1
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Jin F, Zhu L, Hou L, Li H, Li L, Xiao G. Auxin resistant 2 and short hypocotyl 2 regulate cotton fiber initiation and elongation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2032-2052. [PMID: 38527791 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Auxin, a pivotal regulator of diverse plant growth processes, remains central to development. The auxin-responsive genes auxin/indole-3-acetic acids (AUX/IAAs) are indispensable for auxin signal transduction, which is achieved through intricate interactions with auxin response factors (ARFs). Despite this, the potential of AUX/IAAs to govern the development of the most fundamental biological unit, the single cell, remains unclear. In this study, we harnessed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fiber, a classic model for plant single-cell investigation, to determine the complexities of AUX/IAAs. Our research identified 2 pivotal AUX/IAAs, auxin resistant 2 (GhAXR2) and short hypocotyl 2 (GhSHY2), which exhibit opposite control over fiber development. Notably, suppressing GhAXR2 reduced fiber elongation, while silencing GhSHY2 fostered enhanced fiber elongation. Investigating the mechanistic intricacies, we identified specific interactions between GhAXR2 and GhSHY2 with distinct ARFs. GhAXR2's interaction with GhARF6-1 and GhARF23-2 promoted fiber cell development through direct binding to the AuxRE cis-element in the constitutive triple response 1 promoter, resulting in transcriptional inhibition. In contrast, the interaction of GhSHY2 with GhARF7-1 and GhARF19-1 exerted a negative regulatory effect, inhibiting fiber cell growth by activating the transcription of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase 9 and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase. Thus, our study reveals the intricate regulatory networks surrounding GhAXR2 and GhSHY2, elucidating the complex interplay of multiple ARFs in AUX/IAA-mediated fiber cell growth. This work enhances our understanding of single-cell development and has potential implications for advancing plant growth strategies and agricultural enhancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jin
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Liyong Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Guanghui Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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2
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Lu B, Wang S, Feng H, Wang J, Zhang K, Li Y, Wu P, Zhang M, Xia Y, Peng C, Li C. FERONIA-mediated TIR1/AFB2 oxidation stimulates auxin signaling in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:772-787. [PMID: 38581129 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin plays a pivotal role in governing plant growth and development. Although the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (TIR1/AFB) receptors function in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, the mechanism governing the distribution of TIR1/AFBs between these cellular compartments remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that auxin-mediated oxidation of TIR1/AFB2 is essential for their targeting to the nucleus. We showed that small active molecules, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), are indispensable for the nucleo-cytoplasmic distribution of TIR1/AFB2 in trichoblasts and root hairs. Further studies revealed that this process is regulated by the FERONIA receptor kinase-NADPH oxidase signaling pathway. Interestingly, ROS and NO initiate oxidative modifications in TIR1C140/516 and AFB2C135/511, facilitating their subsequent nuclear import. The oxidized forms of TIR1C140/516 and AFB2C135/511 play a crucial role in enhancing the function of TIR1 and AFB2 in transcriptional auxin responses. Collectively, our study reveals a novel mechanism by which auxin stimulates the transport of TIR1/AFB2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, orchestrated by the FERONIA-ROS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyan Lu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hanqian Feng
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kaixing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yilin Li
- National Facility for Protein Science Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ping Wu
- National Facility for Protein Science Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Minmin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanshu Xia
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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3
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Kubalová M, Müller K, Dobrev PI, Rizza A, Jones AM, Fendrych M. Auxin co-receptor IAA17/AXR3 controls cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana root solely by modulation of nuclear auxin pathway. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:2448-2463. [PMID: 38308183 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The nuclear TIR1/AFB-Aux/IAA auxin pathway plays a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development. Specifically, the IAA17/AXR3 protein participates in Arabidopsis thaliana root development, response to auxin and gravitropism. However, the mechanism by which AXR3 regulates cell elongation is not fully understood. We combined genetical and cell biological tools with transcriptomics and determination of auxin levels and employed live cell imaging and image analysis to address how the auxin response pathways influence the dynamics of root growth. We revealed that manipulations of the TIR1/AFB-Aux/IAA pathway rapidly modulate root cell elongation. While inducible overexpression of the AXR3-1 transcriptional inhibitor accelerated growth, overexpression of the dominant activator form of ARF5/MONOPTEROS inhibited growth. In parallel, AXR3-1 expression caused loss of auxin sensitivity, leading to transcriptional reprogramming, phytohormone signaling imbalance and increased levels of auxin. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AXR3-1 specifically perturbs nuclear auxin signaling, while the rapid auxin response remains functional. Our results shed light on the interplay between the nuclear and cytoplasmic auxin pathways in roots, revealing their partial independence but also the dominant role of the nuclear auxin pathway during the gravitropic response of Arabidopsis thaliana roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kubalová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, 12844, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Müller
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Petre Ivanov Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Annalisa Rizza
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | | | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, 12844, Czech Republic
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4
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Cummins AJ, Siler CJ, Olson JM, Kaur A, Hamdani AK, Olson LK, Dilkes BP, Sieburth LE. A cryptic natural variant allele of BYPASS2 suppresses the bypass1 mutant phenotype. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1016-1027. [PMID: 36905371 PMCID: PMC10231379 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) BYPASS1 (BPS1) gene encodes a protein with no functionally characterized domains, and loss-of-function mutants (e.g. bps1-2 in Col-0) present a severe growth arrest phenotype that is evoked by a root-derived graft-transmissible small molecule that we call dalekin. The root-to-shoot nature of dalekin signaling suggests it could be an endogenous signaling molecule. Here, we report a natural variant screen that allowed us to identify enhancers and suppressors of the bps1-2 mutant phenotype (in Col-0). We identified a strong semi-dominant suppressor in the Apost-1 accession that largely restored shoot development in bps1 and yet continued to overproduce dalekin. Using bulked segregant analysis and allele-specific transgenic complementation, we showed that the suppressor is the Apost-1 allele of a BPS1 paralog, BYPASS2 (BPS2). BPS2 is one of four members of the BPS gene family in Arabidopsis, and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the BPS family is conserved in land plants and the four Arabidopsis paralogs are retained duplicates from whole genome duplications. The strong conservation of BPS1 and paralogous proteins throughout land plants, and the similar functions of paralogs in Arabidopsis, suggests that dalekin signaling might be retained across land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Cummins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - C J Siler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Jacob M Olson
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Amanpreet Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Adam K Hamdani
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - L Kate Olson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Brian P Dilkes
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Leslie E Sieburth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Liu B, Liu K, Chen X, Xiao D, Wang T, Yang Y, Shuai H, Wu S, Yuan L, Chen L. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Interaction of Sugar and Hormone Metabolism Involved in the Root Hair Morphogenesis of the Endangered Fir Abies beshanzuensis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:276. [PMID: 36678989 PMCID: PMC9862426 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Abies beshanzuensis, an extremely rare and critically endangered plant with only three wild adult trees globally, is strongly mycorrhizal-dependent, leading to difficulties in protection and artificial breeding without symbiosis. Root hair morphogenesis plays an important role in the survival of mycorrhizal symbionts. Due to the lack of an effective genome and transcriptome of A. beshanzuensis, the molecular signals involved in the root hair development remain unknown, which hinders its endangered mechanism analysis and protection. Herein, transcriptomes of radicles with root hair (RH1) and without root hair (RH0) from A. beshanzuensis in vitro plantlets were primarily established. Functional annotation and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis showed that the two phenotypes have highly differentially expressed gene clusters. Transcriptome divergence identified hormone and sugar signaling primarily involved in root hair morphogenesis of A. beshanzuensis. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) coupled with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) found that two hormone-sucrose-root hair modules were linked by IAA17, and SUS was positioned in the center of the regulation network, co-expressed with SRK2E in hormone transduction and key genes related to root hair morphogenesis. Our results contribute to better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of root hair development and offer new insights into deciphering the survival mechanism of A. beshanzuensis and other endangered species, utilizing root hair as a compensatory strategy instead of poor mycorrhizal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- Qingyuan Conservation Center of Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park, Qingyuan 323800, China
| | - Duohong Xiao
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tingjin Wang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Shuai
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sumei Wu
- Qingyuan Conservation Center of Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park, Qingyuan 323800, China
| | - Lu Yuan
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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6
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RALF1 peptide triggers biphasic root growth inhibition upstream of auxin biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121058119. [PMID: 35878023 PMCID: PMC9351349 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121058119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell growth responds rapidly to various stimuli, adapting architecture to environmental changes. Two major endogenous signals regulating growth are the phytohormone auxin and the secreted peptides rapid alkalinization factors (RALFs). Both trigger very rapid cellular responses and also exert long-term effects [Du et al., Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 71, 379-402 (2020); Blackburn et al., Plant Physiol. 182, 1657-1666 (2020)]. However, the way, in which these distinct signaling pathways converge to regulate growth, remains unknown. Here, using vertical confocal microscopy combined with a microfluidic chip, we addressed the mechanism of RALF action on growth. We observed correlation between RALF1-induced rapid Arabidopsis thaliana root growth inhibition and apoplast alkalinization during the initial phase of the response, and revealed that RALF1 reversibly inhibits primary root growth through apoplast alkalinization faster than within 1 min. This rapid apoplast alkalinization was the result of RALF1-induced net H+ influx and was mediated by the receptor FERONIA (FER). Furthermore, we investigated the cross-talk between RALF1 and the auxin signaling pathways during root growth regulation. The results showed that RALF-FER signaling triggered auxin signaling with a delay of approximately 1 h by up-regulating auxin biosynthesis, thus contributing to sustained RALF1-induced growth inhibition. This biphasic RALF1 action on growth allows plants to respond rapidly to environmental stimuli and also reprogram growth and development in the long term.
