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Irani H, Abiri B, Khodami B, Yari Z, Lafzi Ghazi M, Hosseinzadeh N, Saidpour A. Effect of time restricted feeding on anthropometric measures, eating behavior, stress, serum levels of BDNF and LBP in overweight/obese women with food addiction: a randomized clinical trial. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:577-589. [PMID: 37436939 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2234704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Food addiction (FA) as a specific food-related behavior may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and gut microbiota (GM) alterations probably through fasting are closely related to brain function, affecting eating behaviors and body weight management. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of time-restricted feeding (TRF) on serum BDNF levels and eating behaviors in overweight and obese women with FA. METHODS AND DESIGN This clinical trial was performed with a 2-month follow-up on 56 obese and overweight women with FA. Participants were randomly divided into two groups receiving a low-calorie diet (n = 27) and a group receiving a low-calorie diet with TRF (n = 29). Anthropometric measurements, biochemical markers, eating behavior, and stress were assessed during the study period. RESULTS The reductions in weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and body fat mass were significantly higher in the TRF group compared to the control group at week 8 (P = 0.018, P = 0.015. P = 0.03, and P = 0.036, respectively). The cognitive restriction score was higher in the TRF as compared with the control group (P = 0.002). The food addiction criteria score was significantly reduced in both groups (P < 0.001). Serum levels of BDNF were significantly increased in the TRF group (P < 0.001). In addition, BDNF levels had a positive and significant correlation with the cognitive restriction score (r = 0.468 and P < 0.001), While the correlation with FA was not significant (β = 0.588 and P = 0.618). Lipopolysaccharide binding protein decreased significantly in both groups, but this decrease was significantly higher in the TRF group than in the control group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that a low-calorie diet with TRF is more effective in weight management than a low-calorie diet alone, probably through further modulating the GM and improving BDNF levels. More effective weight loss in the TRF is probably related to better management of eating behavior than FA. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials identifier: IRCT20131228015968N7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Irani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Abiri
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Khodami
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Yari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Lafzi Ghazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Hosseinzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atoosa Saidpour
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Khil J, Chen QY, Lee DH, Hong KW, Keum N. Water intake and obesity: By amount, timing, and perceived temperature of drinking water. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301373. [PMID: 38662725 PMCID: PMC11045127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Water intake has been suggested to be associated with weight control, but evidence for optimal water intake in terms of amount, timing, and temperature is sparse. Additionally, genetic predisposition to obesity, which affects satiety and energy expenditure, might interact with water intake in regulating individual adiposity risk. We conducted a cross-sectional study recruiting 172 Korean adults. Information on water intake and lifestyle factors was collected through self-reported questionnaires, and height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) were measured by researchers. The oral buccal swab was performed for genotyping of FTO rs9939609, MC4R rs17782313, BDNF rs6265 and genetic risk of obesity was calculated. Linear regression was performed to estimate mean difference in body mass index (BMI) and WC by water intake and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI). As a sensitivity analysis, logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratio (OR) of obesity/overweight (BMI of ≥23kg/m2; WC of ≥90cm for men and of ≥80cm for women) and its 95% CI. Drinking >1L/day was significantly associated with higher BMI (mean difference: 0.90, 95% CI 0.09, 1.72) and WC (mean difference: 3.01, 95% CI 0.62, 5.41) compared with drinking ≤1L/day. Independent of total water intake, drinking before bedtime was significantly associated with lower BMI (mean difference: -0.98, 95% CI -1.91, -0.05). The results remained consistent when continuous BMI and WC were analyzed as categorical outcomes. By perceived temperature, drinking >1L/day of cold water was associated with higher BMI and WC compared with drinking ≤1L/day of water at room-temperature. By genetic predisposition to obesity, a positive association between water intake and WC was confined to participants with low genetic risk of obesity (P interaction = 0.04). In conclusion, amount, timing, and perceived temperature of water intake may be associated with adiposity risk and the associations might vary according to genetic predisposition to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Khil
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Qiao-Yi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Sport Industry Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - NaNa Keum
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang, South Korea
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
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3
