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Vorhees CV, Amos-Kroohs RM, Williams MT. Long-term effects of Preweaning environmental impoverishment on neurobehavioral and neurocognitive outcomes in Sprague Dawley rats: An early environmental stress model. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2024; 103:107356. [PMID: 38719082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Developmental stress, including low socioeconomic status (SES), can induce dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and result in long-term changes in stress reactivity. Children in lower SES conditions often experience more stress than those in other SES groups. There are multiple model systems of early environmental stress (EES), one of which is reduced cage bedding. Here we tested the effects of both prenatal and lactational EES in rats on a range of long-term behavioral and cognitive outcomes. There were persistent reductions in body weight in the EES rats in both sexes. The behavioral results showed no effects on learning and memory using tests of spatial learning or cognitive flexibility in the Morris water maze, egocentric learning in the Cincinnati water maze, or working memory in the radial-arm maze. There were no effects on basic open-field activity, elevated zero-maze, or forced swim test, but EES rats had reduced time in the dark side of the light/dark test. When rats were drug challenged in the open-field with d-amphetamine or MK-801, there were no differential responses to d-amphetamine, but the EES group under responded compared with the drug-induced hyperactivity in the control group in both males and females. The objective was to establish a developmental stress model that induced cognitive deficits and to the extent that this method did not cause such effects it was not the model we sought. However, the data showed several long-term effects of EES, including the reduced response to the irreversible NMDA antagonist MK-801. This effect merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles V Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Robyn M Amos-Kroohs
- Robyn Amos-Kroohs, Virginia Department of Forensic Science, 700 North Fifth St, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Michael T Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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2
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Liu M, Deng P, Li G, Liu H, Zuo J, Cui W, Zhang H, Chen X, Yao J, Peng X, Peng L, Liu J, Zheng W, Yan W, Luan N. Neurotoxicity of Combined Exposure to the Heavy Metals (Pb and As) in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). TOXICS 2024; 12:282. [PMID: 38668505 PMCID: PMC11054020 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) are commonly occurring heavy metals in the environment and produce detrimental impacts on the central nervous system. Although they have both been indicated to exhibit neurotoxic properties, it is not known if they have joint effects, and their mechanisms of action are likewise unknown. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to different concentrations of Pb (40 μg/L, 4 mg/L), As (32 μg/L, 3.2 mg/L) and their combinations (40 μg/L + 32 μg/L, 4 mg/L + 3.2 mg/L) for 30 days. The histopathological analyses showed significant brain damage characterized by glial scar formation and ventricular enlargement in all exposed groups. In addition, either Pb or As staining inhibited the swimming speed of zebrafish, which was enhanced by their high concentrations in a mixture. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we examined changes in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, neurotransmitter (dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine) levels, HPI axis-related hormone (cortisol and epinephrine) contents and neurodevelopment-related gene expression in zebrafish brain. The observations suggest that combined exposure to Pb and As can cause abnormalities in swimming behavior and ultimately exacerbate neurotoxicity in zebrafish by interfering with the cholinergic system, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine signaling, HPI axis function as well as neuronal development. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the mixed exposure of heavy metals and their toxicity to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.L.); (G.L.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Ping Deng
- Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430056, China;
| | - Guangyu Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.L.); (G.L.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Haoling Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.L.); (G.L.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Junli Zuo
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.L.); (G.L.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenwen Cui
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (W.C.); (H.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (L.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Huixian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (W.C.); (H.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (L.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Xin Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (W.C.); (H.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (L.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Jingjing Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (W.C.); (H.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (L.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Xitian Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (W.C.); (H.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (L.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Lijun Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (W.C.); (H.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (L.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (W.C.); (H.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (L.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Wenting Zheng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.L.); (G.L.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wei Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (W.C.); (H.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (L.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Ning Luan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.L.); (G.L.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.)
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3
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Alvarez-Velazquez MF, González-Jáuregui M, Miranda SA, Rosano-Ortega G, Chapman CA, Serio-Silva JC. Lead exposure and its relationship with fecal cortisol levels in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra). Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23600. [PMID: 38263846 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Efficiently detecting early environmental threats to wildlife is vital for conservation. Beyond obvious dangers like habitat loss or deforestation, our study focuses on one of the most hazardous toxic metals for wildlife: lead (Pb). Pb is a widespread, cumulative, and insidious environmental pollutant that can trigger a wide range of physiological, biochemical, and behavioral disorders. In fact, Pb can cause permanent dysfunction of the major stress system, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. We analyzed Pb and cortisol concentrations in fecal samples from Alouatta pigra in southern Mexico. Fecal samples were collected across six sites categorized as free-ranging (n = 65; conserved and disturbed) and from captive animals (n = 58). Additionally, we collected soil samples (n = 35). We found that Pb was present in 28% of fecal samples and 83% of soil samples. There was a positive relation between fecal and soil Pb levels, and fecal Pb concentration was negatively associated with cortisol levels. However, the claim of Pb being a direct interference with HPA axis requires further investigation. Given our findings, assessing wildlife exposure can be a valuable tool for understanding potential Pb exposure levels in the environment and its possible implications for human health. It can also serve as an early warning system of these consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauricio González-Jáuregui
- Centro de Estudios de Desarrollo Sustentable y Aprovechamiento de la Vida Silvestre (CEDESU), Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UACam), Campeche, México
| | - Sergio Albino Miranda
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, México
| | - Genoveva Rosano-Ortega
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Biology Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, Canada
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Carlos Serio-Silva
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, México
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4
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Halabicky OM, Giang CW, Miller AL, Peterson KE. Lead exposure, glucocorticoids, and physiological stress across the life course: A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123329. [PMID: 38281572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The biological pathways linking lead exposure to adverse outcomes are beginning to be understood. Rodent models suggest lead exposure induces dysfunction within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and glucocorticoid regulation, a primary physiological stress response system. Over time, HPA axis and glucocorticoid dysfunction has been associated with adverse neurocognitive and cardiometabolic health, much like lead exposure. This systematic review utilized PRISMA guidelines to synthesize the literature regarding associations between lead exposure and downstream effector hormones of the HPA axis, including cortisol, a glucocorticoid, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a glucocorticoid antagonist. We additionally determined the state of the evidence regarding lead exposure and allostatic load, a measure of cumulative body burden resultant of HPA axis and glucocorticoid dysfunction. A total of 18 articles were included in the review: 16 assessed cortisol or DHEA and 3 assessed allostatic load. Generally, the few available child studies suggest a significant association between early life lead exposure and altered cortisol, potentially suggesting the impact of developmental exposure. In adulthood, only cross sectional studies were available. These reported significant associations between lead and reduced cortisol awakening response and increased cortisol reactivity, but few associations with fasting serum cortisol. Two studies reported significant associations between increasing lead exposure and allostatic load in adults and another between early life lead exposure and adolescent allostatic load. The paucity of studies examining associations between lead exposure and allostatic load or DHEA and overall heterogeneity of allostatic load measurements limit conclusions. However, these findings cautiously suggest associations between lead and dysregulation of physiological stress pathways (i.e., glucocorticoids) as seen through cortisol measurement in children and adults. Future research would help to elucidate these associations and could further examine the physiological stress pathway as a mediator between lead exposure and detrimental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Halabicky
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - C W Giang
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - A L Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - K E Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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5
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Liu Y, Zhao X, Hu W, Ren Y, Wei Z, Ren X, Tang Z, Wang N, Chen H, Li Y, Shi Z, Qin S, Yang J. Neural habituation during acute stress signals a blunted endocrine response and poor resilience. Psychol Med 2023; 53:7735-7745. [PMID: 37309913 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723001666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A blunted hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to acute stress is associated with psychiatric symptoms. Although the prefrontal cortex and limbic areas are important regulators of the HPA axis, whether the neural habituation of these regions during stress signals both blunted HPA axis responses and psychiatric symptoms remains unclear. In this study, neural habituation during acute stress and its associations with the stress cortisol response, resilience, and depression were evaluated. METHODS Seventy-seven participants (17-22 years old, 37 women) were recruited for a ScanSTRESS brain imaging study, and the activation changes between the first and last stress blocks were used as the neural habituation index. Meanwhile, participants' salivary cortisol during test was collected. Individual-level resilience and depression were measured using questionnaires. Correlation and moderation analyses were conducted to investigate the association between neural habituation and endocrine data and mental symptoms. Validated analyses were conducted using a Montreal Image Stress Test dataset in another independent sample (48 participants; 17-22 years old, 24 women). RESULTS Neural habituation of the prefrontal cortex and limbic area was negatively correlated with cortisol responses in both datasets. In the ScanSTRESS paradigm, neural habituation was both positively correlated with depression and negatively correlated with resilience. Moreover, resilience moderated the relationship between neural habituation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and cortisol response. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that neural habituation of the prefrontal cortex and limbic area could reflect motivation dysregulation during repeated failures and negative feedback, which might further lead to maladaptive mental states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Weiyu Hu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yipeng Ren
