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Prieto-Bellver G, Diaz-Lara J, Bishop DJ, Fernández-Sáez J, Abián-Vicén J, San-Millan I, Santos-Concejero J. A Five-Week Periodized Carbohydrate Diet Does Not Improve Maximal Lactate Steady-State Exercise Capacity and Substrate Oxidation in Well-Trained Cyclists compared to a High-Carbohydrate Diet. Nutrients 2024; 16:318. [PMID: 38276556 PMCID: PMC10820927 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in studies involving carbohydrate (CHO) manipulation and subsequent adaptations to endurance training. This study aimed to analyze whether a periodized carbohydrate feeding strategy based on a daily training session has any advantages compared to a high-carbohydrate diet in well-trained cyclists. Seventeen trained cyclists (VO2peak = 70.8 ± 6.5 mL·kg-1·min-1) were divided into two groups, a periodized (PCHO) group and a high-carbohydrate (HCHO) group. Both groups performed the same training sessions for five weeks. In the PCHO group, 13 training sessions were performed with low carbohydrate availability. In the HCHO group, all sessions were completed following previous carbohydrate intake to ensure high pre-exercise glycogen levels. In both groups, there was an increase in the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) (PCHO: 244.1 ± 29.9 W to 253.2 ± 28.4 W; p = 0.008; HCHO: 235.8 ± 21.4 W to 246.9 ± 16.7 W; p = 0.012) but not in the time to exhaustion at MLSS intensity. Both groups increased the percentage of muscle mass (PCHO: p = 0.021; HCHO: p = 0.042) and decreased the percent body fat (PCHO: p = 0.021; HCHO: p = 0.012). We found no differences in carbohydrate or lipid oxidation, heart rate, and post-exercise lactate concentration. Periodizing the CHO intake in well-trained cyclists during a 5-week intervention did not elicit superior results to an energy intake-matched high-carbohydrate diet in any of the measured outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Prieto-Bellver
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (G.P.-B.); (J.A.-V.)
| | - Javier Diaz-Lara
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (G.P.-B.); (J.A.-V.)
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray VIC 3011, Australia;
| | - José Fernández-Sáez
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Terres de l’Ebre, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 43500 Tortosa, Spain;
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (G.P.-B.); (J.A.-V.)
| | - Iñigo San-Millan
- Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA;
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
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Christensen PM, Andreasen JJ, Lyngholm J, Søgaard O, Lykkestrup J, Hostrup M, Nybo L, Bangsbo J. Importance of training volume during intensified training in elite cyclists: Maintained vs. reduced volume at moderate intensity. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14362. [PMID: 37002854 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Male elite cyclists (average VO2 -max: 71 mL/min/kg, n = 18) completed 7 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIT) (3×/week; 4-min and 30-s intervals) during the competitive part of the season. The influence of a maintained or lowered total training volume combined with HIT was evaluated in a two-group design. Weekly moderate-intensity training was lowered by ~33% (~5 h) (LOW, n = 8) or maintained at normal volume (NOR, n = 10). Endurance performance and fatigue resistance were evaluated via 400 kcal time-trials (~20 min) commenced either with or without prior completion of a 120-min preload (including repeated 20-s sprints to simulate physiologic demands during road races). RESULTS Time-trial performance without preload was improved after the intervention (p = 0.006) with a 3% increase in LOW (p = 0.04) and a 2% increase in NOR (p = 0.07). Preloaded time-trial was not significantly improved (p = 0.19). In the preload, average power during repeated sprinting increased by 6% in LOW (p < 0.01) and fatigue resistance in sprinting (start vs end of preload) was improved (p < 0.05) in both groups. Blood lactate during the preload was lowered (p < 0.001) solely in NOR. Measures of oxidative enzyme activity remained unchanged, whereas the glycolytic enzyme PFK increased by 22% for LOW (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that elite cyclists can benefit from intensified training during the competitive season both with maintained and lowered training volume at moderate intensity. In addition to benchmarking the effects of such training in ecological elite settings, the results also indicate how some performance and physiological parameters may interact with training volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Christensen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
- Team Danmark (Danish elite sport organization), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Juul Andreasen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Jonas Lyngholm
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Ole Søgaard
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Jakob Lykkestrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Lars Nybo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
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Peeters WM, Cook LE, Page O. The effect of pre-exercise protein intake on substrate metabolism, energy expenditure, and energy intake: a dose-response study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2275006. [PMID: 37886841 PMCID: PMC11018317 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2275006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-exercise protein consumption does not seem to influence substrate metabolism during exercise compared to fasted exercise, however it is unclear if the protein dose impacts on this effect. METHODS In a randomized, double-blinded within-subject design trial, healthy, active males and females (n = 15, 25 ± 5 yrs, O2peak: 47.5 ± 8.8 ml/kg/min) completed 1 h of cycling exercise at 60% peak power output 30 min after having consumed either 0, 20, or 40 g of whey protein. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure substrate oxidation during exercise and baseline and post-exercise resting energy expenditure. Blood samples were taken throughout the trials to measure metabolic responses. Free-living food intake post-trial was collected using food diaries. RESULTS Fat oxidation rates during exercise did not differ between the three conditions (p = 0.19) with small effect sizes between conditions (Cohen's dz: 0 vs. 20 g = 0.22, 0 vs. 40 g = 0.47, 20 vs. 40 g = 0.27). Serum insulin was higher in the protein groups vs. 0 g (p < 0.05), whereas non-esterified fatty acids were higher in the 0 g compared to 20 and 40 g (p < 0.05). Glucose was significantly lower after 15 min of exercise in 20 and 40 g vs. 0 g (p = 0.01). Resting energy expenditure was elevated post-exercise (p < 0.001), without an interaction for protein dose (p = 0.90). Post-trial free-living energy intake was not different between conditions (p = 0.31), but 24-h energy intake was significantly higher in 40 vs. 0 g (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Protein doses up to 40 g do not seem to impair fat oxidation rates during exercise compared to fasted exercise and could be considered as a nutritional strategy for exercising individuals who struggle to include fasted exercise in their training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Michiel Peeters
- Newcastle University, School of Biomedical, Nutrition and Sport Sciences, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Lauren Elizabetha Cook
- Newcastle University, School of Biomedical, Nutrition and Sport Sciences, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Oliver Page
- Newcastle University, Population Health Science Institute, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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Shirai T, Uemichi K, Takemasa T. Effects of the order of endurance and high-intensity interval exercise in combined training on mouse skeletal muscle metabolism. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R593-R603. [PMID: 37746708 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00077.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Endurance exercise (EE) mainly improves oxidative capacity, whereas high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) also improves glycolytic capacity. There is growing evidence that suggests that combining EE with HIIE can lead to improved athletic performance and fitness outcomes compared with either form of exercise alone. This study aimed to elucidate whether the order in which EE and HIIE are performed in combined training affects oxidative metabolism and glycolysis in mouse skeletal muscle. Male ICR mice at 7 wk of age were divided into three groups: control (CON), EE-HIIE, and HIIE-EE. The total training period was 3 wk (3 times/week). Mice performed running on a treadmill as endurance exercise and swimming with a weight load of 10% of body weight as high-intensity interval exercise. EE before HIIE (EE-HIIE) improved running performance in the maximal EE capacity test (all-out test) and partly enhanced the expression levels of molecular signals involved in glycolysis compared with HIIE before EE (HIIE-EE). The order of exercise did not, however, impact the expression of proteins related to mitochondrial dynamics, including those involved in the morphological changes of mitochondria through repeated fusion and fission, as well as oxidative energy metabolism. The findings suggest that the order of exercise has no significant impact on the expression of proteins associated with glycolytic and oxidative energy metabolism. Nevertheless, our results indicate that the order of EE-HIIE may enhance running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanaga Shirai
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Japan Society for Promotion Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Uemichi
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Japan Society for Promotion Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Takemasa
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Ramonas A, Laursen PB, Williden M, Kilding AE. The effect of acute manipulation of carbohydrate availability on high intensity running performance, running economy, critical speed, and substrate metabolism in trained Male runners. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:1961-1971. [PMID: 36168815 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2130097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Completing selected training sessions with reduced glycogen availability is associated with greater signalling and improved muscle oxidative capacity, although it may impact the overall quality of the session. We examined the effects of low carbohydrate availability on high intensity exercise performance, running economy, critical speed, and substrate metabolism. On two occasions, nine male runners (V̇O2peak 60.3 ± 3.3 mL.kg-1.min-1) completed a glycogen depletion protocol involving 90-min at 75%vV̇O2peak followed by 10 × 1-min at 110% vV̇O2peak. This was followed either by high (HIGH) or low (LOW) carbohydrate intake (>6 g.kg-1.day-1 and <50 g.day-1, respectively) until completion of a performance protocol on day 2 consisting of a series of time-trials (TT) (50m to 3000m) and physiological assessments. There were no differences between LOW and HIGH for any TT distance (mean TT performance times for LOW and HIGH were: 3000m TT 651.7 ± 52.8s and 646.4 ± 52.5s, 1500 m TT 304.0 ± 20.2s and 304.2 ± 22.1s, 400 m TT 67.64 ± 4.2s and 67.3 ± 3.8s, 50 m TT 7.27 ± 0.44s and 7.25 ± 0.45s, respectively, P > 0.05), though some athletes performed better in LOW (n = 5). While fat oxidation in LOW was significantly greater than HIGH (Δ0.32 ± 0.14 g.min-1; P < 0.001 at 14 km.h-1 and Δ0.34 ± 0.12 g.min-1 at 16 km.h-1; P < 0.01), running economy did not differ between trials (P > 0.05). Acute manipulation of carbohydrate availability showed immediate effects on substrate metabolism evidenced by greater fat oxidation without changes in RE. Acute low carbohydrate availability did not affect high intensity running performance across a range of distances.Highlights Acute manipulation of muscle glycogen availability using an exercise and dietary manipulation protocol did not affect subsequent high intensity running performance across a range of running distances.Reduced muscle glycogen resulted in a marked increase in fat oxidation in low glycogen condition but no changes in running economy or critical speed.Individual factors should be considered when prescribing high intensity sessions with restricted carbohydrate availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius Ramonas
- Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute NZ, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul B Laursen
- Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute NZ, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Micalla Williden
- Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute NZ, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew E Kilding
- Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute NZ, Auckland, New Zealand
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Bennett S, Tiollier E, Guibert E, Morales-Artacho A, Lalire P, Owens DJ, Morton JP, Brocherie F, Louis J. Environmental heat stress offsets adaptation associated with carbohydrate periodization in trained male triathletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:1677-1689. [PMID: 37322619 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Carbohydrate (CHO) intake periodization via the sleep low train low (SL-TL) diet-exercise model increases fat oxidation during exercise and may enhance endurance-training adaptation and performance. Conversely, training under environmental heat stress increases CHO oxidation, but the potential of combined SL-TL and heat stress to enhance metabolic and performance outcomes is unknown. METHODS Twenty-three endurance-trained males were randomly assigned to either control (n = 7, CON), SL-TL (n = 8, SLTemp ) or SL-TL + heat stress (n = 8, SLHeat ) groups and prescribed identical 2-week cycling training interventions. CON and SLTemp completed all sessions at 20°C, but SLHeat at 35°C. All groups consumed matched CHO intake (6 g·kg-1 ·day-1 ) but timed differently to promote low CHO availability overnight and during morning exercise in both SL groups. Submaximal substrate utilization was assessed (at 20°C), and 30-min performance tests (at 20 and 35°C) were performed Pre-, Post-, and 1-week post-intervention (Post+1). RESULTS SLTemp improved fat oxidation rates at 60% MAP (~66% VO2peak ) at Post+1 compared with CON (p < 0.01). Compared with SLTemp , fat oxidation rates were significantly lower in SLHeat at Post (p = 0.02) and Post+1 (p < 0.05). Compared with CON, performance was improved at Post in SLTemp in temperate conditions. Performance was not different between any groups or time points in hot conditions. CONCLUSION SL-TL enhanced metabolic adaptation and performance compared with CON and combined SL-TL and heat stress. Additional environmental heat stress may impair positive adaptations associated with SL-TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bennett