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McEwan AR, Hing B, Erickson JC, Hutchings G, Urama C, Norton-Hughes E, D'Ippolito M, Berry S, Delibegovic M, Grassmann F, MacKenzie A. An ancient polymorphic regulatory region within the BDNF gene associated with obesity modulates anxiety-like behaviour in mice and humans. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:660-670. [PMID: 38228888 PMCID: PMC11153140 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Obesity and anxiety are morbidities notable for their increased impact on society during the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the mechanisms governing susceptibility to these conditions will increase our quality of life and resilience to future pandemics. In the current study, we explored the function of a highly conserved regulatory region (BE5.1) within the BDNF gene that harbours a polymorphism strongly associated with obesity (rs10767664; p = 4.69 × 10-26). Analysis in primary cells suggested that the major T-allele of BE5.1 was an enhancer, whereas the obesity-associated A-allele was not. However, CRISPR/CAS9 deletion of BE5.1 from the mouse genome (BE5.1KO) produced no significant effect on the expression of BDNF transcripts in the hypothalamus, no change in weight gain after 28 days and only a marginally significant increase in food intake. Nevertheless, transcripts were significantly increased in the amygdala of female mice and elevated zero maze and marble-burying tests demonstrated a significant increase in anxiety-like behaviour that could be reversed by diazepam. Consistent with these observations, human GWAS cohort analysis demonstrated a significant association between rs10767664 and anxiousness in human populations. Intriguingly, interrogation of the human GTEx eQTL database demonstrated no effect on BDNF mRNA levels associated with rs10767664 but a highly significant effect on BDNF-antisense (BDNF-AS) gene expression and splicing. The subsequent observation that deletion of BE5.1 also significantly reduced BDNF-AS expression in mice suggests a novel mechanism in the regulation of BDNF expression common to mice and humans, which contributes to the modulation of mood and anxiety in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R McEwan
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB24 2ZD, UK
| | - Benjamin Hing
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Johanna C Erickson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB24 2ZD, UK
| | - Greg Hutchings
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB24 2ZD, UK
| | - Charity Urama
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB24 2ZD, UK
| | - Emily Norton-Hughes
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB24 2ZD, UK
| | - Mariam D'Ippolito
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB24 2ZD, UK
| | - Susan Berry
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB24 2ZD, UK
| | - Mirela Delibegovic
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB24 2ZD, UK
| | - Felix Grassmann
- Institute for Clinical Research and Systems Medicine, Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alasdair MacKenzie
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB24 2ZD, UK.
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Javed S, Chang YT, Cho Y, Lee YJ, Chang HC, Haque M, Lin YC, Huang WH. Smith-Magenis syndrome protein RAI1 regulates body weight homeostasis through hypothalamic BDNF-producing neurons and neurotrophin downstream signalling. eLife 2023; 12:RP90333. [PMID: 37956053 PMCID: PMC10642964 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-induced 1 (RAI1) haploinsufficiency causes Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), a genetic disorder with symptoms including hyperphagia, hyperlipidemia, severe obesity, and autism phenotypes. RAI1 is a transcriptional regulator with a pan-neural expression pattern and hundreds of downstream targets. The mechanisms linking neural Rai1 to body weight regulation remain unclear. Here we find that hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its downstream signalling are disrupted in SMS (Rai1+/-) mice. Selective Rai1 loss from all BDNF-producing cells or from BDNF-producing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) induced obesity in mice. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that Rai1 ablation decreased the intrinsic excitability of PVHBDNF neurons. Chronic treatment of SMS mice with LM22A-4 engages neurotrophin downstream signalling and delayed obesity onset. This treatment also partially rescued disrupted lipid profiles, insulin intolerance, and stereotypical repetitive behaviour in SMS mice. These data argue that RAI1 regulates body weight and metabolic function through hypothalamic BDNF-producing neurons and that targeting neurotrophin downstream signalling might improve associated SMS phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Javed
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontréalCanada
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontréalCanada
| | - Yoobin Cho
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontréalCanada
| | - Yu-Ju Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontréalCanada
| | - Hao-Cheng Chang
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontréalCanada
| | - Minza Haque
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontréalCanada
| | - Yu Cheng Lin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontréalCanada
| | - Wei-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontréalCanada
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Çerçi B, Gök A, Akyol A. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: Its role in energy balance and cancer cachexia. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 71-72:105-116. [PMID: 37500391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in the development of the central and peripheral nervous system during embryogenesis. In the mature central nervous system, BDNF is required for the maintenance and enhancement of synaptic transmissions and the survival of neurons. Particularly, it is involved in the modulation of neurocircuits that control energy balance through food intake, energy expenditure, and locomotion. Regulation of BDNF in the central nervous system is complex and environmental factors affect its expression in murine models which may reflect to phenotype dramatically. Furthermore, BDNF and its high-affinity receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), as well as pan-neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is expressed in peripheral tissues in adulthood and their signaling is associated with regulation of energy balance. BDNF/TrkB signaling is exploited by cancer cells as well and BDNF expression is increased in tumors. Intriguingly, previously demonstrated roles of BDNF in regulation of food intake, adipose tissue and muscle overlap with derangements observed in cancer cachexia. However, data about the involvement of BDNF in cachectic cancer patients and murine models are scarce and inconclusive. In the future, knock-in and/or knock-out experiments with murine cancer models could be helpful to explore potential new roles for BDNF in the development of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barış Çerçi
