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Miller WL, White PC. History of Adrenal Research: From Ancient Anatomy to Contemporary Molecular Biology. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:70-116. [PMID: 35947694 PMCID: PMC9835964 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal is a small, anatomically unimposing structure that escaped scientific notice until 1564 and whose existence was doubted by many until the 18th century. Adrenal functions were inferred from the adrenal insufficiency syndrome described by Addison and from the obesity and virilization that accompanied many adrenal malignancies, but early physiologists sometimes confused the roles of the cortex and medulla. Medullary epinephrine was the first hormone to be isolated (in 1901), and numerous cortical steroids were isolated between 1930 and 1949. The treatment of arthritis, Addison's disease, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) with cortisone in the 1950s revolutionized clinical endocrinology and steroid research. Cases of CAH had been reported in the 19th century, but a defect in 21-hydroxylation in CAH was not identified until 1957. Other forms of CAH, including deficiencies of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 11β-hydroxylase, and 17α-hydroxylase were defined hormonally in the 1960s. Cytochrome P450 enzymes were described in 1962-1964, and steroid 21-hydroxylation was the first biosynthetic activity associated with a P450. Understanding of the genetic and biochemical bases of these disorders advanced rapidly from 1984 to 2004. The cloning of genes for steroidogenic enzymes and related factors revealed many mutations causing known diseases and facilitated the discovery of new disorders. Genetics and cell biology have replaced steroid chemistry as the key disciplines for understanding and teaching steroidogenesis and its disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Reproductive Sciences, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Perrin C White
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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2
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Tseng CS, Peng KY, Wang SM, Tsai YC, Huang KH, Lin WC, Hu YH, Wu VC, Chueh JS. A Novel Somatic Mutation of CACNA1H p.V1937M in Unilateral Primary Hyperaldosteronism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:816476. [PMID: 35757409 PMCID: PMC9218183 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.816476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic mutations for excess aldosterone production have been frequently identified as important roles in the pathogenesis of unilateral primary hyperaldosteronism (uPA). Although CACNA1H mutation represents a minor etiology in primary aldosteronism, it plays a significant role in causing uPAs in sporadic cases. OBJECTIVE To identify novel somatic CACNA1H mutation in patients with uPA and investigate the pathophysiological, immunohistological, and clinical characteristics of the variant. METHODS We applied a customized and targeted gene panel next-generation sequencing approach to detect mutations from the uPA cohort in Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigation study group. Information from pre-diagnostic to postoperative data was collected, including past history, medications, blood pressure readings, biochemical data, and image studies. The functional role of the variant was confirmed by in vitro studies, demonstrating aldosterone production in variant-transfected human adrenal cell lines. RESULTS We identified a novel somatic CACNA1H mutation c.5809G>A (p.Val1937Met) in a uPA case. The CACNA1H gene encodes the pore-forming alpha-1H subunit of the voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel Cav3.2. This somatic CACNA1H p.V1937M variant showed excellent clinical and biochemical outcomes after ipsilateral adrenalectomy. The functional effect of somatic CACNA1H p.V1937M variant results in increased CYP11B2 expression and aldosterone biosynthesis in HAC15 cells. A distinct heterogeneous foamy pattern of CYP11B2 and CYP17A1 expression was identified in immunohistological staining, supporting the pathological evidence of aldosterone synthesis. CONCLUSIONS The somatic mutation of CACNA1H p.V1937M might be a pathogenic driver in aldosterone overproduction. This study provides new insight into the molecular mechanism and disease outcomes of uPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Shin Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yung Peng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Meng Wang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chou Tsai
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzuchi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chou Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Hu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeff S. Chueh
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Jeff S. Chueh,
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Wellman K, Fu R, Baldwin A, Rege J, Murphy E, Rainey WE, Mukherjee N. Transcriptomic Response Dynamics of Human Primary and Immortalized Adrenocortical Cells to Steroidogenic Stimuli. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092376. [PMID: 34572026 PMCID: PMC8466536 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal steroid hormone production is a dynamic process stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and angiotensin II (AngII). These ligands initialize a rapid and robust gene expression response required for steroidogenesis. Here, we compare the predominant human immortalized cell line model, H295R cell, with primary cultures of adult adrenocortical cells derived from human kidney donors. We performed temporally resolved RNA-seq on primary cells stimulated with either ACTH or AngII at multiple time points. The magnitude of the expression dynamics elicited by ACTH was greater than AngII in primary cells. This is likely due to the larger population of adrenocortical cells that are responsive to ACTH. The dynamics of stimulus-induced expression in H295R cells are mostly recapitulated in primary cells. However, there are some expression responses in primary cells absent in H295R cells. These data are a resource for the endocrine community and will help researchers determine whether H295R is an appropriate model for the specific aspect of steroidogenesis that they are studying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Wellman
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.W.); (R.F.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rui Fu
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.W.); (R.F.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Amber Baldwin
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.W.); (R.F.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Juilee Rege
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.R.); (W.E.R.)
| | - Elisabeth Murphy
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.W.); (R.F.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - William E. Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.R.); (W.E.R.)
| | - Neelanjan Mukherjee
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.W.); (R.F.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(303)-724-1623
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Peng KY, Liao HW, Chueh JS, Pan CY, Lin YH, Chen YM, Chen PY, Huang CL, Wu VC. Pathophysiological and Pharmacological Characteristics of KCNJ5 157-159delITE Somatic Mutation in Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081026. [PMID: 34440230 PMCID: PMC8391641 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutated channelopathy could play important roles in the pathogenesis of aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). In this study, we identified a somatic mutation, KCNJ5 157-159delITE, and reported its immunohistological, pathophysiological and pharmacological characteristics. We conducted patch-clamp experiments on HEK293T cells and experiments on expression of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and aldosterone secretion in HAC15 cells to evaluate electrophysiological and functional properties of this mutated KCNJ5. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to identify expressions of several steroidogenic enzymes. Macrolide antibiotics and a calcium channel blocker were administrated to evaluate the functional attenuation of mutated KCNJ5 channel in transfected HAC15 cells. The interaction between macrolides and KCNJ5 protein was evaluated via molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation analysis. The immunohistochemistry analysis showed strong CYP11B2 immunoreactivity in the APA harboring KCNJ5 157-159delITE mutation. Whole-cell patch-clamp data revealed that mutated KCNJ5 157-159delITE channel exhibited loss of potassium ion selectivity. The mutant-transfected HAC15 cells increased the expression of CYP11B2 and aldosterone secretion, which was partially suppressed by clarithromycin and nifedipine but not roxithromycin treatment. The docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulation disclosed that roxithromycin had strong interaction with KCNJ5 L168R mutant channel but not with this KCNJ5 157-159delITE mutant channel. We showed comprehensive evaluations of the KCNJ5 157-159delITE mutation which revealed that it disrupted potassium channel selectivity and aggravated autonomous aldosterone production. We further demonstrated that macrolide antibiotics, roxithromycin, could not interfere the aberrant electrophysiological properties and gain-of-function aldosterone secretion induced by KCNJ5 157-159delITE mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Yung Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
| | | | - Jeff S. Chueh
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Yuan Pan
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Yung-Ming Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Peng-Ying Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Chun-Lin Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-23562082
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Enyeart JJ, Enyeart JA. Human adrenal glomerulosa cells express K2P and GIRK potassium channels that are inhibited by ANG II and ACTH. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C158-C175. [PMID: 34038243 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00118.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In whole cell patch clamp recordings, it was discovered that normal human adrenal zona glomerulosa (AZG) cells express members of the three major families of K+ channels. Among these are a two-pore (K2P) leak-type and a G protein-coupled, inwardly rectifying (GIRK) channel, both inhibited by peptide hormones that stimulate aldosterone secretion. The K2P current displayed properties identifying it as TREK-1 (KCNK2). This outwardly rectifying current was activated by arachidonic acid and inhibited by angiotensin II (ANG II), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), and forskolin. The activation and inhibition of TREK-1 was coupled to AZG cell hyperpolarization and depolarization, respectively. A second K2P channel, TASK-1 (KCNK3), was expressed at a lower density in AZG cells. Human AZG cells also express inwardly rectifying K+ current(s) (KIR) that include quasi-instantaneous and time-dependent components. This is the first report demonstrating the presence of KIR in whole cell recordings from AZG cells of any species. The time-dependent current was selectively inhibited by ANG II, and ACTH, identifying it as a G protein-coupled (GIRK) channel, most likely KIR3.4 (KCNJ5). The quasi-instantaneous KIR current was not inhibited by ANG II or ACTH and may be a separate non-GIRK current. Finally, AZG cells express a voltage-gated, rapidly inactivating K+ current whose properties identified as KV1.4 (KCNA4), a conclusion confirmed by Northern blot. These findings demonstrate that human AZG cells express K2P and GIRK channels whose inhibition by ANG II and ACTH is likely coupled to depolarization-dependent secretion. They further demonstrate that human AZG K+ channels differ fundamentally from the widely adopted rodent models for human aldosterone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Enyeart
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Judith A Enyeart
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Soejima Y, Iwata N, Nakano Y, Yamamoto K, Suyama A, Nada T, Ogawa H, Otsuka F. Involvement of clock gene expression, bone morphogenetic protein and activin in adrenocortical steroidogenesis by human H295R cells. Endocr J 2021; 68:243-250. [PMID: 33028758 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional interactions between the levels of clock gene expression and adrenal steroidogenesis were studied in human adrenocortical H295R cells. Fluctuations of Bmal1, Clock, Per2 and Cry1 mRNA levels were found in H295R cells treated with forskolin (FSK) in a serum-free condition. The changes of clock gene expression levels were diverged, with Clock mRNA level being significantly higher than Cry1 and Per2 mRNA levels after 12-h stimulation with FSK. After FSK induction, mRNA levels of StAR and CYP11B2 were highest at 12 hours and CYP17 mRNA level reached a peak at 6 hours, but HSD3B1 mRNA level was transiently decreased at 3 hours. The expression levels of Clock mRNA showed a significant positive correlation with StAR among the interrelationships between mRNA levels of key steroidogenic factors and clock genes. Knockdown of Clock gene by siRNA led to a significant reduction of FSK-induced expression of StAR and CYP17 after 12-h treatment with FSK. BMP-6 and activin, which modulate adrenal steroidogenesis, had inhibitory effects on Clock mRNA expression, whereas treatment with follistatin, a binding protein of activin, increased Clock mRNA levels in the presence of FSK, suggesting an endogenous function of activin in regulation of Clock mRNA expression. Collectively, the results indicated that changes of Clock mRNA expression, being upregulated by FSK and suppressed by BMP-6 and activin, were tightly linked to StAR expression by human adrenocortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Soejima
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nahoko Iwata
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakano
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Koichiro Yamamoto
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Suyama
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nada
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ogawa
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Fumio Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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7