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Mellor NL, Voß U, Ware A, Janes G, Barrack D, Bishopp A, Bennett MJ, Geisler M, Wells DM, Band LR. Systems approaches reveal that ABCB and PIN proteins mediate co-dependent auxin efflux. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2309-2327. [PMID: 35302640 PMCID: PMC9134068 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Members of the B family of membrane-bound ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters represent key components of the auxin efflux machinery in plants. Over the last two decades, experimental studies have shown that modifying ATP-binding cassette sub-family B (ABCB) expression affects auxin distribution and plant phenotypes. However, precisely how ABCB proteins transport auxin in conjunction with the more widely studied family of PIN-formed (PIN) auxin efflux transporters is unclear, and studies using heterologous systems have produced conflicting results. Here, we integrate ABCB localization data into a multicellular model of auxin transport in the Arabidopsis thaliana root tip to predict how ABCB-mediated auxin transport impacts organ-scale auxin distribution. We use our model to test five potential ABCB-PIN regulatory interactions, simulating the auxin dynamics for each interaction and quantitatively comparing the predictions with experimental images of the DII-VENUS auxin reporter in wild-type and abcb single and double loss-of-function mutants. Only specific ABCB-PIN regulatory interactions result in predictions that recreate the experimentally observed DII-VENUS distributions and long-distance auxin transport. Our results suggest that ABCBs enable auxin efflux independently of PINs; however, PIN-mediated auxin efflux is predominantly through a co-dependent efflux where co-localized with ABCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Ware
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - George Janes
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Duncan Barrack
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Darren M Wells
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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Short Peptides Induce Development of Root Hair Nicotiana tabacum. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070852. [PMID: 35406832 PMCID: PMC9002736 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Root hairs absorb soil nutrients and water, and anchor the plant in the soil. Treatment of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) roots with glycine (Gly) amino acid, and glycilglycine (GlyGly) and glycilaspartic acid (GlyAsp) dipeptides (10−7 M concentration) significantly increased the development of root hairs. In the root, peptide accumulation was tissue-specific, with predominant localization to the root cap, meristem, elongation zone, and absorption zone. Peptides penetrated the epidermal and cortical cell and showed greater localization to the nucleus than to the cytoplasm. Compared with the control, tobacco plants grown in the presence of Gly, GlyGly, and GlyAsp exhibited the activation of WER, CPC, bHLH54, and bHLH66 genes and suppression of GTL1 and GL2 genes during root hair lengthening. Although Gly, GlyGly, and GlyAsp have a similar structure, the mechanism of regulation of root hair growth in each case were different, and these differences are most likely due to the fact that neutral Gly and GlyGly and negatively charged GlyAsp bind to different motives of functionally important proteins. Short peptides site-specifically interact with DNA, and histones. The molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of exogenous peptides on cellular processes remain unclear. Since these compounds acted at low concentrations, gene expression regulation by short peptides is most likely of epigenetic nature.
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9
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Muellender MM, Savenkov EI, Reichelt M, Varrelmann M, Liebe S. The Virulence Factor p25 of Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus Interacts With Multiple Aux/IAA Proteins From Beta vulgaris: Implications for Rhizomania Development. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:809690. [PMID: 35140697 PMCID: PMC8819154 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.809690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizomania caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is characterized by excessive lateral root (LR) formation. Auxin-mediated degradation of Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors stimulates gene regulatory networks leading to LR organogenesis and involves several Aux/IAA proteins acting at distinctive stages of LR development. Previously, we showed that BNYVV p25 virulence factor interacts with BvIAA28, a transcriptional repressor acting at early stages of LR initiation. The evidence suggested that p25 inhibits BvIAA28 nuclear localization, thus, de-repressing transcriptional network leading to LR initiation. However, it was not clear whether p25 interacts with other Aux/IAA proteins. Here, by adopting bioinformatics, in vitro and in vivo protein interaction approaches we show that p25 interacts also with BvIAA2 and BvIAA6. Moreover, we confirmed that the BNYVV infection is, indeed, accompanied by an elevated auxin level in the infected LRs. Nevertheless, expression levels of BvIAA2 and BvIAA6 remained unchanged upon BNYVV infection. Mutational analysis indicated that interaction of p25 with either BvIAA2 or BvIAA6 requires full-length proteins as even single amino acid residue substitutions abolished the interactions. Compared to p25-BvIAA28 interaction that leads to redistribution of BvIAA28 into cytoplasm, both BvIAA2 and BvIAA6 remained confined into the nucleus regardless of the presence of p25 suggesting their stabilization though p25 interaction. Overexpression of p25-interacting partners (BvIAA2, BvIAA6 and BvIAA28) in Nicotiana benthamiana induced an auxin-insensitive phenotype characterized by plant dwarfism and dramatically reduced LR development. Thus, our work reveals a distinct class of transcriptional repressors targeted by p25.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugene I. Savenkov
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark Varrelmann
- Institute of Sugar Beet Research, Department of Phytopathology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Liebe
- Institute of Sugar Beet Research, Department of Phytopathology, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sebastian Liebe,
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Abstract
Auxin regulates the transcription of auxin-responsive genes by the TIR1/AFBs-Aux/IAA-ARF signaling pathway, and in this way facilitates plant growth and development. However, rapid, nontranscriptional responses to auxin that cannot be explained by this pathway have been reported. In this review, we focus on several examples of rapid auxin responses: (1) the triggering of changes in plasma membrane potential in various plant species and tissues, (2) inhibition of root growth, which also correlates with membrane potential changes, cytosolic Ca2+ spikes, and a rise of apoplastic pH, (3) the influence on endomembrane trafficking of PIN proteins and other membrane cargoes, and (4) activation of ROPs (Rho of plants) and their downstream effectors such as the cytoskeleton or vesicle trafficking. In most cases, the signaling pathway triggering the response is poorly understood. A role for the TIR1/AFBs in rapid root growth regulation is emerging, as well as the involvement of transmembrane kinases (TMKs) in the activation of ROPs. We discuss similarities and differences among these rapid responses and focus on their physiological significance, which remains an enigma in most cases.
