β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes: postulated mechanisms and prospects for prevention and treatment

Autologous intraarterial pancreatic bone-marrow mononuclear cells infusion in T2D patients: Changes on beta-cells function, insulin resistance, and inflammatory marker

BACKGROUND

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a progressive disease. Many drugs currently being used for the management of T2D have minimal effect on pancreatic beta cells regeneration. Cell-based therapies might provide potential benefits in this aspect.

METHODS

A pilot study in five T2D patients with 12 months follow-up was performed to evaluate the effect of autologous bone marrow mononuclear stem cells (BM-MNCs) infusion into pancreatic arteries on the insulin requirement, beta-cell function, insulin resistance, and systemic inflammatory marker (CRP).

RESULTS

The primary endpoint, a 50 % reduction of total insulin doses from baseline, was not achieved in this study. However, a trend of increasing fasting C-peptide (p = 0.07) and C-peptide 60' (p = 0.07) and 90' (p = 0.07) after a mixed-meal tolerance test was observed 12 months post-infusion compared to baseline levels. A similar result was observed for the homeostatic model assessment of beta cell function (HOMA1-B), an index for beta cell function. No improvement was observed for insulin resistance measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA1-IR) and systemic inflammatory parameter.

CONCLUSION

Intraarterial pancreatic autologous BM-MNCs infusion might potentially improve beta cell function in T2D patients, although further study is needed to confirm this finding.

Pancreatic beta-cell mass and function and therapeutic implications of using antidiabetic medications in type 2 diabetes

Nowadays, the focus of diabetes treatment has switched from lowering the glucose level to preserving glycemic homeostasis and slowing the disease progression. The main pathophysiology of both type 1 diabetes and long-standing type 2 diabetes is pancreatic β-cell mass loss and dysfunction. According to recent research, human pancreatic β-cells possess the ability to proliferate in response to elevated insulin demands. It has been demonstrated that in insulin-resistant conditions in humans, such as obesity or pregnancy, the β-cell mass increases. This ability could be helpful in developing novel treatment approaches to restore a functional β-cell mass. Treatment strategies aimed at boosting β-cell function and mass may be a useful tool for managing diabetes mellitus and stopping its progression. This review outlines the processes of β-cell failure and detail the many β-cell abnormalities that manifest in people with diabetes mellitus. We also go over standard techniques for determining the mass and function of β-cells. Lastly, we provide the therapeutic implications of utilizing antidiabetic drugs in controlling the mass and function of pancreatic β-cells.

Impact of Ghrelin on Islet Size in Nonpregnant and Pregnant Female Mice

Reducing ghrelin by ghrelin gene knockout (GKO), ghrelin-cell ablation, or high-fat diet feeding increases islet size and β-cell mass in male mice. Here we determined if reducing ghrelin also enlarges islets in females and if pregnancy-associated changes in islet size are related to reduced ghrelin. Islet size and β-cell mass were larger (P = .057 for β-cell mass) in female GKO mice. Pregnancy was associated with reduced ghrelin and increased liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2; a ghrelin receptor antagonist) in wild-type mice. Ghrelin deletion and pregnancy each increased islet size (by ∼19.9-30.2% and ∼34.9-46.4%, respectively), percentage of large islets (>25 µm2×103, by ∼21.8-42% and ∼21.2-41.2%, respectively), and β-cell mass (by ∼15.7-23.8% and ∼65.2-76.8%, respectively). Neither islet cross-sectional area, β-cell cross-sectional area, nor β-cell mass correlated with plasma ghrelin, although all positively correlated with LEAP2 (P = .081 for islet cross-sectional area). In ad lib-fed mice, there was an effect of pregnancy, but not ghrelin deletion, to change (raise) plasma insulin without impacting blood glucose. Similarly, there was an effect of pregnancy, but not ghrelin deletion, to change (lower) blood glucose area under the curve during a glucose tolerance test. Thus, genetic deletion of ghrelin increases islet size and β-cell cross-sectional area in female mice, similar to males. Yet, despite pregnancy-associated reductions in ghrelin, other factors appear to govern islet enlargement and changes to insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in the setting of pregnancy. In the case of islet size and β-cell mass, one of those factors may be the pregnancy-associated increase in LEAP2.

In vitro and in silico inhibitory validation of Tapinanthus cordifolius leaf extract on alpha-glucosidase in the management of type 2 diabetes

The anti-diabetic properties of medicinal plants are becoming more widely recognized. To identify potential anti-diabetic agents for diabetes drug discovery, the current study used in vitro and in silico approaches to assess the alpha glucosidase inhibitory activities of Tapinanthus cordifolius (TC) leaf extracts and its bioactive components respectively. In vitro alpha glucosidase inhibitory assay was carried out on TC extract and fractions at various concentrations (50-1600 µg/mL), and the compounds with alpha glucosidase inhibitory potentials were identified using molecular docking, pharmacophore modelling, and molecular dynamics simulation. The crude extract exhibited the highest activity with an IC50 value of 248 μg/mL. Out of the 42 phytocompounds of the extract, α-Tocopherol-β-d-mannoside gave the lowest binding energy of -6.20 Kcal/mol followed by, 5-Ergosterol (-5.46 kcal/mol), Acetosyringone (-4.76 kcal/mol), and Benzaldehyde, 4-(Ethylthio)-2,5-Dimethoxy-(-4.67 kcal/mol). The selected compounds interacted with critical active site amino acid residues of alpha-glucosidase, just like the reference ligand. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed the formation of a stable complex between α-glucosidase and α-Tocopherol-β-d-mannoside, with ASP 564 sustaining two hydrogen bond connections for 99.9 and 75.0% of the simulation duration, respectively. Therefore, the selected TC compounds, especially α-Tocopherol-β-d-mannoside might be explored for future research and development as diabetic medicines.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Sox9 regulates alternative splicing and pancreatic beta cell function

Despite significant research, mechanisms underlying the failure of islet beta cells that result in type 2 diabetes (T2D) are still under investigation. Here, we report that Sox9, a transcriptional regulator of pancreas development, also functions in mature beta cells. Our results show that Sox9-depleted rodent beta cells have defective insulin secretion, and aging animals develop glucose intolerance, mimicking the progressive degeneration observed in T2D. Using genome editing in human stem cells, we show that beta cells lacking SOX9 have stunted first-phase insulin secretion. In human and rodent cells, loss of Sox9 disrupts alternative splicing and triggers accumulation of non-functional isoforms of genes with key roles in beta cell function. Sox9 depletion reduces expression of protein-coding splice variants of the serine-rich splicing factor arginine SRSF5, a major splicing enhancer that regulates alternative splicing. Our data highlight the role of SOX9 as a regulator of alternative splicing in mature beta cell function.

The p66Shc Redox Protein and the Emerging Complications of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease, the prevalence of which is constantly increasing worldwide. It is often burdened by disabling comorbidities that reduce the quality and expectancy of life of the affected individuals. The traditional complications of diabetes are generally described as macrovascular complications (e.g., coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke), and microvascular complications (e.g., diabetic kidney disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy). Recently, due to advances in diabetes management and the increased life expectancy of diabetic patients, a strong correlation between diabetes and other pathological conditions (such as liver diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive impairments, and sleep disorders) has emerged. Therefore, these comorbidities have been proposed as emerging complications of diabetes. P66Shc is a redox protein that plays a role in oxidative stress, apoptosis, glucose metabolism, and cellular aging. It can be regulated by various stressful stimuli typical of the diabetic milieu and is involved in various types of organ and tissue damage under diabetic conditions. Although its role in the pathogenesis of diabetes remains controversial, there is strong evidence regarding the involvement of p66Shc in the traditional complications of diabetes. In this review, we will summarize the evidence supporting the role of p66Shc in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications, focusing for the first time on the emerging complications of diabetes.

Age-Related Changes in Proinsulin Processing in Normoglycemic Individuals

In order to understand the pathological changes associated with glucose homeostasis in old age, it is necessary to know the natural changes in the processing of proinsulin to mature insulin. While there is abundant information about insulin production and function in diabetics, the situation in healthy adults and the elderly has surprisingly rarely been investigated. The aim of the study was to determine how proinsulin secretion changes in individuals with normal glucose tolerance during the process of natural aging. A total of 761 individuals (539 women, 222 men) aged 18-90 years with normal fasting glycemia (less than 5.6 mmol/l) were divided into five groups according to age. Body composition and levels of fasting blood glucose, proinsulin, insulin, and C-peptide were determined, and the ratios of proinsulin to both insulin and C-peptide were calculated. The homeostasis model of ?-cell function (HOMA F) and peripheral insulin resistance (HOMA R) were calculated. The effect of age was assessed using an ANOVA model consisting of the factors sex, age, and sex × age interaction. Statgraphics Centurion v. XVIII statistical software was used. Glycemia, insulin, C-peptide and HOMA R increased in both sexes up to 75 years. On the contrary, proinsulin levels as well as proinsulin/insulin and proinsulin/C-peptide ratios decreased with age up to 75 years. In normoglycemic and normotolerant people, both women and men, the aging process is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity compensated by potentiation of insulin production. In older age, there is also a gradual decrease in circulating proinsulin, which can be explained by its more efficient processing into active insulin by matured healthy beta cells.