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Nanba K, Blinder AR, Rainey WE. Primary Cultures and Cell Lines for In Vitro Modeling of the Human Adrenal Cortex. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2021; 253:217-232. [PMID: 33840647 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.253.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The human adrenal cortex is a complex endocrine organ that produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgens. These steroids are produced in distinct cell types located within the glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticularis of the adrenal cortex. Abnormal adrenal steroidogenesis leads to a variety of diseases that can cause hypertension, metabolic syndrome, infertility and premature adrenarche. The adrenal cortex can also develop steroid-producing adenomas and rarely adrenocortical carcinomas. In vitro cell culture models provide important tools to study molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling both the physiologic and pathologic conditions of the adrenal cortex. In addition, the presence of multiple steroid-metabolizing enzymes within adrenal cells makes it a model for defining possible endocrine disruptors that might block these enzymes. The regulation and dysregulation of human adrenal steroid production and cell division/tumor growth can be studied using freshly isolated cells but this requires access to human adrenal glands, which are not available to most investigators. Immortalized human adrenocortical cell lines have proven to be of considerable value in studying the molecular and biochemical mechanisms controlling adrenal steroidogenesis and tumorigenesis. Current human adrenal cell lines include the original NCI-H295 and its substrains: H295A, H295R, HAC13, HAC15, HAC50 and H295RA as well as the recently established MUC-1, CU-ACC1 and CU-ACC2. The current review will discuss the use of primary cultures of fetal and adult adrenal cells as well as adrenocortical cell lines as in vitro models for the study of human adrenal physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Nanba
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center
| | - Amy R Blinder
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan
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Manso J, Sharifi-Rad J, Zam W, Tsouh Fokou PV, Martorell M, Pezzani R. Plant Natural Compounds in the Treatment of Adrenocortical Tumors. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:5516285. [PMID: 34567112 PMCID: PMC8463247 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5516285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant natural products are a plethora of diverse and complex molecules produced by the plant secondary metabolism. Among these, many can reserve beneficial or curative properties when employed to treat human diseases. Even in cancer, they can be successfully used and indeed numerous phytochemicals exert antineoplastic activity. The most common molecules derived from plants and used in the fight against cancer are polyphenols, i.e., quercetin, genistein, resveratrol, curcumin, etc. Despite valuable data especially in preclinical models on such compounds, few of them are currently used in the medical practice. Also, in adrenocortical tumors (ACT), phytochemicals are scarcely or not at all used. This work summarizes the available research on phytochemicals used against ACT and adrenocortical cancer, a very rare disease with poor prognosis and high metastatic potential, and wants to contribute to stimulate preclinical and clinical research to find new therapeutic strategies among the overabundance of biomolecules produced by the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Manso
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Ospedale 105, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Wissam Zam
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tartous University, Tartous, Syria
| | | | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Raffaele Pezzani
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Ospedale 105, Padova 35128, Italy
- Phytotherapy Lab, Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, via Ospedale 105, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Kurlbaum M, Sbiera S, Kendl S, Martin Fassnacht M, Kroiss M. Steroidogenesis in the NCI-H295 Cell Line Model is Strongly Affected By Culture Conditions and Substrain. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 128:672-680. [PMID: 32349159 DOI: 10.1055/a-1105-6332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT NCI-H295 cells are the most widely used model for adrenal steroidogenesis and adrenocortical carcinoma and have been used for decades in laboratories worldwide. However, reported steroidogenic properties differ considerably. OBJECTIVE To evaluate heterogeneity of steroidogenesis among NCI-H295 cell strains, clarify the influence of culture media and test response to inhibitors of steroidogenesis by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). METHODS NCI-H295 cells were obtained from two cell banks and cultivated in different media. An LC-MS/MS-based panel analysis of thirteen steroids was adapted for cell culture supernatant. Cells were treated with metyrapone, abiraterone and mitotane. RESULTS Mineralocorticoid synthesis was strongly affected by passaging as reflected by reduction of aldosterone secretion from 0.158±0.006 to 0.017±0.001 µg/106 cells (p<0.05). Relevant differences were also found for cells from two vendors in terms of aldosterone secretion (0.180±0.001 vs. 0.09±0.002 µg/106 cells, p<0.05). Selection of medium strongly impacted on cortisol secretion with>4-fold difference (40.6±5.5 vs. 182.1±23 µg/106 cells) and reflected differential activation of the glucocorticoid pathway. Exposure to abiraterone, metyrapone and mitotane resulted in characteristic steroidogenic profiles consistent with known mechanism of drug action with considerable differences in metabolites upstream of the blocked enzyme. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that steroid hormone secretion in NCI-H295 cells is strongly affected by the individual strain, passage and growing conditions. These factors should be taken into account in the evaluation of experiments analyzing steroid parameters directly or as surrogate parameters of cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Kurlbaum
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- University Hospital Würzburg, Central Laboratory, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Kendl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- University Hospital Würzburg, Central Laboratory, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- University Hospital Würzburg, Central Laboratory, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Taylor MJ, Ullenbruch MR, Frucci EC, Rege J, Ansorge MS, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Begum S, Laufer E, Breault DT, Rainey WE. Chemogenetic activation of adrenocortical Gq signaling causes hyperaldosteronism and disrupts functional zonation. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:83-93. [PMID: 31738186 DOI: 10.1172/jci127429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid aldosterone is produced in the adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG) under the control of the renin-angiotensin II (AngII) system. Primary aldosteronism (PA) results from renin-independent production of aldosterone and is a common cause of hypertension. PA is caused by dysregulated localization of the enzyme aldosterone synthase (Cyp11b2), which is normally restricted to the ZG. Cyp11b2 transcription and aldosterone production are predominantly regulated by AngII activation of the Gq signaling pathway. Here, we report the generation of transgenic mice with Gq-coupled designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) specifically in the adrenal cortex. We show that adrenal-wide ligand activation of Gq DREADD receptors triggered disorganization of adrenal functional zonation, with induction of Cyp11b2 in glucocorticoid-producing zona fasciculata cells. This result was consistent with increased renin-independent aldosterone production and hypertension. All parameters were reversible following termination of DREADD-mediated Gq signaling. These findings demonstrate that Gq signaling is sufficient for adrenocortical aldosterone production and implicate this pathway in the determination of zone-specific steroid production within the adrenal cortex. This transgenic mouse also provides an inducible and reversible model of hyperaldosteronism to investigate PA therapeutics and the mechanisms leading to the damaging effects of aldosterone on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Taylor
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew R Ullenbruch
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily C Frucci
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juilee Rege
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark S Ansorge
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Salma Begum
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Edward Laufer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Pang HW, Linares A, Couling L, Santollo J, Ancheta L, Daniels D, Speth RC. Novel high molecular weight albumin-conjugated angiotensin II activates β-arrestin and G-protein pathways. Endocrine 2019; 66:349-359. [PMID: 31020463 PMCID: PMC7901354 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the ability of a novel bovine serum albumin-angiotensin II (BSA-Ang II) conjugate to effect responses of the AT1 angiotensin II receptor subtype mediated by the G-protein-coupled and the beta-arrestin pathways. METHODS Angiotensin II (Ang II) was conjugated with bovine serum albumin and compared with Ang II for competition binding to AT1 receptors, to stimulate aldosterone release from adrenocortical cells, to promote beta-arrestin binding to AT1 receptors, to promote calcium mobilization, and stimulate drinking of water and saline by rats. RESULTS The BSA-Ang II conjugate was less potent competing for AT1R binding, but was equally efficacious at stimulating aldosterone release from H295R adrenocortical cells. Both BSA-Ang II and Ang II stimulated calcium mobilization and beta-arrestin binding to AT1 receptors. BSA-Ang II and Ang II stimulated water appetite equivalently but BSA-Ang II stimulated saline appetite more than Ang II. Both BSA-Ang II and Ang II were considerably more potent at causing calcium mobilization than β-arrestin binding. CONCLUSIONS Addition of a high molecular weight molecule to Ang II reduced its AT1 receptor binding affinity, but did not significantly alter stimulation of aldosterone release or water consumption. The BSA-Ang II conjugate caused a greater saline appetite than Ang II suggesting that it may be a more efficacious agonist of this beta-arrestin-mediated response than Ang II. The higher potency calcium signaling response suggests that the G-protein-coupled responses predominate at physiological concentrations of Ang II, while the beta-arrestin response requires pathophysiological or pharmacological concentrations of Ang II to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Weng Pang
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA
| | - Andrea Linares
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA
| | - Leena Couling
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA
| | - Jessica Santollo
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Leonardo Ancheta
- Advanced Targeting Systems, 10451 Roselle St. #300, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Derek Daniels
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Robert C Speth
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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12
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Rodríguez Castaño P, Parween S, Pandey AV. Bioactivity of Curcumin on the Cytochrome P450 Enzymes of the Steroidogenic Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184606. [PMID: 31533365 PMCID: PMC6770025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Turmeric, a popular ingredient in the cuisine of many Asian countries, comes from the roots of the Curcuma longa and is known for its use in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. Turmeric is rich in curcuminoids, including curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Curcuminoids have potent wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic activities. While curcuminoids have been studied for many years, not much is known about their effects on steroid metabolism. Since many anti-cancer drugs target enzymes from the steroidogenic pathway, we tested the effect of curcuminoids on cytochrome P450 CYP17A1, CYP21A2, and CYP19A1 enzyme activities. When using 10 µg/mL of curcuminoids, both the 17α-hydroxylase as well as 17,20 lyase activities of CYP17A1 were reduced significantly. On the other hand, only a mild reduction in CYP21A2 activity was observed. Furthermore, CYP19A1 activity was also reduced up to ~20% of control when using 1–100 µg/mL of curcuminoids in a dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking studies confirmed that curcumin could dock onto the active sites of CYP17A1, CYP19A1, as well as CYP21A2. In CYP17A1 and CYP19A1, curcumin docked within 2.5 Å of central heme while in CYP21A2 the distance from heme was 3.4 Å, which is still in the same range or lower than distances of bound steroid substrates. These studies suggest that curcuminoids may cause inhibition of steroid metabolism, especially at higher dosages. Also, the recent popularity of turmeric powder as a dilatory supplement needs further evaluation for the effect of curcuminoids on steroid metabolism. The molecular structure of curcuminoids could be modified to generate better lead compounds with inhibitory effects on CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 for potential drugs against prostate cancer and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rodríguez Castaño
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shaheena Parween
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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13
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Auchus RJ. Introduction to the 2018 Keith L. Parker Award Lecture, William E. Rainey, PhD. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 188:131-133. [PMID: 30605778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Adrenal Cortex Meeting celebrated the awarding of the Keith L. Parker Award Lecture to William E. (Bill) Rainey, and this article reviews his training, career, and contributions to the field of adrenal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, and the Program for Disorders of Sexual Development, University of Michigan, Room 5560A, MSRBII, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States.