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhenni Wei
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xi Ren
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zihan Tang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Haopeng Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yizhuo Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhenhao Shi
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shaozheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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6
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Halabicky OM, Téllez-Rojo MM, Miller AL, Goodrich JM, Dolinoy DC, Hu H, Peterson KE. Associations of prenatal and childhood Pb exposure with allostatic load in adolescence: Findings from the ELEMENT cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116647. [PMID: 37442254 PMCID: PMC10839745 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The biological pathways which link lead (Pb) and long-term outcomes are unclear, though rodent models and a few human studies suggest Pb may alter the body's stress response systems, which over time, can elicit dysregulated stress responses with cumulative impacts. This study examined associations between prenatal and early childhood Pb exposure and adolescent allostatic load, an index of an individual's body burden of stress in multiple biological systems, and further examined sex-based associations. Among 391 (51% male) participants in the ELEMENT birth cohort, we related trimester-specific maternal blood Pb, 1-month postpartum maternal tibia and patella Pb, and child blood Pb at 12-24 months to an allostatic load index in adolescence comprised of biomarkers of cardiovascular, metabolic, neuroendocrine, and immune function. The results were overall mixed, with prenatal exposure, particularly maternal bone Pb, being positively associated with allostatic load, and early childhood Pb showing mixed results for males and females. In adjusted Poisson regression models, 1 mcg/g increase in tibia Pb was associated with a 1% change in expected allostatic load (IRR = 1.01; 95%CI 0.99, 1.02). We found a significant Pb × sex interaction (IRR = 1.05; 95%CI 1.01, 1.10); where males saw an increasing percent change in allostatic load as 12 month Pb levels increased compared to females who saw a decreasing allostatic load. Further examination of allostatic load will facilitate the determination of potential mechanistic pathways between developmental toxicant exposures and later-in-life cardiometabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Halabicky
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - M M Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - A L Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J M Goodrich
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D C Dolinoy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H Hu
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K E Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Bah HAF, Santos NRD, Costa DO, Carvalho CFD, Martinez VO, Gomes-Júnior EA, Antônio Menezes-Filho J. Environmental neurodevelopment toxicity from the perspective of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model: a case study of toxic metals. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2023; 39:e00202022. [PMID: 37729303 PMCID: PMC10513156 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xen202022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of literature reports the need for an integrated approach to study the effects of the physical environment on the neurodevelopment of children. Assessment of the true neurotoxicity of pollutants cannot be performed separately from the ecological and multidimensional contexts in which they act. In this study, from the perspective of the Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, a conceptual model was developed that encompasses the social and biological characteristics of children from the gestational period to childhood, considering exposure to toxic metals. First, we present the toxicity of the main metals and some concept notions that we used in our framework, such as social and structural determinants of health, allostatic load, embodiment, and epigenetic concepts. Then, the main aspects of the Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, which allow integration of the gene-social relationship in addition to the physical environment, where these metals act, are explained. Finally, we present and discuss the conceptual framework showing how, in real life, biological and social factors may together influence the neurodevelopment of children. Although this model is based on a group of contaminants, it opens new horizons on how environmental sciences, such as neurotoxicology and environmental epidemiology, can articulate with the theoretical models from human sciences to provide a broader approach to study the effects on human neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homègnon Antonin Ferréol Bah
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Antônio Menezes-Filho
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
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Abedin MJ, Khan R, Siddique MAB, Khan AHAN, Islam MT, Rashid MB. Metal(loid)s in tap-water from schools in central Bangladesh (Mirpur): Source apportionment, water quality, and health risks appraisals. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15747. [PMID: 37206050 PMCID: PMC10189184 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the health risks originating from the exposure of metal(loid)s in tap-water and the concomitant vulnerability of school-going students, 25 composite tap water samples from different schools and colleges of central Bangladesh (Mirpur, Dhaka) were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopic technique. Elemental abundances of Na, Mg, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb in the studied tap water samples varied from 4520 to 62250, 2760-29580, 210-3000, 15780-78130, 1.54-5.32, 7.00-196, 2.00-450, 0.04-1.45, 8.23-24.4, 0.10-813, 0.10-10.5, 0.002-0.212, and 1.55-15.8 μgL-1, respectively. Dissolved metal(loid)s' concentrations were mostly within the national and international threshold values with few exceptions which were also consistent with the entropy-based water quality assessment. Multivariate statistical approaches demonstrated that hydro-geochemical processes like water-rock interactions mostly govern the major elemental (Na, Mg, K, Ca) compositions in tap water. However, anthropogenic processes typically control the trace elemental compositions where supply pipeline scaling was identified as the major source. Cluster analysis on sampling sites separated two groups of schools and colleges depending on their establishment years where tap water from older schools and colleges possesses relatively higher levels of metal(loid)s. Hence, gradual pipeline scaling on a temporal scale augmented the metal(loid)s' concentrations in tap-water. In terms of non-carcinogenic health risks estimation, studied tap-water seems to be safe, whereas elemental abundances of Pb and As can cause carcinogenic risks to school-going people. However, progressive deterioration of water quality by pipeline scaling will be supposed to cause significant health risks in the future, for which preventative measures should be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Joynal Abedin
- Centre for Higher Studies and Research, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP), Mirpur Cantonment, Mirpur, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Rahat Khan
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author.
| | - Md. Abu Bakar Siddique
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Abdul Hadi Al Nafi Khan
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tariqul Islam
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Bazlar Rashid
- Geological Survey of Bangladesh, Segunbaghicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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Halabicky OM, Pinto-Martin JA, Compton P, Liu J. Longitudinal association of early childhood lead exposure and adolescent heart rate variability: influence of parental education. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2022; 40:133-153. [PMID: 35895919 PMCID: PMC9339516 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2022.2060689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lead exposure has been shown to dysregulate physiological stress responses. However, few studies have investigated the effect of lead exposure on later heart rate variability (HRV), an indicator of a stress response, in large samples of children. Furthermore, the interaction between social environmental factors and lead exposure in childhood, which commonly co-occur, remains understudied. This study examined relationships between childhood lead exposure and early adolescent physiological stress responses at different levels of parental education. Participants were 406 children from Jintan, China. Blood lead levels (BLLs) and parental education data were collected at 3-5 years of age, and HRV outcomes assessed at 12 years via frequency domain measures (LF/HF ratio) collected during an induced stress test. Results show a significant interaction between parental education and BLLs at 3-5 years. This relationship was found to be most consistent for the interaction between BLLs and mother's years of education for both the planning (β = 0.12, p = 0.046) and speaking (β = 0.11, p = 0.043) phase of the stress task, suggesting that increasing years of mother's education may enhance the deleterious influence of lead exposure on the HRV frequency measure, LF/HF ratio. This research highlights the complexity in lead exposure induced outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer A Pinto-Martin
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peggy Compton
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Halabicky OM, Pinto-Martin JA, Compton P, Liu J. Early childhood lead exposure and adolescent heart rate variability: A longitudinal cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112551. [PMID: 34915034 PMCID: PMC9214828 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lead is a known neurotoxicant with many detrimental health effects, including neurocognitive deficits and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. However, few studies have tested the association between lead exposure and the physiological stress response, which in and of itself may act as a precursor to and/or underlying mechanism of detrimental health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of early childhood and early adolescent low-level lead exposure on early adolescent heart rate variability, a widely-used measure of physiological stress. Participants were 408 children from Jintan, China for whom blood lead levels were measured between 3 and 5 years (early childhood) and again at 12 years (early adolescence). Heart rate variability was assessed at 12 years while participants underwent an induced stress task utilizing the ratio of low to high frequency (LF/HF) ECG measures. Mean blood lead levels in the cohort were 6.63 mcg/dl and 3.10 mcg/dl at 3-5 years and 12 years, respectively. Blood lead levels at 3-5 years of age (β 0.06, p = 0.027), but not at age 12 (β -0.05, p = 0.465), were significantly associated with LF/HF measures while controlling for multiple sociodemographic variables, potentially reflecting a dysregulated stress response with a shift towards sympathetic dominance. These findings suggest that early childhood lead exposure may have a detrimental influence on early adolescent autonomic responses to acute stress, which holds implications for cardiovascular health and overall growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Halabicky
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd. Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Pinto-Martin
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd. Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 34th & Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Peggy Compton
