking metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 relieves maladaptive chronic stress consequences. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:79-92. [PMID: 27524668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Etiology and pharmacotherapy of stress-related psychiatric conditions and somatoform disorders are areas of high unmet medical need. Stressors holding chronic plus psychosocial components thereby bear the highest health risk. Although the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) is well studied in the context of acute stress-induced behaviors and physiology, virtually nothing is known about its potential involvement in chronic psychosocial stress. Using the mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator CTEP (2-chloro-4-[2-[2,5-dimethyl-1-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]imidazol-4yl]ethynyl]pyridine), a close analogue of the clinically active drug basimglurant - but optimized for rodent studies, as well as mGlu5-deficient mice in combination with a mouse model of male subordination (termed CSC, chronic subordinate colony housing), we demonstrate that mGlu5 mediates multiple physiological, immunological, and behavioral consequences of chronic psychosocial stressor exposure. For instance, CTEP dose-dependently relieved hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunctions, colonic inflammation as well as the CSC-induced increase in innate anxiety; genetic ablation of mGlu5 in mice largely reproduced the stress-protective effects of CTEP and additionally ameliorated CSC-induced physiological anxiety. Interestingly, CSC also induced an upregulation of mGlu5 in the hippocampus, a stress-regulating brain area. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that mGlu5 is an important mediator for a wide range of chronic psychosocial stress-induced alterations and a potentially valuable drug target for the treatment of chronic stress-related pathologies in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Peterlik
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Stangl
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Amelie Bauer
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anna Bludau
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jana Keller
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Grabski
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Killian
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dominic Schmidt
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Zajicek
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Georg Jaeschke
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Discovery Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Basel, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lothar Lindemann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Discovery Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan O Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter J Flor
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Nicole Uschold-Schmidt
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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40
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Grassi-Oliveira R, Honeycutt JA, Holland FH, Ganguly P, Brenhouse HC. Cognitive impairment effects of early life stress in adolescents can be predicted with early biomarkers: Impacts of sex, experience, and cytokines. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 71:19-30. [PMID: 27235636 PMCID: PMC5412140 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Childhood adversity increases vulnerability to psychiatric disorders that emerge in adolescence, in a sex-dependent manner. Early adversity modeled in rodents with maternal separation (MS) affects cognition and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) circuitry. Humans and animals exposed to early life adversity also display heightened circulating inflammatory cytokines, however the predictive relationship of these early measures with later behavioral deficits is unknown. Here, male and female rats were exposed to MS or control rearing during the postnatal period (P2-21). Blood samples were taken at distinct developmental time points for analysis of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, and IL-10, followed by win-shift cognitive testing and analysis of mPFC parvalbumin (PVB) immunofluorescent interneurons in adolescence. Regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between early cytokines and adolescent behavioral measures. We observed sex- and age-dependent effects of MS on circulating cytokines. MS also yielded adolescent decreases in mPFC PVB and cognitive deficits, which were predicted by early cytokine expression in a sex- and experience-dependent manner. Taken together, the present data reveals that circulating cytokines and PVB levels are predictive of adolescent cognitive deficits, and therefore provide compelling evidence for a putative role of early biomarkers in mediating MS-induced behavioral dysfunction. Importantly, predictive relationships often depended on sex and on MS history, suggesting that early life experiences may yield individualistic mechanisms of vulnerability compared to the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, prédio 11, sala 928, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Jennifer A Honeycutt
- Psychology Department, Northeastern University, 125 Nightingale Hall, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Freedom H Holland
- Psychology Department, Northeastern University, 125 Nightingale Hall, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Prabarna Ganguly
- Psychology Department, Northeastern University, 125 Nightingale Hall, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Heather C Brenhouse
- Psychology Department, Northeastern University, 125 Nightingale Hall, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston 02115, MA, USA.