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11
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Casal JJ, Estevez JM. Auxin-Environment Integration in Growth Responses to Forage for Resources. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a040030. [PMID: 33431585 PMCID: PMC8015692 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant fitness depends on the adequate morphological adjustment to the prevailing conditions of the environment. Therefore, plants sense environmental cues through their life cycle, including the presence of full darkness, light, or shade, the range of ambient temperatures, the direction of light and gravity vectors, and the presence of water and mineral nutrients (such as nitrate and phosphate) in the soil. The environmental information impinges on different aspects of the auxin system such as auxin synthesis, degradation, transport, perception, and downstream transcriptional regulation to modulate organ growth. Although a single environmental cue can affect several of these points, the relative impacts differ significantly among the various growth processes and cues. While stability in the generation of precise auxin gradients serves to guide the basic developmental pattern, dynamic changes in the auxin system fine-tune body shape to optimize the capture of environmental resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J Casal
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Buenos Aires 1417, Argentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370146, Chile
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Zluhan-Martínez E, López-Ruíz BA, García-Gómez ML, García-Ponce B, de la Paz Sánchez M, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. Integrative Roles of Phytohormones on Cell Proliferation, Elongation and Differentiation in the Arabidopsis thaliana Primary Root. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:659155. [PMID: 33981325 PMCID: PMC8107238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.659155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The growth of multicellular organisms relies on cell proliferation, elongation and differentiation that are tightly regulated throughout development by internal and external stimuli. The plasticity of a growth response largely depends on the capacity of the organism to adjust the ratio between cell proliferation and cell differentiation. The primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana offers many advantages toward understanding growth homeostasis as root cells are continuously produced and move from cell proliferation to elongation and differentiation that are processes spatially separated and could be studied along the longitudinal axis. Hormones fine tune plant growth responses and a huge amount of information has been recently generated on the role of these compounds in Arabidopsis primary root development. In this review, we summarized the participation of nine hormones in the regulation of the different zones and domains of the Arabidopsis primary root. In some cases, we found synergism between hormones that function either positively or negatively in proliferation, elongation or differentiation. Intriguingly, there are other cases where the interaction between hormones exhibits unexpected results. Future analysis on the molecular mechanisms underlying crosstalk hormone action in specific zones and domains will unravel their coordination over PR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephania Zluhan-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Brenda Anabel López-Ruíz
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica L. García-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Adriana Garay-Arroyo,
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13
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Hajný J, Prát T, Rydza N, Rodriguez L, Tan S, Verstraeten I, Domjan D, Mazur E, Smakowska-Luzan E, Smet W, Mor E, Nolf J, Yang B, Grunewald W, Molnár G, Belkhadir Y, De Rybel B, Friml J. Receptor kinase module targets PIN-dependent auxin transport during canalization. Science 2020; 370:550-557. [PMID: 33122378 PMCID: PMC7116426 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba3178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneously arising channels that transport the phytohormone auxin provide positional cues for self-organizing aspects of plant development such as flexible vasculature regeneration or its patterning during leaf venation. The auxin canalization hypothesis proposes a feedback between auxin signaling and transport as the underlying mechanism, but molecular players await discovery. We identified part of the machinery that routes auxin transport. The auxin-regulated receptor CAMEL (Canalization-related Auxin-regulated Malectin-type RLK) together with CANAR (Canalization-related Receptor-like kinase) interact with and phosphorylate PIN auxin transporters. camel and canar mutants are impaired in PIN1 subcellular trafficking and auxin-mediated PIN polarization, which macroscopically manifests as defects in leaf venation and vasculature regeneration after wounding. The CAMEL-CANAR receptor complex is part of the auxin feedback that coordinates polarization of individual cells during auxin canalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Hajný
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Prát
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nikola Rydza
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lesia Rodriguez
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Inge Verstraeten
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - David Domjan
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ewa Mazur
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Elwira Smakowska-Luzan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Wouter Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eliana Mor
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonah Nolf
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - BaoJun Yang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Grunewald
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gergely Molnár
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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14
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Mazur E, Kulik I, Hajný J, Friml J. Auxin canalization and vascular tissue formation by TIR1/AFB-mediated auxin signaling in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1375-1383. [PMID: 31971254 PMCID: PMC7318144 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant survival depends on vascular tissues, which originate in a self-organizing manner as strands of cells co-directionally transporting the plant hormone auxin. The latter phenomenon (also known as auxin canalization) is classically hypothesized to be regulated by auxin itself via the effect of this hormone on the polarity of its own intercellular transport. Correlative observations supported this concept, but molecular insights remain limited. In the current study, we established an experimental system based on the model Arabidopsis thaliana, which exhibits auxin transport channels and formation of vasculature strands in response to local auxin application. Our methodology permits the genetic analysis of auxin canalization under controllable experimental conditions. By utilizing this opportunity, we confirmed the dependence of auxin canalization on a PIN-dependent auxin transport and nuclear, TIR1/AFB-mediated auxin signaling. We also show that leaf venation and auxin-mediated PIN repolarization in the root require TIR1/AFB signaling. Further studies based on this experimental system are likely to yield better understanding of the mechanisms underlying auxin transport polarization in other developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Mazur
- University of Silesia in KatowiceFaculty of Natural SciencesInstitute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental ProtectionKatowicePoland
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and ProteomicsCentral European Institute of Technology (CEITEC)Masaryk UniversityCZ‐62‐500BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Ivan Kulik
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST)3400KlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Jakub Hajný
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST)3400KlosterneuburgAustria
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators and Department of Chemical Biology and GeneticsCentre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchFaculty of SciencePalacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCRŠlechtitelů 27783 71OlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST)3400KlosterneuburgAustria
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15
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Vissenberg K, Claeijs N, Balcerowicz D, Schoenaers S. Hormonal regulation of root hair growth and responses to the environment in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2412-2427. [PMID: 31993645 PMCID: PMC7178432 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The main functions of plant roots are water and nutrient uptake, soil anchorage, and interaction with soil-living biota. Root hairs, single cell tubular extensions of root epidermal cells, facilitate or enhance these functions by drastically enlarging the absorptive surface. Root hair development is constantly adapted to changes in the root's surroundings, allowing for optimization of root functionality in heterogeneous soil environments. The underlying molecular pathway is the result of a complex interplay between position-dependent signalling and feedback loops. Phytohormone signalling interconnects this root hair signalling cascade with biotic and abiotic changes in the rhizosphere, enabling dynamic hormone-driven changes in root hair growth, density, length, and morphology. This review critically discusses the influence of the major plant hormones on root hair development, and how changes in rhizosphere properties impact on the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Stavromenos PC, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Naomi Claeijs
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daria Balcerowicz
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sébastjen Schoenaers
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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16
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Mellor NL, Voß U, Janes G, Bennett MJ, Wells DM, Band LR. Auxin fluxes through plasmodesmata modify root-tip auxin distribution. Development 2020; 147:dev181669. [PMID: 32229613 PMCID: PMC7132777 DOI: 10.1242/dev.181669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a key signal regulating plant growth and development. It is well established that auxin dynamics depend on the spatial distribution of efflux and influx carriers on the cell membranes. In this study, we employ a systems approach to characterise an alternative symplastic pathway for auxin mobilisation via plasmodesmata, which function as intercellular pores linking the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. To investigate the role of plasmodesmata in auxin patterning, we developed a multicellular model of the Arabidopsis root tip. We tested the model predictions using the DII-VENUS auxin response reporter, comparing the predicted and observed DII-VENUS distributions using genetic and chemical perturbations designed to affect both carrier-mediated and plasmodesmatal auxin fluxes. The model revealed that carrier-mediated transport alone cannot explain the experimentally determined auxin distribution in the root tip. In contrast, a composite model that incorporates both carrier-mediated and plasmodesmatal auxin fluxes re-capitulates the root-tip auxin distribution. We found that auxin fluxes through plasmodesmata enable auxin reflux and increase total root-tip auxin. We conclude that auxin fluxes through plasmodesmata modify the auxin distribution created by efflux and influx carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Mellor
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ute Voß
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - George Janes
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Darren M Wells
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Leah R Band
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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17
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Zhang Y, He P, Ma X, Yang Z, Pang C, Yu J, Wang G, Friml J, Xiao G. Auxin-mediated statolith production for root gravitropism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:761-774. [PMID: 31111487 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Root gravitropism is one of the most important processes allowing plant adaptation to the land environment. Auxin plays a central role in mediating root gravitropism, but how auxin contributes to gravitational perception and the subsequent response are still unclear. Here, we showed that the local auxin maximum/gradient within the root apex, which is generated by the PIN directional auxin transporters, regulates the expression of three key starch granule synthesis genes, SS4, PGM and ADG1, which in turn influence the accumulation of starch granules that serve as a statolith perceiving gravity. Moreover, using the cvxIAA-ccvTIR1 system, we also showed that TIR1-mediated auxin signaling is required for starch granule formation and gravitropic response within root tips. In addition, axr3 mutants showed reduced auxin-mediated starch granule accumulation and disruption of gravitropism within the root apex. Our results indicate that auxin-mediated statolith production relies on the TIR1/AFB-AXR3-mediated auxin signaling pathway. In summary, we propose a dual role for auxin in gravitropism: the regulation of both gravity perception and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Peng He
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 38 Yellow River Avenue, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Zuoren Yang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 38 Yellow River Avenue, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Chaoyou Pang
- Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 38 Yellow River Avenue, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Jianing Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Guanghui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, China
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18
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Crombez H, Motte H, Beeckman T. Tackling Plant Phosphate Starvation by the Roots. Dev Cell 2019; 48:599-615. [PMID: 30861374 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant responses to phosphate deprivation encompass a wide range of strategies, varying from altering root system architecture, entering symbiotic interactions to excreting root exudates for phosphorous release, and recycling of internal phosphate. These processes are tightly controlled by a complex network of proteins that are specifically upregulated upon phosphate starvation. Although the different effects of phosphate starvation have been intensely studied, the full extent of its contribution to altered root system architecture remains unclear. In this review, we focus on the effect of phosphate starvation on the developmental processes that shape the plant root system and their underlying molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Crombez
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Hans Motte
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium.