Use of a biomimetic hydrogel depot technology for sustained delivery of GLP-1 receptor agonists reduces burden of diabetes management

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone and neurotransmitter secreted from intestinal L cells in response to nutrients to stimulate insulin and block glucagon secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. Long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have become central to treating type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, these therapies are burdensome, as they must be taken daily or weekly. Technological innovations that enable less frequent administrations would reduce patient burden and increase patient compliance. Herein, we leverage an injectable hydrogel depot technology to develop a GLP-1 RA drug product capable of months-long GLP-1 RA delivery. Using a rat model of T2D, we confirm that one injection of hydrogel-based therapy sustains exposure of GLP-1 RA over 42 days, corresponding to a once-every-4-months therapy in humans. Hydrogel therapy maintains management of blood glucose and weight comparable to daily injections of a leading GLP-1 RA drug. This long-acting GLP-1 RA treatment is a promising therapy for more effective T2D management.

Potential of rosmarinic acid from Orthosiphon aristatus extract for inflammatory induced diseases and its mechanisms of action

Orthosiphon aristatus has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb for various illnesses in Southeast Asia and Europe. The most dominant bioactive compound of the herb is rosmarinic acid (RosA) which has been demonstrated for its remarkable anti-inflammatory properties. This review describes the recent progress of studies on multi-target molecular pathways of RosA in relation to targeted inflammatory-associated diseases. An inclusive literature search was conducted using electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, Springer Link, PubMed, Medline, Wiley and Science Direct for studies reporting on the anti-inflammatory actions of RosA from 2008 until 2023. The keywords of the search were RosA and anti-inflammatory in relation to hepatoprotective, chondroprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective and toxicity. Only publications that are written in English are included in this review. The inhibition and deactivation of pro-inflammatory biomolecules by RosA were explained based on the initial inflammation stimuli and their location in the body. The activation of Nrf2/HO-1 expression to inhibit NF-κB pathway is the key mechanism for hepatoprotection. Besides NF-κB inhibition, RosA activates PPARγ to alleviate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced myocardial injury for cardioprotection. The regulation of MAPK and T-cell activation is important for chondroprotection, whereas the anti-oxidant property of RosA is the main contributor of neuroprotection. Even though less studies on the anti-inflammation of RosA extracts from O. aristatus, but the effective pharmacological properties of RosA has promoted it as a natural potent lead for further investigation.

The role of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus pathophysiology

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by sustained hyperglycemia caused by impaired insulin signaling and secretion. Metabolic stress, caused by an inappropriate diet, is one of the major hallmarks provoking inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a group of highly conserved proteins that have a crucial role in chaperoning damaged and misfolded proteins to avoid disruption of cellular homeostasis under stress conditions. To do this, HSPs interact with diverse intra-and extracellular pathways among which are the insulin signaling, insulin secretion, and apoptosis pathways. Therefore, HSP dysfunction, e.g. HSP70, may lead to disruption of the pathways responsible for insulin secretion and uptake. Consistently, the altered expression of other HSPs and genetic polymorphisms in HSP-producing genes in diabetic subjects has made HSPs hot research in T2DM. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the role of different HSPs in T2DM pathogenesis, affected cellular pathways, and the potential therapeutic strategies targeting HSPs in T2DM.

Transform diabetes care with precision medicine

Background and Aims

Diabetes is a global concern. This article took a closer look at diabetes and precision medicine.

Methods

A literature search of studies related to the use of precision medicine in diabetes care was conducted in various databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus).

Results

Precision medicine encompasses the integration of a wide array of personal data, including clinical, lifestyle, genetic, and various biomarker information. Its goal is to facilitate tailored treatment approaches using contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic techniques that specifically target patients based on their genetic makeup, molecular markers, phenotypic traits, or psychosocial characteristics. This article not only highlights significant advancements but also addresses key challenges, particularly focusing on the technologies that contribute to the realization of personalized and precise diabetes care.

Conclusion

For the successful implementation of precision diabetes medicine, collaboration and coordination among multiple stakeholders are crucial.

A Review on Case Burden of Diabetes Mellitus Before and After the Implementation of National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke

This article focuses on the role of the National Health Program called National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Stroke (NPCDCS) in the screening and reduction of the case burden of Diabetes mellitus. The article first discusses the case burden of Diabetes before the implementation of NPCDCS and then the burden of the disease after the implementation of the program by mainly reviewing the cross-sectional studies done in four districts, Jaipur district, Gandhinagar district, Belagavi taluka district, and Udupi district. The studies were conducted at least four years after the program's implementation. The reason for preparing this review article is to assess the efficacy of NPCDCS in controlling the most dreaded chronic disease, which has its highest prevalence in India. Over the past century, there has been a consistent rise in the prevalence of Diabetes.  In all departments of medicine, Diabetes has been a common predisposing factor in several adversities such as blindness, limb amputation, cerebrovascular stroke, diabetic nephropathy, and other microvascular and macrovascular diseases. The studies include field-level cross-checking and on-ground cross-sectional studies, which were done in 2019 in Jaipur, standard cross-sectional studies from the primary data collected from the primary health care center in the Belagavi taluka district, a national-level cross-sectional study conducted by the National NCD Monitoring survey, and cross-sectional studies in Udupi district in Karnataka, which was the first district to be included by NPCDCS in its second phase.

The Role of Obesity in Breast Cancer Pathogenesis

Research has shown that obesity increases the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM) by promoting insulin resistance, increases serum estrogen levels by the upregulation of aromatase, and promotes the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by macrophages. Increased circulating glucose has been shown to activate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a significant signaling pathway in breast cancer pathogenesis. Estrogen plays an instrumental role in estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancers. The role of ROS in breast cancer warrants continued investigation, in relation to both pathogenesis and treatment of breast cancer. We aim to review the role of obesity in breast cancer pathogenesis and novel therapies mediating obesity-associated breast cancer development. We explore the association between body mass index (BMI) and breast cancer incidence and the mechanisms by which oxidative stress modulates breast cancer pathogenesis. We discuss the role of glutathione, a ubiquitous antioxidant, in breast cancer therapy. Lastly, we review breast cancer therapies targeting mTOR signaling, leptin signaling, blood sugar reduction, and novel immunotherapy targets.

Downregulation of mTORC1 and Mcl-1 by lipid-oversupply contributes to islet β-cell apoptosis and dysfunction

Pancreatic β-cell apoptosis is a key feature of diabetes and can be induced by chronic exposure to saturated fatty acids (FAs). However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We presently evaluated the role of Mcl-1 and mTOR in mice fed with high-fat-diet (HFD) and β-cells exposed to the overloaded palmitic acid (PA). Compared with normal-chow-diet (NCD)-fed mice, HFD group showed impaired glucose tolerance after two months. Along with the diabetes progression, pancreatic islets first became hypertrophic and then atrophic, the ratio of β-cell:α-cell increased in the islets of four months HFD-fed mice while decreased after six months. This process was accompanied by significantly increased β-cell apoptosis and AMPK activity, and decreased Mcl-1 expression and mTOR activity. Consistently, glucose-induced insulin secretion dropped. In terms of mechanism, PA with lipotoxic dose could activate AMPK, which in turn inhibited ERK-stimulated Mcl-1Thr163 phosphorylation. Meanwhile, AMPK blocked Akt activity to release Akt inhibition on GSK3β, followed by GSK3β-initiated Mcl-1Ser159 phosphorylation. The context of Mcl-1 phosphorylation finally led to its degradation by ubiquitination. Also, AMPK inhibited the activity of mTORC1, resulting in a lower level of Mcl-1. Suppression of mTORC1 activity and Mcl-1 expression positively related to β-cell failure. Alteration of Mcl-1 or mTOR expression rendered different tolerance of β-cell to different dose of PA. In conclusion, lipid oversupply-induced dual modulation of mTORC1 and Mcl-1 finally led to β-cell apoptosis and impaired insulin secretion. The study may help further understand the pathogenesis of β-cell dysfunction in case of dyslipidemia, and provide promising therapeutic targets for diabetes.