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd. Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd. Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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11
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Liu Y, Ren X, Zeng M, Li J, Zhao X, Zhang X, Yang J. Resting-state dynamic functional connectivity predicts the psychosocial stress response. Behav Brain Res 2022; 417:113618. [PMID: 34610370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute stress triggers a complex cascade of psychological, physiological, and neural responses, which show large and enduring individual differences. Although previous studies have examined the relationship between the stress response and dynamic features of the brain's resting state, no study has used the brain's dynamic activity in the resting state to predict individual differences in the psychosocial stress response. In the current study, resting-state scans of forty-eight healthy participants were collected, and then their individual acute stress responses during the Montreal Imaging Stress Test (MIST) paradigm were recorded. Results defined a connectivity state (CS) characterized by positive correlations across the whole brain during resting-state that could negatively predict participants' feelings of social evaluative threat during stress tasks. Another CS characterized by negative correlations between the frontal-parietal network (FPN) and almost all other networks, except the dorsal attentional network (DAN), could predict participants' subjective stress, feelings of uncontrollability, and feelings of social evaluative threat. However, no CS could predict participants' salivary cortisol stress response. Overall, these results suggested that the brain state characterized as attentional regulation, linking self-control, and top-down regulation ability, could predict the psychosocial stress response. This study also developed an objective indicator for predicting human stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xi Ren
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mei Zeng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiwen Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xuehan Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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12
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Obeng-Gyasi E, Ferguson AC, Stamatakis KA, Province MA. Combined Effect of Lead Exposure and Allostatic Load on Cardiovascular Disease Mortality-A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6879. [PMID: 34206881 PMCID: PMC8297236 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the combined effect of lead (Pb) exposure and an index of chronic physiological stress on cardiovascular disease mortality using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2008 linked to 1999-2014 National Death Index data. Chronic physiological stress was measured using the allostatic load (AL) index, which was formed by analyzing markers from the cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic systems, with Pb levels, assessed using blood lead levels (BLL). The dataset was analyzed with statistical techniques to explore (a) the relationship between Pb exposure and AL, and (b) the combined role of Pb and AL on cardiovascular disease mortality. Results indicated that AL was more elevated in those with BLLs above the 50th percentile in the US population and that those with elevated AL were more likely to have high BLL. Finally, the interaction of AL and BLL significantly increased the likelihood of cardiovascular disease mortality. These findings highlight the need for considering the totality of exposures experienced by populations to build holistic programs to prevent Pb exposure and reduce stressors to promote optimal health outcomes and reduce cardiovascular mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Alesia C. Ferguson
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;
| | - Katherine A. Stamatakis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA;
| | - Michael A. Province
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA;
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13
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Lee S, Park SK, Park H, Lee W, Kwon JH, Hong YC, Ha M, Kim Y, Lee B, Ha E. Prenatal heavy metal exposures and atopic dermatitis with gender difference in 6-month-old infants using multipollutant analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110865. [PMID: 33600821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to heavy metals during critical developmental phases has been implicated in allergic phenotypes. However, few studies have been conducted on the gender-specific association of prenatal heavy metal exposure with atopic dermatitis (AD) in infants. OBJECTIVE To examine the gender-specific association of prenatal exposure to multiple heavy metals with AD incidence in 6-month-old infants using data from the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH). METHODS We evaluated 738 mother-child pairs from the MOCEH study, an ongoing prospective birth cohort. The concentrations of three heavy metals (lead, mercury and cadmium) in maternal blood samples were measured during early and late pregnancy. Each quartile of heavy metal concentration was used to consider the possible nonlinear association with AD. For assessing the multi-pollutant model, we constructed the multivariate regression model including all three heavy metals at both early and late pregnancy. Further, the group Lasso model was used to perform the variable selection with categorized exposures and assess the effect of multiple pollutants including their pairwise interactions. RESULTS A total of 200 incident cases of AD were diagnosed in 6-month-old infants. In the multivariate regression model of the boy group, adjusted odds ratios comparing the second, third and fourth quartile of lead exposure in boys with the first quartile were 1.83 (95% CI: 1.00, 3.38), 1.04 (0.91, 3.32) and 2.40 (1.18, 4.90), respectively. However, the only second quartile of lead exposure compared to first quartile was significantly associated with AD in girls. In addition, the results of the group Lasso model were similar with the results of multivariate regression model. CONCLUSION The results suggest that lead exposure in late pregnancy increases risk of AD in 6-month-old boys although the strength of association is weak. Further studies are needed to confirm the susceptibility window and gender differences in lead-induced AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulbi Lee
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sung Kyun Park
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann arbor, MI, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hyesook Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojoo Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangho Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Boeun Lee
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Ha
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Ewha Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Levin R, Zilli Vieira CL, Rosenbaum MH, Bischoff K, Mordarski DC, Brown MJ. The urban lead (Pb) burden in humans, animals and the natural environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 193:110377. [PMID: 33129862 PMCID: PMC8812512 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Centuries of human activities, particularly housing and transportation practices from the late 19th century through the 1980's, dispersed hundreds of millions of tons of lead into our urban areas. The urban lead burden is evident among humans, wild and domesticated animals, and plants. Animal lead exposures closely mirror and often exceed the lead exposure patterns of their human partners. Some examples: Pigeons in New York City neighborhoods mimicked the lead exposures of neighborhood children, with more contaminated areas associated with higher exposures in both species. Also, immediately following the lead in drinking water crisis in Flint MI in 2015, blood lead levels in pet dogs in Flint were 4 times higher than in surrounding towns. And combining lead's neurotoxicity with urban stress results in well-characterized aggressive behaviors across multiple species. Lead pollution is not distributed evenly across urban areas. Although average US pediatric lead exposures have declined by 90% since the 1970s, there remain well defined neighborhoods where children continue to have toxic lead exposures; animals are poisoned there, too. Those neighborhoods tend to have disproportionate commercial and industrial lead activity; a history of dense traffic; older and deteriorating housing; past and operating landfills, dumps and hazardous waste sites; and often lead contaminated drinking water. The population there tends to be low income and minority. Urban wild and domesticated animals bear that same lead burden. Soil, buildings, dust and even trees constitute huge lead repositories throughout urban areas. Until and unless we begin to address the lead repositories in our cities, the urban lead burden will continue to impose enormous costs distributed disproportionately across the domains of the natural environment. Evidence-based research has shown the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of some US public policies to prevent or reduce these exposures. We end with a series of recommendations to manage lead-safe urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Levin
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Carolina L Zilli Vieira
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Marieke H Rosenbaum
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
| | - Karyn Bischoff
- New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | | | - Mary Jean Brown
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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15
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Araujo UC, Krahe TE, Ribeiro-Carvalho A, Gomes RAA, Lotufo BM, Moreira MDFR, de Abreu-Villaça Y, Manhães AC, Filgueiras CC. Forced swimming stress increases natatory activity of lead-exposed mice. Toxicol Res 2021; 37:115-124. [PMID: 33489862 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-020-00045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence points to the relationship between lead toxicity and the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which suggests that lead exposure could influence how an individual cope with stress. Here we test this hypothesis by investigating the behavioral effects of lead exposure in mice during the forced swimming test (FST), a parading in which animals are exposed to a stressful situation and environment. Swiss mice received either 180 ppm or 540 ppm of lead acetate (Pb) in their ad-lib water supply for 60-90 days, starting at postnatal day 30. Control (Ctrl) mice drank tap water. At the end of the exposure period, mice were submitted to a 5-min session of FST or to an open-field session of the same duration. Data from naïve animals showed that corticosterone levels were higher for animals tested in the FST compared to animals tested in the open-field. Blood-lead levels (BLL) in Pb-exposed mice ranged from 14.3 to 106.9 µg/dL. No differences were observed in spontaneous locomotion between Ctrl and Pb-exposed groups in the open-field. However, in the FST, Pb-treated mice displayed higher swimming activity than Ctrl ones and this effect was observed even for animals with BLL higher than 20 µg/dL. Furthermore, significant differences in brain glutathione levels, used as an indicator of led toxicity, were only observed for BLL higher than 40 µg/dL. Overall, these findings suggest that swimming activity in the FST is a good indicator of lead toxicity and confirm our prediction that lead toxicity influences behavioral responses associated to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulisses C Araujo
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170 Brazil
| | - Thomas E Krahe
- Departamento de Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anderson Ribeiro-Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores da, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Dr. Francisco Portela 1470-Patronato, São Gonçalo, RJ 24435-005 Brazil
| | - Regina A A Gomes
- Centro de Estudos da Saúde Do Trabalhador E Ecologia Humana, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-210 Brazil
| | - Bruna M Lotufo
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170 Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima R Moreira
- Centro de Estudos da Saúde Do Trabalhador E Ecologia Humana, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-210 Brazil
| | - Yael de Abreu-Villaça
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170 Brazil
| | - Alex C Manhães
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170 Brazil
| | - Cláudio C Filgueiras
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170 Brazil