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19
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Hazak O, Mamon E, Lavy M, Sternberg H, Behera S, Schmitz-Thom I, Bloch D, Dementiev O, Gutman I, Danziger T, Schwarz N, Abuzeineh A, Mockaitis K, Estelle M, Hirsch JA, Kudla J, Yalovsky S. A novel Ca2+-binding protein that can rapidly transduce auxin responses during root growth. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000085. [PMID: 31295257 PMCID: PMC6650080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling cross talks between auxin, a regulator of plant development, and Ca2+, a universal second messenger, have been proposed to modulate developmental plasticity in plants. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we report that in Arabidopsis roots, auxin elicits specific Ca2+ signaling patterns that spatially coincide with the expression pattern of auxin-regulated genes. We have identified the single EF-hand Ca2+-binding protein Ca2+-dependent modulator of ICR1 (CMI1) as an interactor of the Rho of plants (ROP) effector interactor of constitutively active ROP (ICR1). CMI1 expression is directly up-regulated by auxin, whereas the loss of function of CMI1 associates with the repression of auxin-induced Ca2+ increases in the lateral root cap and vasculature, indicating that CMI1 represses early auxin responses. In agreement, cmi1 mutants display an increased auxin response including shorter primary roots, longer root hairs, longer hypocotyls, and altered lateral root formation. Binding to ICR1 affects subcellular localization of CMI1 and its function. The interaction between CMI1 and ICR1 is Ca2+-dependent and involves a conserved hydrophobic pocket in CMI1 and calmodulin binding-like domain in ICR1. Remarkably, CMI1 is monomeric in solution and in vitro changes its secondary structure at cellular resting Ca2+ concentrations ranging between 10-9 and 10-8 M. Hence, CMI1 is a Ca2+-dependent transducer of auxin-regulated gene expression, which can function in a cell-specific fashion at steady-state as well as at elevated cellular Ca2+ levels to regulate auxin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ora Hazak
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elad Mamon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Meirav Lavy
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hasana Sternberg
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Smrutisanjita Behera
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ina Schmitz-Thom
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Daria Bloch
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Olga Dementiev
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Itay Gutman
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tomer Danziger
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Netanel Schwarz
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anas Abuzeineh
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Keithanne Mockaitis
- Department of Biology, University of Indiana, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mark Estelle
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joel A. Hirsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Shaul Yalovsky
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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20
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Adamowski M, Li L, Friml J. Reorientation of Cortical Microtubule Arrays in the Hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana Is Induced by the Cell Growth Process and Independent of Auxin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133337. [PMID: 31284661 PMCID: PMC6651120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical microtubule arrays in elongating epidermal cells in both the root and stem of plants have the propensity of dynamic reorientations that are correlated with the activation or inhibition of growth. Factors regulating plant growth, among them the hormone auxin, have been recognized as regulators of microtubule array orientations. Some previous work in the field has aimed at elucidating the causal relationship between cell growth, the signaling of auxin or other growth-regulating factors, and microtubule array reorientations, with various conclusions. Here, we revisit this problem of causality with a comprehensive set of experiments in Arabidopsis thaliana, using the now available pharmacological and genetic tools. We use isolated, auxin-depleted hypocotyls, an experimental system allowing for full control of both growth and auxin signaling. We demonstrate that reorientation of microtubules is not directly triggered by an auxin signal during growth activation. Instead, reorientation is triggered by the activation of the growth process itself and is auxin-independent in its nature. We discuss these findings in the context of previous relevant work, including that on the mechanical regulation of microtubule array orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciek Adamowski
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lanxin Li
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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21
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Arifuzzaman M, Oladzadabbasabadi A, McClean P, Rahman M. Shovelomics for phenotyping root architectural traits of rapeseed/canola (Brassica napus L.) and genome-wide association mapping. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 294:985-1000. [PMID: 30968249 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-019-01563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Root system in plants plays an important role in mining moisture and nutrients from the soil and is positively correlated to yield in many crops including rapeseed/canola (Brassica napus L.). Substantial phenotypic diversity in root architectural traits among the B. napus growth types leads to a scope of root system improvement in breeding populations. In this study, 216 diverse genotypes were phenotyped for five different root architectural traits following shovelomics approach in the field condition during 2015 and 2016. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker panel consisting of 30,262 SNPs was used to conduct genome-wide association study to detect marker/trait association. A total of 31 significant marker loci were identified at 0.01 percentile tail P value cutoff for different root traits. Six marker loci for soil-level taproot diameter (R1Dia), six loci for belowground taproot diameter (R2Dia), seven loci for number of primary root branches (PRB), eight loci for root angle, and eight loci for root score (RS) were detected in this study. Several markers associated with root diameters R1Dia and R2Dia were also associated with PRB and RS. Significant phenotypic correlation between these traits was observed in both environments. Therefore, taproot diameter appears to be a major determinant of the canola root system architecture and can be used as proxy for other root traits. Fifteen candidate genes related to root traits and root development were detected within 100 kbp upstream and downstream of different significant markers. The identified markers associated with different root architectural traits can be considered for marker-assisted selection for root traits in canola in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phillip McClean
- Departemnt of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Mukhlesur Rahman
- Departemnt of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
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22
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Swarup R, Bhosale R. Developmental Roles of AUX1/LAX Auxin Influx Carriers in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1306. [PMID: 31719828 PMCID: PMC6827439 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormone auxin regulates several aspects of plant growth and development. Auxin is predominantly synthesized in the shoot apex and developing leaf primordia and from there it is transported to the target tissues e.g. roots. Auxin transport is polar in nature and is carrier-mediated. AUXIN1/LIKE-AUX1 (AUX1/LAX) family members are the major auxin influx carriers whereas PIN-FORMED (PIN) family and some members of the P-GLYCOPROTEIN/ATP-BINDING CASSETTE B4 (PGP/ABCB) family are major auxin efflux carriers. AUX1/LAX auxin influx carriers are multi-membrane spanning transmembrane proteins sharing similarity to amino acid permeases. Mutations in AUX1/LAX genes result in auxin related developmental defects and have been implicated in regulating key plant processes including root and lateral root development, root gravitropism, root hair development, vascular patterning, seed germination, apical hook formation, leaf morphogenesis, phyllotactic patterning, female gametophyte development and embryo development. Recently AUX1 has also been implicated in regulating plant responses to abiotic stresses. This review summarizes our current understanding of the developmental roles of AUX1/LAX gene family and will also briefly discuss the modelling approaches that are providing new insight into the role of auxin transport in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Swarup
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Center for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ranjan Swarup,
| | - Rahul Bhosale
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Center for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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23
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Shibata M, Breuer C, Kawamura A, Clark NM, Rymen B, Braidwood L, Morohashi K, Busch W, Benfey PN, Sozzani R, Sugimoto K. GTL1 and DF1 regulate root hair growth through transcriptional repression of ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6-LIKE 4 in Arabidopsis. Development 2018; 145:145/3/dev159707. [PMID: 29439132 PMCID: PMC5818008 DOI: 10.1242/dev.159707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
How plants determine the final size of growing cells is an important, yet unresolved, issue. Root hairs provide an excellent model system with which to study this as their final cell size is remarkably constant under constant environmental conditions. Previous studies have demonstrated that a basic helix-loop helix transcription factor ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6-LIKE 4 (RSL4) promotes root hair growth, but how hair growth is terminated is not known. In this study, we demonstrate that a trihelix transcription factor GT-2-LIKE1 (GTL1) and its homolog DF1 repress root hair growth in Arabidopsis. Our transcriptional data, combined with genome-wide chromatin-binding data, show that GTL1 and DF1 directly bind the RSL4 promoter and regulate its expression to repress root hair growth. Our data further show that GTL1 and RSL4 regulate each other, as well as a set of common downstream genes, many of which have previously been implicated in root hair growth. This study therefore uncovers a core regulatory module that fine-tunes the extent of root hair growth by the orchestrated actions of opposing transcription factors. Summary:Arabidopsis gtl1 df1 double mutants and tissue-specific overexpression of GTL1 and DF1 demonstrate that both GTL1 and DF1 negatively regulate root hair growth by directly repressing RSL4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaro Shibata
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Christian Breuer
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ayako Kawamura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Natalie M Clark
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27708, USA.,Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Bart Rymen
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Luke Braidwood
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kengo Morohashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip N Benfey
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27695, USA
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27708, USA.,Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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24
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WRKY23 is a component of the transcriptional network mediating auxin feedback on PIN polarity. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007177. [PMID: 29377885 PMCID: PMC5805370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin is unique among plant hormones due to its directional transport that is mediated by the polarly distributed PIN auxin transporters at the plasma membrane. The canalization hypothesis proposes that the auxin feedback on its polar flow is a crucial, plant-specific mechanism mediating multiple self-organizing developmental processes. Here, we used the auxin effect on the PIN polar localization in Arabidopsis thaliana roots as a proxy for the auxin feedback on the PIN polarity during canalization. We performed microarray experiments to find regulators of this process that act downstream of auxin. We identified genes that were transcriptionally regulated by auxin in an AXR3/IAA17- and ARF7/ARF19-dependent manner. Besides the known components of the PIN polarity, such as PID and PIP5K kinases, a number of potential new regulators were detected, among which the WRKY23 transcription factor, which was characterized in more detail. Gain- and loss-of-function mutants confirmed a role for WRKY23 in mediating the auxin effect on the PIN polarity. Accordingly, processes requiring auxin-mediated PIN polarity rearrangements, such as vascular tissue development during leaf venation, showed a higher WRKY23 expression and required the WRKY23 activity. Our results provide initial insights into the auxin transcriptional network acting upstream of PIN polarization and, potentially, canalization-mediated plant development. The plant hormone auxin belongs to the major plant-specific developmental regulators. It mediates or modifies almost all aspects of plant life. One of the fascinating features of the auxin action is its directional movement between cells, whose direction can be regulated by auxin signaling itself. This plant-specific feedback regulation has been proposed decades ago and allows for the self-organizing formation of distinct auxin channels shown to be crucial for processes, such as the regular pattern formation of leaf venation, organ formation, and regeneration of plant tissues. Despite the prominent importance of this so called auxin canalization process, the insight into the underlying molecular mechanism is very limited. Here, we identified a number of genes that are transcriptionally regulated and act downstream of the auxin signaling to mediate the auxin feedback on the polarized auxin transport. One of them is the WRKY23 transcription factor that has previously been unsuspected to play a role in this process. Our work provides the first insights into the transcriptional regulation of the auxin canalization and opens multiple avenues to further study this crucial process.