Prevalence of abnormal glucose values and gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women in Xi'an from 2015 to 2021

BACKGROUND

Pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) often have an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence and characteristics of GDM in Xi'an from 2015 to 2021 since the implementation of China's "Two-Child policy" and to provide a clinical basis for the management of GDM.

METHODS

We analyzed the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results of 152,836 pregnant women who underwent routine prenatal examination at the Northwest Women and Children's Hospital from 2015 to 2021. Additionally, we analyzed the GDM prevalence and characteristics.

RESULTS

The prevalence of GDM in the Xi'an urban area was 24.66% and exhibited an increasing trend annually (χ2 for trend = 43.922, p < 0.001) and with age (χ2 for trend = 2527.000, p < 0.001). Consistent with this, the proportion of pregnant women aged 18-25 and 26-30 years decreased significantly with the annual growth (χ2 for trend = 183.279, p < 0.001 and χ2 for trend = 33.192, p < 0.001, respectively). The proportion of pregnant women aged 31-35 and 36-42 years increased gradually annually (χ2 for trend = 134.436, p < 0.001and χ2 for trend = 44.403, p < 0.001, respectively). Of the pregnant women diagnosed with GDM, 71.15% (65.05-74.95%) had abnormal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) values. The highest percentage of patients had a single abnormal OGTT value (68.31%; 65.77-70.61%), followed by two (20.52%; 18.79-22.55%) and three (11.17%; 10.11-11.85%) abnormal values (FPG and 1-h and 2-h plasma glucose (PG).

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of GDM among pregnant women in Xi'an region was high, and it had a increasing trend over the period from 2015 to 2021. Notably, the proportion of elder pregnant women, aged 31-42 years, presented a significant rise after the implementation of the universal two-child policy. On the basis of the high incidence of GDM among elder pregnant women and the high rate of abnormal OGTT values (numbe ≥ 2) in pregnant women diagnosed with GDM, the management of GDM should be intensified, and relevant departments should pay more attention to pregnant women of advanced age.

Arjunolic acid modulate pancreatic dysfunction by ameliorating pattern recognition receptor and canonical Wnt pathway activation in type 2 diabetic rats

BACKGROUND

Arjunolic acid (AA) is a potent phytochemical with multiple therapeutics effects. In this study, AA is evaluated on type 2 diabetic (T2DM) rats to understand the mechanism of β-cell linkage with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and canonical Wnt signaling. However, its role in modulating TLR-4 and canonical Wnt/β-catenin crosstalk on insulin signaling remains unclear during T2DM. Aim The current study is aimed to examine the potential role of AA on insulin signaling and TLR-4-Wnt crosstalk in the pancreas of type 2 diabetic rats.

METHOD

Multiple methods were used to determine molecular cognizance of AA in T2DM rats, when treated with different dosage levels. Histopathological and histomorphometry analysis was conducted using masson trichrome and H&E stains. While, protein and mRNA expressions of TLR-4/Wnt and insulin signaling were assessed using automated Western blotting (jess), immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR.

RESULTS

Histopathological findings revealed that AA had reversed back the T2DM-induced apoptosis and necrosis caused to rats pancreas. Molecular findings exhibited prominent effects of AA in downregulating the elevated level of TLR-4, MyD88, NF-κB, p-JNK, and Wnt/β-catenin by blocking TLR-4/MyD88 and canonical Wnt signaling in diabetic pancreas, while IRS-1, PI3K, and pAkt were all upregulated by altering the NF-κB and β-catenin crosstalk during T2DM.

CONCLUSION

Overall results, indicate that AA has potential to develop as an effective therapeutic in the treatment of T2DM associated meta-inflammation. However, future preclinical research at multiple dose level in a long-term chronic T2DM disease model is warranted to understand its clinical relevance in cardiometabolic disease.

β-glucans: a potential source for maintaining gut microbiota and the immune system

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract holds a complex and dynamic population of microbial communities, which exerts a marked influence on the host physiology during homeostasis and disease conditions. Diet is considered one of the main factors in structuring the gut microbiota across a lifespan. Intestinal microbial communities play a vital role in sustaining immune and metabolic homeostasis as well as protecting against pathogens. The negatively altered gut bacterial composition has related to many inflammatory diseases and infections. β-glucans are a heterogeneous assemblage of glucose polymers with a typical structure comprising a leading chain of β-(1,4) and/or β-(1,3)-glucopyranosyl units with various branches and lengths as a side chain. β-glucans bind to specific receptors on immune cells and initiate immune responses. However, β-glucans from different sources differ in their structures, conformation, physical properties, and binding affinity to receptors. How these properties modulate biological functions in terms of molecular mechanisms is not known in many examples. This review provides a critical understanding of the structures of β-glucans and their functions for modulating the gut microbiota and immune system.

Pancreatic stellate cells promote pancreatic β-cell death through exosomal microRNA transfer in hypoxia

Hypoxia in pancreatic islets (islet hypoxia) can occur in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Previously, our in vitro experiments demonstrated that pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) within the islet are activated in hypoxia, promoting pancreatic β-cell death. Here, we aimed to demonstrate the in vivo activation of intra-islet PSCs and investigate the mechanism of PSC-induced β-cell death in hypoxia. A novel in vivo model of islet hypoxia was established by injecting fluorescent microspheres into a carotid artery of Balb/c mice (Microsphere mice). The intraperitoneal glucose tolerance (IPGTT) was performed, and pancreatic tissues were stained for insulin expression after tissue clearing. Pimonidazole staining was also performed in the pancreas to detect the presence of hypoxia in islets. Next, primary PSCs were isolated and cultured from Balb/c mice. Exosomes were isolated from culture media from PSCs cultured in hypoxia (1% oxygen). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were prepared from exosomes from PSCs, and miRNA expression profiles were analyzed by miRNA sequencing. Several miRNAs were overexpressed in islets using miRNA mimics. Two weeks after injection of microspheres, the Microsphere mice showed worsening of glucose tolerance in IPGTT. Later, cataracts were developed in the eyes of the mice. The pancreas showed that the areas, perimeters, and diameters of insulin-positive cells decreased in Microsphere mice. Pimonidazole adducts were detected in the islets of these mice, indicating the presence of islet hypoxia. In addition, α-smooth muscle actin-positive areas per islet were higher in Microsphere mice, confirming the in vivo activation of intra-islet PSCs in hypoxia. Mouse islets cultured with exosomes isolated from PSCs cultured in hypoxia showed a decrease in cell viability. The exosomes contained a variety of miRNAs, of which miR-23a-3p was found to notably increase β-cell death through apoptosis. Together, our in vivo and in vitro data provide evidence to support that PSCs within the islets are activated in hypoxia and promote β-cell death through exosomal miRNA transfer, which may contribute to the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Single-nucleus RNA sequencing of human pancreatic islets identifies novel gene sets and distinguishes β-cell subpopulations with dynamic transcriptome profiles

BACKGROUND

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides valuable insights into human islet cell types and their corresponding stable gene expression profiles. However, this approach requires cell dissociation that complicates its utility in vivo. On the other hand, single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) has compatibility with frozen samples, elimination of dissociation-induced transcriptional stress responses, and affords enhanced information from intronic sequences that can be leveraged to identify pre-mRNA transcripts.

METHODS

We obtained nuclear preparations from fresh human islet cells and generated snRNA-seq datasets. We compared these datasets to scRNA-seq output obtained from human islet cells from the same donor. We employed snRNA-seq to obtain the transcriptomic profile of human islets engrafted in immunodeficient mice. In both analyses, we included the intronic reads in the snRNA-seq data with the GRCh38-2020-A library.

RESULTS

First, snRNA-seq analysis shows that the top four differentially and selectively expressed genes in human islet endocrine cells in vitro and in vivo are not the canonical genes but a new set of non-canonical gene markers including ZNF385D, TRPM3, LRFN2, PLUT (β-cells); PTPRT, FAP, PDK4, LOXL4 (α-cells); LRFN5, ADARB2, ERBB4, KCNT2 (δ-cells); and CACNA2D3, THSD7A, CNTNAP5, RBFOX3 (γ-cells). Second, by integrating information from scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq of human islet cells, we distinguish three β-cell sub-clusters: an INS pre-mRNA cluster (β3), an intermediate INS mRNA cluster (β2), and an INS mRNA-rich cluster (β1). These display distinct gene expression patterns representing different biological dynamic states both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, the INS mRNA-rich cluster (β1) becomes the predominant sub-cluster in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, snRNA-seq and pre-mRNA analysis of human islet cells can accurately identify human islet cell populations, subpopulations, and their dynamic transcriptome profile in vivo.