- Medical School, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ayşenur Gök
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University Transgenic Animal Technologies Research and Application Center, Sıhhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Aytekin Akyol
- Departmant of Pathology, Medical School, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University Transgenic Animal Technologies Research and Application Center, Sıhhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey
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6
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Autry AE. Function of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hypothalamus: Implications for depression pathology. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1028223. [PMID: 36466807 PMCID: PMC9708894 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1028223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a prevalent mental health disorder and is the number one cause of disability worldwide. Risk factors for depression include genetic predisposition and stressful life events, and depression is twice as prevalent in women compared to men. Both clinical and preclinical research have implicated a critical role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling in depression pathology as well as therapeutics. A preponderance of this research has focused on the role of BDNF and its primary receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) in the cortex and hippocampus. However, much of the symptomatology for depression is consistent with disruptions in functions of the hypothalamus including changes in weight, activity levels, responses to stress, and sociability. Here, we review evidence for the role of BDNF and TrkB signaling in the regions of the hypothalamus and their role in these autonomic and behavioral functions associated with depression. In addition, we identify areas for further research. Understanding the role of BDNF signaling in the hypothalamus will lead to valuable insights for sex- and stress-dependent neurobiological underpinnings of depression pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita E. Autry
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Anita E. Autry,
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7
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Zhou Q, Liu C, Chen T, Liu Y, Cao R, Ni X, Yang WZ, Shen Q, Sun H, Shen WL. Cooling-activated dorsomedial hypothalamic BDNF neurons control cold defense in mice. J Neurochem 2022; 163:220-232. [PMID: 35862478 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BDNF and its expressing neurons in the brain critically control feeding and energy expenditure (EE) in both rodents and humans. However, whether BDNF neurons would function in thermoregulation during temperature challenges is unclear. Here, we show that BDNF neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMHBDNF ) of mice are activated by afferent cooling signals. These cooling-activated BDNF neurons are mainly GABAergic. Activation of DMHBDNF neurons or the GABAergic subpopulations is sufficient to increase body temperature, EE, and physical activity. Conversely, blocking DMHBDNF neurons substantially impairs cold defense and reduces energy expenditure, physical activity, and UCP1 expression in BAT, which eventually results in bodyweight gain and glucose/insulin intolerance. Therefore, we identify a subset of DMHBDNF neurons as a novel type of cooling-activated neurons to promote cold defense. Thus, we reveal a critical role of BDNF circuitry in thermoregulation, which deepens our understanding of BDNF in controlling energy homeostasis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhao Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren Cao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyan Ni
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Z Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiwei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei L Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Irani H, Khodami B, Abiri B, Saidpour A. Effect of time restricted feeding on anthropometric measures, eating behavior, stress, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) levels in women with overweight/obesity and food addiction: a study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Trials 2022; 23:482. [PMID: 35689257 PMCID: PMC9188095 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Food addiction is one of the behavioral factors that play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Much evidence is available suggesting intestinal microbiomes can play a role in eating behavior, body composition, and BDNF levels, and they can be modified by time-restricted feeding (TRF). So, this study will aim to evaluate the effect of TRF on anthropometric measures, eating behavior, stress, and serum BDNF and LBP levels in women with overweight/obesity and food addiction. Methods We will carry out a randomized clinical trial for 8 weeks to evaluate the effect of a TRF on anthropometric measures, eating behavior, stress level, serum BDNF and LBP levels in women with overweight/obesity and food addiction. Discussion Given the effect of BDNF on regulating eating behavior and body weight and the effect of dietary restrictions on BDNF and the gut microbiome, the TRF diet could possibly be a new way to successfully manage weight through modifying BDNF in people with eating disorders, including food addiction. Trial registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20131228015968N7. Registered on 25 October 2020. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-022-06439-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Irani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Khodami