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16
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Glucs ZE, Smith DR, Tubbs CW, Bakker VJ, Wolstenholme R, Dudus K, Burnett LJ, Clark M, Clark M, Finkelstein ME. Foraging behavior, contaminant exposure risk, and the stress response in wild California condors (Gymnogyps californianus). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 189:109905. [PMID: 32738723 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wild California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) are frequently exposed to lead via lead-based ammunition ingestion, and recent studies indicate significant exposure to organochlorines (e.g. dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) for condors feeding on beach-cast marine mammals. We investigated the influence of contaminant exposure on condor glucocorticoid response through comparisons between wild and captive populations and identification of modifiers of glucocorticoid release in wild condors. We assessed the glucocorticoid response to routine trapping and handling events through measurement of plasma corticosterone and urate glucocorticoid metabolites (GCM). Comparison of peak urate GCM levels showed wild condors exhibited higher responses to handling-associated stressors (2300 ± 1400 ng/g dry wt, average ± SD, n = 27) than captive condors (910 ± 490 ng/g dry wt., n = 6, U = 28, p = 0.003). Multiple linear regression models and an information theoretic approach (AICc) identified several extrinsic variables (e.g., time captive in flight pen before sample collection) that were negatively associated with plasma corticosterone and urate GCM levels in wild condors, which explained ~25% of glucocorticoid variation. When accounting for these extrinsic variables we found that behavioral variables associated with increased lead and organochlorine exposure risk were positively associated with GCM levels, explaining an additional 15% of glucocorticoid variation among wild condors. Days absent from management area, a variable associated with reduced survival attributed to increased lead exposure risk, had a positive influence on plasma corticosterone levels (β = 53 ± 20 SE) and peak urate GCM levels (β = 1090 ± 586 SE). Years observed feeding on marine mammals, a variable positively associated with DDE and PCB exposure, positively influenced peak urate GCM (β = 1100 ± 520 SE) and the magnitude of GCM response (peak GCM - 1st urate GCM) (β = 1050 ± 500 SE). Our findings suggest that individual propensities for contaminant-associated foraging behaviors predict higher stress-induced glucocorticoid levels in wild condors, and that accounting for variables associated with trapping and handling is essential for assessing the impact of environmental stressors such as contaminants on the condor stress response. As an abnormal glucocorticoid response to stress is associated with reduced reproduction and survival in vertebrates, this work indicates the need for further investigations into the physiological impacts of sub-lethal contaminant exposures in scavenging species worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeka E Glucs
- Predatory Bird Research Group, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
| | - Donald R Smith
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Christopher W Tubbs
- San Diego Zoo Global, Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, CA, USA
| | | | - Rachel Wolstenholme
- National Park Service, Interior Regions 8, 9, 10, 12, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristina Dudus
- National Park Service, Interior Region 2, Gulf Breeze, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Clark
- Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Myra E Finkelstein
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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17
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Gump BB, Hruska B, Parsons PJ, Palmer CD, MacKenzie JA, Bendinskas K, Brann L. Dietary contributions to increased background lead, mercury, and cadmium in 9-11 Year old children: Accounting for racial differences. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109308. [PMID: 32222635 PMCID: PMC7898456 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Initial interest in the adverse consequences of exposure to lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) focused on relatively high exposures through environmental or occupational sources; however, recent evidence suggests even low-level background exposure to non-essential metals might be detrimental, particularly for children's health and development. One potentially important source of increased background levels of non-essential toxic metals is diet. OBJECTIVES We considered whether differences in diet are associated with levels of non-essential metals in blood and whether racial differences in metals are mediated by dietary differences. METHODS We assessed blood levels of Pb, Hg, and Cd in a sample of 9-11 year-old children (N = 295) comprised of 42% European Americans (EAs), 58% African American (AAs), and 47% female. Diet was assessed using 24-h dietary recalls during phone interviews administered to parents on two consecutive days (Friday and Saturday). The Healthy Eating Index-2105 (HEI-2015) was calculated to assess diet quality. RESULTS The current study identified significant dietary sources of non-essential metal exposure - namely total fruit for Pb, total protein for Hg, and greens and beans for Cd. Moreover, AAs were found to have significantly higher blood levels of Pb and Hg than EAs and these racial differences were significantly mediated by these dietary differences. DISCUSSION This study is one of very few to consider total diet in children and exposure to the non-essential metals Pb, Hg, and Cd, and the first to demonstrate that racial differences in increased background blood levels of non-essential toxic metals can be accounted for by racial differences in diet. Given regional differences in food consumption patterns and specific farm and store sources for the foods, the generalizability of the current findings has yet to be determined; however, commonly consumed foods appear to be a significant source of low-level non-essential metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks B Gump
- Department of Public Health, Food Studies, and Nutrition, Syracuse University, United States.
| | - Bryce Hruska
- Department of Public Health, Food Studies, and Nutrition, Syracuse University, United States
| | - Patrick J Parsons
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany, United States
| | - Christopher D Palmer
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany, United States
| | - James A MacKenzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York College at Oswego, United States
| | - Kestutis Bendinskas
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College at Oswego, United States
| | - Lynn Brann
- Department of Public Health, Food Studies, and Nutrition, Syracuse University, United States
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18
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Gagnon-Chauvin A, Bastien K, Saint-Amour D. Environmental toxic agents: The impact of heavy metals and organochlorides on brain development. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 173:423-442. [PMID: 32958188 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental toxicants can have deleterious effects on the development of physical, cognitive, and mental health. Extensive laboratory and clinical studies have demonstrated how the developing brain is uniquely sensitive to toxic agents. This chapter focuses on the main neurologic impairments linked to prenatal and postnatal exposure to lead, methylmercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls, three legacy environmental contaminants whose neurotoxic effects have been extensively studied with respect to cognitive and behavioral development. The main cognitive, emotion regulation, sensory, and motor impairments in association with these contaminants are briefly reviewed, including the underlying neural mechanisms such as neuropathologic damages, brain neurotransmission, and endocrine system alterations. The use of neuroimaging as a novel tool to better understand how the brain is affected by exposure to environmental contaminants is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avril Gagnon-Chauvin
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Bastien
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dave Saint-Amour
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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19
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Hosseini-Sharifabad A, Naghibzadeh S, Hajhashemi V. The effect of lead, restraint stress or their co-exposure on the movement disorders incidence in male mice. Res Pharm Sci 2019; 14:343-350. [PMID: 31516511 PMCID: PMC6714115 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.263558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead is known as an environmental contaminant with neurotoxic properties. In addition, people experience different types of chronic stress, especially in developing countries. It has been established that lead or stress causes structural and physiological damages to the neural pathway like dopaminergic connections. Nevertheless, the effect of lead and restraint stress on movement behaviors when are experienced together has not been studied yet. In this study, male albino mice were randomly divided into different groups (n = 6). Lead acetate was daily injected at 15 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 2, 4, or 6 weeks. Restraint stress (6 h in a day) was applied alone or in combination with lead acetate for 2, 4, or 6 weeks. The catalepsy, akinesia, and the balance of animals were measured by bar test, elevated beam device, and rotarod to evaluate the movement disorders. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, a known neurotoxin causes movement disorders, was used as positive control group. The results showed that exposure to the lead or stress or their combination for 6 weeks caused catalepsy, akinesia, and imbalance in the animals, while exposure for 2 or 4 weeks didn’t affect the movement items indices. The combination of lead and stress did not show any significant difference compared to the exposure to each of them individually. From the findings, Lead, stress, and their combination caused movement disorders in a time dependent manner. Short time exposure did not change movement behavior. The co-exposure to the lead and stress did not show additive or synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hosseini-Sharifabad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Sara Naghibzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Valiollah Hajhashemi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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Mohammadyan M, Moosazadeh M, Borji A, Khanjani N, Rahimi Moghadam S. Exposure to lead and its effect on sleep quality and digestive problems in soldering workers. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:184. [PMID: 30805730 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Some studies show that exposure to lead affects sleep quality and causes digestive disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of sleep and digestive disorders in solderers exposed to lead. In a cross-sectional study, the occupational exposure of 40 soldering workers to lead fume and their blood lead levels were measured in the electronics industry of Neyshabur city, according to standard methods. The sleep quality of workers was measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire and their digestive disorders were recorded in a checklist. This study showed that 67.5% of subjects had poor sleep quality. There was a significant relation between sleep quality, air lead (p = 0.02), and blood lead (p = 0.03). Bad sleep quality was 2.4 times higher in subjects exposed to lead above the threshold (p = 0.03). 92.5% of the population under study suffered from at least one digestive disorder. Digestive disorders such as hiccupping (85%) and nausea (67%) were more common among the workers, and their odds was 3.09 and 2.00 times higher in workers exposed to lead above the threshold, compared with others. Bad sleep quality and gastrointestinal disorders were prevalent among workers exposed to lead. The results of this study confirm the need for further research about the side effects of lead on humans. It also clarifies the need for a revision in the recommended occupational exposure level for lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohammadyan
- Health Science Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Science Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abasalt Borji
- Basic Sciences Department, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Narges Khanjani
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Somayeh Rahimi Moghadam
- Student Research Committee, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran.