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Eve Tiollier
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Guibert
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Antonio Morales-Artacho
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Paul Lalire
- French Triathlon Federation (FFTri), Saint-Denis, France
| | - Daniel J Owens
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
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Salokannel MM, Hakulinen OM, Ahtiainen JP. Periodised Carbohydrate Intake Does Not Affect Substrate Oxidation but May Contribute to Endurance Capacity. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:73-81. [PMID: 34854807 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2013954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether periodising carbohydrate intake around specific training sessions will enhance endurance training adaptations.Seventeen healthy recreationally endurance-trained males (n = 5) and females (n = 12) (27.5 ± 5.4 years) participated in a four-week training intervention. Participants were divided into two groups: FASTED (stayed fasted between evening high-intensity interval training session and low-intensity training session in the following morning) and FED (no restriction in food intake). Pre- and post-testing included peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), anaerobic capacity, and 60 min submaximal running tests. Fasted venous blood samples were drawn for the determination of triglyceride and glucose concentrations.VO2peak increased in both FASTED (4.4 ± 3.0%, p = 0.001) and FED (4.6 ± 4.2%, p = 0.017), whereas maximal running velocity increased only in the FASTED (3.5 ± 2.7%, p = 0.002). Lactate concentrations in the anaerobic test after intervention were greater in FASTED than FED (p = 0.025-0.041). Running time in the anaerobic test was improved in FASTED (from 64.1 ± 15.6-86.3 ± 23.2 s, p < 0.001) but not in FED (from 56.4 ± 15.2-66.9 ± 21.3 s, p = 0.099). Substrate oxidation did not change after intervention in either of the groups (p = 0.052-0.597). Heart rate was lower in the submaximal running test in FASTED (p < 0.001) but not in FED (p = 0.097).Training with periodised carbohydrate availability does not have any effect on substrate oxidation. However, it seems to enhance the capacity to perform high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri M Salokannel
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Oona-Mari Hakulinen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha P Ahtiainen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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Rome FI, Shobert GL, Voigt WC, Stagg DB, Puchalska P, Burgess SC, Crawford PA, Hughey CC. Loss of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 dysregulates metabolic responses to acute exercise but enhances adaptations to exercise training in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 324:E9-E23. [PMID: 36351254 PMCID: PMC9799143 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00222.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Acute exercise increases liver gluconeogenesis to supply glucose to working muscles. Concurrently, elevated liver lipid breakdown fuels the high energetic cost of gluconeogenesis. This functional coupling between liver gluconeogenesis and lipid oxidation has been proposed to underlie the ability of regular exercise to enhance liver mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and decrease liver steatosis in individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Herein we tested whether repeated bouts of increased hepatic gluconeogenesis are necessary for exercise training to lower liver lipids. Experiments used diet-induced obese mice lacking hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (KO) to inhibit gluconeogenesis and wild-type (WT) littermates. 2H/13C metabolic flux analysis quantified glucose and mitochondrial oxidative fluxes in untrained mice at rest and during acute exercise. Circulating and tissue metabolite levels were determined during sedentary conditions, acute exercise, and refeeding postexercise. Mice also underwent 6 wk of treadmill running protocols to define hepatic and extrahepatic adaptations to exercise training. Untrained KO mice were unable to maintain euglycemia during acute exercise resulting from an inability to increase gluconeogenesis. Liver triacylglycerides were elevated after acute exercise and circulating β-hydroxybutyrate was higher during postexercise refeeding in untrained KO mice. In contrast, exercise training prevented liver triacylglyceride accumulation in KO mice. This was accompanied by pronounced increases in indices of skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in KO mice. Together, these results show that hepatic gluconeogenesis is dispensable for exercise training to reduce liver lipids. This may be due to responses in ketone body metabolism and/or metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle to exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise training reduces hepatic steatosis partly through enhanced hepatic terminal oxidation. During acute exercise, hepatic gluconeogenesis is elevated to match the heightened rate of muscle glucose uptake and maintain glucose homeostasis. It has been postulated that the hepatic energetic stress induced by elevating gluconeogenesis during acute exercise is a key stimulus underlying the beneficial metabolic responses to exercise training. This study shows that hepatic gluconeogenesis is not necessary for exercise training to lower liver lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferrol I Rome
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Gregory L Shobert
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - William C Voigt
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David B Stagg
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Patrycja Puchalska
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Shawn C Burgess
- Center for Human Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Peter A Crawford
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Curtis C Hughey
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Gut Microbial Stability is Associated with Greater Endurance Performance in Athletes Undertaking Dietary Periodization. mSystems 2022; 7:e0012922. [PMID: 35579384 PMCID: PMC9238380 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00129-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary manipulation with high-protein or high-carbohydrate content are frequently employed during elite athletic training, aiming to enhance athletic performance. Such interventions are likely to impact upon gut microbial content. This study explored the impact of acute high-protein or high-carbohydrate diets on measured endurance performance and associated gut microbial community changes. In a cohort of well-matched, highly trained endurance runners, we measured performance outcomes, as well as gut bacterial, viral (FVP), and bacteriophage (IV) communities in a double-blind, repeated-measures design randomized control trial (RCT) to explore the impact of dietary intervention with either high-protein or high-carbohydrate content. High-dietary carbohydrate improved time-trial performance by +6.5% (P < 0.03) and was associated with expansion of Ruminococcus and Collinsella bacterial spp. Conversely, high dietary protein led to a reduction in performance by −23.3% (P = 0.001). This impact was accompanied by significantly reduced diversity (IV: P = 0.04) and altered composition (IV and FVP: P = 0.02) of the gut phageome as well as enrichment of both free and inducible Sk1virus and Leuconostoc bacterial populations. Greatest performance during dietary modification was observed in participants with less substantial shifts in community composition. Gut microbial stability during acute dietary periodization was associated with greater athletic performance in this highly trained, well-matched cohort. Athletes, and those supporting them, should be mindful of the potential consequences of dietary manipulation on gut flora and implications for performance, and periodize appropriately. IMPORTANCE Dietary periodization is employed to improve endurance exercise performance but may impact on gut microbial communities. Bacteriophage are implicated in bacterial cell homeostasis and have been identified as biomarkers of disequilibrium in the gut ecosystem possibly brought about through dietary periodization. We find high-carbohydrate and high-protein diets to have opposing impacts on endurance performance in highly trained athlete populations. Reduced performance is linked with disturbance of microbial stasis in the gut. We demonstrate bacteriophage communities are the most sensitive component of the gut microbiota to increased gut stress following dietary manipulation. Athletes undertaking dietary periodization should be aware of potential negative impacts of drastic changes to dietary composition on gut microbial stasis and, in turn, endurance performance.
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Barrett JS, Whytock KL, Strauss JA, Wagenmakers AJM, Shepherd SO. High intramuscular triglyceride turnover rates and the link to insulin sensitivity: influence of obesity, type 2 diabetes and physical activity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:343-356. [PMID: 35061523 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Large intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) stores in sedentary, obese individuals have been linked to insulin resistance, yet well-trained athletes exhibit high IMTG levels whilst maintaining insulin sensitivity. Contrary to previous assumptions, it is now known that IMTG content per se does not result in insulin resistance. Rather, insulin resistance is caused, at least in part, by the presence of high concentrations of harmful lipid metabolites, such as diacylglycerols and ceramides in muscle. Several mechanistic differences between obese sedentary individuals and their highly trained counterparts have been identified, which determine the differential capacity for IMTG synthesis and breakdown in these populations. In this review, we first describe the most up-to-date mechanisms by which a low IMTG turnover rate (both breakdown and synthesis) leads to the accumulation of lipid metabolites and results in skeletal muscle insulin resistance. We then explore current and potential exercise and nutritional strategies that target IMTG turnover in sedentary obese individuals, to improve insulin sensitivity. Overall, improving IMTG turnover should be an important component of successful interventions that aim to prevent the development of insulin resistance in the ever-expanding sedentary, overweight and obese populations. Novelty: A description of the most up-to-date mechanisms regulating turnover of the IMTG pool. An exploration of current and potential exercise/nutritional strategies to target and enhance IMTG turnover in obese individuals. Overall, highlights the importance of improving IMTG turnover to prevent the development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Barrett
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - K L Whytock
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - J A Strauss
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - A J M Wagenmakers
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - S O Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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11
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New Horizons in Carbohydrate Research and Application for Endurance Athletes. Sports Med 2022; 52:5-23. [PMID: 36173597 PMCID: PMC9734239 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The importance of carbohydrate as a fuel source for exercise and athletic performance is well established. Equally well developed are dietary carbohydrate intake guidelines for endurance athletes seeking to optimize their performance. This narrative review provides a contemporary perspective on research into the role of, and application of, carbohydrate in the diet of endurance athletes. The review discusses how recommendations could become increasingly refined and what future research would further our understanding of how to optimize dietary carbohydrate intake to positively impact endurance performance. High carbohydrate availability for prolonged intense exercise and competition performance remains a priority. Recent advances have been made on the recommended type and quantity of carbohydrates to be ingested before, during and after intense exercise bouts. Whilst reducing carbohydrate availability around selected exercise bouts to augment metabolic adaptations to training is now widely recommended, a contemporary view of the so-called train-low approach based on the totality of the current evidence suggests limited utility for enhancing performance benefits from training. Nonetheless, such studies have focused importance on periodizing carbohydrate intake based on, among other factors, the goal and demand of training or competition. This calls for a much more personalized approach to carbohydrate recommendations that could be further supported through future research and technological innovation (e.g., continuous glucose monitoring). Despite more than a century of investigations into carbohydrate nutrition, exercise metabolism and endurance performance, there are numerous new important discoveries, both from an applied and mechanistic perspective, on the horizon.