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14
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Spät A, Szanda G. Mitochondrial cAMP and Ca 2+ metabolism in adrenocortical cells. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:1141-1148. [PMID: 29876637 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The biological effects of physiological stimuli of adrenocortical glomerulosa cells are predominantly mediated by the Ca2+ and the cAMP signal transduction pathways. The complex interplay between these signalling systems fine-tunes aldosterone secretion. In addition to the well-known cytosolic interactions, a novel intramitochondrial Ca2+-cAMP interplay has been recently recognised. The cytosolic Ca2+ signal is rapidly transferred into the mitochondrial matrix where it activates Ca2+-sensitive dehydrogenases, thus enhancing the formation of NADPH, a cofactor of steroid synthesis. Quite a few cell types, including H295R adrenocortical cells, express the soluble adenylyl cyclase within the mitochondria and the elevation of mitochondrial [Ca2+] activates the enzyme, thus resulting in the Ca2+-dependent formation of cAMP within the mitochondrial matrix. On the other hand, mitochondrial cAMP (mt-cAMP) potentiates the transfer of cytosolic Ca2+ into the mitochondrial matrix. This cAMP-mediated positive feedback control of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake may facilitate the rapid hormonal response to emergency situations since knockdown of soluble adenylyl cyclase attenuates aldosterone production whereas overexpression of the enzyme facilitates steroidogenesis in vitro. Moreover, the mitochondrial Ca2+-mt-cAMP-Ca2+ uptake feedback loop is not a unique feature of adrenocortical cells; a similar signalling system has been described in HeLa cells as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Spät
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, POB 2, Budapest, 1428, Hungary.
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gergő Szanda
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, POB 2, Budapest, 1428, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Long-term presence of angiotensin II type 1 receptor autoantibody reduces aldosterone production by triggering Ca2+ overload in H295R cells. Immunol Res 2017; 66:44-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Teo AED, Garg S, Johnson TI, Zhao W, Zhou J, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Gurnell M, Brown MJ. Physiological and Pathological Roles in Human Adrenal of the Glomeruli-Defining Matrix Protein NPNT (Nephronectin). Hypertension 2017; 69:1207-1216. [PMID: 28416583 PMCID: PMC5424579 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is a common cause of hypertension, which becomes refractory if undiagnosed, but potentially curable when caused by an aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). The discovery of somatic mutations and differences in clinical presentations led to recognition of small but common zona glomerulosa (ZG)-like adenomas, distinct from classical large zona fasciculata-like adenomas. The inverse correlation between APA size and aldosterone synthase expression prompted us to undertake a systematic study of genotype-phenotype relationships. After a microarray comparing tumor subtypes, in which NPNT (nephronectin) was the most highly (>12-fold) upregulated gene in ZG-like APAs, we aimed to determine its role in physiological and pathological aldosterone production. NPNT was identified by immunohistochemistry as a secreted matrix protein expressed exclusively around aldosterone-producing glomeruli in normal adrenal ZG and in aldosterone-dense ZG-like APAs; the highest expression was in ZG-like APAs with gain-of-function CTNNB1 mutations, whose removal cured hypertension in our patients. NPNT was absent from normal zona fasciculata, zona fasciculata-like APAs, and ZG adjacent to an APA. NPNT production was regulated by canonical Wnt pathway, and NPNT overexpression or silencing increased or reduced aldosterone, respectively. NPNT was proadhesive in primary adrenal and APA cells but antiadhesive and antiapoptotic in immortalized adrenocortical cells. The discovery of NPNT in the adrenal helped recognition of a common subtype of APAs and a pathway by which Wnt regulates aldosterone production. We propose that this arises through NPNT's binding to cell-surface integrins, stimulating cell-cell contact within glomeruli, which define ZG. Therefore, NPNT or its cognate integrin could present a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Ee Der Teo
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital (A.E.D.T., S.G., J.Z., M.J.B.), Tissue Bank, Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (W.Z.), NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital (M.G.), MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre (T.I.J.), and Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (M.G.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (J.Z., M.J.B.); Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Centre, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Research and Medicine Services, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Centre, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Sumedha Garg
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital (A.E.D.T., S.G., J.Z., M.J.B.), Tissue Bank, Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (W.Z.), NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital (M.G.), MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre (T.I.J.), and Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (M.G.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (J.Z., M.J.B.); Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Centre, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Research and Medicine Services, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Centre, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Timothy Isaac Johnson
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital (A.E.D.T., S.G., J.Z., M.J.B.), Tissue Bank, Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (W.Z.), NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital (M.G.), MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre (T.I.J.), and Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (M.G.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (J.Z., M.J.B.); Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Centre, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Research and Medicine Services, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Centre, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Wanfeng Zhao
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital (A.E.D.T., S.G., J.Z., M.J.B.), Tissue Bank, Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (W.Z.), NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital (M.G.), MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre (T.I.J.), and Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (M.G.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (J.Z., M.J.B.); Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Centre, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Research and Medicine Services, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Centre, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Junhua Zhou
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital (A.E.D.T., S.G., J.Z., M.J.B.), Tissue Bank, Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (W.Z.), NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital (M.G.), MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre (T.I.J.), and Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (M.G.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (J.Z., M.J.B.); Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Centre, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Research and Medicine Services, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Centre, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Celso Enrique Gomez-Sanchez
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital (A.E.D.T., S.G., J.Z., M.J.B.), Tissue Bank, Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (W.Z.), NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital (M.G.), MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre (T.I.J.), and Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (M.G.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (J.Z., M.J.B.); Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Centre, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Research and Medicine Services, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Centre, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Mark Gurnell
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital (A.E.D.T., S.G., J.Z., M.J.B.), Tissue Bank, Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (W.Z.), NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital (M.G.), MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre (T.I.J.), and Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (M.G.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (J.Z., M.J.B.); Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Centre, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Research and Medicine Services, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Centre, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Morris Jonathan Brown
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital (A.E.D.T., S.G., J.Z., M.J.B.), Tissue Bank, Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (W.Z.), NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital (M.G.), MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre (T.I.J.), and Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (M.G.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (J.Z., M.J.B.); Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Centre, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Research and Medicine Services, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Centre, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.).