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Fuentes IM, Walker NK, Pierce AN, Holt BR, Di Silvestro ER, Christianson JA. Neonatal maternal separation increases susceptibility to experimental colitis and acute stress exposure in male mice. IBRO Rep 2016; 1:10-18. [PMID: 28164167 PMCID: PMC5289700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiencing early life stress can result in maladjusted stress response via dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and serves as a risk factor for developing chronic pelvic pain disorders. We investigated whether neonatal maternal separation (NMS) would increase susceptibility to experimental colitis or exposure to acute or chronic stress. Male mice underwent NMS from postnatal day 1-21 and as adults were assessed for open field behavior, hindpaw sensitivity, and visceromotor response (VMR) to colorectal distension (CRD). VMR was also measured before and after treatment with intracolonic trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) or exposure to acute or chronic water avoidance stress (WAS). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, proinflammatory gene and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor expression were measured in distal colon. Baseline VMR was not affected by NMS, but undergoing CRD increased anxiety-like behaviors and mechanical hindpaw sensitivity of NMS mice. Treatment with TNBS dose-dependently decreased body weight and survival only in NMS mice. Following TNBS treatment, IL-6 and artemin mRNA levels were decreased in the distal colon of NMS mice, despite increased MPO activity. A single WAS exposure increased VMR during CRD in NMS mice and increased IL-6 mRNA and CRF2 protein levels in the distal colon of naïve mice, whereas CRF2 protein levels were heightened in NMS colon both at baseline and post-WAS exposure. Taken together, these results suggest that NMS in mice disrupts inflammatory- and stress-induced gene expression in the colon, potentially contributing towards an exaggerated response to specific stressors later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella M Fuentes
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Natalie K Walker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Angela N Pierce
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Briana R Holt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Elizabeth R Di Silvestro
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Julie A Christianson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
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Nemeroff CB. Paradise Lost: The Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect. Neuron 2016; 89:892-909. [PMID: 26938439 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, much evidence has accumulated unequivocally demonstrating that child abuse and neglect is associated with a marked increase in risk for major psychiatric disorders (major depression, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], substance and alcohol abuse, and others) and medical disorders (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, asthma, and others). Moreover, the course of psychiatric disorders in individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment is more severe. Recently, the biological substrates underlying this diathesis to medical and psychiatric morbidity have been studied. This Review summarizes many of the persistent biological alterations associated with childhood maltreatment including changes in neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter systems and pro-inflammatory cytokines in addition to specific alterations in brain areas associated with mood regulation. Finally, I discuss several candidate gene polymorphisms that interact with childhood maltreatment to modulate vulnerability to major depression and PTSD and epigenetic mechanisms thought to transduce environmental stressors into disease vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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43
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Burke NN, Finn DP, McGuire BE, Roche M. Psychological stress in early life as a predisposing factor for the development of chronic pain: Clinical and preclinical evidence and neurobiological mechanisms. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1257-1270. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita N. Burke
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
- Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, NCBES, National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | - David P. Finn
- Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, NCBES, National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | - Brian E. McGuire
- Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, NCBES, National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
- Psychology, National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
- Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, NCBES, National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
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Developmental and behavioral consequences of early life maternal separation stress in a mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Behav Brain Res 2016; 308:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Benlloch M, Obrador E, Valles SL, Rodriguez ML, Sirerol JA, Alcácer J, Pellicer JA, Salvador R, Cerdá C, Sáez GT, Estrela JM. Pterostilbene Decreases the Antioxidant Defenses of Aggressive Cancer Cells In Vivo: A Physiological Glucocorticoids- and Nrf2-Dependent Mechanism. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:974-90. [PMID: 26651028 PMCID: PMC4921902 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Polyphenolic phytochemicals have anticancer properties. However, in mechanistic studies, lack of correlation with the bioavailable concentrations is a critical issue. Some reports had suggested that these molecules downregulate the stress response, which may affect growth and the antioxidant protection of malignant cells. Initially, we studied this potential underlying mechanism using different human melanomas (with genetic backgrounds correlating with most melanomas), growing in nude mice as xenografts, and pterostilbene (Pter, a natural dimethoxylated analog of resveratrol). RESULTS Intravenous administration of Pter decreased human melanoma growth in vivo. However, Pter, at levels measured within the tumors, did not affect melanoma growth in vitro. Pter inhibited pituitary production of the adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), decreased plasma levels of corticosterone, and thereby downregulated the glucocorticoid receptor- and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-dependent antioxidant defense system in growing melanomas. Exogenous corticosterone or genetically induced Nrf2 overexpression in melanoma cells prevented the inhibition of tumor growth and decreased antioxidant defenses in these malignant cells. These effects and mechanisms were also found in mice bearing different human pancreatic cancers. Glutathione depletion (selected as an antimelanoma strategy) facilitated the complete elimination by chemotherapy of melanoma cells isolated from mice treated with Pter. INNOVATION Although bioavailability-related limitations may preclude direct anticancer effects in vivo, natural polyphenols may also interfere with the growth and defense of cancer cells by downregulating the pituitary gland-dependent ACTH synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Pter downregulates glucocorticoid production, thus decreasing the glucocorticoid receptor and Nrf2-dependent signaling/transcription and the antioxidant protection of melanoma and pancreatic cancer cells. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 974-990.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Benlloch
- 1 Department of Health and Functional Valorization, San Vicente Martir Catholic University , Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Obrador
- 2 Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , Valencia, Spain
| | - Soraya L Valles
- 2 Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , Valencia, Spain
| | - María L Rodriguez
- 2 Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , Valencia, Spain
| | - J Antoni Sirerol
- 2 Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Alcácer
- 3 Pathology Laboratory, Quirón Hospital , Valencia, Spain
| | - José A Pellicer
- 2 Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosario Salvador
- 2 Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , Valencia, Spain
| | - Concha Cerdá
- 4 Service of Clinical Analysis-CDB, General University Hospital, University of Valencia , Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillermo T Sáez
- 4 Service of Clinical Analysis-CDB, General University Hospital, University of Valencia , Valencia, Spain .,5 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology-INCLIVA, Service of Clinical Analysis, Dr. Peset University Hospital, University of Valencia , Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Estrela
- 2 Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , Valencia, Spain
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in the colonic epithelium damage induced by maternal separation. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:1001-4. [PMID: 27233371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal separation (MS) leads to intestinal barrier dysfunction in neonatal mice. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with apoptosis and pro-inflammatory response induction. We hypothesized that MS induced gut damage is associated with ER stress and that administration of an ER stress inhibitor protects gut damage. METHODS C57BL/6 mice received intraperitoneal PBS (n=10) or Salubrinal (1mg/kg/day, n=10). MS was performed soon after treatment for 3h daily between P5 and P9. Ten untreated neonatal mice served as control. The colon was harvested on P9 and analyzed for ER stress markers (BiP, CHOP), apoptosis (CC3), goblet cell number per crypt and crypt length (Alcian blue, hematoxylin/eosin), and transcellular permeability (Ussing chamber). Groups were compared using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test. RESULTS Compared to controls, MS mice had higher relative protein expression of ER stress and apoptosis markers (p<0.05) and reduced goblet cell number per crypt and crypt length (p<0.001). In comparison to PBS mice, Salubrinal treated mice had higher goblet cell number (p<0.05), crypt length (p<0.001), and lower transcellular permeability (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Maternal separation induces ER stress and causes colon damage, but ER stress inhibitor protects morphology and permeability. This provides insights on bowel pathogenesis and potential novel treatments for diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis.
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Immunization with a heat-killed preparation of the environmental bacterium Mycobacterium vaccae promotes stress resilience in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3130-9. [PMID: 27185913 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600324113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of inflammatory diseases is increasing in modern urban societies. Inflammation increases risk of stress-related pathology; consequently, immunoregulatory or antiinflammatory approaches may protect against negative stress-related outcomes. We show that stress disrupts the homeostatic relationship between the microbiota and the host, resulting in exaggerated inflammation. Repeated immunization with a heat-killed preparation of Mycobacterium vaccae, an immunoregulatory environmental microorganism, reduced subordinate, flight, and avoiding behavioral responses to a dominant aggressor in a murine model of chronic psychosocial stress when tested 1-2 wk following the final immunization. Furthermore, immunization with M. vaccae prevented stress-induced spontaneous colitis and, in stressed mice, induced anxiolytic or fear-reducing effects as measured on the elevated plus-maze, despite stress-induced gut microbiota changes characteristic of gut infection and colitis. Immunization with M. vaccae also prevented stress-induced aggravation of colitis in a model of inflammatory bowel disease. Depletion of regulatory T cells negated protective effects of immunization with M. vaccae on stress-induced colitis and anxiety-like or fear behaviors. These data provide a framework for developing microbiome- and immunoregulation-based strategies for prevention of stress-related pathologies.