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25
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Tejos R, Rodriguez-Furlán C, Adamowski M, Sauer M, Norambuena L, Friml J. PATELLINS are regulators of auxin-mediated PIN1 relocation and plant development in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.204198. [PMID: 28687624 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.204198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated cell polarization in developing tissues is a recurrent theme in multicellular organisms. In plants, a directional distribution of the plant hormone auxin is at the core of many developmental programs. A feedback regulation of auxin on the polarized localization of PIN auxin transporters in individual cells has been proposed as a self-organizing mechanism for coordinated tissue polarization, but the molecular mechanisms linking auxin signalling to PIN-dependent auxin transport remain unknown. We used a microarray-based approach to find regulators of the auxin-induced PIN relocation in Arabidopsis thaliana root, and identified a subset of a family of phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs), the PATELLINs (PATLs). Here, we show that PATLs are expressed in partially overlapping cell types in different tissues going through mitosis or initiating differentiation programs. PATLs are plasma membrane-associated proteins accumulated in Arabidopsis embryos, primary roots, lateral root primordia and developing stomata. Higher order patl mutants display reduced PIN1 repolarization in response to auxin, shorter root apical meristem, and drastic defects in embryo and seedling development. This suggests that PATLs play a redundant and crucial role in polarity and patterning in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Tejos
- Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad Arturo Prat, 111093 Iquique, Chile
| | - Cecilia Rodriguez-Furlán
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile
| | - Maciej Adamowski
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Michael Sauer
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lorena Norambuena
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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26
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Wu W, Liu Y, Wang Y, Li H, Liu J, Tan J, He J, Bai J, Ma H. Evolution Analysis of the Aux/IAA Gene Family in Plants Shows Dual Origins and Variable Nuclear Localization Signals. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2107. [PMID: 28991190 PMCID: PMC5666789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin plays pivotal roles in many aspects of plant growth and development. The auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) gene family encodes short-lived nuclear proteins acting on auxin perception and signaling, but the evolutionary history of this gene family remains to be elucidated. In this study, the Aux/IAA gene family in 17 plant species covering all major lineages of plants is identified and analyzed by using multiple bioinformatics methods. A total of 434 Aux/IAA genes was found among these plant species, and the gene copy number ranges from three (Physcomitrella patens) to 63 (Glycine max). The phylogenetic analysis shows that the canonical Aux/IAA proteins can be generally divided into five major clades, and the origin of Aux/IAA proteins could be traced back to the common ancestor of land plants and green algae. Many truncated Aux/IAA proteins were found, and some of these truncated Aux/IAA proteins may be generated from the C-terminal truncation of auxin response factor (ARF) proteins. Our results indicate that tandem and segmental duplications play dominant roles for the expansion of the Aux/IAA gene family mainly under purifying selection. The putative nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in Aux/IAA proteins are conservative, and two kinds of new primordial bipartite NLSs in P. patens and Selaginella moellendorffii were discovered. Our findings not only give insights into the origin and expansion of the Aux/IAA gene family, but also provide a basis for understanding their functions during the course of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Yaxue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Yuqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Huimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Jiaxin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Jiadai He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Jingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Haoli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
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27
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Fendrych M, Leung J, Friml J. TIR1/AFB-Aux/IAA auxin perception mediates rapid cell wall acidification and growth of Arabidopsis hypocotyls. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27627746 PMCID: PMC5045290 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being composed of immobile cells, plants reorient along directional stimuli. The hormone auxin is redistributed in stimulated organs leading to differential growth and bending. Auxin application triggers rapid cell wall acidification and elongation of aerial organs of plants, but the molecular players mediating these effects are still controversial. Here we use genetically-encoded pH and auxin signaling sensors, pharmacological and genetic manipulations available for Arabidopsis etiolated hypocotyls to clarify how auxin is perceived and the downstream growth executed. We show that auxin-induced acidification occurs by local activation of H+-ATPases, which in the context of gravity response is restricted to the lower organ side. This auxin-stimulated acidification and growth require TIR1/AFB-Aux/IAA nuclear auxin perception. In addition, auxin-induced gene transcription and specifically SAUR proteins are crucial downstream mediators of this growth. Our study provides strong experimental support for the acid growth theory and clarified the contribution of the upstream auxin perception mechanisms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19048.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Matyáš Fendrych
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jeffrey Leung
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA - Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Saclay Plant Science, Versailles, France
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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28
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Fendrych M, Leung J, Friml J. TIR1/AFB-Aux/IAA auxin perception mediates rapid cell wall acidification and growth of Arabidopsis hypocotyls. eLife 2016; 5:e19048. [PMID: 27627746 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19048.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being composed of immobile cells, plants reorient along directional stimuli. The hormone auxin is redistributed in stimulated organs leading to differential growth and bending. Auxin application triggers rapid cell wall acidification and elongation of aerial organs of plants, but the molecular players mediating these effects are still controversial. Here we use genetically-encoded pH and auxin signaling sensors, pharmacological and genetic manipulations available for Arabidopsis etiolated hypocotyls to clarify how auxin is perceived and the downstream growth executed. We show that auxin-induced acidification occurs by local activation of H+-ATPases, which in the context of gravity response is restricted to the lower organ side. This auxin-stimulated acidification and growth require TIR1/AFB-Aux/IAA nuclear auxin perception. In addition, auxin-induced gene transcription and specifically SAUR proteins are crucial downstream mediators of this growth. Our study provides strong experimental support for the acid growth theory and clarified the contribution of the upstream auxin perception mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matyáš Fendrych
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jeffrey Leung
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA - Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Saclay Plant Science, Versailles, France
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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29
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Salazar-Henao JE, Vélez-Bermúdez IC, Schmidt W. The regulation and plasticity of root hair patterning and morphogenesis. Development 2016; 143:1848-58. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.132845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are highly specialized cells found in the epidermis of plant roots that play a key role in providing the plant with water and mineral nutrients. Root hairs have been used as a model system for understanding both cell fate determination and the morphogenetic plasticity of cell differentiation. Indeed, many studies have shown that the fate of root epidermal cells, which differentiate into either root hair or non-hair cells, is determined by a complex interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic cues that results in a predictable but highly plastic pattern of epidermal cells that can vary in shape, size and function. Here, we review these studies and discuss recent evidence suggesting that environmental information can be integrated at multiple points in the root hair morphogenetic pathway and affects multifaceted processes at the chromatin, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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30
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Zhang Y, Marcon C, Tai H, von Behrens I, Ludwig Y, Hey S, Berendzen KW, Hochholdinger F. Conserved and unique features of the homeologous maize Aux/IAA proteins ROOTLESS WITH UNDETECTABLE MERISTEM 1 and RUM1-like 1. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1137-47. [PMID: 26672614 PMCID: PMC4753850 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The maize (Zea mays L.) Aux/IAA protein RUM1 (ROOTLESS WITH UNDETECTABLE MERISTEM 1) is a key regulator of lateral and seminal root formation. An ancient maize genome duplication resulted in the emergence of its homeolog rum1-like1 (rul1), which displays 92% amino acid sequence identity with RUM1. Both, RUL1 and RUM1 exhibit the canonical four domain structure of Aux/IAA proteins. Moreover, both are localized to the nucleus, are instable and have similar short half-lives of ~23min. Moreover, RUL1 and RUM1 can be stabilized by specific mutations in the five amino acid degron sequence of domain II. In addition, proteins encoded by both genes interact in vivo with auxin response factors (ARFs) such as ZmARF25 and ZmARF34 in protoplasts. Although it was demonstrated that RUL1 and RUM1 can homo and heterodimerize in vivo, rul1 expression is independent of rum1. Moreover, on average rul1 expression is ~84-fold higher than rum1 in the 12 tested tissues and developmental stages, although the relative expression levels in different root tissues are very similar. While RUM1 and RUL1 display conserved biochemical properties, yeast-two-hybrid in combination with BiFC experiments identified a RUM1-associated protein 1 (RAP1) that specifically interacts with RUM1 but not with RUL1. This suggests that RUM1 and RUL1 are at least in part interwoven into different molecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiang Zhang
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Caroline Marcon
- Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Huanhuan Tai
- Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Inga von Behrens
- ZMBP, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, General Genetics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Ludwig
- Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Hey
- Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth W Berendzen
- ZMBP, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Central Facilities, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Frank Hochholdinger
- Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
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31
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Balcerowicz D, Schoenaers S, Vissenberg K. Cell Fate Determination and the Switch from Diffuse Growth to Planar Polarity in Arabidopsis Root Epidermal Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1163. [PMID: 26779192 PMCID: PMC4688357 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots fulfill important functions as they serve in water and nutrient uptake, provide anchorage of the plant body in the soil and in some species form the site of symbiotic interactions with soil-living biota. Root hairs, tubular-shaped outgrowths of specific epidermal cells, significantly increase the root's surface area and aid in these processes. In this review we focus on the molecular mechanisms that determine the hair and non-hair cell fate of epidermal cells and that define the site on the epidermal cell where the root hair will be initiated (=planar polarity determination). In the model plant Arabidopsis, trichoblast and atrichoblast cell fate results from intra- and intercellular position-dependent signaling and from complex feedback loops that ultimately regulate GL2 expressing and non-expressing cells. When epidermal cells reach the end of the root expansion zone, root hair promoting transcription factors dictate the establishment of polarity within epidermal cells followed by the selection of the root hair initiation site at the more basal part of the trichoblast. Molecular players in the abovementioned processes as well as the role of phytohormones are discussed, and open areas for future experiments are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department Biology, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
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32
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Biancucci M, Mattioli R, Moubayidin L, Sabatini S, Costantino P, Trovato M. Proline affects the size of the root meristematic zone in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:263. [PMID: 26514776 PMCID: PMC4625561 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We reported previously that root elongation in Arabidopsis is promoted by exogenous proline, raising the possibility that this amino acid may modulate root growth. RESULTS To evaluate this hypothesis we used a combination of genetic, pharmacological and molecular analyses, and showed that proline specifically affects root growth by modulating the size of the root meristem. The effects of proline on meristem size are parallel to, and independent from, hormonal pathways, and do not involve the expression of genes controlling cell differentiation at the transition zone. On the contrary, proline appears to control cell division in early stages of postembryonic root development, as shown by the expression of the G2/M-specific CYCLINB1;1 (CYCB1;1) gene. CONCLUSIONS The overall data suggest that proline can modulate the size of root meristematic zone in Arabidopsis likely controlling cell division and, in turn, the ratio between cell division and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Biancucci
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza, Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Mattioli
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza, Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Laila Moubayidin
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza, Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza, Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Costantino
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza, Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Trovato
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza, Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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33
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Mukhopadhyay P, Tyagi AK. OsTCP19 influences developmental and abiotic stress signaling by modulating ABI4-mediated pathways. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9998. [PMID: 25925167 PMCID: PMC4415230 DOI: 10.1038/srep09998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Class-I TCP transcription factors are plant-specific developmental regulators. In this study, the role of one such rice gene, OsTCP19, in water-deficit and salt stress response was explored. Besides a general upregulation by abiotic stresses, this transcript was more abundant in tolerant than sensitive rice genotypes during early hours of stress. Stress, tissue and genotype-dependent retention of a small in-frame intron in this transcript was also observed. Overexpression of OsTCP19 in Arabidopsis caused upregulation of IAA3, ABI3 and ABI4 and downregulation of LOX2, and led to developmental abnormalities like fewer lateral root formation. Moreover, decrease in water loss and reactive oxygen species, and hyperaccumulation of lipid droplets in the transgenics contributed to better stress tolerance both during seedling establishment and in mature plants. OsTCP19 was also shown to directly regulate a rice triacylglycerol biosynthesis gene in transient assays. Genes similar to those up- or downregulated in the transgenics were accordingly found to coexpress positively and negatively with OsTCP19 in Rice Oligonucleotide Array Database. Interactions of OsTCP19 with OsABI4 and OsULT1 further suggest its function in modulation of abscisic acid pathways and chromatin structure. Thus, OsTCP19 appears to be an important node in cell signaling which crosslinks stress and developmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipto Mukhopadhyay
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi. 110067, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Tyagi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi. 110067, India
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34
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Yalovsky S. Protein lipid modifications and the regulation of ROP GTPase function. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1617-24. [PMID: 25711710 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the RHO superfamily of small G-proteins is implicated in the regulation of cell polarity and growth. Rho of Plants (ROPs)/RACs are plant-specific Rho family proteins that have been shown to regulate cell polarity, auxin transport and responses, ABA signalling, and response to pathogens. A hallmark of ROP/RAC function is their localization in specific plasma membrane domains. This short review focuses on the mechanisms responsible for membrane interactions of ROPs/RACs and how they affect ROP/RAC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaul Yalovsky
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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35
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Liu S, Hu Q, Luo S, Li Q, Yang X, Wang X, Wang S. Expression of wild-type PtrIAA14.1, a poplar Aux/IAA gene causes morphological changes in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:388. [PMID: 26082787 PMCID: PMC4451736 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aux/IAA proteins are transcriptional repressors that control auxin signaling by interacting with auxin response factors (ARFs). So far all of the identified Aux/IAA mutants with auxin-related phenotypes in Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa) are dominant gain-of-function mutants, with mutations in Domain II that affected stability of the corresponding Aux/IAA proteins. On the other hand, morphological changes were observed in knock-down mutants of Aux/IAA genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), suggesting that functions of Aux/IAA proteins may be specific for certain plant species. We report here the characterization of PtrIAA14.1, a poplar (Populus trichocarpa) homolog of IAA7. Bioinformatics analysis showed that PtrIAA14.1 is a classic Aux/IAA protein. It contains four conserved domains with the repressor motif in Domain I, the degron in Domain II, and the conserved amino acid signatures for protein-protein interactions in Domain III and Domain IV. Protoplast transfection assays showed that PtrIAA14.1 is localized in nucleus. It is unable in the presence of auxin, and it represses auxin response reporter gene expression. Expression of wild-type PtrIAA14.1 in Arabidopsis resulted in auxin-related phenotypes including down-curling leaves, semi-draft with increased number of branches, and greatly reduced fertility, but expression of the Arabidopsis Aux/IAA genes tested remain largely unchanged in the transgenic plants. Protein-protein interaction assays in yeast and protoplasts showed that PtrIAA14.1 interacted with ARF5, but not other ARFs. Consistent with this observation, vascular patterning was altered in the transgenic plants, and the expression of AtHB8 (Arabidopsis thaliana homeobox gene 8) was reduced in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shucai Wang
- *Correspondence: Shucai Wang, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China,
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Luo S, Li Q, Liu S, Pinas NM, Tian H, Wang S. Constitutive Expression of OsIAA9 Affects Starch Granules Accumulation and Root Gravitropic Response in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1156. [PMID: 26734051 PMCID: PMC4686622 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Auxin/Indole-3-Acetic Acid (Aux/IAA) genes are early auxin response genes ecoding short-lived transcriptional repressors, which regulate auxin signaling in plants by interplay with Auxin Response Factors (ARFs). Most of the Aux/IAA proteins contain four different domains, namely Domain I, Domain II, Domain III, and Domain IV. So far all Aux/IAA mutants with auxin-related phenotypes identified in both Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa) are dominant gain-of-function mutants with mutations in Domain II of the corresponding Aux/IAA proteins, suggest that Aux/IAA proteins in both Arabidopsis and rice are largely functional redundantly, and they may have conserved functions. We report here the functional characterization of a rice Aux/IAA gene, OsIAA9. RT-PCR results showed that expression of OsIAA9 was induced by exogenously applied auxin, suggesting that OsIAA9 is an auxin response gene. Bioinformatic analysis showed that OsIAA9 has a repressor motif in Domain I, a degron in Domain II, and the conserved amino acid signatures for protein-protein interactions in Domain III and Domain IV. By generating transgenic plants expressing GFP-OsIAA9 and examining florescence in the transgenic plants, we found that OsIAA9 is localized in the nucleus. When transfected into protoplasts isolated from rosette leaves of Arabidopsis, OsIAA9 repressed reporter gene expression, and the repression was partially released by exogenously IAA. These results suggest that OsIAA9 is a canonical Aux/IAA protein. Protoplast transfection assays showed that OsIAA9 interacted ARF5, but not ARF6, 7, 8 and 19. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing OsIAA9 have increased number of lateral roots, and reduced gravitropic response. Further analysis showed that OsIAA9 transgenic Arabidopsis plants accumulated fewer granules in their root tips and the distribution of granules was also affected. Taken together, our study showed that OsIAA9 is a transcriptional repressor, and it regulates gravitropic response when expressed in Arabidopsis by regulating granules accumulation and distribution in root tips.