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17
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Odermatt A, Strajhar P, Engeli RT. Disruption of steroidogenesis: Cell models for mechanistic investigations and as screening tools. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 158:9-21. [PMID: 26807866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the modern world, humans are exposed during their whole life to a large number of synthetic chemicals. Some of these chemicals have the potential to disrupt endocrine functions and contribute to the development and/or progression of major diseases. Every year approximately 1000 novel chemicals, used in industrial production, agriculture, consumer products or as pharmaceuticals, are reaching the market, often with limited safety assessment regarding potential endocrine activities. Steroids are essential endocrine hormones, and the importance of the steroidogenesis pathway as a target for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been recognized by leading scientists and authorities. Cell lines have a prominent role in the initial stages of toxicity assessment, i.e. for mechanistic investigations and for the medium to high throughput analysis of chemicals for potential steroidogenesis disrupting activities. Nevertheless, the users have to be aware of the limitations of the existing cell models in order to apply them properly, and there is a great demand for improved cell-based testing systems and protocols. This review intends to provide an overview of the available cell lines for studying effects of chemicals on gonadal and adrenal steroidogenesis, their use and limitations, as well as the need for future improvements of cell-based testing systems and protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Petra Strajhar
- Swiss Center for Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roger T Engeli
- Swiss Center for Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Jothie Richard E, Illuri R, Bethapudi B, Anandhakumar S, Bhaskar A, Chinampudur Velusami C, Mundkinajeddu D, Agarwal A. Anti-stress Activity of Ocimum sanctum: Possible Effects on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Phytother Res 2016; 30:805-14. [PMID: 26899341 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated anti-stress potential of Ocimum sanctum in chronic variable stress (CVS) paradigm. Further, the possible mechanism of anti-stress was explored in vitro using cell and cell-free assays. Rats were administered O. sanctum followed by CVS regimen for a period of 16 days. On days 4, 8, 12, and 16, body weight and immobility time in forced swim test were measured. In addition, the possible inhibitory effect of O. sanctum and ursolic acid on cortisol release and CRHR1 receptor activity were studied in cell-based assays, while inhibitory effects on 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) were studied in cell-free assays. CVS group demonstrated less body weight gain and higher immobility time than O. sanctum administered groups, while oral administration of O. sanctum significantly increased body weight gain and decreased the immobility time. Further, O. sanctum and its constituents inhibited cortisol release and exhibited a significant CRHR1 receptor antagonist activity. Also, they had specific inhibitory activity towards 11β-HSD1 and COMT activity. Thus, O. sanctum was found to be effective in the management of stress effects, and anti-stress activity could be due to inhibition of cortisol release, blocking CRHR1 receptor, and inhibiting 11β-HSD1 and COMT activities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amit Agarwal
- R&D Centre, Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
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19
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Wang X, Yang C, Ihsan A, Luo X, Guo P, Cheng G, Dai M, Chen D, Liu Z, Yuan Z. High risk of adrenal toxicity of N1-desoxy quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives and the protection of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC) in the inhibition of the expression of aldosterone synthetase in H295R cells. Toxicology 2016; 341-343:1-16. [PMID: 26802905 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives (QdNOs) with a wide range of biological activities are used in animal husbandry worldwide. It was found that QdNOs significantly inhibited the gene expression of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2, the key aldosterone synthases, and thus reduced aldosterone levels. However, whether the metabolites of QdNOs have potential adrenal toxicity and the role of oxidative stress in the adrenal toxicity of QdNOs remains unclear. The relatively new QdNOs, cyadox (CYA), mequindox (MEQ), quinocetone (QCT) and their metabolites, were selected for elucidation of their toxic mechanisms in H295R cells. Interestingly, the results showed that the main toxic metabolites of QCT, MEQ, and CYA were their N1-desoxy metabolites, which were more harmful than other metabolites and evoked dose and time-dependent cell damage on adrenal cells and inhibited aldosterone production. Gene and protein expression of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 and mRNA expression of transcription factors, such as NURR1, NGFIB, CREB, SF-1, and ATF-1, were down regulated by N1-desoxy QdNOs. The natural inhibitors of oxidant stress, oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), could upregulate the expression of diverse transcription factors, including CYP11B1 and CYP11B2, and elevated aldosterone levels to reduce adrenal toxicity. This study demonstrated for the first time that N1-desoxy QdNOs have the potential to be the major toxic metabolites in adrenal toxicity, which may shed new light on the adrenal toxicity of these fascinating compounds and help to provide a basic foundation for the formulation of safety controls for animal products and the design of new QdNOs with less harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Awais Ihsan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Xun Luo
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pu Guo
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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20
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Papillon JPN, Lou C, Singh AK, Adams CM, Ksander GM, Beil ME, Chen W, Leung-Chu J, Fu F, Gan L, Hu CW, Jeng AY, LaSala D, Liang G, Rigel DF, Russell KS, Vest JA, Watson C. Discovery of N-[5-(6-Chloro-3-cyano-1-methyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-ethanesulfonamide, a Cortisol-Sparing CYP11B2 Inhibitor that Lowers Aldosterone in Human Subjects. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9382-94. [PMID: 26540564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human clinical studies conducted with LCI699 established aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) inhibition as a promising novel mechanism to lower arterial blood pressure. However, LCI699's low CYP11B1/CYP11B2 selectivity resulted in blunting of adrenocorticotropic hormone-stimulated cortisol secretion. This property of LCI699 prompted its development in Cushing's disease, but limited more extensive clinical studies in hypertensive populations, and provided an impetus for the search for cortisol-sparing CYP11B2 inhibitors. This paper summarizes the discovery, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic data in preclinical species and human subjects of the selective CYP11B2 inhibitor 8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael E Beil
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Jennifer Leung-Chu
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Fumin Fu
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | | | - Chii-Whei Hu
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Arco Y Jeng
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Daniel LaSala
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | | | - Dean F Rigel
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
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21
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Kienitz MC, Mergia E, Pott L. NCI-H295R cell line as in vitro model of hyperaldosteronism lacks functional KCNJ5 (GIRK4; Kir3.4) channels. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 412:272-80. [PMID: 25998841 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a major cause of aldosterone producing adenomas, numerous gain-of-function mutations in the KCNJ5 gene (encoding the K(+) channel subunit GIRK4) have been identified. The human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line NCI-H295R is the most frequently used cellular model for in vitro studies related to regulation of aldosterone-synthesis. Because of the undefined role of KCNJ5 (GIRK4) in regulating synthesis of aldosterone, we aimed at identifying basal and G protein-activated GIRK4 currents in this paradigmatic cell line. The GIRK-specific blocker Tertiapin-Q did not affect basal current. Neither loading of the cells with GTP-γ-S via the patch-clamp pipette nor agonist stimulation of an infected A1-adenosine receptor resulted in activation of GIRK current. In cells co-infected with KCNJ5, robust activation of basal and adenosine-activated inward-rectifying current was observed. Although GIRK4 protein can be detected in Western blots of H295R homogenates, we suggest that GIRK4 in aldosterone-producing cells does not form functional G(βγ)-activated channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evanthia Mergia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lutz Pott
- Institute of Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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22
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Katona D, Rajki A, Di Benedetto G, Pozzan T, Spät A. Calcium-dependent mitochondrial cAMP production enhances aldosterone secretion. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 412:196-204. [PMID: 25958040 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glomerulosa cells secrete aldosterone in response to agonists coupled to Ca(2+) increases such as angiotensin II and corticotrophin, coupled to a cAMP dependent pathway. A recently recognized interaction between Ca(2+) and cAMP is the Ca(2+)-induced cAMP formation in the mitochondrial matrix. Here we describe that soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is expressed in H295R adrenocortical cells. Mitochondrial cAMP formation, monitored with a mitochondria-targeted fluorescent sensor (4mtH30), is enhanced by HCO3(-) and the Ca(2+) mobilizing agonist angiotensin II. The effect of angiotensin II is inhibited by 2-OHE, an inhibitor of sAC, and by RNA interference of sAC, but enhanced by an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase PDE2A. Heterologous expression of the Ca(2+) binding protein S100G within the mitochondrial matrix attenuates angiotensin II-induced mitochondrial cAMP formation. Inhibition and knockdown of sAC significantly reduce angiotensin II-induced aldosterone production. These data provide the first evidence for a cell-specific functional role of mitochondrial cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Katona
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anikó Rajki
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Giulietta Di Benedetto
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - András Spät
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary.