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Abiri
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atoosa Saidpour
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) is a complex brain structure that is integral to many neuroendocrine functions, including glucose regulation, thermogenesis, and appetitive, social, and sexual behaviors. As such, it is of little surprise that the nucleus is under intensive investigation to decipher the mechanisms which underlie these diverse roles. Developments in genetic and investigative tools, for example the targeting of steroidogenic factor-1-expressing neurons, have allowed us to take a closer look at the VMH, its connections, and how it affects competing behaviors. In the current review, we aim to integrate recent findings into the literature and contemplate the conclusions that can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansi Khodai
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon M Luckman
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
- Correspondence: Simon M. Luckman, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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Podyma B, Parekh K, Güler AD, Deppmann CD. Metabolic homeostasis via BDNF and its receptors. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:488-499. [PMID: 33958275 PMCID: PMC8192464 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders result from dysregulation of central nervous system and peripheral metabolic energy homeostatic pathways. To maintain normal energy balance, neural circuits must integrate feedforward and feedback signals from the internal metabolic environment to orchestrate proper food intake and energy expenditure. These signals include conserved meal and adipocyte cues such as glucose and leptin, respectively, in addition to more novel players including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In particular, BDNF's two receptors, tropomyosin related kinase B (TrkB) and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), are increasingly appreciated to be involved in whole body energy homeostasis. At times, these two receptors even seem to functionally oppose one another's actions, providing the framework for a potential neurotrophin mediated energy regulatory axis, which we explore further here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Podyma
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0738, USA.
| | - Kavya Parekh
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Ali D Güler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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Atakan MM, Koşar ŞN, Güzel Y, Tin HT, Yan X. The Role of Exercise, Diet, and Cytokines in Preventing Obesity and Improving Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051459. [PMID: 33922998 PMCID: PMC8145589 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity continues to rise worldwide despite evidence-based public health recommendations. The promise to adopt a healthy lifestyle is increasingly important for tackling this global epidemic. Calorie restriction or regular exercise or a combination of the two is accepted as an effective strategy in preventing or treating obesity. Furthermore, the benefits conferred by regular exercise to overcome obesity are attributed not only to reduced adiposity or reduced levels of circulating lipids but also to the proteins, peptides, enzymes, and metabolites that are released from contracting skeletal muscle or other organs. The secretion of these molecules called cytokines in response to exercise induces browning of white adipose tissue by increasing the expression of brown adipocyte-specific genes within the white adipose tissue, suggesting that exercise-induced cytokines may play a significant role in preventing obesity. In this review, we present research-based evidence supporting the effects of exercise and various diet interventions on preventing obesity and adipose tissue health. We also discuss the interplay between adipose tissue and the cytokines secreted from skeletal muscle and other organs that are known to affect adipose tissue and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Mustafa Atakan
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Şükran Nazan Koşar
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yasemin Güzel
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Hiu Tung Tin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia;
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia;
- Sarcopenia Research Program, Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), Melbourne 3021, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9919-4024; Fax: +61-3-9919-5615
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Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Ross RA, Johnson DQ, Fenselau H, Haggerty DL, Atwood B, Lowell B, Flak JN. The Role of Mediobasal Hypothalamic PACAP in the Control of Body Weight and Metabolism. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6103920. [PMID: 33460433 PMCID: PMC7875177 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Body energy homeostasis results from balancing energy intake and energy expenditure. Central nervous system administration of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) dramatically alters metabolic function, but the physiologic mechanism of this neuropeptide remains poorly defined. PACAP is expressed in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), a brain area essential for energy balance. Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) neurons contain, by far, the largest and most dense population of PACAP in the medial hypothalamus. This region is involved in coordinating the sympathetic nervous system in response to metabolic cues in order to re-establish energy homeostasis. Additionally, the metabolic cue of leptin signaling in the VMN regulates PACAP expression. We hypothesized that PACAP may play a role in the various effector systems of energy homeostasis, and tested its role by using VMN-directed, but MBH encompassing, adeno-associated virus (AAVCre) injections to ablate Adcyap1 (gene coding for PACAP) in mice (Adcyap1MBHKO mice). Adcyap1MBHKO mice rapidly gained body weight and adiposity, becoming hyperinsulinemic and hyperglycemic. Adcyap1MBHKO mice exhibited decreased oxygen consumption (VO2), without changes in activity. These effects appear to be due at least in part to brown adipose tissue (BAT) dysfunction, and we show that PACAP-expressing cells in the MBH can stimulate BAT thermogenesis. While we observed disruption of glucose clearance during hyperinsulinemic/euglycemic clamp studies in obese Adcyap1MBHKO mice, these parameters were normal prior to the onset of obesity. Thus, MBH PACAP plays important roles in the regulation of metabolic rate and energy balance through multiple effector systems on multiple time scales, which highlight the diverse set of functions for PACAP in overall energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel A Ross
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Q Johnson
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Henning Fenselau
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David L Haggerty
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brady Atwood
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bradford Lowell
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan N Flak
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Correspondence: Jonathan N. Flak, PhD, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, 1345 W. 16th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA.
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13
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Colitti M, Montanari T. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor modulates mitochondrial dynamics and thermogenic phenotype on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Tissue Cell 2020; 66:101388. [PMID: 32933711 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2020.101388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing threat. In recent years, the finding of functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans implemented the studies of anti-obesity therapies based on triggering energy expenditure. The activation of BAT thermogenesis and the recruitment of brite (brown-in-white) adipocytes are under noradrenergic control. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), if centrally administered, enhances thermogenesis through sympathetic activation, but its direct effect on adipocytes is still unclear. The phenotypic change from fat storing to thermogenic adipocytes is recognized by the presence of multilocular lipid droplets (LDs) and fissed mitochondria that tend to surround LDs, maximizing the efficiency of fatty acid release for thermogenesis. BDNF treatment on differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes was compared to negative (CTRL) and positive (norepinephrine, NE) controls. BDNF significantly increased small globular mitochondria percentage (>150% CTRL), while the area surface and elongation index of branched tubules were respectively 55% and 10% lower than NE. Canonical discriminant analysis of mitochondria morphological data clearly separated differentially treated cells with 85% of the total variance. The expression of brown markers and mitochondrial dynamic genes was significantly affected by BDNF. Investigating the pathways involved in adipocyte BDNF stimulation could clarify its role in thermogenesis and its possible local regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Colitti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
| | - T Montanari
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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14
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Fulgenzi G, Hong Z, Tomassoni-Ardori F, Barella LF, Becker J, Barrick C, Swing D, Yanpallewar S, Croix BS, Wess J, Gavrilova O, Tessarollo L. Novel metabolic role for BDNF in pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1950. [PMID: 32327658 PMCID: PMC7181656 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BDNF signaling in hypothalamic circuitries regulates mammalian food intake. However, whether BDNF exerts metabolic effects on peripheral organs is currently unknown. Here, we show that the BDNF receptor TrkB.T1 is expressed by pancreatic β-cells where it regulates insulin release. Mice lacking TrkB.T1 show impaired glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. β-cell BDNF-TrkB.T1 signaling triggers calcium release from intracellular stores, increasing glucose-induced insulin secretion. Additionally, BDNF is secreted by skeletal muscle and muscle-specific BDNF knockout phenocopies the β-cell TrkB.T1 deletion metabolic impairments. The finding that BDNF is also secreted by differentiated human muscle cells and induces insulin secretion in human islets via TrkB.T1 identifies a new regulatory function of BDNF on metabolism that is independent of CNS activity. Our data suggest that muscle-derived BDNF may be a key factor mediating increased glucose metabolism in response to exercise, with implications for the treatment of diabetes and related metabolic diseases. Glucose metabolism is regulated by hypothalamic brain functions and factors produced by peripheral tissues. Here, the authors show that the regulator of food intake Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is also produced and secreted by muscle and stimulates pancreas insulin release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhenyi Hong
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, USA
| | | | - Luiz F Barella
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jodi Becker
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, USA
| | - Colleen Barrick
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, USA
| | - Deborah Swing
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, USA
| | | | - Brad St Croix
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, USA
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | | | - Lino Tessarollo
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, USA.