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21
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Sprowles JLN, Amos-Kroohs RM, Braun AA, Sugimoto C, Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Developmental manganese, lead, and barren cage exposure have adverse long-term neurocognitive, behavioral and monoamine effects in Sprague-Dawley rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 67:50-64. [PMID: 29631003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Developmental stress, including low socioeconomic status (SES), can induce dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and result in long-term changes in stress reactivity. Children in lower SES households experience more stress and are more likely to be exposed to environmental neurotoxins such as lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) than children in higher SES households. Co-exposure to stress, Pb, and Mn during early development may increase the risk of central nervous system dysfunction compared with unexposed children. To investigate the potential interaction of these factors, Sprague-Dawley rats were bred, and litters born in-house were culled on postnatal day (P)1 to 6 males and 6 females. One male and female within each litter were assigned to one of the following groups: 0 (vehicle), 10 mg/kg Pb, 100 mg/kg Mn, or 10 mg/kg Pb + 100 mg/kg Mn (PbMn), water gavage, and handled only from P4-28 with half the litters reared in cages with standard bedding (29 litters) and half with no bedding (Barren; 27 litters). Mn and PbMn groups had decreased anxiety, reduced acoustic startle, initial open-field hypoactivity, increased activity following (+)-methamphetamine, deficits in egocentric learning in the Cincinnati water maze (CWM), and deficits in latent inhibition conditioning. Pb increased anxiety and reduced open-field activity. Barren-reared rats had decreased anxiety, CWM deficits, increased startle, and initial open-field hyperactivity. Mn, PbMn, Pb Barren-reared groups had impaired Morris water maze performance. Pb altered neostriatal serotonin and norepinephrine, Mn increased hippocampal serotonin in males, Mn + Barren-rearing increased neostriatal serotonin, and Barren-rearing decreased neostriatal dopamine in males. At the doses used here, most effects were in the Mn and PbMn groups. Few interactions between Mn, Pb, and rearing stress were found, indicating that the interaction of these three variables is not as impactful as hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L N Sprowles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Rhodes College, Department of Psychology, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, United States.
| | - Robyn M Amos-Kroohs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Virginia Department of Forensic Science, 700 North Fifth St, Richmond, VA 23219, United States
| | - Amanda A Braun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Chiho Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Michael T Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
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22
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Ngueta G, Verner MA, Fiocco AJ, Lupien S, Plusquellec P. Blood lead levels and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function in middle-aged individuals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 160:554-561. [PMID: 29102031 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and epidemiological studies suggested that exposure to lead (Pb) may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. However, previous studies have yielded mixed results. We evaluated changes in basal salivary cortisol levels and acute cortisol responsivity to psychological stress in relation with blood Pb levels (BPb), in Caucasian individuals 50-67 years of age. Data were collected through the Study of Genetics, Stress and Cognitive Development (2004-2006). Diurnal basal and stress-reactive salivary cortisol levels were collected and BPb levels were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. A total of 65 participants were included in the current study. General linear mixed models were used to assess the association between BPb level and change in cortisol secretion over time, for diurnal basal pattern and stress-reactive pattern, respectively. The geometric mean BPb was 2.70μg/dL (± 1.44) and two exposure groups were created based on the median value of 2.48µg/dL. No difference in geometric mean of salivary cortisol (µg/dL) at awakening was observed between High and Low BPb groups (0.23 (± 0.11) vs 0.20 (± 0.11), p = 0.36). The overall pattern of change in both diurnal basal (from the awakening to bedtime) and reactive salivary cortisol (during the stress induction protocol) did not differ between groups. In these middle-aged and older adults, we concluded that Pb exposure, within the range observed in the current study, was associated with neither diurnal nor stress-reactive cortisol secretion. Further investigation with larger datasets are needed to confirm our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Ngueta
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Université de Montréal Public Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Marc-André Verner
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Université de Montréal Public Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Sonia Lupien
- Center for Studies on Human Stress, Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pierrich Plusquellec
- Center for Studies on Human Stress, Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada; School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
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23
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Roberts EM, Madrigal D, Valle J, King G, Kite L. Assessing Child Lead Poisoning Case Ascertainment in the US, 1999-2010. Pediatrics 2017; 139:peds.2016-4266. [PMID: 28557759 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-4266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare prevalence estimates for blood lead level ≥10.0 μg/dL (elevated blood lead level [EBLL]) with numbers reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for children 12 months to 5 years of age from 1999 to 2010 on a state-by-state basis. METHODS State-specific prevalence estimates were generated based on the continuous NHANES according to newly available statistical protocols. Counts of case reports were based on the 39 states (including the District of Columbia) reporting to the CDC Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program during the study period. Analyses were conducted both including and excluding states and years of nonreporting to the CDC. RESULTS Approximately 1.2 million cases of EBLL are believed to have occurred in this period, but 607 000 (50%) were reported to the CDC. Including only states and years for which reporting was complete, the reporting rate was 64%. Pediatric care providers in 23 of 39 reporting states identified fewer than half of their children with EBLL. Although the greatest numbers of reported cases were from the Northeast and Midwest, the greatest numbers based on prevalence estimates occurred in the South. In southern and western states engaged in reporting, roughly 3 times as many children with EBLL were missed than were diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS Based on the best available estimates, undertesting of blood lead levels by pediatric care providers appears to be endemic in many states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Galatea King
- Public Health Institute, Oakland, California; and
| | - Linda Kite
- Healthy Homes Collaborative, Los Angeles, California
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24
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Souza-Talarico JN, Suchecki D, Juster RP, Plusquellec P, Barbosa Junior F, Bunscheit V, Marcourakis T, de Matos TM, Lupien SJ. Lead exposure is related to hypercortisolemic profiles and allostatic load in Brazilian older adults. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:261-268. [PMID: 28110240 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead levels (Pb) have been linked to both hyper- and hypo-reactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) axis to acute stress in animals and humans. Similarly, allostatic load (AL), the 'wear and tear' of chronic stress, is associated with inadequate HPA axis activity. We examined whether Pb levels would be associated with altered diurnal cortisol profile, as a primary mediator of AL, during aging. Pb levels were measured from blood samples (BPb) of 126 Brazilian individuals (105 women), between 50 and 82 years old. Six neuroendocrine, metabolic, and anthropometric biomarkers were analyzed and values were transformed into an AL index using clinical reference cut-offs. Salivary samples were collected at home over 2 days at awakening, 30-min after waking, afternoon, and evening periods to determine cortisol levels. A multiple linear regression model showed a positive association between BPb as the independent continuous variable and cortisol awakening response (R2=0.128; B=0.791; p=0.005) and overall cortisol concentration (R2=0.266; B=0.889; p<0.001) as the outcomes. Repeated measures ANOVA showed that individuals with high BPb levels showed higher cortisol at 30min after awakening (p=0.003), and in the afternoon (p=0.002) than those with low BPb values. Regarding AL, regression model showed that BPb was positively associated with AL index (R2=0.100; B=0.204; p=0.032). Correlation analyzes with individual biomarkers showed that BPb was positively correlated with HDL cholesterol (p=0.02) and negatively correlated with DHEA-S (p=0.049). These findings suggest that Pb exposure, even at levels below the reference blood lead level for adults recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, may contribute to AL and dysregulated cortisol functioning in older adults. Considering these findings were based on cross-sectional data future research is needed to confirm our exploratory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana N Souza-Talarico
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403 000, Brazil.
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Robert-Paul Juster
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Pierrich Plusquellec
- Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2; School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Fernando Barbosa Junior
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040903, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Bunscheit
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Martins de Matos
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403 000, Brazil
| | - Sonia J Lupien
- Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2
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25
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Sun H, Wang N, Nie X, Zhao L, Li Q, Cang Z, Chen C, Lu M, Cheng J, Zhai H, Xia F, Ye L, Lu Y. Lead Exposure Induces Weight Gain in Adult Rats, Accompanied by DNA Hypermethylation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169958. [PMID: 28107465 PMCID: PMC5249225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous studies have revealed the association of lead (Pb) exposure with obesity. DNA methylation alteration has been suggested to be one of the regulatory mechanisms of obesity. We aimed to explore whether Pb exposure is related with weight gain and DNA methylation alteration. Methods Male adult 8 week Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: the normal chow diet (NCD); the NCD+0.05%Pb; the NCD+0.15%Pb; the NCD+0.45%Pb and the high fat diet. Rats were exposed to different dosages of Pb through drinking water for 21 weeks. Body weight, fasted blood glucose level, fasted insulin level, homeostasis assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index and lipid profile were detected. Intra-peritoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was constructed to evaluate the glucose tolerance. Lipid accumulation of liver was detected and liver DNA underwent whole genome bisulfite sequencing. Results The NCD+0.05%Pb group had significantly greater weight, HOMA-IR and triglycerides, and lower glucose intolerance than the NCD group (P <0.05). This group also showed hepatic lipid accumulation. These metabolic changes were not observed in the other two Pb dosage groups. Furthermore, DNA hypermethylation extended along pathways related to glucose and lipid metabolism in NCD+0.05%Pb group. Conclusion Pb exposure resulted in dose-specific weight gain in adult Wistar rats, accompanied by alteration of DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Sun
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningjian Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomin Nie
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Li
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Cang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Lu
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hualing Zhai
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangzhen Xia
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (LY)
| | - Yingli Lu
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (LY)
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26
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Kim JH, Kang JC. The immune responses and expression of metallothionein (MT) gene and heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) in juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, exposed to waterborne arsenic (As 3+). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 47:136-141. [PMID: 27689810 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii (mean length 16.4±1.9cm, and mean weight 71.6±6.4g) were exposed for 20days with the different levels of waterborne arsenic concentration (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400μg/L). The plasma cortisol of S. schlegelii was significantly increased by the waterborne arsenit exposure. In the immune responses, the immunoglobulin M (Ig M) and lysozyme activity of S. schlegelii were significantly increased by the waterborne arsenic exposure. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of S. schlegelii was inhibited by the waterborne arsenic exposure. The substantial increases in the gene expression such as metallothionein (MT) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) were observed by the waterborne arsenic exposure. The results demonstrated that waterborne arsenic exposure can induce the significant alterations in the immune responses and specific gene expression of S. schlegelii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hwan Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Chan Kang