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23
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Nakamura Y, Yamazaki Y, Konosu-Fukaya S, Ise K, Satoh F, Sasano H. Aldosterone biosynthesis in the human adrenal cortex and associated disorders. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 153:57-62. [PMID: 26051166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is one of the mineralocorticoids synthesized and secreted by the adrenal glands, and it plays pivotal roles in regulating extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. Autonomous excessive aldosterone secretion resulting from adrenocortical diseases is known as primary aldosteronism, and it constitutes one of the most frequent causes of secondary hypertension. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of aldosterone synthesis in both normal and pathological adrenal tissues. Various factors have been suggested to be involved in regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis, and several adrenocortical cell lines have been developed for use as in vitro models of adrenal aldosterone-producing cells, for analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the available reports on the regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis in the normal adrenal cortex, in associated disorders, and in in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Sachiko Konosu-Fukaya
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazue Ise
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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24
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Hara T, Otsuka F, Tsukamoto-Yamauchi N, Inagaki K, Hosoya T, Nakamura E, Terasaka T, Komatsubara M, Makino H. Mutual effects of melatonin and activin on induction of aldosterone production by human adrenocortical cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 152:8-15. [PMID: 25889901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin has been reported to suppress adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion in the anterior pituitary and cortisol production in the adrenal by different mechanisms. However, the effect of melatonin on aldosterone production has remained unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of melatonin in the regulation of aldosterone production using human adrenocortical H295R cells by focusing on the activin system expressed in the adrenal. Melatonin receptor MT1 mRNA and protein were expressed in H295R cells and the expression levels of MT1 were increased by activin treatment. Activin increased ACTH-induced, but not angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced, aldosterone production. Melatonin alone did not affect basal synthesis of either aldosterone or cortisol. However, melatonin effectively enhanced aldosterone production induced by co-treatment with ACTH and activin, although melatonin had no effect on aldosterone production induced by Ang II in combination with activin. These changes in steroidogenesis became apparent when the steroid production was evaluated by the ratio of aldosterone/cortisol. Melatonin also enhanced dibutyryl-AMP-induced aldosterone/cortisol levels in the presence of activin, suggesting a functional link to the cAMP-PKA pathway for induction of aldosterone production by melatonin and activin. In accordance with the data for steroids, ACTH-induced, but not Ang II-induced, cAMP synthesis was also amplified by co-treatment with melatonin and activin. Furthermore, the ratio of ACTH-induced mRNA level of CYP11B2 compared with that of CYP17 was amplified in the condition of treatment with both melatonin and activin. In addition, melatonin increased expression of the activin type-I receptor ALK-4 but suppressed expression of inhibitory Smads6/7, leading to the enhancement of Smad2 phosphorylation. Collectively, the results showed that melatonin facilitated aldosterone production induced by ACTH and activin via the cAMP-PKA pathway. The results also suggested that mutual enhancement of melatonin and activin receptor signaling is involved in the induction of aldosterone output by adrenocortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Fumio Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | | | - Kenichi Inagaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hosoya
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Eri Nakamura
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Terasaka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Motoshi Komatsubara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Makino
- Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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25
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Papillon JPN, Adams CM, Hu QY, Lou C, Singh AK, Zhang C, Carvalho J, Rajan S, Amaral A, Beil ME, Fu F, Gangl E, Hu CW, Jeng AY, LaSala D, Liang G, Logman M, Maniara WM, Rigel DF, Smith SA, Ksander GM. Structure–Activity Relationships, Pharmacokinetics, and in Vivo Activity of CYP11B2 and CYP11B1 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4749-70. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien P. N. Papillon
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher M. Adams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Qi-Ying Hu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Changgang Lou
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alok K. Singh
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chun Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jose Carvalho
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Srinivan Rajan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Adam Amaral
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael E. Beil
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Fumin Fu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Eric Gangl
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chii-Whei Hu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Arco Y. Jeng
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Daniel LaSala
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Guiqing Liang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Logman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wieslawa M. Maniara
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dean F. Rigel
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Sherri A. Smith
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gary M. Ksander
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Abstract
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized in and secreted from the outer layer of the adrenal cortex, the zona glomerulosa. Aldosterone is responsible for regulating sodium homeostasis, thereby helping to control blood volume and blood pressure. Insufficient aldosterone secretion can lead to hypotension and circulatory shock, particularly in infancy. On the other hand, excessive aldosterone levels, or those too high for sodium status, can cause hypertension and exacerbate the effects of high blood pressure on multiple organs, contributing to renal disease, stroke, visual loss, and congestive heart failure. Aldosterone is also thought to directly induce end-organ damage, including in the kidneys and heart. Because of the significance of aldosterone to the physiology and pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system, it is important to understand the regulation of its biosynthesis and secretion from the adrenal cortex. Herein, the mechanisms regulating aldosterone production in zona glomerulosa cells are discussed, with a particular emphasis on signaling pathways involved in the secretory response to the main controllers of aldosterone production, the renin-angiotensin II system, serum potassium levels and adrenocorticotrophic hormone. The signaling pathways involved include phospholipase C-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, cytosolic calcium levels, calcium influx pathways, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, diacylglycerol, protein kinases C and D, 12-hydroxyeicostetraenoic acid, phospholipase D, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, tyrosine kinases, adenylate cyclase, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. A complete understanding of the signaling events regulating aldosterone biosynthesis may allow the identification of novel targets for therapeutic interventions in hypertension, primary aldosteronism, congestive heart failure, renal disease, and other cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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27
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Angiotensin II triggers expression of the adrenal gland zona glomerulosa-specific 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoenzyme through de novo protein synthesis of the orphan nuclear receptors NGFIB and NURR1. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3880-94. [PMID: 25092869 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00852-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) is an enzyme crucial for steroid synthesis. Two different 3β-HSD isoforms exist in humans. Classically, HSD3B2 was considered the principal isoform present in the adrenal. However, we recently showed that the alternative isoform, HSD3B1, is expressed specifically within the adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG), where aldosterone is produced, raising the question of why this isozyme needs to be expressed in this cell type. Here we show that in both human and mouse, expression of the ZG isoform 3β-HSD is rapidly induced upon angiotensin II (AngII) stimulation. AngII is the key peptide hormone regulating the capacity of aldosterone synthesis. Using the human adrenocortical H295R cells as a model system, we show that the ZG isoform HSD3B1 differs from HSD3B2 in the ability to respond to AngII. Mechanistically, the induction of HSD3B1 involves de novo protein synthesis of the nuclear orphan receptors NGFIB and NURR1. The HSD3B1 promoter contains a functional NGFIB/NURR1-responsive element to which these proteins bind in response to AngII. Knockdown of these proteins and overexpression of a dominant negative NGFIB both reduce the AngII responsiveness of HSD3B1. Thus, the AngII-NGFIB/NURR1 pathway controls HSD3B1. Our work reveals HSD3B1 as a new regulatory target of AngII.
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28
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Howard B, Wang Y, Xekouki P, Faucz FR, Jain M, Zhang L, Meltzer PG, Stratakis CA, Kebebew E. Integrated analysis of genome-wide methylation and gene expression shows epigenetic regulation of CYP11B2 in aldosteronomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E536-43. [PMID: 24423307 PMCID: PMC3942229 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Differential methylation of CpG regions is the best-defined mechanism of epigenetic regulation of gene expression. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine whether any changes in methylation are associated with aldosteronomas. METHODS We performed integrated genome-wide methylation and gene expression profiling in aldosteronomas (n = 25) as compared with normal adrenal cortical tissue (n = 10) and nonfunctioning adrenocortical tumors (n = 13). To determine the effect of demethylation on gene expression of CYP11B2, the H295R cell line was used. RESULTS The methylome of aldosteronomas, normal adrenal cortex, and nonfunctioning adrenocortical tumors was distinct, with hypomethylation of aldosteronomas. Integrated analysis of gene expression and methylation status showed that 53 of 60 genes were hypermethylated and downregulated, or hypomethylated and upregulated, in aldosteronomas. Of these, 3 genes that regulate steroidogenic signals and synthesis in adrenocortical cells were differentially methylated: AVPR1α and PRKCA were downregulated and hypermethylated, and CYP11B2 was upregulated and hypomethylated. Demethylation treatment resulted in upregulation of these genes, with direct hypomethylation of CpG sites associated with the genes. The CpG island in the promoter region of CYP11B2 was hypomethylated in aldosteronomas but not in blood DNA from the same patients (P = .0004). CONCLUSIONS Altered methylation in aldosteronomas is associated with dysregulated expression of genes involved in steroid biosynthesis. Aldosteronomas are hypomethylated, and CYP11B2 is overexpressed and hypomethylated in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi Howard
- Endocrine Oncology (B.H., M.J., L.Z., E.K.) and Genetics (Y.W., P.G.M.) Branches, National Cancer Institute, and Section on Endocrinology and Genetics (P.X., F.R.F, C.A.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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29
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Hadrup N, Taxvig C, Pedersen M, Nellemann C, Hass U, Vinggaard AM. Concentration addition, independent action and generalized concentration addition models for mixture effect prediction of sex hormone synthesis in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70490. [PMID: 23990906 PMCID: PMC3750043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are concomitantly exposed to numerous chemicals. An infinite number of combinations and doses thereof can be imagined. For toxicological risk assessment the mathematical prediction of mixture effects, using knowledge on single chemicals, is therefore desirable. We investigated pros and cons of the concentration addition (CA), independent action (IA) and generalized concentration addition (GCA) models. First we measured effects of single chemicals and mixtures thereof on steroid synthesis in H295R cells. Then single chemical data were applied to the models; predictions of mixture effects were calculated and compared to the experimental mixture data. Mixture 1 contained environmental chemicals adjusted in ratio according to human exposure levels. Mixture 2 was a potency adjusted mixture containing five pesticides. Prediction of testosterone effects coincided with the experimental Mixture 1 data. In contrast, antagonism was observed for effects of Mixture 2 on this hormone. The mixtures contained chemicals exerting only limited maximal effects. This hampered prediction by the CA and IA models, whereas the GCA model could be used to predict a full dose response curve. Regarding effects on progesterone and estradiol, some chemicals were having stimulatory effects whereas others had inhibitory effects. The three models were not applicable in this situation and no predictions could be performed. Finally, the expected contributions of single chemicals to the mixture effects were calculated. Prochloraz was the predominant but not sole driver of the mixtures, suggesting that one chemical alone was not responsible for the mixture effects. In conclusion, the GCA model seemed to be superior to the CA and IA models for the prediction of testosterone effects. A situation with chemicals exerting opposing effects, for which the models could not be applied, was identified. In addition, the data indicate that in non-potency adjusted mixtures the effects cannot always be accounted for by single chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hadrup
- Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Camilla Taxvig
- Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Mikael Pedersen
- Division of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Christine Nellemann
- Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Ulla Hass
- Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Vinggaard
- Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
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Müller-Fielitz H, Lau M, Jöhren O, Stellmacher F, Schwaninger M, Raasch W. Blood pressure response to angiotensin II is enhanced in obese Zucker rats and is attributed to an aldosterone-dependent mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:2417-29. [PMID: 22452651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Plasma aldosterone levels correlate positively with obesity, suggesting a link between the hypertension associated with obesity and increased mineralocorticoid levels. We tested the hypothesis that aldosterone is involved in the BP response to angiotensin II (AngII) in obese rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Lean (LZR) and obese (OZR) Zucker rats were treated with AngII (9 µg·h(-1) ; 4 weeks), and BP and plasma AngII and aldosterone were determined. KEY RESULTS Chronic AngII increased the BP in OZR markedly more so than in LZR. Plasma AngII levels in LZR and OZR were similar after AngII treatment. The AngII stimulated a rise in plasma aldosterone that was sixfold more in OZR than in LZR. The thickness of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal glands was selectively increased by AngII in OZR. Adrenal mRNA levels of CYP11B2 aldosterone synthase and the AT(1B) receptor were selectively increased in AngII-treated OZR. The BP response to chronic AngII stimulation was diminished in OZR after adrenalectomy when plasma aldosterone was absent. Acute bolus injections of AngII did not increase the BP response or aldosterone release in OZR. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The AngII-induced BP response is enhanced in obesity and this is associated with a specific increase in circulating aldosterone. Due to the AngII-induced growth of the zona glomerulosa in OZR, the AT(1B) receptors and aldosterone synthase may be selectively enhanced in obesity under concomitant AngII stimulation, increasing the adrenal synthesis of aldosterone. Our results confirm functionally that aldosterone plays a major role in obesity-related hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Müller-Fielitz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany
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31
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Rajamohan SB, Raghuraman G, Prabhakar NR, Kumar GK. NADPH oxidase-derived H(2)O(2) contributes to angiotensin II-induced aldosterone synthesis in human and rat adrenal cortical cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:445-59. [PMID: 22214405 PMCID: PMC3365360 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System plays a pivotal role in hypertension. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a major regulator of aldosterone synthesis and secretion, and it is known to facilitate reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in many cell types. AIMS Here, we assessed the role of ROS signaling in Ang II-induced aldosterone synthesis by focusing on the regulation of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2), a cytochrome P450 oxidase that catalyzes the final step in aldosterone biosynthetic pathway. RESULTS Ang II increased CYP11B2 activity, mRNA and protein with a concomitant elevation of 6-Carboxy- 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescence, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels (indices of ROS), NADPH oxidase (Nox) activity, and H(2)O(2) levels in human and rat adrenal cortical cells. The expression of nuclear receptor related 1 protein, a transcription factor known to regulate CYP11B2 expression, was also augmented by Ang II. These Ang II-evoked effects were either abolished or attenuated by pretreatment of cells with either Ang II type I receptor (AT(1)R) antagonist, or antioxidants or Nox inhibitor or siRNA silencing of Nox1, 2 and 4, or inhibitors of phospholipase C and protein kinase C. Exogenous H(2)O(2) mimicked the facilitatory effects of Ang II on CYP11B2 activity, mRNA, and protein expression, and these changes were significantly reduced by PEG-catalase. INNOVATION ROS, particularly H(2)O(2), is identified as a key regulator of aldosterone production. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Ang II facilitates CYP11B2 activity and the ensuing aldosterone production via activation of AT(1)R-Nox-H(2)O(2) signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar B Rajamohan
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Integrative Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, USA
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32
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Abstract
The human adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens. These steroids are produced from unique cell types located within the three distinct zones of the adrenal cortex. Disruption of adrenal steroid production results in a variety of diseases that can lead to hypertension, metabolic syndrome, infertility and androgen excess. The adrenal cortex is also a common site for the development of adenomas, and rarely the site for the development of carcinomas. The adenomas can lead to diseases associated with adrenal steroid excess, while the carcinomas are particularly aggressive and have a poor prognosis. In vitro cell culture models provide important tools to examine molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling both the normal and pathologic function of the adrenal cortex. Herein, we discuss currently available human adrenocortical carcinoma cell lines and their use as model systems for adrenal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Hattangady N, Olala L, Bollag WB, Rainey WE. Acute and chronic regulation of aldosterone production. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:151-62. [PMID: 21839803 PMCID: PMC3253327 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is the major mineralocorticoid synthesized by the adrenal and plays an important role in the regulation of systemic blood pressure through the absorption of sodium and water. Aldosterone production is regulated tightly by selective expression of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) in the adrenal outermost zone, the zona glomerulosa. Angiotensin II (Ang II), potassium (K(+)) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) are the main physiological agonists which regulate aldosterone secretion. Aldosterone production is regulated within minutes of stimulation (acutely) through increased expression and phosphorylation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and over hours to days (chronically) by increased expression of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of aldosterone, particularly CYP11B2. Imbalance in any of these processes may lead to several disorders of aldosterone excess. In this review we attempt to summarize the key molecular events involved in the acute and chronic phases of aldosterone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Hattangady
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University (formerly the Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Lawrence Olala
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University (formerly the Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University (formerly the Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904
| | - William E. Rainey
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University (formerly the Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: William E. Rainey, Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912, , Tel: (706) 721-7665, Fax: (706) 721-7299
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Zhang D, Flint O, Wang L, Gupta A, Westhouse RA, Zhao W, Raghavan N, Caceres-Cortes J, Marathe P, Shen G, Zhang Y, Allentoff A, Josephs J, Gan J, Borzilleri R, Humphreys WG. Cytochrome P450 11A1 bioactivation of a kinase inhibitor in rats: use of radioprofiling, modulation of metabolism, and adrenocortical cell lines to evaluate adrenal toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:556-71. [PMID: 22295996 DOI: 10.1021/tx200524d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A drug candidate, BMS-A ((N-(4-((1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-4-yl)oxy)-3-fluorophenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl) 2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine- 3-carboxamide)), was associated with dose- and time-dependent vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of the adrenal cortex following oral administration to rats. Pretreatment with 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), a nonspecific P450 inhibitor, ameliorated the toxicity. In vivo and in vitro systems, including adrenal cortex-derived cell lines, were used to study the mechanism responsible for the observed toxicity. Following an oral dose of the C-14 labeled compound, two hydroxylated metabolites of the parent (M2 and M3) were identified as prominent species found only in adrenal glands and testes, two steroidogenic organs. In addition, a high level of radioactivity was covalently bound to adrenal tissue proteins, 40% of which was localized in the mitochondrial fraction. ABT pretreatment reduced localization of radioactivity in the adrenal gland. Low levels of radioactivity bound to proteins were also observed in testes. Both M3 and covalent binding to proteins were found in incubations with mitochondrial fraction isolated from adrenal tissue in the presence of NADPH. In vitro formation of M3 and covalent binding to proteins were not affected by addition of GSH or a CYP11B1/2 inhibitor, metyrapone (MTY), but were inhibited by ketoconazole (KTZ) and a CYP11A1 inhibitor, R-(+)-aminoglutethimide (R-AGT). BMS-A induced apoptosis in a mouse adrenocortical cell line (Y-1) but not in a human cell line (H295R). Metabolite M3 and covalent binding to proteins were also produced in Y-1 and to a lesser extent in H295R cells. The cell toxicity, formation of M3, and covalent binding to proteins were all diminished by R-AGT but not by MTY. These results are consistent with a CYP11A1-mediated bioactivation to generate a reactive species, covalent binding to proteins, and subsequently rat adrenal toxicity. The thorough understanding of the metabolism-dependent adrenal toxicity was useful to evaluate cross-species adrenal toxicity potential of this compound and related analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
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Wang T, Rowland JG, Parmar J, Nesterova M, Seki T, Rainey WE. Comparison of aldosterone production among human adrenocortical cell lines. Horm Metab Res 2012; 44:245-50. [PMID: 22266826 PMCID: PMC4269336 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1298019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Several human adrenocortical cell lines have been used as model systems for aldosterone production. However, these cell lines have not been directly compared with each other. Human adrenal cell lines SW13, CAR47, the NCI-H295 and its sub-strains and sub-clones were compared with regard to aldosterone production and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression. Culture media was collected 48 h after incubation, aldosterone secretion was measured and the data were normalized to the amount of cell protein. RNA was isolated for microarray analysis and quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR). The cell lines with the highest aldosterone production were further tested with regard to angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulation. Neither aldosterone nor CYP11B2 transcript were detected in SW13 or CAR47 cells. The aldosterone production by the NCI-H295, H295A, H295R-S1, H295R-S2, H295R-S3, HAC13, HAC15 and HAC50 were 119, 1, 6, 826, 18, 139, 412, and 1 334 (pmol/mg protein/48 h), respectively. H295A and H295R-S1 expressed less CYP11B2 than the commonly used H295R-S3 cells; while NCI-H295, H295R-S2, HAC13, HAC15 and HAC50 expressed 24-, 14-, 3-, 10-, and 35-fold higher CYP11B2 compared with the H295R-S3 cells. When treated with Ang II, NCI-H295, H295R-S2, HAC13, HAC15 and HAC50 showed significantly higher aldosterone production than the basal level (p<0.05). A comparison of the available human adrenal cell lines indicates that the H295R-S2 and the clonal cell lines, HAC13, HAC15 and HAC50 produced the highest levels of aldosterone and responded well to Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wang
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Bovee TFH, Helsdingen RJR, Hamers ARM, Brouwer BA, Nielen MWF. Recombinant cell bioassays for the detection of (gluco)corticosteroids and endocrine-disrupting potencies of several environmental PCB contaminants. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:873-82. [PMID: 21681646 PMCID: PMC3140938 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and robust bioassays for glucocorticoids are very useful for the pharmaceutical industry, environmental scientists and veterinary control. Here, a recombinant yeast cell was constructed that expresses the human glucocorticoid receptor alpha and a green fluorescent reporter protein in response to glucocorticoids. Both the receptor construct and the reporter construct were stably integrated into the yeast genome. The correct and specific functioning of this yeast glucocorticoid bioassay was studied by exposures to cortisol and other related compounds and critically compared to a GR-CALUX bioassay based on a human bone cell. Although less sensitive, the new yeast glucocorticoid bioassay showed sensitivity towards all (gluco)corticoids tested, with the following order in relative potencies: budesonide >> corticosterone > dexamethasone > cortisol = betamethasone > prednisolone > aldosterone. Hormone representatives for other hormone nuclear receptors, like 17β-estradiol for the oestrogen receptor, 5α-dihydrotestosterone for the androgen receptor and progesterone for the progesterone receptor, showed no clear agonistic responses, whilst some polychlorinated biphenyls were clearly able to interfere with the GR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toine F H Bovee