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Peterlik D, Stangl C, Bludau A, Grabski D, Strasser R, Schmidt D, Flor PJ, Uschold-Schmidt N. Relief from detrimental consequences of chronic psychosocial stress in mice deficient for the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 7. Neuropharmacology 2016; 115:139-148. [PMID: 27188844 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress-related psychiatric conditions and comorbid somatic pathologies are an enormous public health concern in modern society. The etiology of these disorders is complex, with stressors holding a chronic and psychosocial component representing the most acknowledged risk factor. During the last decades, research on the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu) system advanced dramatically and much attention was given to the role of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 7 (mGlu7) in acute stress-related behavior and physiology. However, virtually nothing is known about the potential involvement of mGlu7 in chronic psychosocial stress-related conditions. Using the chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC, 19 days) in male mice, we addressed whether central mGlu7 is altered upon chronic psychosocial stressor exposure and whether genetic ablation of mGlu7 interferes with the multitude of chronic stress-induced alterations. CSC exposure resulted in a downregulation of mGlu7 mRNA transcript levels in the prefrontal cortex, a brain region relevant for stress-related behaviors and physiology. Interestingly, mGlu7 deficiency relieved multiple chronic stress-induced alterations including the CSC-induced anxiety-prone phenotype; mGlu7 ablation also ameliorated CSC-induced physiological and immunological consequences such as hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunctions and colonic inflammation, respectively. Together, our findings provide first evidence for the involvement of mGlu7 in a wide range of behavioral and physiological alterations in response to chronic psychosocial stressor exposure. Moreover, the stress-protective phenotype of genetic mGlu7 ablation suggests mGlu7 pharmacological blockade to be a relevant option for the treatment of chronic stress-related emotional and somatic dysfunctions. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, 5 years on'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Peterlik
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Stangl
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anna Bludau
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Grabski
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Strasser
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dominic Schmidt
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Flor
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Nicole Uschold-Schmidt
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Early life adversity and serotonin transporter gene variation interact to affect DNA methylation of the corticotropin-releasing factor gene promoter region in the adult rat brain. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 27:123-35. [PMID: 25640835 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414001345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between childhood maltreatment and the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene linked polymorphic region has been associated with increased risk to develop major depression. This Gene × Environment interaction has furthermore been linked with increased levels of anxiety and glucocorticoid release upon exposure to stress. Both endophenotypes are regulated by the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or hormone, which is expressed by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the central amygdala (CeA). Therefore, we hypothesized that altered regulation of the expression of CRF in these areas represents a major neurobiological mechanism underlying the interaction of early life stress and 5-HTT gene variation. The programming of gene transcription by Gene × Environment interactions has been proposed to involve epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation. In this study, we report that early life stress and 5-HTT genotype interact to affect DNA methylation of the Crf gene promoter in the CeA of adult male rats. Furthermore, we found that DNA methylation of a specific site in the Crf promoter significantly correlated with CRF mRNA levels in the CeA. Moreover, CeA CRF mRNA levels correlated with stress coping behavior in a learned helplessness paradigm. Together, our findings warrant further investigation of the link of Crf promoter methylation and CRF expression in the CeA with behavioral changes that are relevant for psychopathology.
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50
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Peterlik D, Flor PJ, Uschold-Schmidt N. The Emerging Role of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Stress-Related Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:514-39. [PMID: 27296643 PMCID: PMC4983752 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150515234920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress-related psychiatric conditions such as anxiety, depression, and alcohol abuse are an enormous public health concern. The etiology of these pathologies is complex, with psychosocial stressors being among the most frequently discussed risk factors. The brain glutamatergic neurotransmitter system has often been found involved in behaviors and pathophysiologies resulting from acute stress and fear. Despite this, relatively little is known about the role of glutamatergic system components in chronic psychosocial stress, neither in rodents nor in humans. Recently, drug discovery efforts at the metabotropic receptor subtypes of the glutamatergic system (mGlu1-8 receptors) led to the identification of pharmacological tools with emerging potential in psychiatric conditions. But again, the contribution of individual mGlu subtypes to the manifestation of physiological, molecular, and behavioral consequences of chronic psychosocial stress remains still largely unaddressed. The current review will describe animal models typically used to analyze acute and particularly chronic stress conditions, including models of psychosocial stress, and there we will discuss the emerging roles for mGlu receptor subtypes. Indeed, accumulating evidence indicates relevance and potential therapeutic usefulness of mGlu2/3 ligands and mGlu5 receptor antagonists in chronic stress-related disorders. In addition, a role for further mechanisms, e.g. mGlu7-selective compounds, is beginning to emerge. These mechanisms are important to be analyzed in chronic psychosocial stress paradigms, e.g. in the chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) model. We summarize the early results and discuss necessary future investigations, especially for mGlu5 and mGlu7 receptor blockers, which might serve to suggest improved therapeutic strategies to treat stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J Flor
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Nicole Uschold-Schmidt
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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