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Bennett S, Tiollier E, Brocherie F, Owens DJ, Morton JP, Louis J. Three weeks of a home-based "sleep low-train low" intervention improves functional threshold power in trained cyclists: A feasibility study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260959. [PMID: 34855913 PMCID: PMC8639084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background “Sleep Low-Train Low” is a training-nutrition strategy intended to purposefully reduce muscle glycogen availability around specific exercise sessions, potentially amplifying the training stimulus via augmented cell signalling. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a 3-week home-based “sleep low-train low” programme and its effects on cycling performance in trained athletes. Methods Fifty-five trained athletes (Functional Threshold Power [FTP]: 258 ± 52W) completed a home-based cycling training program consisting of evening high-intensity training (6 × 5 min at 105% FTP), followed by low-intensity training (1 hr at 75% FTP) the next morning, three times weekly for three consecutive weeks. Participant’s daily carbohydrate (CHO) intake (6 g·kg-1·d-1) was matched but timed differently to manipulate CHO availability around exercise: no CHO consumption post- HIT until post-LIT sessions [Sleep Low (SL), n = 28] or CHO consumption evenly distributed throughout the day [Control (CON), n = 27]. Sessions were monitored remotely via power data uploaded to an online training platform, with performance tests conducted pre-, post-intervention. Results LIT exercise intensity reduced by 3% across week 1, 3 and 2% in week 2 (P < 0.01) with elevated RPE in SL vs. CON (P < 0.01). SL enhanced FTP by +5.5% vs. +1.2% in CON (P < 0.01). Comparable increases in 5-min peak power output (PPO) were observed between groups (P < 0.01) with +2.3% and +2.7% in SL and CON, respectively (P = 0.77). SL 1-min PPO was unchanged (+0.8%) whilst CON improved by +3.9% (P = 0.0144). Conclusion Despite reduced relative training intensity, our data demonstrate short-term “sleep low-train low” intervention improves FTP compared with typically “normal” CHO availability during exercise. Importantly, training was completed unsupervised at home (during the COVID-19 pandemic), thus demonstrating the feasibility of completing a “sleep low-train low” protocol under non-laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bennett
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Eve Tiollier
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Daniel J. Owens
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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13
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Brooke NK, Cosio-Lima L. Nutrition in Cycling. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2021; 33:159-172. [PMID: 34798997 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cycling is predominantly an endurance sport in which fuel utilization for energy production relies on the availability and delivery of oxygen to exercising muscle. Nutrition and training interventions to improve endurance performance are continually evolving, but ultimately, prescription should aim to generate improvements in cycling power and velocity while prioritizing athlete health and well-being. The wide range of cycling events and the different environments in which events take place pose a variety of nutrition-related challenges for cyclists. This review addresses some of these challenges and highlights recent advancements in nutrition for cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrita Kumar Brooke
- Department of Movement Sciences and Health, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway Building 782/220, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA.
| | - Ludmila Cosio-Lima
- Department of Movement Sciences and Health, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway Building 782/220, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
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14
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Beck KL, von Hurst PR, O'Brien WJ, Badenhorst CE. Micronutrients and athletic performance: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112618. [PMID: 34662692 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Optimising nutrition intake is a key component for supporting athletic performance and supporting adaption to training. Athletes often use micronutrient supplements in order to correct vitamin and mineral deficiencies, improve immune function, enhance recovery and or to optimise their performance. The aim of this review was to investigate the recent literature regarding micronutrients (specifically iron, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin D, calcium) and their effects on physical performance. Over the past ten years, several studies have investigated the impacts of these micronutrients on aspects of athletic performance, and several reviews have aimed to provide an overview of current use and effectiveness. Currently the balance of the literature suggests that micronutrient supplementation in well-nourished athletes does not enhance physical performance. Excessive intake of dietary supplements may impair the body's physiological responses to exercise that supports adaptation to training stress. In some cases, micronutrient supplementation is warranted, for example, with a diagnosed deficiency, when energy intake is compromised, or when training and competing at altitude, however these micronutrients should be prescribed by a medical professional. Athletes are encouraged to obtain adequate micronutrients from a wellbalanced and varied dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Beck
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, New Zealand, Private Bag 102904, North Shore, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand.
| | - Pamela R von Hurst
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, New Zealand, Private Bag 102904, North Shore, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand.
| | - Wendy J O'Brien
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, New Zealand, Private Bag 102904, North Shore, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand.
| | - Claire E Badenhorst
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, New Zealand, Private Bag 102904, North Shore, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand.
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Atakan MM, Li Y, Koşar ŞN, Turnagöl HH, Yan X. Evidence-Based Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Exercise Capacity and Health: A Review with Historical Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7201. [PMID: 34281138 PMCID: PMC8294064 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Engaging in regular exercise results in a range of physiological adaptations offering benefits for exercise capacity and health, independent of age, gender or the presence of chronic diseases. Accumulating evidence shows that lack of time is a major impediment to exercise, causing physical inactivity worldwide. This issue has resulted in momentum for interval training models known to elicit higher enjoyment and induce adaptations similar to or greater than moderate-intensity continuous training, despite a lower total exercise volume. Although there is no universal definition, high-intensity interval exercise is characterized by repeated short bursts of intense activity, performed with a "near maximal" or "all-out" effort corresponding to ≥90% of maximal oxygen uptake or >75% of maximal power, with periods of rest or low-intensity exercise. Research has indicated that high-intensity interval training induces numerous physiological adaptations that improve exercise capacity (maximal oxygen uptake, aerobic endurance, anaerobic capacity etc.) and metabolic health in both clinical and healthy (athletes, active and inactive individuals without any apparent disease or disorder) populations. In this paper, a brief history of high-intensity interval training is presented, based on the novel findings of some selected studies on exercise capacity and health, starting from the early 1920s to date. Further, an overview of the mechanisms underlying the physiological adaptations in response to high-intensity interval training is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Mustafa Atakan
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (H.H.T.)
| | - Yanchun Li
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Şükran Nazan Koşar
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (H.H.T.)
| | - Hüseyin Hüsrev Turnagöl
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (H.H.T.)
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia;
- Sarcopenia Research Program, Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), Melbourne 3021, Australia
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16
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Atakan MM, Güzel Y, Bulut S, Koşar ŞN, McConell GK, Turnagöl HH. Six high-intensity interval training sessions over 5 days increases maximal oxygen uptake, endurance capacity, and sub-maximal exercise fat oxidation as much as 6 high-intensity interval training sessions over 2 weeks. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:478-487. [PMID: 32565243 PMCID: PMC8343121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity interval training (HIIT) induces similar or even superior adaptations compared to continuous endurance training. Indeed, just 6 HIIT sessions over 2 weeks significantly improves maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), submaximal exercise fat oxidation, and endurance performance. Whether even faster adaptations can be achieved with HIIT is not known. Thus, we aimed to determine whether 2 sessions of HIIT per day, separated by 3 h, every other day for 5 days (double HIIT (HIIT-D), n = 15) could increase VO2max, submaximal exercise fat oxidation, and endurance capacity as effectively as 6 sessions of HIIT over 2 weeks (single HIIT (HIIT-S), n = 13). METHODS Each training session consisted of 10 × 60 s of cycling at 100% of VO2max interspersed with 75 s of low-intensity cycling at 60 watt (W). Pre- and post-training assessments included VO2max, time to exhaustion at ∼80% of VO2max, and 60-min cycling trials at ∼67% of VO2max. RESULTS Similar increases (p < 0.05) in VO2max (HIIT-D: 7.7% vs. HIIT-S: 6.0%, p > 0.05) and endurance capacity (HIIT-D: 80.1% vs. HIIT-S: 79.2%, p > 0.05) were observed. Submaximal exercise carbohydrate oxidation was reduced in the 2 groups after exercise training (HIIT-D: 9.2%, p = 0.014 vs. HIIT-S: 18.8%, p = 0.012) while submaximal exercise fat oxidation was significantly increased in HIIT-D (15.5%, p = 0.048) but not in HIIT-S (9.3%, p = 0.290). CONCLUSION Six HIIT sessions over 5 days was as effective in increasing VO2max and endurance capacity and was more effective in improving submaximal exercise fat oxidation than 6 HIIT sessions over 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed M Atakan
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism in Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06690, Turkey; Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIA 3011, Australia
| | - Yasemin Güzel
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism in Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06690, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Bulut
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism in Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06690, Turkey
| | - Şükran N Koşar
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism in Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06690, Turkey
| | - Glenn K McConell
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIA 3011, Australia.
| | - Hüseyin H Turnagöl
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism in Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06690, Turkey.