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Sneeringer R, Penzias AS, Barrett B, Usheva A. High levels of mineralocorticoids in preovulatory follicular fluid could contribute to oocyte development. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:182-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hammer F, Edwards NC, Hughes BA, Steeds RP, Ferro CJ, Townend JN, Stewart PM. The effect of spironolactone upon corticosteroid hormone metabolism in patients with early stage chronic kidney disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 73:566-72. [PMID: 20550533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Aldosterone has emerged as an important mediator of disease progression and mortality in patients with chronic heart and kidney disease (CKD). Despite the increasing use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in these patients, little is known about the effects on corticosteroid hormone secretion and metabolism. OBJECTIVE To assess corticosteroid hormone secretion and metabolism in patients with early stage CKD before and after spironolactone (Spiro). DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled interventional study. SETTING Single tertiary referral centre. PATIENTS A total of 112 patients with stable stage 2/3 CKD. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive either Spiro 25 mg once daily or placebo for 36 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (AngII) and steroid hormones were analysed by standard assays; urinary corticosteroid hormone metabolites (5α+5β-tetrahydro-cortisol (5α+5β-THF), TH-cortisone (THE), 3α5β-TH-aldosterone (TH-Aldo), 5α+5β-TH-deoxycorticosterone (5α+5β-TH-DOC), TH-11-desoxycortisol (THS)) were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) was inversely correlated with eGFR (r = -0·331, P < 0·001). Urinary 24-h excretion of TH-Aldo was correlated with PAC (r = 0·214, P < 0·05) and diastolic blood pressure (BP) (r = 0·212, P = <0·05), whereas total 24-h urinary cortisol metabolite excretion was correlated with systolic BP (r = 0·316, P < 0·01). In addition, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) type 1 activity (urinary 5α+5β-THF)/THE) ratio) was correlated with PRA (r = 0·277, P < 0·01). Spiro treatment significantly reduced BP (123 ± 11/76 ± 7 vs 119 ± 11/73 ± 8 mmHg, P < 0·01) despite renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system induction, reflected by increased urinary 24-h TH-Aldo excretion (17·6 (12, 86) vs 26 (18, 80) μg/24 h, P < 0·05). By contrast, Spiro had no effect on total urinary cortisol metabolite excretion, 11β-hydroxylase, 11β-HSD type 1 and 2 activity. CONCLUSIONS Aldo and cortisol are positively associated with BP suggesting that adrenal hyperactivity may in part explain the increased cardiovascular risk in patients with early end-stage CKD. Addition of Spiro had no effect on glucocorticoid metabolism or total 24-h corticosteroid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hammer
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham Foundation NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
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Sirianni R, Nogueira E, Bassett MH, Carr BR, Suzuki T, Pezzi V, Andò S, Rainey WE. The AP-1 family member FOS blocks transcriptional activity of the nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:3956-65. [PMID: 20980388 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.055806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid production in the adrenal zona glomerulosa is under the control of angiotensin II (Ang II), which, upon binding to its receptor, activates protein kinase C (PKC) within these cells. PKC is a potent inhibitor of the steroidogenic enzyme CYP17. We have demonstrated that, in the ovary, PKC activates expression of FOS, a member of the AP-1 family, and increased expression of this gene is linked to CYP17 downregulation. However, the pathway and the molecular mechanism responsible for the inhibitory effect of PKC on CYP17 expression are not defined. Herein, we demonstrated that Ang II inhibited CYP17 through PKC and ERK1/2-activated FOS and that blocking FOS expression decreased PKC-mediated inhibition. Although CYP17 transcription was activated by the nuclear receptor SF-1, expression of FOS resulted in a decrease in SF-1-mediated gene transcription. FOS physically interacted with the hinge region of SF-1 and modulated its transactivity, thus preventing binding of cofactors such as SRC1 and CBP, which were necessary to fully activate CYP17 transcription. Collectively, these results indicate a new regulatory mechanism for SF-1 transcriptional activity that might influence adrenal zone-specific expression of CYP17, a mechanism that can potentially be applied to other steroidogenic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Sirianni
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology and Cell Biology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS) 87036, Italy
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Romero DG, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Angiotensin II-regulated transcription regulatory genes in adrenal steroidogenesis. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42A:259-66. [PMID: 20876845 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00098.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription regulatory genes are crucial modulators of cell physiology and metabolism whose intracellular levels are tightly controlled in response to extracellular stimuli. We previously reported a set of 29 transcription regulatory genes modulated by angiotensin II in H295R human adrenocortical cells and their roles in regulating the expression of the last and unique enzymes of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid biosynthetic pathways, 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase, respectively, using gene expression reporter assays. To study the effect of this set of transcription regulatory genes on adrenal steroidogenesis, H295R cells were transfected by high-efficiency nucleofection and aldosterone and cortisol were measured in cell culture supernatants under basal and angiotensin II-stimulated conditions. BCL11B, BHLHB2, CITED2, ELL2, HMGA1, MAFF, NFIL3, PER1, SERTAD1, and VDR significantly stimulated aldosterone secretion, while EGR1, FOSB, and ZFP295 decreased aldosterone secretion. BTG2, HMGA1, MITF, NR4A1, and ZFP295 significantly increased cortisol secretion, while BCL11B, NFIL3, PER1, and SIX2 decreased cortisol secretion. We also report the effect of some of these regulators on the expression of endogenous aldosterone synthase and 11β-hydroxylase under basal and angiotensin II-stimulated conditions. In summary, this study reports for the first time the effects of a set of angiotensin II-modulated transcription regulatory genes on aldosterone and cortisol secretion and the expression levels of the last and unique enzymes of the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid biosynthetic pathways. Abnormal regulation of mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid secretion is involved in several pathophysiological conditions. These transcription regulatory genes may be involved in adrenal steroidogenesis pathologies; thus they merit additional study as potential candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian G Romero
- Endocrinology, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
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41
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Li D, Sewer MB. RhoA and DIAPH1 mediate adrenocorticotropin-stimulated cortisol biosynthesis by regulating mitochondrial trafficking. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4313-23. [PMID: 20591975 PMCID: PMC2940507 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones are formed by the successive action of enzymes that are localized in mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Compartmentalization of these enzymes in different subcellular organelles dictates the need for efficient transfer of intermediary metabolites between the mitochondrion and ER; however, the molecular determinants that regulate interorganelle substrate exchange are unknown. The objective of this study was to define the molecular mechanism by which adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) signaling regulates communication between mitochondria and the ER during steroidogenesis. Using live cell video confocal microscopy, we found that ACTH and dibutyryl cAMP rapidly increased the rate of mitochondrial movement. Inhibiting tubulin polymerization prevented both basal and ACTH/cAMP-stimulated mitochondrial trafficking and decreased cortisol secretion. This decrease in cortisol secretion evoked by microtubule inhibition was paralleled by an increase in dehydroepiandrosterone production. In contrast, treatment with paclitaxel to stabilize microtubules or latrunculin B to inhibit actin polymerization and disrupt microfilament organization increased both mitochondrial trafficking and cortisol biosynthesis. ACTH-stimulated mitochondrial movement was dependent on RhoA and the RhoA effector, diaphanous-related homolog 1 (DIAPH1). ACTH signaling temporally increased the cellular concentrations of GTP-bound and Ser-188 phosphorylated RhoA, which promoted interaction with DIAPH1. Expression of a dominant-negative RhoA mutant or silencing DIAPH1 impaired mitochondrial trafficking and cortisol biosynthesis and concomitantly increased the secretion of adrenal androgens. We conclude that ACTH regulates cortisol production by facilitating interorganelle substrate transfer via a process that is mediated by RhoA and DIAPH1, which act to coordinate the dynamic trafficking of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Li
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0704, USA
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42
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Williams TA, Monticone S, Morello F, Liew CC, Mengozzi G, Pilon C, Asioli S, Sapino A, Veglio F, Mulatero P. Teratocarcinoma-Derived Growth Factor-1 Is Upregulated in Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas and Increases Aldosterone Secretion and Inhibits Apoptosis In Vitro. Hypertension 2010; 55:1468-75. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.150318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A. Williams
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Monticone
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fulvio Morello
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Choong-Chin Liew
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulio Mengozzi
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Catia Pilon
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sofia Asioli
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Sapino
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Franco Veglio
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Shapiro BA, Olala L, Arun SN, Parker PM, George MV, Bollag WB. Angiotensin II-activated protein kinase D mediates acute aldosterone secretion. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 317:99-105. [PMID: 19961896 PMCID: PMC2814994 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin II (AngII)-aldosterone system can contribute to cardiovascular disease, such that an understanding of this system is critical. Diacylglycerol-sensitive serine/threonine protein kinase D (PKD) is activated by AngII in several systems, including the human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line NCI H295R, where this enzyme enhances chronic (24h) AngII-evoked aldosterone secretion. However, the role of PKD in acute AngII-elicited aldosterone secretion has not been previously examined. In primary cultures of bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells, which secrete detectable quantities of aldosterone in response to secretagogues within minutes, PKD was activated in response to AngII, but not an elevated potassium concentration or adrenocorticotrophic hormone. This activation was time- and dose-dependent and occurred through the AT1, but not the AT2, receptor. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of constitutively active PKD resulted in enhanced AngII-induced aldosterone secretion; whereas overexpression of a dominant-negative PKD construct decreased AngII-stimulated aldosterone secretion. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that PKD mediates acute AngII-induced aldosterone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Shapiro
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Lawrence Olala
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Senthil Nathan Arun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Peter M. Parker
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Mariya V. George
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904
- Departments of Physiolgy, Medicine, Cell Biology and Anatomy and Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Wendy B. Bollag, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912, TEL: (706) 721-0698, FAX: (706) 721-7299,
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44
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Regulation of adrenal aldosterone production by serine protease prostasin. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:793843. [PMID: 20204133 PMCID: PMC2831482 DOI: 10.1155/2010/793843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A serine protease prostasin has been demonstrated to have a pivotal role in the activation of the epithelial sodium channel. Systemic administration of adenovirus carrying human prostasin gene in rats resulted in an increase in plasma prostasin and aldosterone levels. However, the mechanism by which the elevation of prostasin levels in the systemic circulation stimulated the plasma aldosterone levels remains unknown. Therefore, we examined if prostasin increases the aldosterone synthesis in a human adrenocortical cell line (H295R cells). Luciferase assay using CYP11B2 promoter revealed that prostasin significantly increased the transcriptional activity of CYP11B2. Prostasin significantly increased both CYP11B2 mRNA expression and aldosterone production in a dose-dependent manner. Surprisingly, treatment with camostat mesilate, a potent prostasin inhibitor, had no effect on the aldosterone synthesis by prostasin and also a protease-dead mutant of prostasin significantly stimulated the aldosterone production. A T-type/L-type calcium channel blocker and a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor significantly reduced the aldosterone synthesis by prostasin. Our findings suggest a stimulatory effect of prostasin on the aldosterone synthesis by adrenal gland through the nonproteolytic action and indicate a new role of prostasin in the systemic circulation.