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Wen R, Wang S, Xiang D, Venglat P, Shi X, Zang Y, Datla R, Xiao W, Wang H. UBC13, an E2 enzyme for Lys63-linked ubiquitination, functions in root development by affecting auxin signaling and Aux/IAA protein stability. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:424-36. [PMID: 25142088 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Unlike conventional lysine (K) 48-linked polyubiquitination, K63-linked polyubiquitination plays signaling roles in yeast and animals. Thus far, UBC13 is the only known ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) specialized in K63-linked polyubiquitination. Previous identification of Arabidopsis genes encoding UBC13 as well as its interacting partner UEV1 indicates that the UBC13-mediated ubiquitination pathway is conserved in plants; however, little is known about functions and signaling mediated through K63-linked polyubiquitination in plants. To address the functions of UBC13-mediated ubiquitination in plants, we created Arabidopsis ubc13 null mutant lines in which the two UBC13 genes were disrupted. The double mutant displayed altered root development, including shorter primary root, fewer lateral roots and only a few short root hairs in comparison with the wild type and single mutant plants, indicating that UBC13 activity is critical for all major aspects of root development. The double mutant plants were insensitive to auxin treatments, suggesting that the strong root phenotypes do not simply result from a reduced level of auxin. Instead, the ubc13 mutant had a reduced auxin response, as indicated by the expression of an auxin-responsive DR5 promoter-GFP. Furthermore, both the enzymatic activity and protein level of an AXR3/IAA17-GUS reporter were greatly increased in the ubc13 mutant, whereas the induction of many auxin-responsive genes was suppressed. Collectively, these results suggest that Aux/IAA proteins accumulate in the ubc13 mutant, resulting in a reduced auxin response and defective root development. Hence, this study provides possible mechanistic links between UBC13-mediated protein ubiquitination, root development and auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wen
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E5; Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E5
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Petti C, Nair M, DeBolt S. The involvement of J-protein AtDjC17 in root development in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:532. [PMID: 25339971 PMCID: PMC4189540 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In a screen for root hair morphogenesis mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana L. we identified a T-DNA insertion within a type III J-protein AtDjC17 caused altered root hair development and reduced hair length. Root hairs were observed to develop from trichoblast and atrichoblast cell files in both Atdjc17 and 35S::AtDJC17. Localization of gene expression in the root using transgenic plants expressing proAtDjC17::GUS revealed constitutive expression in stele cells. No AtDJC17 expression was observed in epidermal, endodermal, or cortical layers. To explore the contrast between gene expression in the stele and epidermal phenotype, hand cut transverse sections of Atdjc17 roots were examined showing that the endodermal and cortical cell layers displayed increased anticlinal cell divisions. Aberrant cortical cell division in Atdjc17 is proposed as causal in ectopic root hair formation via the positional cue requirement that exists between cortical and epidermal cell in hair cell fate determination. Results indicate a requirement for AtDJC17 in position-dependent cell fate determination and illustrate an intriguing requirement for molecular co-chaperone activity during root development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seth DeBolt
- Department of Horticulture, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
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Wang R, Estelle M. Diversity and specificity: auxin perception and signaling through the TIR1/AFB pathway. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 21:51-58. [PMID: 25032902 PMCID: PMC4294414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a versatile plant hormone that plays an essential role in most aspects of plant growth and development. Auxin regulates various growth processes by modulating gene transcription through a SCF(TIR1/AFB)-Aux/IAA-ARF nuclear signaling module. Recent work has generated clues as to how multiple layers of regulation of the auxin signaling components may result in diverse and specific response outputs. In particular, interaction and structural studies of key auxin signaling proteins have produced novel insights into the molecular basis of auxin-regulated transcription and may lead to a refined auxin signaling model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhou Wang
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Mark Estelle
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
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Grierson C, Nielsen E, Ketelaarc T, Schiefelbein J. Root hairs. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2014; 12:e0172. [PMID: 24982600 PMCID: PMC4075452 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Roots hairs are cylindrical extensions of root epidermal cells that are important for acquisition of nutrients, microbe interactions, and plant anchorage. The molecular mechanisms involved in the specification, differentiation, and physiology of root hairs in Arabidopsis are reviewed here. Root hair specification in Arabidopsis is determined by position-dependent signaling and molecular feedback loops causing differential accumulation of a WD-bHLH-Myb transcriptional complex. The initiation of root hairs is dependent on the RHD6 bHLH gene family and auxin to define the site of outgrowth. Root hair elongation relies on polarized cell expansion at the growing tip, which involves multiple integrated processes including cell secretion, endomembrane trafficking, cytoskeletal organization, and cell wall modifications. The study of root hair biology in Arabidopsis has provided a model cell type for insights into many aspects of plant development and cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Grierson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK BS8 1UG
| | - Erik Nielsen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Tijs Ketelaarc
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John Schiefelbein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
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Perilli S, Perez-Perez JM, Di Mambro R, Peris CL, Díaz-Triviño S, Del Bianco M, Pierdonati E, Moubayidin L, Cruz-Ramírez A, Costantino P, Scheres B, Sabatini S. RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED protein stimulates cell differentiation in the Arabidopsis root meristem by interacting with cytokinin signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4469-78. [PMID: 24285791 PMCID: PMC3875730 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.116632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of mitotic cell clusters such as meristematic cells depends on their capacity to maintain the balance between cell division and cell differentiation necessary to control organ growth. In the Arabidopsis thaliana root meristem, the antagonistic interaction of two hormones, auxin and cytokinin, regulates this balance by positioning the transition zone, where mitotically active cells lose their capacity to divide and initiate their differentiation programs. In animals, a major regulator of both cell division and cell differentiation is the tumor suppressor protein RETINOBLASTOMA. Here, we show that similarly to its homolog in animal systems, the plant RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED (RBR) protein regulates the differentiation of meristematic cells at the transition zone by allowing mRNA accumulation of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR19 (ARF19), a transcription factor involved in cell differentiation. We show that both RBR and the cytokinin-dependent transcription factor ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR12 are required to activate the transcription of ARF19, which is involved in promoting cell differentiation and thus root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Perilli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - José Manuel Perez-Perez
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Di Mambro
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Llavata Peris
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Díaz-Triviño
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Del Bianco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pierdonati
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laila Moubayidin
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Costantino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ben Scheres
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Sabatini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Atkinson NJ, Lilley CJ, Urwin PE. Identification of genes involved in the response of Arabidopsis to simultaneous biotic and abiotic stresses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:2028-41. [PMID: 23800991 PMCID: PMC3729780 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.222372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In field conditions, plants may experience numerous environmental stresses at any one time. Research suggests that the plant response to multiple stresses is different from that for individual stresses, producing nonadditive effects. In particular, the molecular signaling pathways controlling biotic and abiotic stress responses may interact and antagonize one another. The transcriptome response of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to concurrent water deficit (abiotic stress) and infection with the plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii (biotic stress) was analyzed by microarray. A unique program of gene expression was activated in response to a combination of water deficit and nematode stress, with 50 specifically multiple-stress-regulated genes. Candidate genes with potential roles in controlling the response to multiple stresses were selected and functionally characterized. RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR-LIKE8 (AtRALFL8) was induced in roots by joint stresses but conferred susceptibility to drought stress and nematode infection when overexpressed. Constitutively expressing plants had stunted root systems and extended root hairs. Plants may produce signal peptides such as AtRALFL8 to induce cell wall remodeling in response to multiple stresses. The methionine homeostasis gene METHIONINE GAMMA LYASE (AtMGL) was up-regulated by dual stress in leaves, conferring resistance to nematodes when overexpressed. It may regulate methionine metabolism under conditions of multiple stresses. AZELAIC ACID INDUCED1 (AZI1), involved in defense priming in systemic plant immunity, was down-regulated in leaves by joint stress and conferred drought susceptibility when overexpressed, potentially as part of abscisic acid-induced repression of pathogen response genes. The results highlight the complex nature of multiple stress responses and confirm the importance of studying plant stress factors in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine J. Lilley
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E. Urwin
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Roychoudhry S, Del Bianco M, Kieffer M, Kepinski S. Auxin controls gravitropic setpoint angle in higher plant lateral branches. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1497-504. [PMID: 23891109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lateral branches in higher plants are often maintained at specific angles with respect to gravity, a quantity known as the gravitropic setpoint angle (GSA) [1]. Despite the importance of GSA control as a fundamental determinant of plant form, the mechanisms underlying gravity-dependent angled growth are not known. Here we address the central questions of how stable isotropic growth of a branch at a nonvertical angle is maintained and of how the value of that angle is set. We show that nonvertical lateral root and shoot branches are distinguished from the primary axis by the existence of an auxin-dependent antigravitropic offset mechanism that operates in tension with gravitropic response to generate angled isotropic growth. Further, we show that the GSA of lateral roots and shoots is dependent upon the magnitude of the antigravitropic offset component. Finally, we show that auxin specifies GSA values dynamically throughout development by regulating the magnitude of the antigravitropic offset component via TIR1/AFB-Aux/IAA-ARF-dependent auxin signaling within the gravity-sensing cells of the root and shoot. The involvement of auxin in controlling GSA is yet another example of auxin's remarkable capacity to self-organize in development [2] and provides a conceptual framework for understanding the specification of GSA throughout nature.