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Gonzalez JT, Wallis GA. Carb-conscious: the role of carbohydrate intake in recovery from exercise. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2021; 24:364-371. [PMID: 33973552 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review summarized evidence on the role of carbohydrates in recovery from exercise within the context of acute and chronic effects on metabolism and performance. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies demonstrate that, in contrast to recovery of muscle glycogen stores, the recovery of liver glycogen stores can be accelerated by the co-ingestion of fructose with glucose-based carbohydrates. Three recent studies suggest this can extend time-to-exhaustion during endurance exercise tests. However, periodically restricting carbohydrate intakes during recovery from some training sessions to slow the recovery of liver and muscle glycogen stores may, over time, result in a modest increase in the ability to oxidize fat during exercise in a fasted state. Whether this periodized strategy translates into a performance advantage in the fed state remains to be clearly demonstrated. SUMMARY To maximize recovery of glycogen stores and the capacity to perform in subsequent endurance exercise, athletes should consider ingesting at least 1.2 g carbohydrate per kilogram body mass per hour - for the first few hours of recovery - as a mixture of fructose and glucose-based carbohydrates. However, if a goal is increased capacity for fat oxidation, athletes should consider restricting carbohydrate intakes during recovery from some key training sessions. VIDEO ABSTRACT http://links.lww.com/COCN/A15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier T Gonzalez
- Department for Health
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Oosthuyse T, Florence GE, Correia A, Smyth C, Bosch AN. Carbohydrate-Restricted Exercise With Protein Increases Self-Selected Training Intensity in Female Cyclists but Not Male Runners and Cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1547-1558. [PMID: 33927115 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Oosthuyse, T, Florence, GE, Correia, A, Smyth, C, and Bosch, AN. Carbohydrate-restricted exercise with protein increases self-selected training intensity in female cyclists but not male runners and cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1547-1558, 2021-Carbohydrate-restricted training challenges preservation of euglycemia and exercise intensity that precludes ergogenic gains, necessitating countering strategies. We investigated the efficacy of ingesting casein protein hydrolysate in overnight-fasted male runners, male cyclists, and female cyclists. Twenty-four overnight-fasted athletes ingested 15.8 g·h-1 casein hydrolysate or placebo-water during exercise (60-80 minutes) comprising an incremental test to exhaustion, steady-state exercise (70% Vmax or 60% peak power output, 87 ± 4% HRmax), and 20-minute time trial (TT) in a double-blind randomized crossover design, with p < 0.05 accepted as significant. Ingesting protein vs. placebo increased metabolic demand {oxygen consumption, +4.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] ± 4%), p = 0.0297; +3.2% (95% CI ± 3.4%), p = 0.061}, heart rate (p = 0.0083; p = 0.007) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) (p = 0.0266; p = 0.0163) in male cyclists and runners, respectively, but not female cyclists. Protein vs. placebo increased carbohydrate oxidation (+0.26 [95% CI ± 0.13] g·min-1, p = 0.0007) in female cyclists alone. Cyclists reported +2 ± 1 higher RPE than runners (p = 0.0062). Glycemia was maintained only in runners and increased with protein vs. placebo after 20 minutes of steady-state exercise (+0.63 [95% CI ± 0.56] mmol·L-1, p = 0.0285). TT performance with protein vs. placebo ingestion was modestly compromised in runners (-2.8% [95% CI ± 2.2%], p = 0.0018), unchanged in male cyclists (+1.9% [95% CI ± 5.6%], p = 0.5794), and modestly improved in female cyclists (+2.5% [95% CI ± 1.8%], p = 0.0164). Casein hydrolysate ingestion during moderate to hard carbohydrate-restricted exercise increases glycemia in runners, but not cyclists. Casein hydrolysate increases metabolic demand in male athletes and carbohydrate oxidation in female cyclists and is suitable for improving carbohydrate-restricted training intensity in female but not male endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Oosthuyse
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Medical School, Johannesburg, South Africa ; and
| | - Gabriella E Florence
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arron Correia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Camilla Smyth
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew N Bosch
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Moore DR, Sygo J, Morton JP. Fuelling the female athlete: Carbohydrate and protein recommendations. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:684-696. [PMID: 34015236 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1922508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Optimal carbohydrate and protein intakes are vital for modulating training adaptation, recovery, and exercise performance. However, the research base underpinning contemporary sport nutrition guidelines has largely been conducted in male populations with a lack of consensus on whether the menstrual phase and associated changes in sex hormones allow broad application of these principles to female athletes. The present review will summarise our current understanding of carbohydrate and protein requirements in female athletes across the menstrual cycle and provide a critical analysis on how they compare to male athletes. On the basis of current evidence, we consider it premature to conclude that female athletes require sex specific guidelines in relation to CHO or protein requirements provided energy needs are met. However, there is a need for further research using sport-specific competition and training related exercise protocols that rigorously control for prior exercise, CHO/energy intake, contraceptive use and phase of menstrual cycle. Our overarching recommendation is to use current recommendations as a basis for adopting an individualised approach that takes into account athlete specific training and competition goals whilst also considering personal symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Mores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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20
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Gejl KD, Nybo L. Performance effects of periodized carbohydrate restriction in endurance trained athletes - a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:37. [PMID: 34001184 PMCID: PMC8127206 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance athletes typically consume carbohydrate-rich diets to allow for optimal performance during competitions and intense training. However, acute exercise studies have revealed that training or recovery with low muscle glycogen stimulates factors of importance for mitochondrial biogenesis in addition to favourable metabolic adaptations in trained athletes. Compromised training quality and particularly lower intensities in peak intervals seem to be a major drawback from dietary interventions with chronic carbohydrate (CHO) restriction. Therefore, the concept of undertaking only selected training sessions with restricted CHO availability (periodized CHO restriction) has been proposed for endurance athletes. However, the overall performance effect of this concept has not been systematically reviewed in highly adapted endurance-trained athletes. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis of training studies that fulfilled the following criteria: a) inclusion of females and males demonstrating a VO2max ≥ 55 and 60 ml · kg− 1 · min− 1, respectively; b) total intervention and training periods ≥ 1 week, c) use of interventions including training and/or recovery with periodized carbohydrate restriction at least three times per week, and d) measurements of endurance performance before and after the training period. The literature search resulted in 407 papers of which nine studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The subsequent meta-analysis demonstrated no overall effect of CHO periodization on endurance performance compared to control endurance training with normal (high) CHO availability (standardized mean difference = 0.17 [− 0.15, 0.49]; P = 0.29). Based on the available literature, we therefore conclude that periodized CHO restriction does not per se enhance performance in endurance-trained athletes. The review discusses different approaches to CHO periodization across studies with a focus on identifying potential physiological benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Degn Gejl
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Maunder E, Plews DJ, Wallis GA, Brick MJ, Leigh WB, Chang WL, Watkins CM, Kilding AE. Temperate performance and metabolic adaptations following endurance training performed under environmental heat stress. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14849. [PMID: 33977674 PMCID: PMC8114151 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance athletes are frequently exposed to environmental heat stress during training. We investigated whether exposure to 33°C during training would improve endurance performance in temperate conditions and stimulate mitochondrial adaptations. Seventeen endurance-trained males were randomly assigned to perform a 3-week training intervention in 18°C (TEMP) or 33°C (HEAT). An incremental test and 30-min time-trial preceded by 2-h low-intensity cycling were performed in 18°C pre- and post-intervention, along with a resting vastus lateralis microbiopsy. Training was matched for relative cardiovascular demand using heart rates measured at the first and second ventilatory thresholds, along with a weekly "best-effort" interval session. Perceived training load was similar between-groups, despite lower power outputs during training in HEAT versus TEMP (p < .05). Time-trial performance improved to a greater extent in HEAT than TEMP (30 ± 13 vs. 16 ± 5 W, N = 7 vs. N = 6, p = .04), and citrate synthase activity increased in HEAT (fold-change, 1.25 ± 0.25, p = .03, N = 9) but not TEMP (1.10 ± 0.22, p = .22, N = 7). Training-induced changes in time-trial performance and citrate synthase activity were related (r = .51, p = .04). A group × time interaction for peak fat oxidation was observed (Δ 0.05 ± 0.14 vs. -0.09 ± 0.12 g·min-1 in TEMP and HEAT, N = 9 vs. N = 8, p = .05). Our data suggest exposure to moderate environmental heat stress during endurance training may be useful for inducing adaptations relevant to performance in temperate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Maunder
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Plews
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matthew J Brick
- Orthosports North Harbour, AUT Millennium, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Warren B Leigh
- Orthosports North Harbour, AUT Millennium, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wee-Leong Chang
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Casey M Watkins
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew E Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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22
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Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094963. [PMID: 34066984 PMCID: PMC8124511 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The human body requires energy to function. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the cellular currency for energy-requiring processes including mechanical work (i.e., exercise). ATP used by the cells is ultimately derived from the catabolism of energy substrate molecules—carbohydrates, fat, and protein. In prolonged moderate to high-intensity exercise, there is a delicate interplay between carbohydrate and fat metabolism, and this bioenergetic process is tightly regulated by numerous physiological, nutritional, and environmental factors such as exercise intensity and duration, body mass and feeding state. Carbohydrate metabolism is of critical importance during prolonged endurance-type exercise, reflecting the physiological need to regulate glucose homeostasis, assuring optimal glycogen storage, proper muscle fuelling, and delaying the onset of fatigue. Fat metabolism represents a sustainable source of energy to meet energy demands and preserve the ‘limited’ carbohydrate stores. Coordinated neural, hormonal and circulatory events occur during prolonged endurance-type exercise, facilitating the delivery of fatty acids from adipose tissue to the working muscle for oxidation. However, with increasing exercise intensity, fat oxidation declines and is unable to supply ATP at the rate of the exercise demand. Protein is considered a subsidiary source of energy supporting carbohydrates and fat metabolism, contributing to approximately 10% of total ATP turnover during prolonged endurance-type exercise. In this review we present an overview of substrate metabolism during prolonged endurance-type exercise and the regulatory mechanisms involved in ATP turnover to meet the energetic demands of exercise.
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Rothschild JA, Kilding AE, Broome SC, Stewart T, Cronin JB, Plews DJ. Pre-Exercise Carbohydrate or Protein Ingestion Influences Substrate Oxidation but Not Performance or Hunger Compared with Cycling in the Fasted State. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041291. [PMID: 33919779 PMCID: PMC8070691 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional intake can influence exercise metabolism and performance, but there is a lack of research comparing protein-rich pre-exercise meals with endurance exercise performed both in the fasted state and following a carbohydrate-rich breakfast. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of three pre-exercise nutrition strategies on metabolism and exercise capacity during cycling. On three occasions, seventeen trained male cyclists (VO2peak 62.2 ± 5.8 mL·kg−1·min−1, 31.2 ± 12.4 years, 74.8 ± 9.6 kg) performed twenty minutes of submaximal cycling (4 × 5 min stages at 60%, 80%, and 100% of ventilatory threshold (VT), and 20% of the difference between power at the VT and peak power), followed by 3 × 3 min intervals at 80% peak aerobic power and 3 × 3 min intervals at maximal effort, 30 min after consuming a carbohydrate-rich meal (CARB; 1 g/kg CHO), a protein-rich meal (PROTEIN; 0.45 g/kg protein + 0.24 g/kg fat), or water (FASTED), in a randomized and counter-balanced order. Fat oxidation was lower for CARB compared with FASTED at and below the VT, and compared with PROTEIN at 60% VT. There were no differences between trials for average power during high-intensity intervals (367 ± 51 W, p = 0.516). Oxidative stress (F2-Isoprostanes), perceived exertion, and hunger were not different between trials. Overall, exercising in the overnight-fasted state increased fat oxidation during submaximal exercise compared with exercise following a CHO-rich breakfast, and pre-exercise protein ingestion allowed similarly high levels of fat oxidation. There were no differences in perceived exertion, hunger, or performance, and we provide novel data showing no influence of pre-exercise nutrition ingestion on exercise-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Rothschild
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (A.E.K.); (T.S.); (J.B.C.); (D.J.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrew E. Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (A.E.K.); (T.S.); (J.B.C.); (D.J.P.)
| | - Sophie C. Broome
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
| | - Tom Stewart
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (A.E.K.); (T.S.); (J.B.C.); (D.J.P.)
- Human Potential Centre, School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - John B. Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (A.E.K.); (T.S.); (J.B.C.); (D.J.P.)
| | - Daniel J. Plews
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (A.E.K.); (T.S.); (J.B.C.); (D.J.P.)