Arabic gum ameliorates systemic modulation in Alloxan monohydrate-induced diabetic rats

Medicinal plants are considered an alternative therapy for diabetes mellitus as they regulate glucose levels. Moreover, a variety of plants offer a rich source of bioactive compounds that have potent pharmacological effects without any negative side effects. The present study aimed to clarify the effects of Arabic gum/Gum Acacia (GA) on the biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical changes observed in diabetic rats. Further, the anti-inflammatory activity of GA in response to diabetes, through inflammatory mediators analysis. Male rats were divided into four groups: untreated control, diabetic, Arabic gum-treated, and Arabic gum-treated diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced using alloxan. Animals were sacrificed after 7 and 21 days of treatment with Arabic gum. Body weight, blood and pancreas tissue samples were collected for analysis. Alloxan injection significantly decreased body weight, increased glucose levels, decreased insulin levels, and caused depletion of islets of Langerhans and β-cell damage in the pancreas. Arabic gum treatment of diabetic rats significantly increased body weight, decreased serum glucose levels, increased insulin levels, exerts anti-inflammatory effect, and improved the pancreas tissue structure. Arabic gum has beneficial pharmacological effects in diabetic rats; therefore, it might be employed as diabetic therapy to reduce the hyperglycemic damage and may be applicable for many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases treatment. Further, the new bioactive substances, such as medications made from plants, have larger safety margins, and can be used for a longer period of time.

Senna petersiana (Bolle) leaf extract modulates glycemic homeostasis and improves dysregulated enzyme activities in fructose-fed streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Senna petersiana (Bolle) is a native South African medicinal shrub combined locally with other plant products to manage diabetes or used as a single therapy for several other ailing conditions.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study evaluated the antidiabetic and antilipidemic effects of S. petersiana leaf ethanol extract and its modulatory effects on dysregulated enzyme activities in fructose-fed streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Six groups of 6-weeks old male Sprague Dawley rats were used in this study. Diabetes was induced in four of the groups by injecting (i.p.) 40 mg/kg of streptozotocin after a two-weeks feeding of 10% fructose via drinking water, while animals in the two normal groups were given similar volume of vehicle buffer and normal drinking water, respectively. After the confirmation of diabetes, treatment with 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight of the ethanolic leaf extract of S. petersiana proceeded for a period of 6 weeks.

RESULTS

Oral administration of S. petersiana leaf extract significantly lowered blood glucose, food and liquid intake, glycosylhaemoglobin in blood, liver and cardiac biomarkers, and lipid profile in serum and atherogenic index (AIP) in both the low and high-dose treated animal groups. This was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in Homeostatic Model Assessment-beta (HOMA-β) score, serum high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-c), and insulin levels. It also improved pancreatic and serum-reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes activities with a simultaneous reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations. Moreover, the extract modulated dysregulated α-amylase, lipase, cholinesterase, and 5' nucleotidase enzyme activities in pancreatic tissue as well as glycogen metabolism in the liver. Analysis of the phytochemicals in the S. petersiana extract showed the presence of phytol, 4a,7,7,10a-tetramethyldodecahydrobenzo[f]-chromen-3-ol, phytol acetate, solasodine glucoside, cassine, veratramine and solasodine acetate. Amongst these compounds, solasodine glucoside had the best binding energy (ΔG) with the selected diabetes-linked enzymes via molecular docking simulation.

CONCLUSION

Data from this study demonstrate the antidiabetic effects of S. petersiana leaf extract via the modulation of the dysregulated indices involved in type 2 diabetes and its associated complications. Although it has been shown safe in animals, further toxicological studies are required to ensure its safety for diabetes management in humans.

Sustained Delivery of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists from Injectable Biomimetic Hydrogels Improves Treatment of Diabetes

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone and neurotransmitter secreted from intestinal L-cells in response to nutrients to stimulate insulin and block glucagon secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. GLP-1 in itself is rapidly degraded, but long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have become central in the treatment of T2D because of the beneficial effects extending also beyond glucose control. Currently, these therapeutics must be injected either daily or weekly or taken daily orally, leaving room for technological innovations that enable less frequent administrations, which will reduce patient burden and increase patient compliance. An ideal GLP-1 RA drug product would provide continuous therapy for upwards of four months from a single administration to match the cadence with which T2D patients typically visit their physician. In this work, we leveraged an injectable hydrogel depot technology to develop a long-acting GLP-1 RA drug product. By modulating the hydrogel properties to tune GLP-1 RA retention within the hydrogel depot, we engineered formulations capable of months-long GLP-1 RA delivery. Using a rat model of T2D, we confirmed that a single injection of hydrogel-based therapies exhibits sustained exposure of GLP-1 RA over 42 days, corresponding to a once-every four month therapy in humans. Moreover, these hydrogel therapies maintained optimal management of blood glucose and weight comparable to daily injections of a leading GLP-1 RA drug molecule. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these hydrogel-based long-acting GLP-1 RA treatments are promising for development of novel therapies reducing treatment burden for more effective management of T2D.

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusions: Closing the loop

CONTEXT

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusions (CSIIs) and continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) have revolutionized the management of diabetes mellitus (DM). Over the last two decades the development of advanced, small, and user-friendly technology has progressed substantially, essentially closing the loop in the fasting and post-absorptive state, nearing the promise of an artificial pancreas. The momentum was mostly driven by the diabetes community itself, to improve its health and quality of life.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

Literature regarding CSII and CGM was reviewed.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

Management of DM aims to regulate blood glucose to prevent long term micro and macrovascular complications. CSIIs combined with CGMs provide an integrated system to maintain tight glycemic control in a safe and uninterrupted fashion, while minimizing hypoglycemic events. Recent advances have allowed to 'close the loop' by better mimicking endogenous insulin secretion and glucose level regulation. Evidence supports sustained improvement in glycemic control with reduced episodes of hypoglycemia using these systems, while improving quality of life. Ongoing work in delivery algorithms with or without counterregulatory hormones will allow for further layers of regulation of the artificial pancreas.

CONCLUSION

Ongoing efforts to develop an artificial pancreas have created effective tools to improve the management of DM. CSIIs and CGMs are useful in diverse populations ranging from children to the elderly, as well as in various clinical contexts. Individually and more so together, these have had a tremendous impact in the management of DM, while avoiding treatment fatigue. However, cost and accessibility are still a hindrance to its wider application.

Testing the Utility of Polygenic Risk Scores for Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity in Predicting Metabolic Changes in a Prediabetic Population: An Observational Study

Prediabetes is an intermediate state of hyperglycemia during which glycemic parameters are above normal levels but below the T2D threshold. T2D and its precursor prediabetes affect 6.28% and 7.3% of the world’s population, respectively. The main objective of this paper was to create and compare two polygenic risk scores (PRSs) versus changes over time (Δ) in metabolic parameters related to prediabetes and metabolic complications. The genetics of 446 prediabetic patients from the Polish Registry of Diabetes cohort were investigated. Seventeen metabolic parameters were measured and compared at baseline and after five years using statistical analysis. Subsequently, genetic polymorphisms present in patients were determined to build a T2D PRS (68 SNPs) and an obesity PRS (21 SNPs). Finally, the association among the two PRSs and the Δ of the metabolic traits was assessed. After a multiple linear regression with adjustment for age, sex, and BMI at a nominal significance of (p < 0.05) and adjustment for multiple testing, the T2D PRS was found to be positively associated with Δ fat mass (FM) (p = 0.025). The obesity PRS was positively associated with Δ FM (p = 0.023) and Δ 2 h glucose (p = 0.034). The comparison of genotype frequencies showed that AA genotype carriers of rs10838738 were significantly higher in Δ 2 h glucose and in Δ 2 h insulin. Our findings suggest that prediabetic individuals with a higher risk of developing T2D experience increased Δ FM, and those with a higher risk of obesity experience increased Δ FM and Δ two-hour postprandial glucose. The associations found in this research could be a powerful tool for identifying prediabetic individuals with an increased risk of developing T2D and obesity.

Prevalence and correlates of pre-diabetes in adults of mixed ethnicities in the South African population: A systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Pre-diabetes is a metabolic condition characterised by moderate glycaemic dysregulation and is a frontline risk factor for multiple metabolic complications such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. To the best of our knowledge, this will be the first systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on generating a comprehensive pooling of studies reporting on pre-diabetes prevalence in South Africa. Therefore, the review's purpose will be to screen and select reports that can be used to synthesise and provide the best estimate prevalence of pre-diabetes and its associated correlates in the South African population.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

To determine the prevalence and correlates of pre-diabetes in South Africa, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, Google scholar and African Journal online for published or unpublished studies reporting the prevalence of pre-diabetes in South Africa starting from the year 2000 to 2020. Studies were assessed for eligibility by checking if they met the inclusion criteria.