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15
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TrkB-expressing paraventricular hypothalamic neurons suppress appetite through multiple neurocircuits. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1729. [PMID: 32265438 PMCID: PMC7138837 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15537-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The TrkB receptor is critical for the control of energy balance, as mutations in its gene (NTRK2) lead to hyperphagia and severe obesity. The main neural substrate mediating the appetite-suppressing activity of TrkB, however, remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that selective Ntrk2 deletion within paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) leads to severe hyperphagic obesity. Furthermore, chemogenetic activation or inhibition of TrkB-expressing PVH (PVHTrkB) neurons suppresses or increases food intake, respectively. PVHTrkB neurons project to multiple brain regions, including ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN). We find that PVHTrkB neurons projecting to LPBN are distinct from those to VMH, yet Ntrk2 deletion in PVH neurons projecting to either VMH or LPBN results in hyperphagia and obesity. Additionally, TrkB activation with BDNF increases firing of these PVH neurons. Therefore, TrkB signaling is a key regulator of a previously uncharacterized neuronal population within the PVH that impinges upon multiple circuits to govern appetite. The TrkB receptor is known to regulate obesity via appetite control, but the underlying neural circuits are not known. Here, the authors show that selective modulation of TrkB+ neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamus regulates food intake via circuits to ventromedial hypothalamus and lateral parabrachial nucleus.
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16
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Piotrowicz Z, Chalimoniuk M, Płoszczyca K K, Czuba M, Langfort J. Acute normobaric hypoxia does not affect the simultaneous exercise-induced increase in circulating BDNF and GDNF in young healthy men: A feasibility study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224207. [PMID: 31644554 PMCID: PMC6808427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has a neuromodulatory effect on the central nervous system (CNS) partially by modifying expression of neuropeptides produced and secreted by neurons and glial cells, among which the best examined are brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Because both neurotrophins can cross the brain-blood barrier (BBB), their blood levels indirectly reflect their production in the CNS. Moreover, both neuropeptides are involved in modulation of dopaminergic and serotoninergic system function. Because limited information is available on the effects of exercise to volition exhaustion and acute hypoxia on CNS, BDNF and GDNF formation, the aims of the present study were to verify whether 1) acute exercise to exhaustion in addition to neurons also activates glial cells and 2) additional exposure to acute normobaric moderate hypoxia affects their function. In this feasibility study we measured blood concentrations of BDNF, GDNF, and neuropeptides considered as biomarkers of brain damage (bFGF, NGF, S100B, GFAP) in seven sedentary healthy young men who performed a graded exercise test to volitional exhaustion on a cycle ergometer under normoxic (N) and hypoxic conditions: 2,000 m (H2; FiO2 = 16.6%) and 3,000 m altitude (H3; FiO2 = 14.7%). In all conditions serum concentrations of both BDNF and GDNF increased immediately after cessation of exercise (p<0.01). There was no effect of condition or interaction (condition x time of measurement) and exercise on any of the brain damage biomarkers: bFGF, NGF, S100B, GFAP. Moreover, in N (0<0.01) and H3 (p<0.05) exercise caused elevated serum 5-HT concentration. The results suggest that a graded effort to volitional exhaustion in normoxia, as well as hypoxia, simultaneously activates both neurons and astrocytes. Considering that s100B, GFAP, bFGF, and NGF (produced mainly by astrocytes) are markers of brain damage, it can be assumed that a maximum effort in both conditions is safe for the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Piotrowicz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Chalimoniuk
- Department of Tourism and Health in Biała Podlaska, The Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Miłosz Czuba
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute of Sport, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Sports Theory, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Józef Langfort
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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17