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Amos-Kroohs RM, Graham DL, Grace CE, Braun AA, Schaefer TL, Skelton MR, Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Developmental stress and lead (Pb): Effects of maternal separation and/or Pb on corticosterone, monoamines, and blood Pb in rats. Neurotoxicology 2016; 54:22-33. [PMID: 26943976 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The level of lead (Pb) exposure in children has decreased dramatically since restrictions on its use were implemented. However, even with restrictions, children are exposed to Pb and still present with cognitive and behavioral deficits. One prominent aspect of the exposome of these children is that many come from low social economic status (SES) conditions, and low SES is associated with stress. In order to compare the combined effects of early stress and Pb, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to vehicle or Pb either alone or in combination with maternal separation stress during brain development (i.e., postnatal day (P)4-P11, P19, or P28). Maternally separated/isolated pups had lower body and thymus weights during exposure and had increased levels of blood Pb compared with vehicle controls. Isolation, but not Pb, affected the response to an acute stressor (standing in shallow water) when assessed on P19 and P29, but not earlier on P11. Interactions of Pb and isolation were found on monoamines in the neostriatum, hippocampus, and hypothalamus on turnover but not on levels, and most changes were on dopamine turnover. Isolation had greater short-term effects than Pb. Interactions were dependent on age, sex, and acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Amos-Kroohs
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - Devon L Graham
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Curtis E Grace
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Amanda A Braun
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Tori L Schaefer
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Matthew R Skelton
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Michael T Williams
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
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28
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Tamayo Y Ortiz M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Wright RJ, Coull BA, Wright RO. Longitudinal associations of age and prenatal lead exposure on cortisol secretion of 12-24 month-old infants from Mexico City. Environ Health 2016; 15:41. [PMID: 26926653 PMCID: PMC4772459 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortisol has functions on homeostasis, growth, neurodevelopment, immune function and the stress response. Secretion follows a diurnal rhythm that mediates these processes. Our objective was to examine the association between prenatal lead exposure and infant diurnal cortisol rhythms. METHODS We measured infant cortisol rhythms in saliva collected repeatedly over 2 days at either 12 (n = 255) or 18-24 (n = 150) months of age. Prenatal lead exposure was assessed by measuring maternal pregnancy blood lead levels and early postnatal maternal bone lead content. We analyzed age-specific basal secretion and the association between trimester-specific and cumulative lead exposure with a) change in total diurnal cortisol and b) the shape of the cortisol curve across the length of the day. RESULTS Our results showed age related differences in salivary cortisol secretion and an age dependent association with maternal lead exposure. In age-stratified models we saw an inverse association between lead and cortisol levels in 12-month-old infants and a positive association for 18-24-month-old infants. For the 12-month-old infants 2nd-trimester-lead ≥10 μg/dL was associated with 40 % lower cortisol levels (95 % CI (-57, -16)) and a significant change in the shape of the cortisol curve (p = 0.01), compared to infants with low blood lead levels (<5 μg/dL). CONCLUSIONS Basal cortisol secretion changes with age. Increased early gestation lead exposure alters diurnal cortisol rhythms and the association is modified by infant age, perhaps representing an early maturation of cortisol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Tamayo Y Ortiz
- National Council of Science and Technology, Center for Nutrition Research and Health, National Institute of Public Health, 7a. Cerrada de Fray Pedro de Gante # 50, Col. Sección XVI Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México D.F., Mexico.
- Center for Research in Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada los Pinos y Caminera, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Martha María Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Research in Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada los Pinos y Caminera, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- Departments of Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine, Pediatrics Kravis Children's Hospital, New York, USA.
- The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building Floor 14th Floor Room 8, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York City, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 17 East 102 Street Floor 3 West Room D3-110, New York City, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Building II, Room 413, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Robert O Wright
- Departments of Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine, Pediatrics Kravis Children's Hospital, New York, USA.
- The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building Floor 14th Floor Room 8, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York City, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 17 East 102 Street Floor 3 West Room D3-110, New York City, NY, 10029, USA.
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Blood lead level and its association with body mass index and obesity in China - Results from SPECT-China study. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18299. [PMID: 26658662 PMCID: PMC4677308 DOI: 10.1038/srep18299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to report environmental and blood lead level (BLL) in China, and investigate the relationship of BLL with body mass index (BMI) and obesity. 5558 subjects were enrolled from 16 sites in China. BLL was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. Median (interquartile range) of BLL was 44.00 μg/L (29.00–62.16) for men and 37.79 μg/L (25.13–54.35) for women, about twice higher than in U.S. population. Subjects in rural and high-economic-status areas had significantly greater BLL (P < 0.001). However, in these areas, the lead levels in drinking water, river water and rice were comparable to or significantly lower than those in urban and low-economic-status areas. After adjustment for age, urbanization, economic status and metabolic factors, BLL was independently associated with BMI in women (P for trend < 0.001), but not in men. In fully adjusted model, increased quartiles of BLL were associated with significantly increased odds ratios of obesity (P for trend < 0.01) in women. In conclusion, BLLs in Chinese adults were much higher than in developed countries. There was a sex-specific association between BLL and BMI. Elevated BLL does not appear to be associated with lead levels in drinking water or rice, suggesting some other exposure source.
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Monnot AD, Christian WV, Abramson MM, Follansbee MH. An exposure and health risk assessment of lead (Pb) in lipstick. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 80:253-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schreier HMC, Hsu HH, Amarasiriwardena C, Coull BA, Schnaas L, Téllez-Rojo MM, Tamayo y Ortiz M, Wright RJ, Wright RO. Mercury and psychosocial stress exposure interact to predict maternal diurnal cortisol during pregnancy. Environ Health 2015; 14:28. [PMID: 25889585 PMCID: PMC4377006 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-015-0016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disrupted maternal prenatal cortisol production influences offspring development. Factors influencing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis include social (e.g., stressful life events) and physical/chemical (e.g., toxic metals) pollutants. Mercury (Hg) is a common contaminant of fish and exposure is widespread in the US. No prior study has examined the joint associations of stress and mercury with maternal cortisol profiles in pregnancy. OBJECTIVES To investigate potential synergistic influences of prenatal stress and Hg exposures on diurnal cortisol in pregnant women. METHODS Analyses included 732 women (aged 27.4 ± 5.6 years) from a Mexico City pregnancy cohort. Participants collected saliva samples on two consecutive days (mean 19.52 ± 3.00 weeks gestation) and reported life stressors over the past 6 months. Hg was assessed in toe nail clippings collected during pregnancy. RESULTS There were no main effects of Hg or psychosocial stress exposure on diurnal cortisol (ps > .20) but strong evidence of interaction effects on cortisol slope (interaction B = .006, SE = .003, p = .034) and cortisol at times 1 and 2 (interaction B = -.071, SE = .028, p = .013; B = -.078, SE = .032, p = .014). Women above the median for Hg and psychosocial stress exposure experienced a blunted morning cortisol response compared to women exposed to higher stress but lower Hg levels. CONCLUSIONS Social and physical environmental factors interact to alter aspects of maternal diurnal cortisol during pregnancy. Research focusing solely on either domain may miss synergistic influences with potentially important consequences to the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M C Schreier
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Hsiao-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Chitra Amarasiriwardena
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lourdes Schnaas
- Division of Research on Public Health, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Martha María Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Evaluation Research and Surveys, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Tamayo y Ortiz
- Center for Research in Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Assessment of attention and inhibitory control in rodent developmental neurotoxicity studies. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 52:78-87. [PMID: 25224214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In designing screens to assess potential neurotoxicants, the paramount goal is that the selected assessment tools detect dysfunction if it exists. This goal is particularly challenging in the case of cognitive assessments. Cognition is not a unitary phenomenon, and indeed there is growing evidence that different aspects of cognitive functioning are subserved by distinct neural systems. As a result, if a particular neurotoxicant selectively damages certain neural systems but not others, it can impair some cognitive, sensory, or affective functions, but leave many others intact. Accordingly, studies with human subjects use batteries of cognitive tests, cognizant of the fact that no one test is capable of detecting all forms of cognitive dysfunction. In contrast, assessment of cognitive functioning in non-human animal developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) studies typically consists of a single, presumably representative, "learning and memory" task that is expected to detect all potential effects on cognitive functioning. Streamlining the cognitive assessment in these studies saves time and money, but these shortcuts can have serious consequences if the aspect of cognitive functioning that is impaired is not tapped by the single selected task. In particular, executive functioning - a constellation of cognitive functions which enables the organism to focus on multiple streams of information simultaneously, and revise plans as necessary - is poorly assessed in most animal DNT studies. The failure to adequately assess these functions - which include attention, working memory, inhibitory control, and planning - is particularly worrisome in light of evidence that the neural systems that subserve these functions may be uniquely vulnerable to early developmental insults. We illustrate the importance of tapping these areas of functioning in DNT studies by describing the pattern of effects produced by early developmental Pb exposure. Rats exposed to lead (Pb) early in development were tested on a series of automated attention tasks, as well as on a radial arm maze task. The lead-exposed rats were not impaired in this demanding radial arm maze task, despite conditions which tapped the limits of both working and long-term memory. In contrast, the automated tests designed to assess rodent executive functioning revealed selective and functionally important deficits in attention and regulation of emotion or negative affect (produced by committing an error or not receiving an expected reward). This example underscores the importance of including tasks to specifically tap executive functioning in DNT batteries. Such tasks are not only sensitive but can also shed light on the specific nature of the dysfunction, and they can implicate dysfunction of specific neural systems, information which can be used to design therapeutic interventions. Although the use of such tasks increases the time and effort needed to complete the battery, the benefits outweigh the cost, in light of the greater sensitivity of the battery and the more complete characterization of effects.