RESULTS & CONCLUSION

The total number of studies deemed eligible is 13 and from these studies, an overall prevalence of pre-diabetes was reported to be 15,56% in the South African population. Hypertension, obesity and sedentary lifestyle were the common correlates recorded for the population of interest. Therefore, the review highlights the disturbingly high prevalence of pre-diabetes in South Africa and necessitates further investigations into the possible genetics, biochemical and hormonal changes in pre-diabetes.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The review will not require ethics clearance because non-identifiable data will be used. The review outcomes will give insight into the current burden that pre-diabetes has in South Africa.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42020182430.

Lower insulin level is associated with sarcopenia in community-dwelling frail and non-frail older adults

BACKGROUND

Sarcopenia is common among older individuals with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There are conflicting evidence in support of the role of insulin in the development of age-related and T2DM-related sarcopenia. We investigated the relationships between the levels of fasting insulin and other blood biomarkers related to insulin or lipid metabolism with the presence of sarcopenia in two independent studies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In 246 pre-frail frail older individuals with (n = 41) and without T2DM (n = 205) in the Singapore Frailty Interventional Trial, sarcopenia was defined by low appendicular lean mass (ALM) relative to total body mass (skeletal muscle index, SMI = ALM/height2) and low lower limb strength or gait speed according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) criteria released in 2019, and related to levels of fasting insulin and glucose, C-peptide, IGF-1, leptin, and active ghrelin. This investigation was validated in another independent study sample of 189 robust and pre-frail frail elderly in the Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study Wave 2 (SLAS-2).

RESULTS

Compared to non-sarcopenic individuals, those with sarcopenia and possible sarcopenia showed significantly lower fasting insulin (p < 0.05) in pre-frail/frail and non-frail older individuals. Consistent trends of relationships were observed for serum levels of C-peptide, IGF-1, leptin, and active ghrelin. In multivariable logistic regression models, sarcopenia was independently associated with low insulin (p < 0.05). Levels of fasting insulin, C-peptide, and leptin were also significantly associated with BMI, SMI, knee extension strength, gait speed, and physical activity score.

CONCLUSION

Dysregulated insulin secretion in diabetic and non-diabetic older individuals may play an important role in age-related and diabetes-related sarcopenia.

High mobility group box 1 and Dickkopf-related protein 1 as biomarkers of glucose toxicity, atherogenicity, and lower β cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with increased atherogenicity and inflammatory responses, which may be related to high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1). The role of HMGB1 and DKK1 in T2DM is examined in association with lipid and insulin profiles. Serum HMGB1 and DKK1 were measured in T2DM with and without hypertension and compared with controls. The results showed that HMGB1 and DKK1 are higher in T2DM irrespective of hypertension. A large part of the variance in the β-cell index and glucose toxicity was explained by the combined effects of HMGB1 and DKK1. In conclusion, both HMGB1 and DKK1 may contribute to increased atherogenicity in T2DM. Moreover, both biomarkers may cause more deficits in β-cell function and increase glucose toxicity leading to the development of more inflammation and diabetic complications. HMGB1 and the Wnt pathways are other drug targets in treating T2DM.

Therapeutic Potential of miRNAs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Overview

MicroRNA(miRNA)s have been identified as an emerging class for therapeutic interventions mainly due to their extracellularly stable presence in humans and animals and their potential for horizontal transmission and action. However, treating Type 2 diabetes mellitus using this technology has yet been in a nascent state. MiRNAs play a significant role in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus establishing the potential for utilizing miRNA-based therapeutic interventions to treat the disease. Recently, the administration of miRNA mimics or antimiRs in-vivo has resulted in positive modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Further, several cell culture-based interventions have suggested beta cell regeneration potential in miRNAs. Nevertheless, few such miRNA-based therapeutic approaches have reached the clinical phase. Therefore, future research contributions would identify the possibility of miRNA therapeutics for tackling T2DM. This article briefly reported recent developments on miRNA-based therapeutics for treating Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, associated implications, gaps, and recommendations for future studies.

The genetics of bipolar disorder with obesity and type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND

Bipolar disorder (BD) presents with high obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and pathophysiological and phenomenological abnormalities shared with cardiometabolic disorders. Genomic studies may help define if they share genetic liability. This selective review of BD with obesity and T2D will focus on genomic studies, stress their current limitations and guide future steps in developing the field.

METHODS

We searched electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus) until December 2021 to identify genome-wide association studies, polygenic risk score analyses, and functional genomics of BD accounting for body mass index (BMI), obesity, or T2D.

RESULTS

The first genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of BD accounting for obesity found a promising genome-wide association in an intronic gene variant of TCF7L2 that was further replicated. Polygenic risk scores of obesity and T2D have also been associated with BD, yet, no genetic correlations have been demonstrated. Finally, human-induced stem cell studies of the intronic variant in TCF7L2 show a potential biological impact of the products of this genetic variant in BD risk.

LIMITATIONS

The narrative nature of this review.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings from BD GWAS accounting for obesity and their functional testing, have prompted potential biological insights. Yet, BD, obesity, and T2D display high phenotypic, genetic, and population-related heterogeneity, limiting our ability to detect genetic associations. Further studies should refine cardiometabolic phenotypes, test gene-environmental interactions and add population diversity.

Prediction of antidiabetic effect after gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction in patients with gastric cancer and type 2 diabetes

This study investigated the antidiabetic outcomes after gastrectomy with long-limb RY reconstruction (LRYR) and the prognostic factors for remission after 1 year in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and gastric cancer. In 25 Koreans with T2DM and gastric cancer, plasma glucose and insulin levels were measured during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, before and 1 week after gastrectomy with LRYR. Patients were examined after 1 year and we defined glycemic control as "remission" when the HbA1c level after 1 year was <6.0% without medication. One year after surgery, 12 patients achieved HbA1c < 6.0% without medication. Among the preoperative indices, the duration of diabetes was shorter in the remission group than that in the non-remission group (median 2.0 [0-6.5] years vs 7.0 [4.5-10.0] years, P = .023). At 1 week after surgery, significant improvements in fasting, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes stimulated glucose levels and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR and Matsuda index) were found only in the remission group. The multivariable logistic regression analysis results showed that higher 30 minutes stimulated glucose level and HOMA-IR index at 1 week after surgery were independent factors for lower odds of 1-year diabetes remission. Shorter duration of diabetes and early postoperative improvements in 30 minutes stimulated glucose level and HOMA-IR were important determinants of long-term antidiabetic outcomes after gastrectomy with LRYR in patients with T2DM and gastric cancer.

Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin in the Management of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that is spreading alarmingly around the globe. Type-2 DM (T2DM) is characterized by low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance and is closely linked to obesity. T2DM is mainly controlled by lifestyle/dietary changes and oral antidiabetic drugs but requires insulin in severe cases. Many of the drugs that are currently used to treat DM are costly and present adverse side effects. Several cellular, animal, and clinical studies have provided compelling evidence that flavonoids have therapeutic potential in the management of diabetes and its complications. Quercetin is a flavonoid, present in various natural sources, which has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic properties. It improves oral glucose tolerance, as well as pancreatic β-cell function to secrete insulin. It inhibits the α-glucosidase and DPP-IV enzymes, which prolong the half-life of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Quercetin also suppresses the release of pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the mode(s) of action of quercetin at the molecular level. This review demonstrates the therapeutic potential of quercetin in the management of T2DM.

Improvement in insulin sensitivity and prevention of high fat diet-induced liver pathology using a CXCR2 antagonist

BACKGROUND

Liver pathology (LP) characteristic of non-alcoholic fatty acid disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a prevalent co-morbidity of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Accumulating evidence indicates that neutrophils driving insulin resistance (IR), including hepatic IR, precipitate T2D-associated NAFLD/NASH. We hypothesized that targeting neutrophil accumulation into insulin-sensitive tissues in mice using a CXCR2 antagonist under T2D-precipitating high fat diet (HFD) could improve insulin sensitivity and prevent the progression towards liver pathology reminiscent of NAFLD/NASH.

METHODS

Mice were age-matched and on standard rodent chow prior to 1:1 randomization into control and HFD formulated with the CXCR2 antagonist AZD5069 or with biologically inactive substitute. They were monitored for metabolic changes including insulin sensitivity using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and hepatic histopathologic evaluation in H&E-stained sections as well as via immunofluorescence microscopy of liver sections for leukocyte markers, collagen 1A1 formation, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), and galectin-3 expression, for 16 weeks. Statistical tests used to determine significant differences among study groups and outcomes include Student's t-test, one-way ANOVA, repeated measures two-way ANOVA, and Fisher's exact test, depending on the analytical question.