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Anand SK, Mondal AC. Neuroanatomical distribution and functions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:754-763. [PMID: 31532010 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an extensively studied protein that is evolutionarily conserved and widely distributed in the brain of vertebrates. It acts via its cognate receptors TrkB and p75NTR and plays a central role in the developmental neurogenesis, neuronal survival, proliferation, differentiation, synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and brain regeneration. BDNF has also been implicated in a plethora of neurological disorders. Hence, understanding the processes that are controlled by BDNF and their regulating mechanisms is important. Although, BDNF has been thoroughly studied in the mammalian models, contradictory effects of its functions have been reported on several occasions. These contradictory effects may be attributed to the sheer complexity of the mammalian brain. The study of BDNF and its associated functions in a simpler vertebrate model may provide some clarity about the effects of BDNF on the neurophysiology of the brain. Keeping that in mind, this review aims at summarizing the current knowledge about the distribution of BDNF and its associated functions in the zebrafish brain. The main focus of the review is to give a comparative overview of BDNF distribution and function in zebrafish and mammals with respect to distinct life stages. We have also reviewed the regulation of bdnf gene in zebrafish and discussed its role in developmental and adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Kumar Anand
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Amal Chandra Mondal
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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18
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Sendžikaitė G, Hanna CW, Stewart-Morgan KR, Ivanova E, Kelsey G. A DNMT3A PWWP mutation leads to methylation of bivalent chromatin and growth retardation in mice. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1884. [PMID: 31015495 PMCID: PMC6478690 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09713-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) deposit DNA methylation, which regulates gene expression and is essential for mammalian development. Histone post-translational modifications modulate the recruitment and activity of DNMTs. The PWWP domains of DNMT3A and DNMT3B are posited to interact with histone 3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3); however, the functionality of this interaction for DNMT3A remains untested in vivo. Here we present a mouse model carrying a D329A point mutation in the DNMT3A PWWP domain. The mutation causes dominant postnatal growth retardation. At the molecular level, it results in progressive DNA hypermethylation across domains marked by H3K27me3 and bivalent chromatin, and de-repression of developmental regulatory genes in adult hypothalamus. Evaluation of non-CpG methylation, a marker of de novo methylation, further demonstrates the altered recruitment and activity of DNMT3AD329A at bivalent domains. This work provides key molecular insights into the function of the DNMT3A-PWWP domain and role of DNMT3A in regulating postnatal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Courtney W Hanna
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Kathleen R Stewart-Morgan
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Ivanova
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Gavin Kelsey
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
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19
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TrkB-expressing neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus are necessary and sufficient to suppress homeostatic feeding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3256-3261. [PMID: 30718415 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815744116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic evidence indicates that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling through the TrkB receptor plays a critical role in the control of energy balance. Mutations in the BDNF or the TrkB-encoding NTRK2 gene have been found to cause severe obesity in humans and mice. However, it remains unknown which brain neurons express TrkB to control body weight. Here, we report that TrkB-expressing neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) regulate food intake. We found that the DMH contains both glutamatergic and GABAergic TrkB-expressing neurons, some of which also express the leptin receptor (LepR). As revealed by Fos immunohistochemistry, a significant number of TrkB-expressing DMH (DMHTrkB) neurons were activated upon either overnight fasting or after refeeding. Chemogenetic activation of DMHTrkB neurons strongly suppressed feeding in the dark cycle when mice are physiologically hungry, whereas chemogenetic inhibition of DMHTrkB neurons greatly promoted feeding in the light cycle when mice are physiologically satiated, without affecting feeding in the dark cycle. Neuronal tracing revealed that DMHTrkB neurons do not innervate neurons expressing agouti-related protein in the arcuate nucleus, indicating that DMHTrkB neurons are distinct from previously identified LepR-expressing GABAergic DMH neurons that suppress feeding. Furthermore, selective Ntrk2 deletion in the DMH of adult mice led to hyperphagia, reduced energy expenditure, and obesity. Thus, our data show that DMHTrkB neurons are a population of neurons that are necessary and sufficient to suppress appetite and maintain physiological satiation. Pharmacological activation of these neurons could be a therapeutic intervention for the treatment of obesity.