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24
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Wilson JM, Lowery RP, Roberts MD, Sharp MH, Joy JM, Shields KA, Partl JM, Volek JS, D'Agostino DP. Effects of Ketogenic Dieting on Body Composition, Strength, Power, and Hormonal Profiles in Resistance Training Men. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:3463-3474. [PMID: 28399015 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Wilson, JM, Lowery, RP, Roberts, MD, Sharp, MH, Joy, JM, Shields, KA, Partl, JM, Volek, JS, and D'Agostino, DP. Effects of ketogenic dieting on body composition, strength, power, and hormonal profiles in resistance training men. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3463-3474, 2020-This study investigated the impact of an isocaloric and isonitrogenous ketogenic diet (KD) versus a traditional western diet (WD) on changes in body composition, performance, blood lipids, and hormonal profiles in resistance-trained athletes. Twenty-five college-aged men were divided into a KD or traditional WD from weeks 1 to 10, with a reintroduction of carbohydrates from weeks 10 to 11, while participating in a resistance training program. Body composition, strength, power, and blood lipid profiles were determined at weeks 0, 10, and 11. A comprehensive metabolic panel and testosterone levels were also measured at weeks 0 and 11. Lean body mass (LBM) increased in both the KD and WD groups (2.4% and 4.4%, p < 0.01) at week 10. However, only the KD group showed an increase in LBM between weeks 10 and 11 (4.8%, p < 0.0001). Finally, fat mass decreased in both the KD (-2.2 ± 1.2 kg) and WD groups (-1.5 ± 1.6 kg). Strength and power increased to the same extent in the WD and KD conditions from weeks 1 to 11. No changes in any serum lipid measures occurred from weeks 1 to 10; however, a rapid reintroduction of carbohydrate from weeks 10 to 11 raised plasma triglyceride levels in the KD group. Total testosterone increased significantly from weeks 0 to 11 in the KD diet (118 ng·dl) as compared to the WD (-36 ng·dl) from pre to post while insulin did not change. The KD can be used in combination with resistance training to cause favorable changes in body composition, performance, and hormonal profiles in resistance-trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan P Lowery
- Applied Science & Performance Institute, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Health and Human Performance, Concordia University Chicago, River Forest, Illinois
| | - Michael D Roberts
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | - Jordan M Joy
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas
| | - Kevin A Shields
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jeremy M Partl
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jeff S Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, Kinesiology Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Dominic P D'Agostino
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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25
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Baleeiro RDS, Guimarães AP, de Souza PM, Andrade RDS, Barbosa de Queiroz K, Coelho DB, de Oliveira EC, Becker LK. Sucrose-Sweetened Drinks Reduce the Physical Performance and Increase the Cardiovascular Risk in Physically Active Males. J Nutr Metab 2021; 2021:6683657. [PMID: 33763239 PMCID: PMC7964112 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6683657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has increased rapidly, but the effects of this habit on health and physical performance are unknown. This study assessed the effect of excessive SSB intake on biochemical, physical performance, and biochemical and cardiovascular parameters of physically active males. METHODS Seventeen volunteers consumed a placebo drink (Pd; carbohydrate free) and an excessive SSB drink (eSSBd = Pd plus 300 g sucrose). In a blind randomized crossover study, the subjects were assigned to Pd or eSSBd groups for 15 days. After an interval of 7 days, subjects were reassigned to the other condition. RESULTS After eSSBd intake, there was an increase in weight (69.34 ± 13.71 vs. 70.62 ± 14.06), body mass index (24.49 ± 4.01 vs. 24.97 ± 4.13), waist circumference (75.33 ± 11.22 vs. 76.79 ± 11.51), VLDL (19.54 ± 9.50 vs. 25.52 ± 11.18), triglycerides (78.94 ± 23.79 vs. 114.77 ± 43.65), and peak systolic blood pressure (178.57 ± 26.56 vs. 200.71 ± 24.64). The cardiorespiratory response to exercise (VO2max) (48.15 ± 10.42 vs. 40.98 ± 11.20), peak heart rate (186.64 ± 8.00 vs. 179.64 ± 6.28), total exercise time (15.02 ± 1.57 vs. 14.00 ± 2.18), and mechanical work (15.83 ± 4.53 vs. 13.68 ± 5.67) decreased after eSSBd intake (all values expressed in initial mean ± DP vs. final). The rates of perceived exertion were higher (1.300 vs.1.661 slope and -0.7186 vs. -1.118 y-intercept) after eSSBd intake. CONCLUSION The present study shows that 15 days of eSSBd intake may negatively modulate biochemical parameters associated with cardiovascular risk. In addition, this overintake can impair the physical performance and cardiovascular responses to physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raianne dos Santos Baleeiro
- Health and Nutrition, PPGSN, Research Center in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aparecida Patricia Guimarães
- Health and Nutrition, PPGSN, Physical Education Department, Physical Education School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Perciliany Martins de Souza
- Research Center in Biological Sciences, Physical Education Department, Physical Education School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael da Silva Andrade
- Health and Nutrition, PPGSN, Physical Education Department, Physical Education School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karina Barbosa de Queiroz
- Health and Nutrition, PPGSN, Food Department, Nutrition School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Barbosa Coelho
- Health and Nutrition, PPGSN, Physical Education Department, Physical Education School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emerson Cruz de Oliveira
- Health and Nutrition, PPGSN, Physical Education Department, Physical Education School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lenice Kappes Becker
- Health and Nutrition, PPGSN, Physical Education Department, Physical Education School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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26
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Edinburgh RM, Koumanov F, Gonzalez JT. Impact of pre‐exercise feeding status on metabolic adaptations to endurance‐type exercise training. J Physiol 2021; 600:1327-1338. [DOI: 10.1113/jp280748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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27
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Sousa AC, Neiva HP, Gil MH, Izquierdo M, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Marques MC, Marinho DA. Concurrent Training and Detraining: The Influence of Different Aerobic Intensities. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:2565-2574. [PMID: 30946274 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sousa, AC, Neiva, HP, Gil, MH, Izquierdo, M, Rodríguez-Rosell, D, Marques, MC, and Marinho, DA. Concurrent training and detraining: the influence of different aerobic intensities. J Strength Cond Res 34(9): 2565-2574, 2020-The aim of this study was to verify the effects of different aerobic intensities combined with the same resistance training on strength and aerobic performances. Thirty-nine men were randomly assigned to a low-intensity group (LIG), moderate-intensity group (MIG), high-intensity group (HIG), and a control group. The training program consisted of full squat, jumps, sprints, and running at 80% (LIG), 90% (MIG), or 100% (HIG) of the maximal aerobic speed for 16-20 minutes. The training period lasted for 8 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of detraining. Evaluations included 20-m sprints (0-10 m: T10; 0-20 m: T20), shuttle run, countermovement jump (CMJ), and strength (1RMest) in full squat. There were significant improvements from pre-training to post-training in T10 (LIG: 4%; MIG: 5%; HIG: 2%), T20 (3%; 4%; 2%), CMJ (9%; 10%; 7%), 1RMest (13%; 7%; 8%), and oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max; 10%; 11%; 10%). Comparing the changes between the experimental groups, 1RMest gains were significantly higher in the LIG than HIG (5%) or MIG (6%). Furthermore, there was a tendency for higher gains in LIG and MIG compared with HIG, with "possibly" or "likely" positive effects in T10, T20, and CMJ. Detraining resulted in performance decrements, but minimal losses were found for V[Combining Dot Above]O2max in LIG (-1%). Concurrent training seems to be beneficial for strength and aerobic development regardless of the aerobic training intensity. However, choosing lower intensities can lead to increased strength and is recommended when the cardiorespiratory gains should be maintained for longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- António C Sousa
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Henrique P Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Maria H Gil
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Navarre, Spain; and
| | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Research Center on Physical and Athletic Performance, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Mário C Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
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28
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A 2 Week Cross-over Intervention with a Low Carbohydrate, High Fat Diet Compared to a High Carbohydrate Diet Attenuates Exercise-Induced Cortisol Response, but Not the Reduction of Exercise Capacity, in Recreational Athletes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010157. [PMID: 33418951 PMCID: PMC7825040 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diets are followed by athletes, but questions remain regarding effects of LCHF on metabolic adaptation, exercise-induced stress, immune function and their time-course. In this cross-over study, 14 recreational male athletes (32.9 ± 8.2 years, VO2max 57.3 ± 5.8 mL/kg/min) followed a two week LCHF diet (<10 En% carbohydrates (CHO), ~75En% Fat) and a two week HC diet (>50 En% CHO), in random order, with a wash-out period of >2 weeks in between. After 2 days and 2 weeks on either diet, participants performed cycle ergometry for 90 min at 60%Wmax. Blood samples for analysis of cortisol, free fatty acids (FFA), glucose and ketones, and saliva samples for immunoglobin A (s-IgA) were collected at different time points before and after exercise. The LCHF diet resulted in higher FFA, higher ketones and lower glucose levels compared to the HC diet (p < 0.05). Exercise-induced cortisol response was higher after 2 days on the LCHF diet (822 ± 215 nmol/L) compared to 2 weeks on the LCHF diet (669 ± 243 nmol/L, p = 0.004) and compared to both test days following the HC diet (609 ± 208 and 555 ± 173 nmol/L, both p < 0.001). Workload was lower, and perceived exertion higher, on the LCHF diet compared to the HC diet on both occasions. A drop in s-IgA following exercise was not seen after 2 days on the LCHF diet, in contrast to the HC diet. In conclusion, the LCHF diet resulted in reduced workload with metabolic effects and a pronounced exercise-induced cortisol response after 2 days. Although indications of adaptation were seen after 2 weeks on the LCHF diet, work output was still lower.
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29
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Rothschild JA, Kilding AE, Plews DJ. What Should I Eat before Exercise? Pre-Exercise Nutrition and the Response to Endurance Exercise: Current Prospective and Future Directions. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113473. [PMID: 33198277 PMCID: PMC7696145 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary variables influencing the adaptive response to a bout of endurance training are exercise duration and exercise intensity. However, altering the availability of nutrients before and during exercise can also impact the training response by modulating the exercise stimulus and/or the physiological and molecular responses to the exercise-induced perturbations. The purpose of this review is to highlight the current knowledge of the influence of pre-exercise nutrition ingestion on the metabolic, physiological, and performance responses to endurance training and suggest directions for future research. Acutely, carbohydrate ingestion reduces fat oxidation, but there is little evidence showing enhanced fat burning capacity following long-term fasted-state training. Performance is improved following pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion for longer but not shorter duration exercise, while training-induced performance improvements following nutrition strategies that modulate carbohydrate availability vary based on the type of nutrition protocol used. Contrasting findings related to the influence of acute carbohydrate ingestion on mitochondrial signaling may be related to the amount of carbohydrate consumed and the intensity of exercise. This review can help to guide athletes, coaches, and nutritionists in personalizing pre-exercise nutrition strategies, and for designing research studies to further elucidate the role of nutrition in endurance training adaptations.