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Wang MY, Zhao PM, Cheng HQ, Han LB, Wu XM, Gao P, Wang HY, Yang CL, Zhong NQ, Zuo JR, Xia GX. The cotton transcription factor TCP14 functions in auxin-mediated epidermal cell differentiation and elongation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:1669-80. [PMID: 23715527 PMCID: PMC3707559 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.215673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant-specific TEOSINTE-BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP) transcription factors play crucial roles in development, but their functional mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we characterized the cellular functions of the class I TCP transcription factor GhTCP14 from upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). GhTCP14 is expressed predominantly in fiber cells, especially at the initiation and elongation stages of development, and its expression increased in response to exogenous auxin. Induced heterologous overexpression of GhTCP14 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) enhanced initiation and elongation of trichomes and root hairs. In addition, root gravitropism was severely affected, similar to mutant of the auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2) gene. Examination of auxin distribution in GhTCP14-expressing Arabidopsis by observation of auxin-responsive reporters revealed substantial alterations in auxin distribution in sepal trichomes and root cortical regions. Consistent with these changes, expression of the auxin uptake carrier AUXIN1 (AUX1) was up-regulated and PIN2 expression was down-regulated in the GhTCP14-expressing plants. The association of GhTCP14 with auxin responses was also evidenced by the enhanced expression of auxin response gene IAA3, a gene in the AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (Aux/IAA) family. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that GhTCP14 bound the promoters of PIN2, IAA3, and AUX1, and transactivation assays indicated that GhTCP14 had transcription activation activity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that GhTCP14 is a dual-function transcription factor able to positively or negatively regulate expression of auxin response and transporter genes, thus potentially acting as a crucial regulator in auxin-mediated differentiation and elongation of cotton fiber cells.
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Evangelisti E, Govetto B, Minet-Kebdani N, Kuhn ML, Attard A, Ponchet M, Panabières F, Gourgues M. The Phytophthora parasitica RXLR effector penetration-specific effector 1 favours Arabidopsis thaliana infection by interfering with auxin physiology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:476-489. [PMID: 23594295 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic oomycetes have evolved RXLR effectors to thwart plant defense mechanisms and invade host tissues. We analysed the function of one of these effectors (Penetration-Specific Effector 1 (PSE1)) whose transcript is transiently accumulated during penetration of host roots by the oomycete Phytophthora parasitica. Expression of PSE1 protein in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves and in Arabidopsis thaliana plants was used to assess the role of this effector in plant physiology and in interactions with pathogens. A pharmacological approach and marker lines were used to charcterize the A. thaliana phenotypes. Expression of PSE1 in A. thaliana led to developmental perturbations associated with low concentrations of auxin at the root apex. This modification of auxin content was associated with an altered distribution of the PIN4 and PIN7 auxin efflux carriers. The PSE1 protein facilitated plant infection: it suppressed plant cell death activated by Pseudomonas syringae avirulence gene AvrPto and Phytophthora cryptogea elicitin cryptogein in tobacco and exacerbated disease symptoms upon inoculation of transgenic A. thaliana plantlets with P. parasitica in an auxin-dependant manner. We propose that P. parasitica secretes the PSE1 protein during the penetration process to favour the infection by locally modulating the auxin content. These results support the hypothesis that effectors from plant pathogens may act on a limited set of targets, including hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Evangelisti
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Benjamin Govetto
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Naïma Minet-Kebdani
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marie-Line Kuhn
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Agnès Attard
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Michel Ponchet
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Franck Panabières
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Mathieu Gourgues
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
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Saini S, Sharma I, Kaur N, Pati PK. Auxin: a master regulator in plant root development. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:741-57. [PMID: 23553556 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The demand for increased crop productivity and the predicted challenges related to plant survival under adverse environmental conditions have renewed the interest in research in root biology. Various physiological and genetic studies have provided ample evidence in support of the role of plant growth regulators in root development. The biosynthesis and transport of auxin and its signaling play a crucial role in controlling root growth and development. The univocal role of auxin in root development has established it as a master regulator. Other plant hormones, such as cytokinins, brassinosteroids, ethylene, abscisic acid, gibberellins, jasmonic acid, polyamines and strigolactones interact either synergistically or antagonistically with auxin to trigger cascades of events leading to root morphogenesis and development. In recent years, the availability of biological resources, development of modern tools and experimental approaches have led to the advancement of knowledge in root development. Research in the areas of hormone signal perception, understanding network of events involved in hormone action and the transport of plant hormones has added a new dimension to root biology. The present review highlights some of the important conceptual developments in the interplay of auxin and other plant hormones and associated downstream events affecting root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
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Koren D, Resnick N, Gati EM, Belausov E, Weininger S, Kapulnik Y, Koltai H. Strigolactone signaling in the endodermis is sufficient to restore root responses and involves SHORT HYPOCOTYL 2 (SHY2) activity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:866-874. [PMID: 23425316 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones and regulators of root development, including lateral root (LR) formation, root hair (RH) elongation and meristem cell number, in a MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2)-dependent way. However, whether SL signaling is acting cell-autonomously or in a non-cell-autonomous way in roots is unclear. We analyzed root phenotype, hormonal responses and gene expression in multiple lines of Arabidopsis thaliana max2-1 mutants expressing MAX2 under various tissue-specific promoters and shy2 mutants. The results demonstrate for the first time that expression of MAX2 under the SCARECROW (SCR) promoter, expressed mainly in the root endodermis, is sufficient to confer SL sensitivity in the root for RH, LR and meristem cell number. Moreover, loss of function mutation of SHORT HYPOCOTYL 2 (SHY2), a key component in auxin and cytokinin regulation of meristem size, has been found to be insensitive to SLs in relation to LR formation and meristem cell number. Endodermal SL signaling, mediated by MAX2, is sufficient to confer SL sensitivity in root, and SHY2 may participate in SL signaling to regulate meristem size and LR formation. These SL signaling pathways thus may act through modulation of auxin flux in the root tip, and may indicate a root-specific, yet non-cell-autonomous regulatory mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikla Koren
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Nathalie Resnick
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Einav Mayzlish Gati
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Smadar Weininger
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Yoram Kapulnik
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Hinanit Koltai
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
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48
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Koltai H, Kapulnik Y. Unveiling signaling events in root responses to strigolactone. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:589-591. [PMID: 23543437 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hinanit Koltai
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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49
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Rigas S, Ditengou FA, Ljung K, Daras G, Tietz O, Palme K, Hatzopoulos P. Root gravitropism and root hair development constitute coupled developmental responses regulated by auxin homeostasis in the Arabidopsis root apex. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:1130-1141. [PMID: 23252740 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Active polar transport establishes directional auxin flow and the generation of local auxin gradients implicated in plant responses and development. Auxin modulates gravitropism at the root tip and root hair morphogenesis at the differentiation zone. Genetic and biochemical analyses provide evidence for defective basipetal auxin transport in trh1 roots. The trh1, pin2, axr2 and aux1 mutants, and transgenic plants overexpressing PIN1, all showing impaired gravity response and root hair development, revealed ectopic PIN1 localization. The auxin antagonist hypaphorine blocked root hair elongation and caused moderate agravitropic root growth, also leading to PIN1 mislocalization. These results suggest that auxin imbalance leads to proximal and distal developmental defects in Arabidopsis root apex, associated with agravitropic root growth and root hair phenotype, respectively, providing evidence that these two auxin-regulated processes are coupled. Cell-specific subcellular localization of TRH1-YFP in stele and epidermis supports TRH1 engagement in auxin transport, and hence impaired function in trh1 causes dual defects of auxin imbalance. The interplay between intrinsic cues determining root epidermal cell fate through the TTG/GL2 pathway and environmental cues including abiotic stresses modulates root hair morphogenesis. As a consequence of auxin imbalance in Arabidopsis root apex, ectopic PIN1 mislocalization could be a risk aversion mechanism to trigger root developmental responses ensuring root growth plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatis Rigas
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
| | - Franck Anicet Ditengou
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gerasimos Daras
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
| | - Olaf Tietz
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre of Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstr. 49, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute of Advanced Sciences (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (bioss), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Polydefkis Hatzopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
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50
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Lee RDW, Cho HT. Auxin, the organizer of the hormonal/environmental signals for root hair growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:448. [PMID: 24273547 PMCID: PMC3824147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The root hair development is controlled by diverse factors such as fate-determining developmental cues, auxin-related environmental factors, and hormones. In particular, the soil environmental factors are important as they maximize their absorption by modulating root hair development. These environmental factors affect the root hair developmental process by making use of diverse hormones. These hormonal factors interact with each other to modulate root hair development in which auxin appears to form the most intensive networks with the pathways from environmental factors and hormones. Moreover, auxin action for root hair development is genetically located immediately upstream of the root hair-morphogenetic genes. These observations suggest that auxin plays as an organizing node for environmental/hormonal pathways to modulate root hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D.-W. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Taeg Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyung-Taeg Cho, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea e-mail:
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