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Braun JM, Wright RJ, Just AC, Power MC, Tamayo y Ortiz M, Schnaas L, Hu H, Wright RO, Tellez-Rojo MM. Relationships between lead biomarkers and diurnal salivary cortisol indices in pregnant women from Mexico City: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2014; 13:50. [PMID: 24916609 PMCID: PMC4068833 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) exposure during pregnancy may increase the risk of adverse maternal, infant, or childhood health outcomes by interfering with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis function. We examined relationships between maternal blood or bone Pb concentrations and features of diurnal cortisol profiles in 936 pregnant women from Mexico City. METHODS From 2007-11 we recruited women from hospitals/clinics affiliated with the Mexican Social Security System. Pb was measured in blood (BPb) during the second trimester and in mothers' tibia and patella 1-month postpartum. We characterized maternal HPA-axis function using 10 timed salivary cortisol measurements collected over 2-days (mean: 19.7, range: 14-35 weeks gestation). We used linear mixed models to examine the relationship between Pb biomarkers and cortisol area under the curve (AUC), awakening response (CAR), and diurnal slope. RESULTS After adjustment for confounders, women in the highest quintile of BPb concentrations had a reduced CAR (Ratio: -13%; Confidence Interval [CI]: -24, 1, p-value for trend < 0.05) compared to women in the lowest quintile. Tibia/patella Pb concentrations were not associated with CAR, but diurnal cortisol slopes were suggestively flatter among women in the highest patella Pb quantile compared to women in the lowest quantile (Ratio: 14%; CI: -2, 33). BPb and bone Pb concentrations were not associated with cortisol AUC. CONCLUSIONS Concurrent blood Pb levels were associated with cortisol awakening response in these pregnant women and this might explain adverse health outcomes associated with Pb. Further research is needed to confirm these results and determine if other environmental chemicals disrupt hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis function during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, 121 S. Main St, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- Pediatrics Kravis Children’s Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
- The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Allan C Just
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melinda C Power
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcela Tamayo y Ortiz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lourdes Schnaas
- Center for Evaluation Research and Surveys, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Howard Hu
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert O Wright
- Pediatrics Kravis Children’s Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
- The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
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Simmons AL, Schlezinger JJ, Corkey BE. What Are We Putting in Our Food That Is Making Us Fat? Food Additives, Contaminants, and Other Putative Contributors to Obesity. Curr Obes Rep 2014; 3:273-85. [PMID: 25045594 PMCID: PMC4101898 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-014-0094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The "chemical obesogen" hypothesis conjectures that synthetic, environmental contaminants are contributing to the global epidemic of obesity. In fact, intentional food additives (e.g., artificial sweeteners and colors, emulsifiers) and unintentional compounds (e.g., bisphenol A, pesticides) are largely unstudied in regard to their effects on overall metabolic homeostasis. With that said, many of these contaminants have been found to dysregulate endocrine function, insulin signaling, and/or adipocyte function. Although momentum for the chemical obesogen hypothesis is growing, supportive, evidence-based research is lacking. In order to identify noxious synthetic compounds in the environment out of the thousands of chemicals that are currently in use, tools and models from toxicology should be adopted (e.g., functional high throughput screening methods, zebrafish-based assays). Finally, mechanistic insight into obesogen-induced effects will be helpful in elucidating their role in the obesity epidemic as well as preventing and reversing their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Simmons
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, 650 Albany St., Rm X810, Boston MA 02118, Tel.: 617-638-7088, Fax.: 617-638-7124,
| | - Jennifer J Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St., Rm R405, Boston, MA 02118. Tel.: 617-638-6497 Fax.: 617-638-6463.
| | - Barbara E Corkey
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, 650 Albany St., Rm X810, Boston MA 02118, Tel.: 617-638-7088, Fax.: 617-638-7124,
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Geng F, Mai X, Zhan J, Xu L, Shao J, Meeker J, Lozoff B. Low-level prenatal lead exposure alters auditory recognition memory in 2-month-old infants: an event-related potentials (ERPs) study. Dev Neuropsychol 2014; 39:516-28. [PMID: 25350757 PMCID: PMC4212318 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2014.959172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to assess effects of low-level prenatal lead exposure on auditory recognition memory in 2-month-old infants. Infants were divided into four groups according to cord-blood lead concentration: (1) <2.00 μ g/dL, (2) 2.00-2.99 μ g/dL, (3) 3.0-3.7 μ g/dL, and (4) ≥3.7 μ g/dL. The first group showed the normally expected differences in P2, P750, and late slow wave (LSW) amplitudes elicited by mothers' and strangers' voices. These differences were not observed for one or more ERP components in the other groups. Thus, there was electrophysiological evidence of poorer auditory recognition memory at 2 months with cord-blood lead ≥2.00 μ g/dL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengji Geng
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xiaoqin Mai
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianying Zhan
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Shao
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - John Meeker
- School of Public Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan
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Yasuda H, Tsutsui T. Assessment of infantile mineral imbalances in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:6027-43. [PMID: 24284360 PMCID: PMC3863885 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10116027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between genes and the environment are now regarded as the most probable explanation for autism. In this review, we summarize the results of a metallomics study in which scalp hair concentrations of 26 trace elements were examined for 1,967 autistic children (1,553 males and 414 females aged 0-15 years-old), and discuss recent advances in our understanding of epigenetic roles of infantile mineral imbalances in the pathogenesis of autism. In the 1,967 subjects, 584 (29.7%) and 347 (17.6%) were found deficient in zinc and magnesium, respectively, and the incidence rate of zinc deficiency was estimated at 43.5% in male and 52.5% in female infantile subjects aged 0-3 years-old. In contrast, 339 (17.2%), 168 (8.5%) and 94 (4.8%) individuals were found to suffer from high burdens of aluminum, cadmium and lead, respectively, and 2.8% or less from mercury and arsenic. High toxic metal burdens were more frequently observed in the infants aged 0-3 years-old, whose incidence rates were 20.6%, 12.1%, 7.5%, 3.2% and 2.3% for aluminum, cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury, respectively. These findings suggest that infantile zinc- and magnesium-deficiency and/or toxic metal burdens may be critical and induce epigenetic alterations in the genes and genetic regulation mechanisms of neurodevelopment in the autistic children, and demonstrate that a time factor "infantile window" is also critical for neurodevelopment and probably for therapy. Thus, early metallomics analysis may lead to early screening/estimation and treatment/prevention for the autistic neurodevelopment disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yasuda
- La Belle Vie Research Laboratory, 8-4 Nihonbashi-Tomizawacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0006, Japan.
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Effects of prenatal community violence and ambient air pollution on childhood wheeze in an urban population. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:713-22.e4. [PMID: 24200349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposures to stress and physical toxins influence children's respiratory health, although few studies consider these factors together. OBJECTIVES We sought to concurrently examine the effects of prenatal community-level psychosocial (exposure to community violence [ECV]) and physical (air pollution) stressors on repeated wheeze in 708 urban children followed to age 2 years. METHODS Multi-item ECV reported by mothers in pregnancy was summarized into a continuous score by using Rasch modeling. Prenatal black carbon exposure was estimated by using land-use regression (LUR) modeling; particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) was estimated by using LUR modeling incorporating satellite data. Mothers reported child's wheeze every 3 months. The effects of ECV and air pollutants on repeated wheeze (≥ 2 episodes) were examined by using logistic regression. Interactions between ECV and pollutants were examined. RESULTS Mothers were primarily black (29%) and Hispanic (55%), with lower education (62% with ≤ 12 years); 87 (12%) children wheezed repeatedly. In models examining concurrent exposures, ECV (odds ratio [OR], 1.95; 95% CI, 1.13-3.36; highest vs lowest tertile) and black carbon (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.08-3.12; median or greater vs less than median) were independently associated with wheeze adjusting for sex, birth season, maternal atopy, education, race, and cockroach antigen. Associations were similar for PM2.5 (adjusted OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.20-3.40). An interaction between ECV with air pollution levels was suggested. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that both prenatal community violence and air pollution can contribute to respiratory health in these urban children. Moreover, place-based psychosocial stressors might affect host resistance such that physical pollutants can have adverse effects, even at relatively lower levels.