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30
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Hearris MA, Owens DJ, Strauss JA, Shepherd SO, Sharples AP, Morton JP, Louis JB. Graded reductions in pre‐exercise glycogen concentration do not augment exercise‐induced nuclear AMPK and PGC‐1α protein content in human muscle. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1882-1894. [DOI: 10.1113/ep088866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Hearris
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Daniel J. Owens
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Juliette A. Strauss
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Sam O. Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Adam P. Sharples
- Institute of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Julien B. Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
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31
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Hansen M, Oxfeldt M, Larsen AE, Thomsen LS, Rokkedal-Lausch T, Christensen B, Rittig N, De Paoli FV, Bangsbo J, Ørtenblad N, Madsen K. Supplement with whey protein hydrolysate in contrast to carbohydrate supports mitochondrial adaptations in trained runners. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:46. [PMID: 32894140 PMCID: PMC7487963 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein supplementation has been suggested to augment endurance training adaptations by increasing mixed muscle and myofibrillar protein synthesis and lean body mass. However, a potential beneficial effect on mitochondrial adaptations is yet to be clarified. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of consuming whey protein hydrolysate before and whey protein hydrolysate plus carbohydrate (PRO-CHO) after each exercise session during a six-week training period compared to similarly timed intake of isocaloric CHO supplements on biomarkers of mitochondrial biogenesis, VO2max and performance in trained runners. Methods Twenty-four trained runners (VO2max 60.7 ± 3.7 ml O2 kg− 1 min1) completed a six-week block randomized controlled intervention period, consisting of progressive running training. Subjects were randomly assigned to either PRO-CHO or CHO and matched in pairs for gender, age, VO2max, training and performance status. The PRO-CHO group ingested a protein beverage (0.3 g kg− 1) before and protein-carbohydrate beverage (0.3 g protein kg− 1 and 1 g carbohydrate kg− 1) after each exercise session. The CHO group ingested an energy matched carbohydrate beverage. Resting muscle biopsies obtained pre and post intervention were analyzed for mitochondrial specific enzyme activity and mitochondrial protein content. Subjects completed a 6 K time trial (6 K TT) and a VO2max test pre, midway (only 6 K TT) and post intervention. Results Following six weeks of endurance training Cytochrome C (Cyt C) protein content was significantly higher in the PRO-CHO group compared to the CHO group (p < 0.05), with several other mitochondrial proteins (Succinate dehydrogenase (SDHA), Cytochrome C oxidase (COX-IV), Voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), and Prohibitin (PHB1)) following a similar, but non-significant pattern (p = 0.07–0.14). β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD) activity was significantly lower after training in the CHO group (p < 0.01), but not in the PRO-CHO group (p = 0.24). VO2max and 6 K TT was significantly improved after training with no significant difference between groups. Conclusion Intake of whey PRO hydrolysate before and whey PRO hydrolysate plus CHO after each exercise session during a six-week endurance training period may augment training effects on specific mitochondrial proteins compared to intake of iso-caloric CHO but does not alter VO2max or 6 K TT performance. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03561337. Registered 6 June 2018 – Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Hansen
- Section for Sport Sciences, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Mikkel Oxfeldt
- Section for Sport Sciences, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anne E Larsen
- Section for Sport Sciences, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lise S Thomsen
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Britt Christensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Rittig
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Klavs Madsen
- Section for Sport Sciences, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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32
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Hargreaves M, Spriet LL. Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise. Nat Metab 2020; 2:817-828. [PMID: 32747792 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The continual supply of ATP to the fundamental cellular processes that underpin skeletal muscle contraction during exercise is essential for sports performance in events lasting seconds to several hours. Because the muscle stores of ATP are small, metabolic pathways must be activated to maintain the required rates of ATP resynthesis. These pathways include phosphocreatine and muscle glycogen breakdown, thus enabling substrate-level phosphorylation ('anaerobic') and oxidative phosphorylation by using reducing equivalents from carbohydrate and fat metabolism ('aerobic'). The relative contribution of these metabolic pathways is primarily determined by the intensity and duration of exercise. For most events at the Olympics, carbohydrate is the primary fuel for anaerobic and aerobic metabolism. Here, we provide an overview of exercise metabolism and the key regulatory mechanisms ensuring that ATP resynthesis is closely matched to the ATP demand of exercise. We also summarize various interventions that target muscle metabolism for ergogenic benefit in athletic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hargreaves
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Lawrence L Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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33
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Effects of using high-intensity interval training and calorie restriction in different orders on metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 2020; 75-76:110666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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The Role of Nutri(epi)genomics in Achieving the Body's Full Potential in Physical Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060498. [PMID: 32517297 PMCID: PMC7346155 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity represents a powerful tool to achieve optimal health. The overall activation of several molecular pathways is associated with many beneficial effects, mainly converging towards a reduced systemic inflammation. Not surprisingly, regular activity can contribute to lowering the “epigenetic age”, acting as a modulator of risk toward several diseases and enhancing longevity. Behind this, there are complex molecular mechanisms induced by exercise, which modulate gene expression, also through epigenetic modifications. The exercise-induced epigenetic imprint can be transient or permanent and contributes to the muscle memory, which allows the skeletal muscle adaptation to environmental stimuli previously encountered. Nutrition, through key macro- and micronutrients with antioxidant properties, can play an important role in supporting skeletal muscle trophism and those molecular pathways triggering the beneficial effects of physical activity. Nutrients and antioxidant food components, reversibly altering the epigenetic imprint, have a big impact on the phenotype. This assigns a role of primary importance to nutri(epi)genomics, not only in optimizing physical performance, but also in promoting long term health. The crosstalk between physical activity and nutrition represents a major environmental pressure able to shape human genotypes and phenotypes, thus, choosing the right combination of lifestyle factors ensures health and longevity.
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35
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de Carvalho MB, Brandao CFC, Fassini PG, Bianco TM, Batitucci G, Galan BSM, Carvalho FGD, Vieira TS, Ferriolli E, Marchini JS, da Silva ASR, de Freitas EC. Taurine Supplementation Increases Post-Exercise Lipid Oxidation at Moderate Intensity in Fasted Healthy Males. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051540. [PMID: 32466231 PMCID: PMC7285212 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the fact that taurine can increase lipid metabolism, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of acute taurine supplementation on lipid oxidation levels in healthy young men after a single bout of fasting aerobic exercise. A double-blind, acute, and crossover study design was conducted. Seventeen men (age 24.8 ± 4.07y; BMI: 23.9 ± 2.57 kg/m²) participated in the present study. Different doses of taurine (TAU) (3 g or 6 g) or placebo were supplemented 90 min before a single bout of fasting aerobic exercise (on a treadmill at 60% of VO2 max). The subjects performed three trials, and each one was separated by seven days. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after the exercise protocol of each test to analyze plasma levels of glycerol and taurine. Lipid and carbohydrate oxidation were determined immediately after exercise for 15 min by indirect calorimetry. We observed that TAU supplementation (6 g) increased lipid oxidation (38%) and reduced the respiratory coefficient (4%) when compared to the placebo (p < 0.05). However, no differences in lipid oxidation were observed between the different doses of taurine (3 g and 6 g). For glycerol concentrations, there were no differences between trials. Six grams of TAU supplementation 90 min before a single bout of aerobic exercise in a fasted state was sufficient to increase the lipid oxidation post-exercise in healthy young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Barbon de Carvalho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of São Paulo, Araraquara 14801-902, Brazil; (M.B.d.C.); (G.B.); (B.S.M.G.); (T.S.V.)
| | - Camila Fernanda Cunha Brandao
- Faculty of Physical Education, State University of Minas Gerais, Divinopolis 35501-170, Brazil;
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil; (P.G.F.); (E.F.); (J.S.M.)
| | - Priscila Giacomo Fassini
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil; (P.G.F.); (E.F.); (J.S.M.)
| | - Thiago Mantello Bianco
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School. Department of Clinical Oncology, Stem Cells, and Cell Therapy. University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-907, Brazil;
| | - Gabriela Batitucci
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of São Paulo, Araraquara 14801-902, Brazil; (M.B.d.C.); (G.B.); (B.S.M.G.); (T.S.V.)
| | - Bryan Steve Martinez Galan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of São Paulo, Araraquara 14801-902, Brazil; (M.B.d.C.); (G.B.); (B.S.M.G.); (T.S.V.)
| | - Flávia Giolo De Carvalho
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirao Preto University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-907, Brazil; (F.G.D.C.); (A.S.R.d.S.)
| | - Tales Sambrano Vieira
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of São Paulo, Araraquara 14801-902, Brazil; (M.B.d.C.); (G.B.); (B.S.M.G.); (T.S.V.)
| | - Eduardo Ferriolli
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil; (P.G.F.); (E.F.); (J.S.M.)
| | - Julio Sergio Marchini
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil; (P.G.F.); (E.F.); (J.S.M.)
| | - Adelino Sanchez Ramos da Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirao Preto University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-907, Brazil; (F.G.D.C.); (A.S.R.d.S.)
| | - Ellen Cristini de Freitas
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of São Paulo, Araraquara 14801-902, Brazil; (M.B.d.C.); (G.B.); (B.S.M.G.); (T.S.V.)
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirao Preto University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-907, Brazil; (F.G.D.C.); (A.S.R.d.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3315-0345
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Ó Catháin C, Fleming J, Renard M, Kelly DT. Dietary Intake of Gaelic Football Players during Game Preparation and Recovery. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8050062. [PMID: 32429175 PMCID: PMC7281517 DOI: 10.3390/sports8050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that dietary intake can influence performance and modulate recovery in field-based invasion team sports such as soccer and rugby. However, very limited research currently exists examining dietary intake of Gaelic football players. This research aimed to examine the dietary intake of Gaelic football players 2 days prior to competition, on game day, and for 2 days post-competition. A five-day paper-based food diary was completed by 45 players (25 elite and 20 sub-elite). Preliminary inspection of diaries eliminated 11 participants, and analysis of Goldberg cut-offs identified 1 player as an under-reporter, leaving 33 players in the final analysis. Playing level had no effect on energy, carbohydrate, or fat intake. Average intake of energy was 2938 ± 618 kcal.day−1, carbohydrate was 3.7 ± 1.42 g.kgbm−1.day−1, and fat was 1.34 ± 0.61 g.kgbm−1.day−1. However, elite players consumed 24.1% more protein than sub-elite players (2.2 ± 0.67 vs. 1.8 ± 0.62 g.kgbm−1.day−1). Regardless of playing level, players consumed inadequate amounts of carbohydrate to support optimal performance and recovery and consumed protein and fat in line with general sport nutrition guidelines. Given the unique demands placed on Gaelic football players, it may be necessary to develop nutrition guidelines specific to Gaelic football. Additionally, the design and implementation of Gaelic football-specific education-based interventions may be necessary to address the highlighted nutritional inadequacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán Ó Catháin
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (M.R.); (D.T.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - James Fleming
- School of Sport Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary’s University, Twickenham TW1 4SX, UK;
| | - Michèle Renard
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (M.R.); (D.T.K.)
| | - David T. Kelly
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (M.R.); (D.T.K.)
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37
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Escalante G, Barakat C. Fasted Versus Nonfasted Aerobic Exercise on Body Composition: Considerations for Physique Athletes. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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IMPEY SAMUELG, JEVONS EMILY, MEES GEORGE, COCKS MATT, STRAUSS JULIETTE, CHESTER NEIL, LAURIE IEVA, TARGET DARREN, HODGSON ADRIAN, SHEPHERD SAMO, MORTON JAMESP. Glycogen Utilization during Running: Intensity, Sex, and Muscle-Specific Responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1966-1975. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Waterworth SP, Spencer CC, Porter AL, Morton JP. Perception of Carbohydrate Availability Augments High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Capacity Under Sleep-Low, Train-Low Conditions. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 30:105–111. [PMID: 32023540 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The authors tested the hypothesis that perception of carbohydrate (CHO) availability augments exercise capacity in conditions of reduced CHO availability. Nine males completed a sleep-low train model comprising evening glycogen-depleting cycling followed by an exhaustive cycling protocol the next morning in the fasted state (30 min steady state at 95% lactate threshold followed by 1-min intervals at 80% peak power output until exhaustion). After the evening depletion protocol and prior to sleeping, subjects consumed (a) a known CHO intake of 6 g/kg body mass (TRAIN HIGH) or (b) a perceived comparable CHO intake but 0 g/kg body mass (PERCEPTION) or a known train-low condition of 0 g/kg body mass (TRAIN LOW). The TRAIN HIGH and PERCEPTION trials were conducted double blind. During steady state, average blood glucose and CHO oxidation were significantly higher in TRAIN HIGH (4.01 ± 0.56 mmol/L; 2.17 ± 0.70 g/min) versus both PERCEPTION (3.30 ± 0.57 mmol/L; 1.69 ± 0.64 g/min, p < .05) and TRAIN LOW (3.41 ± 0.74 mmol/L; 1.61 ± 0.59 g/min, p < .05). Exercise capacity was significantly different between all pairwise comparisons (p < .05), where TRAIN LOW (8 ± 8 min) < PERCEPTION (12 ± 6 min) < TRAIN HIGH (22 ± 9 min). Data demonstrate that perception of CHO availability augments high-intensity intermittent exercise capacity under sleep-low, train-low conditions, though this perception does not restore exercise capacity to that of CHO consumption. Such data have methodological implications for future research designs and may also have practical applications for athletes who deliberately practice elements of training in CHO-restricted states.