RESULTS

Compared to mice on HFD, mice in the AZD5069-formulated HFD exhibited improved insulin sensitivity, a modest reduction in weight gain, and a significant improvement in LP and markers related to NAFLD/NASH. Mice in the AZD5069-formulated HFD also exhibited reduced neutrophil accumulation into the liver at the end of the 16 week study period.

CONCLUSIONS

These results show, for the first time, the effectiveness of a selective CXCR2 antagonist to improve insulin sensitivity, concomitantly preventing the progression towards LP characteristic of NAFLD/NASH. This represents a novel approach to target IR and developing LP under T2D-susceptible conditions using a single agent. Furthermore, our data extend the growing evidence in support of neutrophils as a leukocyte population that imprints and maintains a chronic inflammatory state in the progression of dysregulated metabolism in liver-specific co-morbid conditions.

Long-Term Diabetes Improvement After Duodenal Exclusion in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats Is Associated with Prevention of Strain-Specific Pancreatic Remodeling and Increased Beta Cell Proliferation

Background

Response to metabolic surgery is heterogeneous and the metabolic states that underpin weight loss and metabolic improvement are still unclear. In this study, we investigate parameters of post-bariatric fasting glucoregulation and leverage artificial intelligence-assisted whole-slide image analyses to characterize associated immunohistologic features of the pancreas.

Materials and Methods

We performed either loop duodeno-jejunostomy (DJOS) with exclusion of 1/3 of total intestinal length, loop duodeno-ileostomy with exclusion of 2/3 of total intestinal length (DiOS), or a sham operation on 8-week-old male obese ZDF rats. Six months post-operative, we measured blood metabolites and hormones. Subsequently, pancreatic and intestinal tissue was removed, formalin fixed, and paraffin embedded. Immunohistologic (IHC) analyses included proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) to visualize the proliferation fraction and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX 1) as a measure of pancreatic cell differentiation. For IHC quantification, all slides were digitalized and analyzed using QuPath. All analyzed slides were reviewed by two independent pathologists for correctness.

Results

DJOS and DiOS were associated with preserved fasting insulin production compared to sham. Histopathologic evaluation showed significantly higher numbers of beta cells and specifically of clustered cell organization in DJOS and DiOS compared to sham. Cell proliferation (PCNA) was significantly elevated in DJOS and DiOS compared to sham.

Conclusion

In this interventional model of bariatric surgery in severe genetic diabetes, we demonstrate post-operative histologic and immunohistologic features of the pancreas associated with improved fasting glucose homeostasis.

Graphical abstract

Elucidating the metabolic characteristics of pancreatic β-cells from patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) using a genome-scale metabolic modeling

Diabetes is a global health problem caused primarily by the inability of pancreatic β-cells to secrete adequate insulin. Despite extensive research, the identity of factors contributing to the dysregulated metabolism-secretion coupling in the β-cells remains elusive. The present study attempts to capture some of these factors responsible for the impaired β-cell metabolism-secretion coupling that contributes to diabetes pathogenesis. The metabolic-flux profiles of pancreatic β-cells were predicted using genome-scale metabolic modeling for ten diabetic patients and ten control subjects. Analysis of these flux states shows reduction in the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathways, that leads to decreased insulin secretion in diabetes. We also observed elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation. In addition, cellular antioxidant defense systems were found to be attenuated in diabetes. Our analysis also uncovered the possible changes in the plasma metabolites in diabetes due to the β-cells failure. These efforts subsequently led to the identification of seven metabolites associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) pathogenesis, thus establishing its link as a secondary complication of diabetes.

The effect of short-term intensive insulin therapy on inflammatory cytokines in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND

Diabetes mellitus was a chronic low-grade inflammatory disease and had increased circulating inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins. We aimed to identify the changes of inflammatory cytokines in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients after short-term intensive insulin therapy using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII).

METHODS

Thirty-three newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled between September 2020 to December 2020. Expression of 40 inflammatory cytokines of the patients were tested with RayBiotech antibody array before and after 1 week of intensive insulin therapy of CSII. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis was carried out to explore the signaling pathway involved in the therapy.

RESULTS

Five inflammatory cytokines were downregulated significantly after 1 week of CSII therapy. They were interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R), regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and platelet-derived growth factor type BB (PDGF-BB) (p < 0.05 and foldchange <0.83). Among patients with baseline glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) < 10%, three proinflammatory cytokines were decreased significantly after therapy: IL-6R, RANTES, and ICAM-1. As for the patients with baseline HbA1c ≥ 10%, eight inflammatory cytokines were inhibited significantly after the treatment, including ICAM-1, IL-6R, RANTES, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1β), PDGF-BB, and tumor necrosis factor receptor type II (TNF RII). No matter which subgroup of baseline HbA1c level was considered, the decreased cytokines after CSII therapy were significantly involved in TNF signaling pathway. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway was mainly enriched in patients with baseline HbA1c ≥ 10%.

CONCLUSIONS

A panel of 40 inflammatory cytokines, measured by protein microarray, were evaluated for 1 week of CSII treatment in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients. After treatment, many proinflammatory cytokines decreased. In the higher baseline HbA1c subgroup, more proinflammatory cytokines improved. No matter which subgroup of HbA1c level was considered, IL-6R, RANTES, and ICAM-1, which were involved in TNF signaling pathway, decreased significantly after CSII therapy. This was the first report showing that the cytokines of IL-6R, TIMP-2, PDGF-BB, and TNF RII decreased after the CSII therapy.

Efficacy of Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) Schult. &Schult. f. root tubers' active fraction as anti-diabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) Schult. &Schult.f. is traditionally used as ethnomedicine for curing several ailments like diabetes, liver problems, ulcers, etc. OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-diabetic potential of Cyanotis tuberosa root tubers (CTRT)in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Anti-hyperglycemic activity of hexane extract of CTRT was investigated in diabetic rats. Silica gel chromatography was used to fractionate the hexane extract and the fraction's antihyperglycemic activity was checked in diabetic rats. Effects of long-term (30 days) treatment with an active fraction (CTAF) were evaluated in diabetic rats for 30 days by measurement of body weights, glycemic control, insulin levels, HbA1c, and serum and tissue lipid profiles. Lipid peroxide levels and antioxidant status were measured in the liver and kidney. Hepatic and Renal functional markers were also measured. Phytochemical characterization of CTAF was carried out by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis.

RESULTS

Hexane extract of CTRT at a dose of 750 mg/kg b.w produced significant antihyperglycemic activity in diabetic rats whereas CTAF has produced maximum antihyperglycemic activity at the dose of 75 mg/kg b.w. Following long-term treatment with CTAF in diabetic rats, significant improvement in glycemic control, (HbA1c) along with decreased insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), increase in body weights, and plasma insulin were observed. Also, CTAF ameliorated the serum and tissue lipid profiles. In addition, CTAF suppressed lipid peroxidation and restored the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver and kidney to normal levels. Further, CTAF reversed the liver and kidney functional markers to normalcy. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of 7 different phytoconstituents.

CONCLUSION

This study confirmed that CTAF exerts antidiabetic effects in diabetic rats by improving insulin secretion, glycemic control, and restoring functional activities of the liver and kidney. Our results suggest that root tubers of Cyanotis tuberosa can be used as a complementary or alternative agent for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Human Islet MicroRNA-200c Is Elevated in Type 2 Diabetes and Targets the Transcription Factor ETV5 to Reduce Insulin Secretion

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are part of deregulated insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes (T2D) development. Rodent models have suggested miR-200c to be involved, but the role and potential as therapeutic target of this miRNA in human islets are not clear. Here we report increased expression of miR-200c in islets from T2D as compared with nondiabetic (ND) donors and display results showing reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in EndoC-βH1 cells overexpressing miR-200c. We identify transcription factor ETV5 as the top rank target of miR-200c in human islets using TargetScan in combination with Pearson correlation analysis of miR-200c and mRNA expression data from the same human donors. Among other targets were JAZF1, as earlier shown in miR-200 knockout mice. Accordingly, linear model analysis of ETV5 and JAZF1 gene expression showed reduced expression of both genes in islets from human T2D donors. Western blot analysis confirmed the reduced expression of ETV5 on the protein level in EndoC-βH1 cells overexpressing miR-200c, and luciferase assay validated ETV5 as a direct target of miR-200c. Finally, LNA knockdown of miR-200c increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in islets from T2D donors approximately threefold. Our data reveal a vital role of the miR-200c-ETV5 axis in β-cell dysfunction and pathophysiology of T2D.