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45
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Ingram MC, Fraser R. Plasma corticosteroid profiling: brief opinion of its current status in clinical diagnosis and research. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2010; 5:181-188. [PMID: 30764044 DOI: 10.1586/eem.09.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal steroid biosynthesis comprises a series of dynamically interrelated, enzyme-catalyzed reactions in two separate compartments, the zona glomerulosa and the zona fasciculata/reticularis. End products (cortisol, aldosterone and androgens), together with a proportion of the intermediate compounds, appear in the circulation as a characteristic profile. Rare deficiencies of individual enzymes modify this profile in a recognizable way. Previous exhaustive profiling suggests that their diagnosis can now often be made on the basis of single-compound analyses with concomitant genetic tests. However, high-capacity liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry-based methods are facilitating profiling of large population samples, revealing that smaller differences in enzyme efficiency, indicated by potentially more complex corticosteroid patterns, may be related to clinical wellbeing in a much larger proportion of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Ingram
- a MRC Blood Pressure Group, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Robert Fraser
- a MRC Blood Pressure Group, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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46
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The AAA+ ATPase ATAD3A controls mitochondrial dynamics at the interface of the inner and outer membranes. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:1984-96. [PMID: 20154147 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00007-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic interactions between components of the outer (OM) and inner (IM) membranes control a number of critical mitochondrial functions such as channeling of metabolites and coordinated fission and fusion. We identify here the mitochondrial AAA(+) ATPase protein ATAD3A specific to multicellular eukaryotes as a participant in these interactions. The N-terminal domain interacts with the OM. A central transmembrane segment (TMS) anchors the protein in the IM and positions the C-terminal AAA(+) ATPase domain in the matrix. Invalidation studies in Drosophila and in a human steroidogenic cell line showed that ATAD3A is required for normal cell growth and cholesterol channeling at contact sites. Using dominant-negative mutants, including a defective ATP-binding mutant and a truncated 50-amino-acid N-terminus mutant, we showed that ATAD3A regulates dynamic interactions between the mitochondrial OM and IM sensed by the cell fission machinery. The capacity of ATAD3A to impact essential mitochondrial functions and organization suggests that it possesses unique properties in regulating mitochondrial dynamics and cellular functions in multicellular organisms.
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47
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Ohlsson Å, Ullerås E, Oskarsson A. A biphasic effect of the fungicide prochloraz on aldosterone, but not cortisol, secretion in human adrenal H295R cells—Underlying mechanisms. Toxicol Lett 2009; 191:174-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Qin H, Kent P, Isales CM, Parker PM, Wilson MV, Bollag WB. The role of calcium influx pathways in phospholipase D activation in bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. J Endocrinol 2009; 202:77-86. [PMID: 19372190 PMCID: PMC3743046 DOI: 10.1677/joe-09-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone aldosterone maintains sodium homeostasis and is therefore important in the control of blood volume and pressure. Angiotensin II (AngII) and elevated extracellular potassium concentrations ([K(+)](e)), the prime physiologic regulators of aldosterone secretion from adrenal glomerulosa cells, activate phospholipase D (PLD) in these cells. The role of Ca(2+) in the activation by these agents is unknown, although nitrendipine, a voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channel antagonist, does not inhibit AngII-elicited PLD activation, despite the fact that this compound blocked elevated [K(+)](e)-stimulated PLD activity. PLD activation triggered by AngII was also unaffected by the T-type calcium channel inhibitor nickel. Nevertheless, Ca(2+) influx was required for AngII-induced PLD activation in both primary cultures of bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells and a glomerulosa cell model, the NCI H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cell line. The involvement of store-operated Ca(2+) (SOC) influx and Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) influx pathways in PLD activation was investigated using thapsigargin, an endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump inhibitor that empties the store to induce SOC influx, and the SOC inhibitor YM-58483 (BTP2), as well as a CRAC inhibitor, tyrphostin A9. In bovine glomerulosa cells, tyrphostin A9 inhibited AngII-induced PLD activation without affecting elevated [K(+)](e)-stimulated enzyme activity. On the other hand, differences were observed between the bovine adrenal glomerulosa and H295R cells in the involvement of Ca(2+) influx pathways in PLD activation, with the involvement of the SOC pathway suggested in the H295R cells. In summary, our results indicate that Ca(2+) entry only through certain Ca(2+) influx pathways is linked to PLD activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Qin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Patricia Kent
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Carlos M. Isales
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Peter M. Parker
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Mariya V. Wilson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
- Address correspondence to: Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912, Tel. 706-721-0698; Fax 706-721-7915;
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49
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Zhang X, Newsted JL, Hecker M, Higley EB, Jones PD, Giesy JP. Classification of chemicals based on concentration-dependent toxicological data using ToxClust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:3926-3932. [PMID: 19544909 DOI: 10.1021/es8029472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concentration-dependent response relationships provide essential information on the characteristics of chemical-induced effects on toxicological end points, which include effect (inhibition or induction), potency, and efficacy of the chemical. Recent developments in systems biology and high throughputtechnologies have allowed simultaneous examination of many chemicals at multiple end point levels. While this increase in the quantity of information generated offers great potential, it also poses a significant challenge to environmental scientists to efficiently manage and interpret these large data sets. Here we present a novel method, ToxClust, that allows clustering of chemicals on the basis of concentration-response data derived with single or multiple end points. This method utilizes a least distance-searching algorithm (LDSA) to measure the pattern dissimilarity of concentration-response curves between chemicals and their relative toxic potency. ToxClust was tested using simulated data and chemical test data collected from the human H295R cell-based in vitro steroidogenesis assay. ToxClust effectively identified similar patterns of simulated data and responses to the exposure with the five model chemicals and separated them into different groups on the basis of their dissimilarities. These observations demonstrate that ToxClust not only provides an effective data analysis and visualization tool, but also has value in hypothesis generation and mechanism-based chemical classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon SK S7N 5B3, Canada.
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50
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Yanes LL, Romero DG. Dihydrotestosterone stimulates aldosterone secretion by H295R human adrenocortical cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 303:50-6. [PMID: 19428991 PMCID: PMC2681414 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Men exhibit a higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases than do women. The cardiovascular actions of sex steroids have been suggested as primary factors in mediating this sex difference. The mechanisms by which sex steroids, androgens and estrogens, mediate cardiovascular actions remain unclear. Excess aldosterone secretion has been associated with cardiovascular diseases. The hypothesis tested in this study was that at physiological concentrations, androgens stimulate and estradiol inhibits aldosterone secretion by human adrenal cells. In contrast to our hypothesis, physiological concentrations of sex steroids did not modify aldosterone secretion by H295R human adrenocortical cells. However, supraphysiological concentrations (300-1000 nM) of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) significantly stimulated basal and Angiotensin II-mediated aldosterone secretion. The stimulatory effect of DHT on aldosterone secretion was not blocked by the classical androgen receptor blocker flutamide. The stimulatory effect of DHT on aldosterone secretion was also independent of the intra-adrenal renin-angiotensin system since it was neither modified by treatment with the Angiotensin II receptor type 1 blocker losartan or the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril. Inhibitors of the calmodulin/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) and protein kinase C intracellular signaling pathways abolished the DHT stimulatory effect on aldosterone secretion by H295R cells. In conclusion, physiological concentrations of sex steroids did not modify aldosterone secretion by human adrenal cells. However, supraphysiological concentrations of DHT-stimulated aldosterone secretion by human adrenal cells by the calmodulin/CaMK and protein kinase C intracellular signaling pathways but independently of the classical androgen receptor. Supraphysiological doses of androgen may promote cardiovascular diseases via stimulation of aldosterone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licy L Yanes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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