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40
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Podlogar T, Free B, Wallis GA. High rates of fat oxidation are maintained after the sleep low approach despite delayed carbohydrate feeding during exercise. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:213-223. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1730447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Podlogar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bonnie Free
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gareth A. Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Larsen MS, Holm L, Svart MV, Hjelholt AJ, Bengtsen MB, Dollerup OL, Dalgaard LB, Vendelbo MH, van Hall G, Møller N, Mikkelsen UR, Hansen M. Effects of protein intake prior to carbohydrate-restricted endurance exercise: a randomized crossover trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:7. [PMID: 31992300 PMCID: PMC6986159 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-0338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deliberately training with reduced carbohydrate availability, a paradigm coined training low, has shown to promote adaptations associated with improved aerobic capacity. In this context researchers have proposed that protein may be ingested prior to training as a means to enhance the protein balance during exercise without spoiling the effect of the low carbohydrate availability. Accordingly, this is being practiced by world class athletes. However, the effect of protein intake on muscle protein metabolism during training low has not been studied. This study aimed to examine if protein intake prior to exercise with reduced carbohydrate stores benefits muscle protein metabolism in exercising and non-exercising muscles. Methods Nine well-trained subjects completed two trials in random order both of which included a high-intensity interval ergometer bike ride (day 1), a morning (day 2) steady state ride (90 min at 65% VO2peak, 90ss), and a 4-h recovery period. An experimental beverage was consumed before 90ss and contained either 0.5 g whey protein hydrolysate [WPH]/ kg lean body mass or flavored water [PLA]. A stable isotope infusion (L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine) combined with arterial-venous blood sampling, and plasma flow rate measurements were used to determine forearm protein turnover. Myofibrillar protein synthesis was determined from stable isotope incorporation into the vastus lateralis. Results Forearm protein net balance was not different from zero during 90ss exercise (nmol/100 ml/min, PLA: 0.5 ± 2.6; WPH: 1.8, ± 3.3) but negative during the 4 h recovery (nmol/100 ml/min, PLA: − 9.7 ± 4.6; WPH: − 8.7 ± 6.5); no interaction (P = 0.5) or main effect of beverage (P = 0.11) was observed. Vastus lateralis myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were increased during 90ss exercise (+ 0.02 ± 0.02%/h) and recovery (+ 0.02 ± 0.02%/h); no interaction (P = 0.3) or main effect of beverage (P = 0.3) was observed. Conclusion We conclude that protein ingestion prior to endurance exercise in the energy- and carbohydrate-restricted state does not increase myofibrillar protein synthesis or improve net protein balance in the exercising and non-exercising muscles, respectively, during and in the hours after exercise compared to ingestion of a non-caloric control. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01320449. Registered 10 May 2017 – Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03147001
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads S Larsen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Dalgas Ave. 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. .,Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J, 8260, Denmark.
| | - Lars Holm
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mads V Svart
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Astrid J Hjelholt
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mads B Bengtsen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ole L Dollerup
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Line B Dalgaard
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Dalgas Ave. 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel H Vendelbo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | - Mette Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Dalgas Ave. 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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42
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Andrade-Souza VA, Ghiarone T, Sansonio A, Santos Silva KA, Tomazini F, Arcoverde L, Fyfe J, Perri E, Saner N, Kuang J, Bertuzzi R, Leandro CG, Bishop DJ, Lima-Silva AE. Exercise twice-a-day potentiates markers of mitochondrial biogenesis in men. FASEB J 2019; 34:1602-1619. [PMID: 31914620 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901207rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endurance exercise begun with reduced muscle glycogen stores seems to potentiate skeletal muscle protein abundance and gene expression. However, it is unknown whether this greater signaling responses is due to performing two exercise sessions in close proximity-as a first exercise session is necessary to reduce the muscle glycogen stores. In the present study, we manipulated the recovery duration between a first muscle glycogen-depleting exercise and a second exercise session, such that the second exercise session started with reduced muscle glycogen in both approaches but was performed either 2 or 15 hours after the first exercise session (so-called "twice-a-day" and "once-daily" approaches, respectively). We found that exercise twice-a-day increased the nuclear abundance of transcription factor EB (TFEB) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and potentiated the transcription of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-ɣ coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARβ/δ) genes, in comparison with the once-daily exercise. These results suggest that part of the elevated molecular signaling reported with previous "train-low" approaches might be attributed to performing two exercise sessions in close proximity. The twice-a-day approach might be an effective strategy to induce adaptations related to mitochondrial biogenesis and fat oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Amorim Andrade-Souza
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Andre Sansonio
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Kleiton Augusto Santos Silva
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MI, USA
| | - Fabiano Tomazini
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Lucyana Arcoverde
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Jackson Fyfe
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Enrico Perri
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas Saner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carol Gois Leandro
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - David John Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil.,Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education, Technological Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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43
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Riis S, Møller AB, Dollerup O, Høffner L, Jessen N, Madsen K. Acute and sustained effects of a periodized carbohydrate intake using the sleep-low model in endurance-trained males. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1866-1880. [PMID: 31430404 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Repeated periodization of carbohydrate (CHO) intake using a diet-exercise strategy called the sleep-low model can potentially induce mitochondrial biogenesis and improve endurance performance in endurance-trained individuals. However, more studies are needed to confirm the performance-related effects and to investigate the sustained effects on maximal fat oxidation (MFO) rate and proteins involved in intramuscular lipid metabolism. Thirteen endurance-trained males (age 23-44 years; V ˙ O2 -max, 63.9 ± 4.6 mL·kg-1 ·min-1 ) were randomized into two groups: sleep-low (LOW-CHO) or high CHO availability (HIGH-CHO) in three weekly training blocks over 4 weeks. The acute metabolic response was investigated during 60 minutes of exercise within the last 3 weeks of the intervention. Pre- and post-intervention, 30-minute time-trial performance was investigated after a 90-minute pre-load, which as a novel approach included nine intense intervals (and estimation of MFO). Additionally, muscle biopsies (v. lateralis) were obtained to investigate expression of proteins involved in intramuscular lipid metabolism using Western blotting. During acute exercise, average fat oxidation rate was ~36% higher in LOW-CHO compared to HIGH-CHO (P = .03). This did not translate into sustained effects on MFO. Time-trial performance increased equally in both groups (overall time effect: P = .005). We observed no effect on intramuscular proteins involved in lipolysis (ATGL, G0S2, CGI-58, HSL) or fatty acid transport and β-oxidation (CD-36 and HAD, respectively). In conclusion, the sleep-low model did not induce sustained effects on MFO, endurance performance, or proteins involved in intramuscular lipid metabolism when compared to HIGH-CHO. Our study therefore questions the transferability of acute effects of the sleep-low model to superior sustained adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Riis
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas Buch Møller
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Dollerup
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Line Høffner
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Klavs Madsen
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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44
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Paris HL, Fulton TJ, Wilhite DP, Baranauskas MN, Chapman RF, Mickleborough TD. "Train-High Sleep-Low" Dietary Periodization Does Not Alter Ventilatory Strategies During Cycling Exercise. J Am Coll Nutr 2019; 39:325-332. [PMID: 31549922 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1654419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of "train-high sleep-low" (THSL) dietary periodization on ventilatory strategies during cycling exercise at submaximal and maximal intensities.Method: In a randomized crossover design, 8 trained men [age (mean ± SEM) = 28 ± 1 y; peak oxygen uptake = 56.8 ± 2.4 mL kg-1 min-1] completed two glycogen-depleting protocols on a cycle ergometer on separate days, with the cycling followed by a low carbohydrate (CHO) meal and beverages containing either no additional CHO (THSL) or beverages containing 1.2 g kg-1 CHO [traditional CHO replacement (TRAD)]. The following morning, participants completed 4 minutes of cycling below (Stage 1), at (Stage 2), and above (Stage 3) gas exchange threshold, followed by a 5-km time trial.Results: Timetrial performance was significantly faster in TRAD compared to THSL (8.7 ± 0.3 minutes and 9.0 ± 0.3 minutes, respectively; p = 0.02). No differences in ventilation, tidal volume, or carbon dioxide production occurred between conditions at any exercise intensity (p > 0.05). During Stage 1, oxygen uptake was 37.9 ± 1.5 mL kg-1 min-1 in the TRAD condition and 39.6 ± 1.8 mL kg-1 min-1 in THSL (p = 0.05). During Stage 2, VO2 was 44.6 ± 1.7 mL kg-1 min-1 in the TRAD condition and 47.0 ± 1.9 mL kg-1 min-1 in THSL (p = 0.07). No change in operating lung volume was detected between dietary conditions (p > 0.05).Conclusions: THSL impairs performance following the dietary intervention, but this occurs with no alteration of ventilatory measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter L Paris
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.,Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California, USA
| | - Timothy J Fulton
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Daniel P Wilhite
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.,Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center/Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Marissa N Baranauskas
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert F Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Timothy D Mickleborough
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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45
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Hammond KM, Sale C, Fraser W, Tang J, Shepherd SO, Strauss JA, Close GL, Cocks M, Louis J, Pugh J, Stewart C, Sharples AP, Morton JP. Post-exercise carbohydrate and energy availability induce independent effects on skeletal muscle cell signalling and bone turnover: implications for training adaptation. J Physiol 2019; 597:4779-4796. [PMID: 31364768 DOI: 10.1113/jp278209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Reduced carbohydrate (CHO) availability before and after exercise may augment endurance training-induced adaptations of human skeletal muscle, as mediated via modulation of cell signalling pathways. However, it is not known whether such responses are mediated by CHO restriction, energy restriction or a combination of both. In recovery from a twice per day training protocol where muscle glycogen concentration is maintained within 200-350 mmol kg-1 dry weight (dw), we demonstrate that acute post-exercise CHO and energy restriction (i.e. < 24 h) does not potentiate potent cell signalling pathways that regulate hallmark adaptations associated with endurance training. In contrast, consuming CHO before, during and after an acute training session attenuated markers of bone resorption, effects that are independent of energy availability. Whilst the enhanced muscle adaptations associated with CHO restriction may be regulated by absolute muscle glycogen concentration, the acute within-day fluctuations in CHO availability inherent to twice per day training may have chronic implications for bone turnover. ABSTRACT We examined the effects of post-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) and energy availability (EA) on potent skeletal muscle cell signalling pathways (regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and lipid metabolism) and indicators of bone metabolism. In a repeated measures design, nine males completed a morning (AM) and afternoon (PM) high-intensity interval (HIT) (8 × 5 min at 85% V ̇ O 2 peak ) running protocol (interspersed by 3.5 h) under dietary conditions of (1) high CHO availability (HCHO: CHO ∼12 g kg-1 , EA∼ 60 kcal kg-1 fat free mass (FFM)), (2) reduced CHO but high fat availability (LCHF: CHO ∼3 (-1 , EA∼ 60 kcal kg-1 FFM) or (3), reduced CHO and reduced energy availability (LCAL: CHO ∼3 g kg-1 , EA∼ 20 kcal kg-1 FFM). Muscle glycogen was reduced to ∼200 mmol kg-1 dw in all trials immediately post PM HIT (P < 0.01) and remained lower at 17 h (171, 194 and 316 mmol kg-1 dw) post PM HIT in LCHF and LCAL (P < 0.001) compared to HCHO. Exercise induced comparable p38MAPK phosphorylation (P < 0.05) immediately post PM HIT and similar mRNA expression (all P < 0.05) of PGC-1α, p53 and CPT1 mRNA in HCHO, LCHF and LCAL. Post-exercise circulating βCTX was lower in HCHO (P < 0.05) compared to LCHF and LCAL whereas exercise-induced increases in IL-6 were larger in LCAL (P < 0.05) compared to LCHF and HCHO. In conditions where glycogen concentration is maintained within 200-350 mmol kg-1 dw, we conclude post-exercise CHO and energy restriction (i.e. < 24 h) does not potentiate cell signalling pathways that regulate hallmark adaptations associated with endurance training. In contrast, consuming CHO before, during and after HIT running attenuates bone resorption, effects that are independent of energy availability and circulating IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Hammond