IAPP-induced beta cell stress recapitulates the islet transcriptome in type 2 diabetes

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS

Type 2 diabetes is characterised by islet amyloid and toxic oligomers of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). We posed the questions, (1) does IAPP toxicity induce an islet response comparable to that in humans with type 2 diabetes, and if so, (2) what are the key transcriptional drivers of this response?

METHODS

The islet transcriptome was evaluated in five groups of mice: beta cell specific transgenic for (1) human IAPP, (2) rodent IAPP, (3) human calpastatin, (4) human calpastatin and human IAPP, and (5) wild-type mice. RNA sequencing data was analysed by differential expression analysis and gene co-expression network analysis to establish the islet response to adaptation to an increased beta cell workload of soluble rodent IAPP, the islet response to increased expression of oligomeric human IAPP, and the extent to which the latter was rescued by suppression of calpain hyperactivation by calpastatin. Rank-rank hypergeometric overlap analysis was used to compare the transcriptome of islets from human or rodent IAPP transgenic mice vs humans with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes.

RESULTS

The islet transcriptomes in humans with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes are remarkably similar. Beta cell overexpression of soluble rodent or oligomer-prone human IAPP induced changes in islet transcriptome present in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, including decreased expression of genes that confer beta cell identity. Increased expression of human IAPP, but not rodent IAPP, induced islet inflammation present in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in humans. Key mediators of the injury responses in islets transgenic for human IAPP or those from individuals with type 2 diabetes include STAT3, NF-κB, ESR1 and CTNNB1 by transcription factor analysis and COL3A1, NID1 and ZNF800 by gene regulatory network analysis.

CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION

Beta cell injury mediated by IAPP is a plausible mechanism to contribute to islet inflammation and dedifferentiation in type 2 diabetes. Inhibition of IAPP toxicity is a potential therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes.

Intersections between Copper, β-Arrestin-1, Calcium, FBXW7, CD17, Insulin Resistance and Atherogenicity Mediate Depression and Anxiety Due to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nomothetic Network Approach

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is frequently accompanied by affective disorders with a prevalence of comorbid depression of around 25%. Nevertheless, the biomarkers of affective symptoms including depression and anxiety due to T2DM are not well established. The present study delineated the effects of serum levels of copper, zinc, β-arrestin-1, FBXW7, lactosylceramide (LacCer), serotonin, calcium, magnesium on severity of depression and anxiety in 58 men with T2DM and 30 healthy male controls beyond the effects of insulin resistance (IR) and atherogenicity. Severity of affective symptoms was assessed using the Hamilton Depression and Anxiety rating scales. We found that 61.7% of the variance in affective symptoms was explained by the multivariate regression on copper, β-arrestin-1, calcium, and IR coupled with atherogenicity. Copper and LacCer (positive) and calcium and BXW7 (inverse) had significant specific indirect effects on affective symptoms, which were mediated by IR and atherogenicity. Copper, β-arrestin-1, and calcium were associated with affective symptoms above and beyond the effects of IR and atherogenicity. T2DM and affective symptoms share common pathways, namely increased atherogenicity, IR, copper, and β-arrestin-1, and lowered calcium, whereas copper, β-arrestin-1, calcium, LacCer, and FBXW7 may modulate depression and anxiety symptoms by affecting T2DM.

Deciphering regulatory protein activity in human pancreatic islets via reverse engineering of single-cell sequencing data

The loss of functional β cell mass contributes to development and progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the molecular mechanisms differentiating islet dysfunction in T2D from nondiabetic states remain elusive. In this issue of the JCI, Son et al. applied reverse engineering to obtain the activity of gene expression regulatory proteins from single-cell RNA sequencing data of nondiabetic and T2D human islets. The authors identify unique patterns of regulatory protein activities associated with T2D. Furthermore, BACH2 emerged as a potential transcription factor that drives activation of T2D-associated regulatory proteins in human islets.

β-Cell Pathophysiology: A Review of Advanced Optical Microscopy Applications

β-cells convert glucose (input) resulting in the controlled release of insulin (output), which in turn has the role to maintain glucose homeostasis. β-cell function is regulated by a complex interplay between the metabolic processing of the input, its transformation into second-messenger signals, and final mobilization of insulin-containing granules towards secretion of the output. Failure at any level in this process marks β-cell dysfunction in diabetes, thus making β-cells obvious potential targets for therapeutic purposes. Addressing quantitatively β-cell (dys)function at the molecular level in living samples requires probing simultaneously the spatial and temporal dimensions at the proper resolution. To this aim, an increasing amount of research efforts are exploiting the potentiality of biophysical techniques. In particular, using excitation light in the visible/infrared range, a number of optical-microscopy-based approaches have been tailored to the study of β-cell-(dys)function at the molecular level, either in label-free mode (i.e., exploiting intrinsic autofluorescence of cells) or by the use of organic/genetically-encoded fluorescent probes. Here, relevant examples from the literature are reviewed and discussed. Based on this, new potential lines of development in the field are drawn.

Proteomic pathways to metabolic disease and type 2 diabetes in the pancreatic islet

Pancreatic islets are essential for maintaining physiological blood glucose levels, and declining islet function is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. We employ mass spectrometry-based proteomics to systematically analyze islets from 9 genetic or diet-induced mouse models representing a broad cross-section of metabolic health. Quantifying the islet proteome to a depth of >11,500 proteins, this study represents the most detailed analysis of mouse islet proteins to date. Our data highlight that the majority of islet proteins are expressed in all strains and diets, but more than half of the proteins vary in expression levels, principally due to genetics. Associating these varied protein expression levels on an individual animal basis with individual phenotypic measures reveals islet mitochondrial function as a major positive indicator of metabolic health regardless of strain. This compendium of strain-specific and dietary changes to mouse islet proteomes represents a comprehensive resource for basic and translational islet cell biology.

Genetic deficiency or pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase ameliorates high fat diet-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and loss

Pancreatic β-cells are crucial regulators of systemic glucose homeostasis, and their dysfunction and loss are central features in type 2 diabetes. Interventions that rectify β-cell dysfunction and loss are essential to combat this deadly malady. In the current study, we sought to delineate the role of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in β-cells under diet-induced metabolic stress. The expression of sEH was upregulated in murine and macaque diabetes models and islets of diabetic human patients. We postulated that hyperglycemia-induced elevation in sEH leads to a reduction in its substrates, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), and attenuates the function of β-cells. Genetic deficiency of sEH potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mice, likely in a cell-autonomous manner, contributing to better systemic glucose control. Consistent with this observation, genetic and pharmacological inactivation of sEH and the treatment with EETs exhibited insulinotropic effects in isolated murine islets ex vivo. Additionally, sEH deficiency enhanced glucose sensing and metabolism with elevated ATP and cAMP concentrations. This phenotype was associated with attenuated oxidative stress and diminished β-cell death in sEH deficient islets. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of sEH in vivo mitigated, albeit partly, high fat diet-induced β-cell loss and dedifferentiation. The current observations provide new insights into the role of sEH in β-cells and information that may be leveraged for the development of a mechanism-based intervention to rectify β-cell dysfunction and loss.

Sustained In Vitro and In Vivo Delivery of Metformin from Plant Pollen-Derived Composite Microcapsules

We developed a dual microencapsulation platform for the type 2 diabetes drug metformin (MTF), which is aimed to increase its bioavailability. We report the use of Lycopodium clavatum sporopollenin (LCS), derived from their natural spores, and raw Phoenix dactylifera L. (date palm) pollens (DPP) for MTF microencapsulation. MTF was loaded into LCS and DPP via a vacuum and a novel method of hydration-induced swelling. The loading capacity (LC) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) percentages for MTF-loaded LCS and MTF-loaded DPP microcapsules were 14.9% ± 0.7, 29.8 ± 0.8, and 15.2% ± 0.7, 30.3 ± 1.0, respectively. The release of MTF from MTF-loaded LCS microcapsules was additionally controlled by re-encapsulating the loaded microcapsules into calcium alginate (ALG) microbeads via ionotropic gelation, where the release of MTF was found to be significantly slower and pH-dependent. The pharmacokinetic parameters, obtained from the in vivo study, revealed that the relative bioavailability of the MTF-loaded LCS-ALG beads was 1.215 times higher compared to pure MTF, following oral administration of a single dose equivalent to 25 mg/kg body weight MTF to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male Sprague-Dawley rats. Significant hypoglycemic effect was obtained for STZ-induced diabetic rats orally treated with MTF-loaded LCS-ALG beads compared to control diabetic rats. Over a period of 29 days, the STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with MTF-loaded LCS-ALG beads showed a decrease in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglycerides, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, as well as an increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and a recovery in the oxidative stress biomarker, lipid peroxidation (LPx). In addition, histopathological studies of liver, pancreas, kidney, and testes suggested that MTF-loaded LCS-ALG beads improved the degenerative changes in organs of diabetic rats. The LCS-ALG platform for dual encapsulation of MTF achieved sustained MTF delivery and enhancement of bioavailability, as well as the improved biochemical and histopathological characteristics in in vivo studies, opening many other intriguing applications in sustained drug delivery.