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20
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McAllan L, Maynard KR, Kardian AS, Stayton AS, Fox SL, Stephenson EJ, Kinney CE, Alshibli NK, Gomes CK, Pierre JF, Puchowicz MA, Bridges D, Martinowich K, Han JC. Disruption of brain-derived neurotrophic factor production from individual promoters generates distinct body composition phenotypes in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E1168-E1184. [PMID: 30253111 PMCID: PMC6336959 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00205.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a key neuropeptide in the central regulation of energy balance. The Bdnf gene contains nine promoters, each producing specific mRNA transcripts that encode a common protein. We sought to assess the phenotypic outcomes of disrupting BDNF production from individual Bdnf promoters. Mice with an intact coding region but selective disruption of BDNF production from Bdnf promoters I, II, IV, or VI (Bdnf-e1-/-, -e2-/-, -e4-/-, and -e6-/-) were created by inserting an enhanced green fluorescent protein-STOP cassette upstream of the targeted promoter splice donor site. Body composition was measured by MRI weekly from age 4 to 22 wk. Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry at 18 wk. Food intake was measured in Bdnf-e1-/- and Bdnf-e2-/- mice, and pair feeding was conducted. Weight gain, lean mass, fat mass, and percent fat of Bdnf-e1-/- and Bdnf-e2-/- mice (both sexes) were significantly increased compared with wild-type littermates. For Bdnf-e4-/- and Bdnf-e6-/- mice, obesity was not observed with either chow or high-fat diet. Food intake was increased in Bdnf-e1-/- and Bdnf-e2-/- mice, and pair feeding prevented obesity. Mutant and wild-type littermates for each strain (both sexes) had similar total energy expenditure after adjustment for body composition. These findings suggest that the obesity phenotype observed in Bdnf-e1-/- and Bdnf-e2-/- mice is attributable to hyperphagia and not altered energy expenditure. Our findings show that disruption of BDNF from specific promoters leads to distinct body composition effects, with disruption from promoters I or II, but not IV or VI, inducing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam McAllan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Kristen R Maynard
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alisha S Kardian
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amanda S Stayton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shelby L Fox
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Erin J Stephenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Clint E Kinney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Noor K Alshibli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Charles K Gomes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Joseph F Pierre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michelle A Puchowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Dave Bridges
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Keri Martinowich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joan C Han
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
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21
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Baldo B, Gabery S, Soylu-Kucharz R, Cheong RY, Henningsen JB, Englund E, McLean C, Kirik D, Halliday G, Petersén Å. SIRT1 is increased in affected brain regions and hypothalamic metabolic pathways are altered in Huntington disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 45:361-379. [PMID: 30019499 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Metabolic dysfunction is involved in modulating the disease process in Huntington disease (HD) but the underlying mechanisms are not known. The aim of this study was to investigate if the metabolic regulators sirtuins are affected in HD. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions were used to assess levels of SIRT1-3 and downstream targets in post mortem brain tissue from HD patients and control cases as well as after selective hypothalamic expression of mutant huntingtin (HTT) using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors in mice. RESULTS We show that mRNA levels of the metabolic regulator SIRT1 are increased in the striatum and the cerebral cortex but not in the less affected cerebellum in post mortem HD brains. Levels of SIRT2 are only increased in the striatum and SIRT3 is not affected in HD. Interestingly, mRNA levels of SIRT1 are selectively increased in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in HD. Further analyses of the LHA and VMH confirmed pathological changes in these regions including effects on SIRT1 downstream targets and reduced mRNA levels of orexin (hypocretin), prodynorphin and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) in the LHA and of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the VMH. Analyses after selective hypothalamic expression of mutant HTT suggest that effects on BDNF, orexin, dynorphin and MCH are early and direct, whereas changes in SIRT1 require more widespread expression of mutant HTT. CONCLUSIONS We show that SIRT1 expression is increased in HD-affected brain regions and that metabolic pathways are altered in the HD hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Baldo
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - S Gabery
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - R Soylu-Kucharz
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - R Y Cheong
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J B Henningsen
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - E Englund
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - C McLean
- Department of Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - D Kirik
- B.R.A.I.N.S. Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - G Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, UNSW Medicine and NeuRA, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Å Petersén
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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