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, UK
| | - William Fraser
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norfolk, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Jonathan Tang
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norfolk, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Sam O Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Juliette A Strauss
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Matt Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Jamie Pugh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Claire Stewart
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Adam P Sharples
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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46
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Ghiarone T, Andrade-Souza VA, Learsi SK, Tomazini F, Ataide-Silva T, Sansonio A, Fernandes MP, Saraiva KL, Figueiredo RCBQ, Tourneur Y, Kuang J, Lima-Silva AE, Bishop DJ. Twice-a-day training improves mitochondrial efficiency, but not mitochondrial biogenesis, compared with once-daily training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:713-725. [PMID: 31246557 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00060.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training performed with lowered muscle glycogen stores can amplify adaptations related to oxidative metabolism, but it is not known if this is affected by the "train-low" strategy used (i.e., once-daily versus twice-a-day training). Fifteen healthy men performed 3 wk of an endurance exercise (100-min) followed by a high-intensity interval exercise 2 (twice-a-day group, n = 8) or 14 h (once-daily group, n = 7) later; therefore, the second training session always started with low muscle glycogen in both groups. Mitochondrial efficiency (state 4 respiration) was improved only for the twice-a-day group (group × training interaction, P < 0.05). However, muscle citrate synthase activity, mitochondria, and lipid area in intermyofibrillar and subsarcolemmal regions, and PGC1α, PPARα, and electron transport chain relative protein abundance were not altered with training in either group (P > 0.05). Markers of aerobic fitness (e.g., peak oxygen uptake) were increased, and plasma lactate, O2 cost, and rating of perceived exertion during a 100-min exercise task were reduced in both groups, although the reduction in rating of perceived exertion was larger in the twice-a-day group (group × time × training interaction, P < 0.05). These findings suggest similar training adaptations with both training low approaches; however, improvements in mitochondrial efficiency and perceived effort seem to be more pronounced with twice-a-day training.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We assessed, for the first time, the differences between two "train-low" strategies (once-daily and twice-a-day) in terms of training-induced molecular, functional, and morphological adaptations. We found that both strategies had similar molecular and morphological adaptations; however, only the twice-a-day strategy increased mitochondrial efficiency and had a superior reduction in the rating of perceived exertion during a constant-load exercise compared with once-daily training. Our findings provide novel insights into skeletal muscle adaptations using the "train-low" strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaysa Ghiarone
- Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Victor A Andrade-Souza
- Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Sara K Learsi
- Sciences Applied in Sports Research Group, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Tomazini
- Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education, Technological Federal University of Parana and Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Thays Ataide-Silva
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Andre Sansonio
- Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Fernandes
- Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Karina L Saraiva
- Nucleus of Technological Platforms, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Brazil
| | - Regina C B Q Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil
| | - Yves Tourneur
- Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Faculty of Medicine Lyon South, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education, Technological Federal University of Parana and Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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47
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Hearris MA, Hammond KM, Seaborne RA, Stocks B, Shepherd SO, Philp A, Sharples AP, Morton JP, Louis JB. Graded reductions in preexercise muscle glycogen impair exercise capacity but do not augment skeletal muscle cell signaling: implications for CHO periodization. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1587-1597. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00913.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of graded muscle glycogen on exercise capacity and modulation of skeletal muscle signaling pathways associated with the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. In a repeated-measures design, eight men completed a sleep-low, train-low model comprising an evening glycogen-depleting cycling protocol followed by an exhaustive exercise capacity test [8 × 3 min at 80% peak power output (PPO), followed by 1-min efforts at 80% PPO until exhaustion] the subsequent morning. After glycogen-depleting exercise, subjects ingested a total of 0 g/kg (L-CHO), 3.6 g/kg (M-CHO), or 7.6 g/kg (H-CHO) of carbohydrate (CHO) during a 6-h period before sleeping, such that exercise was commenced the next morning with graded ( P < 0.05) muscle glycogen concentrations (means ± SD: L-CHO: 88 ± 43, M-CHO: 185 ± 62, H-CHO: 278 ± 47 mmol/kg dry wt). Despite differences ( P < 0.05) in exercise capacity at 80% PPO between trials (L-CHO: 18 ± 7, M-CHO: 36 ± 3, H-CHO: 44 ± 9 min), exercise induced comparable AMPKThr172 phosphorylation (~4-fold) and PGC-1α mRNA expression (~5-fold) after exercise and 3 h after exercise, respectively. In contrast, neither exercise nor CHO availability affected the phosphorylation of p38MAPKThr180/Tyr182 or CaMKIIThr268 or mRNA expression of p53, Tfam, CPT-1, CD36, or PDK4. Data demonstrate that when exercise is commenced with muscle glycogen < 300 mmol/kg dry wt, further graded reductions of 100 mmol/kg dry weight impair exercise capacity but do not augment skeletal muscle cell signaling. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide novel data demonstrating that when exercise is commenced with muscle glycogen below 300 mmol/kg dry wt (as achieved with the sleep-low, train-low model) further graded reductions in preexercise muscle glycogen of 100 mmol/kg dry wt reduce exercise capacity at 80% peak power output by 20–50% but do not augment skeletal muscle cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Hearris
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly M. Hammond
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Seaborne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Stocks
- Medial Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sam O. Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Philp
- Medial Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam P. Sharples
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Julien B. Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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48
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Allan R, Sharples AP, Cocks M, Drust B, Dutton J, Dugdale HF, Mawhinney C, Clucas A, Hawkins W, Morton JP, Gregson W. Low pre-exercise muscle glycogen availability offsets the effect of post-exercise cold water immersion in augmenting PGC-1α gene expression. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14082. [PMID: 31161726 PMCID: PMC6546967 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the effects of post-exercise cold-water immersion (CWI) in modulating PGC-1α mRNA expression in response to exercise commenced with low muscle glycogen availability. In a randomized repeated-measures design, nine recreationally active males completed an acute two-legged high-intensity cycling protocol (8 × 5 min at 82.5% peak power output) followed by 10 min of two-legged post-exercise CWI (8°C) or control conditions (CON). During each trial, one limb commenced exercise with low (LOW: <300 mmol·kg-1 dw) or very low (VLOW: <150 mmol·kg-1 dw) pre-exercise glycogen concentration, achieved via completion of a one-legged glycogen depletion protocol undertaken the evening prior. Exercise increased (P < 0.05) PGC-1α mRNA at 3 h post-exercise. Very low muscle glycogen attenuated the increase in PGC-1α mRNA expression compared with the LOW limbs in both the control (CON VLOW ~3.6-fold vs. CON LOW ~5.6-fold: P = 0.023, ES 1.22 Large) and CWI conditions (CWI VLOW ~2.4-fold vs. CWI LOW ~8.0 fold: P = 0.019, ES 1.43 Large). Furthermore, PGC-1α mRNA expression in the CWI-LOW trial was not significantly different to the CON LOW limb (P = 0.281, ES 0.67 Moderate). Data demonstrate that the previously reported effects of post-exercise CWI on PGC-1α mRNA expression (as regulated systemically via β-adrenergic mediated cell signaling) are offset in those conditions in which local stressors (i.e., high-intensity exercise and low muscle glycogen availability) have already sufficiently activated the AMPK-PGC-1α signaling axis. Additionally, data suggest that commencing exercise with very low muscle glycogen availability attenuates PGC-1α signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Allan
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- Division of Sport, Exercise and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Central LancashirePrestonUK
| | - Adam P. Sharples
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- Institute for Science & Technology in MedicineSchool of MedicineKeele UniversityStaffordshireUK
| | - Matthew Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Barry Drust
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - John Dutton
- Norwich Medical SchoolUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Hannah F. Dugdale
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics UnitDepartment of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Chris Mawhinney
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- College of Sports Science and TechnologyMahidol UniversityNakhon PathomThailand
| | - Angela Clucas
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Will Hawkins
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
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49
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Abstract
Focusing on daily nutrition is important for athletes to perform and adapt optimally to exercise training. The major roles of an athlete's daily diet are to supply the substrates needed to cover the energy demands for exercise, to ensure quick recovery between exercise bouts, to optimize adaptations to exercise training, and to stay healthy. The major energy substrates for exercising skeletal muscles are carbohydrate and fat stores. Optimizing the timing and type of energy intake and the amount of dietary macronutrients is essential to ensure peak training and competition performance, and these strategies play important roles in modulating skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance and resistance training. In this review, recent advances in nutritional strategies designed to optimize exercise-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle are discussed, with an emphasis on mechanistic approaches, by describing the physiological mechanisms that provide the basis for different nutrition regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mæchel Fritzen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; , ,
| | - Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; , ,
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; , ,
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50
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Carbohydrate Availability and Physical Performance: Physiological Overview and Practical Recommendations. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051084. [PMID: 31100798 PMCID: PMC6566225 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence during the last few decades has highlighted the importance of nutrition for sport performance, the role of carbohydrates (CHO) being of special interest. Glycogen is currently not only considered an energy substrate but also a regulator of the signaling pathways that regulate exercise-induced adaptations. Thus, low or high CHO availabilities can result in both beneficial or negative results depending on the purpose. On the one hand, the depletion of glycogen levels is a limiting factor of performance during sessions in which high exercise intensities are required; therefore ensuring a high CHO availability before and during exercise is of major importance. A high CHO availability has also been positively related to the exercise-induced adaptations to resistance training. By contrast, a low CHO availability seems to promote endurance-exercise-induced adaptations such as mitochondrial biogenesis and enhanced lipolysis. In the present narrative review, we aim to provide a holistic overview of how CHO availability impacts physical performance as well as to provide practical recommendations on how training and nutrition might be combined to maximize performance. Attending to the existing evidence, no universal recommendations regarding CHO intake can be given to athletes as nutrition should be periodized according to training loads and objectives.
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