Chrysophyllum albidum fruit ethanol extract ameliorates hyperglycaemia and elevated blood pressure in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through modulation of oxidative stress, NF-κB and PPAR-γ

Oxidative stress and inflammation arising from hyperglycaemia have been identified as important targets in mitigating hyperglycaemia-induced organ dysfunction in diabetics. Chrysophyllum albidum fruit is commonly consumed as fruit snacks because of its beneficial effects in diabetes management. This study aim to evaluate the protective mechanisms of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit extract (CAFE) in streptozotocin-induced rats involving attenuation of oxidative stress, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ). CAFE was investigated for in vitro antioxidant and alpha amylase inhibitory activity. Male Wistar rats were made diabetic by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). The rats were then treated with CAFE (100 and 200 mg/kg) and pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) for two weeks. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood pressure parameters, lipid profile, oxidative stress parameters, NF-κB and PPAR-γ were determined. The extract showed antioxidant and alpha amylase inhibitory activities. CAFE significantly reduced STZ-induced hyperglycaemia after 7 and 14 days of treatment. CAFE also reduced STZ-induced elevation of diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure and as well reduced atherogenic index in diabetic rats. It significantly decreased lipid peroxidation but increased the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant markers in the plasma, liver, kidney and pancreas. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CAFE significantly decreased hepatic and renal tissues NF-κB while increasing PPAR-γ gene expressions. The results of this study collectively showed the protective effect of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats via modulation of oxidative stress and NF-κB/ PPAR-γ expressions.

Lentinan protects against pancreatic β-cell failure in chronic ethanol consumption-induced diabetic mice via enhancing β-cell antioxidant capacity

Chronic ethanol consumption is a well-established independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, increasing studies have confirmed that excessive heavy ethanol exerts direct harmful effect on pancreatic β-cell mass and function, which may be a mechanism of pancreatic β-cell failure in T2DM. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Lentinan (LNT), an active ingredient purified from the bodies of Lentinus edodes, on pancreatic β-cell apoptosis and dysfunction caused by ethanol and the possible mechanisms implicated. Functional studies reveal that LNT attenuates chronic ethanol consumption-induced impaired glucose metabolism in vivo. In addition, LNT ameliorates chronic ethanol consumption-induced β-cell dysfunction, which is characterized by reduced insulin synthesis, defected insulin secretion and increased cell apoptosis. Furthermore, mechanistic assays suggest that LNT enhances β-cell antioxidant capacity and ameliorates ethanol-induced oxidative stress by activating Nrf-2 antioxidant pathway. Our results demonstrated that LNT prevents ethanol-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis, and therefore may be a potential pharmacological agent for preventing pancreatic β-cell failure associated with T2DM and stress-induced diabetes.

The obesity paradox and diabetes

BACKGROUND

Obesity has been proven to be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through numerous pathogenetic mechanisms. Unexpectedly, some studies suggest that subjects with overweight/obesity and T2DM have better clinical outcome than their normal weight peers. This finding is described as "obesity paradox" and calls into question the importance of weight loss in this specific population.

OBJECTIVE

This article is a narrative overview on the obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly regarding the obesity paradox in T2DM patients.

METHODS

We used as sources MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library, from inception to March 2020; we chose 30 relevant papers regarding the association of obesity with clinical outcome and mortality of patients affected by T2DM.

RESULTS

Many studies report that in patients with T2DM, overweight and obesity are associated with a better prognosis than underweight or normal weight, suggesting the presence of an obesity paradox. However, these studies have numerous limitations due to their mainly retrospective nature and to numerous confounding factors, such as associated pathologies, antidiabetic treatments, smoking habit, lack of data about distribution of body fat or weight history.

CONCLUSION

Literature data regarding the phenomenon of obesity paradox in T2DM patients are controversial due to the several limitations of the studies; therefore in the management of patients with overweight/obesity and T2DM is recommended referring to the established guidelines, which indicate diet and physical activity as the cornerstone of the treatment.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level V: narrative review.

Effects of long-acting analogues of lamprey GLP-1 and paddlefish glucagon on alpha- to beta-cell transdifferentiation in an insulin-deficient transgenic mouse model

The abilities of the long-acting, dual-agonist anti-diabetic peptides [D-Ala² ]palmitoyl-lamprey GLP-1 and [D-Ser² ]palmitoyl-paddlefish glucagon to induce α-cell to β-cell transdifferentiation were investigated in Glu^CreERT2 ;ROSA26-eYFP mice. These animals have been genetically engineered so that yellow fluorescent protein is specifically expressed in glucagon-producing α-cells, thereby allowing cell lineage tracing. Insulin deficiency was produced by treatment of the mice with multiple low doses of streptozotocin. Administration of the peptides (twice daily intraperitoneal injections of 25 nmol/kg body weight over 10 days) to streptozotocin-treated mice produced significant (P < 0.05) increases in pancreatic insulin content and plasma insulin concentrations compared with control mice. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the % of cells staining for both insulin and fluorescent protein in islets located in the head region of the pancreas (from 10.0 ± 1.3% of total cells in untreated mice to 20.0 ± 3.85% in mice treated with D-Ala² ]palmitoyl-lamprey GLP-1 and to 17.3 ± 1.1% in mice treated with [D-Ser² ]palmitoyl-paddlefish glucagon). Corresponding effects upon islets in the tail region were not significant. The data indicate an improvement in β-cell mass and positive effects on transdifferentiation of glucagon-producing to insulin-producing cells. The study provides further evidence that proglucagon-derived peptides from phylogenetical ancient fish show therapeutic potential for treatment of diabetes.

White Blood Cell Count as a Predictor of Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Non-Obese Adults: A Longitudinal 10-Year Analysis of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study

Purpose

Limited evidence is available on whether the white blood cell (WBC) count is a predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in non-obese individuals. This study aimed to determine whether WBC count could be used as an indicator for the prediction of incident T2DM among non-obese individuals using a large, community-based Korean cohort that was observed over 10 years.

Patients and methods

A total of 4211 non-obese adults without diabetes aged 40-69 years were selected from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. The participants were divided into four groups according to WBC count quartiles. We prospectively assessed the hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident T2DM, based on the American Diabetes Association criteria, using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models over 10 years after the baseline survey.

Results

During the follow-up period, 592 (14.1%) participants had newly developed T2DM. The higher quartile of WBC count groups showed significantly higher cumulative T2DM incidence over 10 years after the baseline survey (log-rank test, P < 0.001). Compared with the HRs for individuals in the referent lowest quartile, the HR (95% CI) for incident T2DM in individuals in the highest quartile was 1.55 (1.10-2.18) after adjusting for confounding variables.

Conclusion

A higher WBC count predicts future incident T2DM among community-dwelling non-obese Korean adults. This study suggests that WBC count could facilitate the prediction of non-obese individuals susceptible to T2DM.

A Parallel Perifusion Slide From Glass for the Functional and Morphological Analysis of Pancreatic Islets

An islet-on-chip system in the form of a completely transparent microscope slide optically accessible from both sides was developed. It is made from laser-structured borosilicate glass and enables the parallel perifusion of five microchannels, each containing one islet precisely immobilized in a pyramidal well. The islets can be in inserted via separate loading windows above each pyramidal well. This design enables a gentle, fast and targeted insertion of the islets and a reliable retention in the well while at the same time permitting a sufficiently fast exchange of the media. In addition to the measurement of the hormone content in the fractionated efflux, parallel live cell imaging of the islet is possible. By programmable movement of the microscopic stage imaging of five wells can be performed. The current chip design ensures sufficient time resolution to characterize typical parameters of stimulus-secretion coupling. This was demonstrated by measuring the reaction of the islets to stimulation by glucose and potassium depolarization. After the perifusion experiment islets can be removed for further analysis. The live-dead assay of the removed islets confirmed that the process of insertion and removal was not detrimental to islet structure and viability. In conclusion, the present islet-on-chip design permits the practical implementation of parallel perifusion experiments on a single and easy to load glass slide. For each immobilized islet the correlation between secretion, signal transduction and morphology is possible. The slide concept allows the scale-up to even higher degrees of parallelization.