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Keenan K, Hipwell A, Babinski D, Bortner J, Henneberger A, Hinze A, Klostermann S, Rischall M, Sapotichne B. Examining the developmental interface of cortisol and depression symptoms in young adolescent girls. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:2291-9. [PMID: 23726646 PMCID: PMC3776001 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the substantial amount of data supporting a link between HPA-axis functioning and depression, the ontogeny of this association is not known. The aim of the present study was to contribute data on the developmental interface of HPA-axis functioning and depression in girls by testing associations between repeated measures of depression symptoms and cortisol levels in childhood and early adolescence. Girls (N=232) and their mothers, who were participating in a longitudinal study, were interviewed about depression symptoms annually from ages 9 to 12 years. Cortisol was assayed from saliva at ages 10 and 12 years upon arrival to the lab and following administration of the cold pressor task (CPT). Time of day of collection of saliva and level of pubertal development were included as covariates in model testing. Although most girls did not show an increase in cortisol in response to the CPT, lower levels of output during the CPT were associated with higher levels of depression symptoms. These findings were observed only for cortisol levels assessed at age 12 years. Girls with low levels of cortisol output at age 12, and decreases in output from ages 10 to 12, had stable or slightly increasing depression symptoms from ages 9 to 12 years. We conclude that associations between HPA-axis functioning and depression emerge as early as age 12. However, individual differences in cortisol levels at age 12 also were associated with depression symptoms at earlier ages. The data suggest two possibilities: (1) that childhood depression is associated with HPA-axis dysregulation, but that age related changes in the sensitivity or plasticity of the HPA-axis may result in a delay in the emergence of such an association, or (2) that dysregulation of the functioning of the HPA-axis develops following repeated experience of depression symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Keenan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, MC 3077, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Alison Hipwell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Dara Babinski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jenna Bortner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Angela Henneberger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Amanda Hinze
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Susan Klostermann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Michal Rischall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Brenna Sapotichne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Grashow R, Miller MW, McKinney A, Nie LH, Sparrow D, Hu H, Weisskopf MG. Lead exposure and fear-potentiated startle in the VA Normative Aging Study: a pilot study of a novel physiological approach to investigating neurotoxicant effects. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2013; 38:21-8. [PMID: 23603705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiologically-based indicators of neural plasticity in humans could provide mechanistic insights into toxicant actions on learning in the brain, and perhaps prove more objective and sensitive measures of such effects than other methods. OBJECTIVES We explored the association between lead exposure and classical conditioning of the acoustic startle reflex (ASR)-a simple form of associative learning in the brain-in a population of elderly men. Fifty-one men from the VA Normative Aging Study with cumulative bone lead exposure measurements made with K-X-Ray-Fluorescence participated in a fear-conditioning protocol. RESULTS The mean age of the men was 75.5years (standard deviation [sd]=5.9) and mean patella lead concentration was 22.7μg/g bone (sd=15.9). Baseline ASR eyeblink response decreased with age, but was not associated with subsequent conditioning. Among 37 men with valid responses at the end of the protocol, higher patella lead was associated with decreased awareness of the conditioning contingency (declarative learning; adjusted odds ratio [OR] per 20μg/g patella lead=0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.84, 0.99, p=0.03). Eyeblink conditioning (non-declarative learning) was 0.44sd less (95% CI: -0.91, 0.02; p=0.06) per 20μg/g patella lead after adjustment. Each result was stronger when correcting for the interval between lead measurement and startle testing (awareness: OR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.99, p=0.04; conditioning: -0.79sd less, 95% CI: -1.56, 0.03, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS This initial exploration suggests that lead exposure interferes with specific neural mechanisms of learning and offers the possibility that the ASR may provide a new approach to physiologically explore the effects of neurotoxicant exposures on neural mechanisms of learning in humans with a paradigm that is directly comparable to animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Grashow
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This overview highlights recent experimental and epidemiological evidence for the programming effects of outdoor air pollution exposures during early development on lung function and chronic respiratory disorders, such as asthma and related allergic disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Air pollutants may impact anatomy and/or physiological functioning of the lung and interrelated systems. Programming effects may result from pollutant-induced shifts in a number of molecular, cellular, and physiological states and their interacting systems. Specific key regulatory systems susceptible to programming may influence lung development and vulnerability to respiratory diseases, including both central and peripheral components of neuroendocrine pathways and autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning which, in turn, influence the immune system. Starting in utero, environmental factors, including air pollutants, may permanently organize these systems toward trajectories of enhanced pediatric (e.g., asthma, allergy) as well as adult disease risk (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Evidence supports a central role of oxidative stress in the toxic effects of air pollution. Additional research suggests xenobiotic metabolism and subcellular components, such as mitochondria are targets of ambient air pollution and play a role in asthma and allergy programming. Mechanisms operating at the level of the placenta are being elucidated. Epigenetic mechanisms may be at the roots of adaptive developmental programming. SUMMARY Optimal coordinated functioning of many complex processes and their networks of interaction are necessary for normal lung development and the maintenance of respiratory health. Outdoor air pollution may play an important role in early programming of respiratory health and is potentially amenable to intervention.
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Hicken MT, Gee GC, Connell C, Snow RC, Morenoff J, Hu H. Black-white blood pressure disparities: depressive symptoms and differential vulnerability to blood lead. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:205-9. [PMID: 23127977 PMCID: PMC3569674 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blacks have higher hypertension rates than whites, but the reasons for these disparities are unknown. Differential vulnerability, through which stress alters vulnerability to the effects of environmental hazards, is an emergent notion in environmental health that may contribute to these disparities. OBJECTIVES We examined whether blacks and whites exhibit different associations between blood lead (BPb) and blood pressure (BP) and whether depressive symptoms may play a role. METHODS Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2008, we regressed BP on the three-way interaction among race/ethnicity, BPb, and depressive symptoms in blacks and whites ≥ 20 years of age. RESULTS Blacks but not whites showed a positive association between BPb and systolic blood pressure (SBP). The disparity in this association between blacks and whites appeared to be specific to the high depressive symptoms group. In the low depressive symptoms group, there was no significant black-white disparity (βinteraction = 0.9 mmHg; 95% CI: -0.9, 2.7). However, of those with high depressive symptoms, blacks and whites had 5.6 mmHg (95% CI: 2.0, 9.2) and 1.2 mmHg (95% CI: -0.5, 2.9) increases in SBP, respectively, in association with each doubling of BPb (βinteraction = 4.4 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.5, 8.3). The pattern of results was similar for diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that depressive symptoms may contribute to the black-white disparity in the association between BPb and BP. Depressive symptoms may result, in part, from psychosocial stress. Our results support the notion that stress increases vulnerability to the health effects of environmental hazards and suggest that stress-related vulnerability may be an important determinant of racial/ethnic health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret T Hicken
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, USA.
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Hicken MT, Gee GC, Morenoff J, Connell CM, Snow RC, Hu H. A novel look at racial health disparities: the interaction between social disadvantage and environmental health. Am J Public Health 2012; 102:2344-51. [PMID: 23078461 PMCID: PMC3519308 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.300774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We explored the notion that social disadvantage increases vulnerability to the health effects of environmental hazards. Specifically, we examined (1) whether race modifies the association between blood lead and blood pressure and (2) whether socioeconomic status (SES) plays a role in this modifying effect. METHODS Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2008) and linear regression, we estimated the association between blood lead and blood pressure. Using interactions among race, SES, and lead, we estimated this association by levels of social disadvantage. RESULTS Black men and women showed a 2.8 (P < .001) and 4.0 (P < .001) millimeters mercury increase in SBP, respectively, for each doubling of blood lead. White adults showed no association. This lead-SBP association exhibited by Blacks was primarily isolated to Blacks of low SES. For example, poor but not nonpoor Black men showed a 4.8 millimeters mercury (P < .001) increase in SBP for each doubling of blood lead. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that social disadvantage exacerbates the deleterious health effects of lead. Our work provides evidence that social and environmental factors must be addressed together to eliminate health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret T Hicken
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Lim CS, Shaharuddin MS, Sam WY. Risk assessment of exposure to lead in tap water among residents of Seri Kembangan, Selangor state, Malaysia. Glob J Health Sci 2012; 5:1-12. [PMID: 23445691 PMCID: PMC4776794 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v5n2p1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A cross sectional study was conducted to estimate risk of exposure to lead via tap water ingestion pathway for the population of Seri Kembangan (SK). Methodology: By using purposive sampling method, 100 respondents who fulfilled the inclusive criteria were selected from different housing areas of SK based on geographical population distribution. Residents with filtration systems installed were excluded from the study. Questionnaires were administered to determine water consumption-related information and demographics. Two water samples (first-flushed and fully-flushed samples) were collected from kitchen tap of each household using HDPE bottles. A total of 200 water samples were collected and lead concentrations were determined using a Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GFAAS). Results: Mean lead concentration in first-flushed samples was 3.041± SD 6.967µg/L and 1.064± SD 1.103µg/L for fully-flushed samples. Of the first-flushed samples, four (4) had exceeded the National Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS) lead limit value of 10µg/L while none of the fully-flushed samples had lead concentration exceeded the limit. There was a significant difference between first-flushed samples and fully-flushed samples and flushing had elicited a significant change in lead concentration in the water (Z = -5.880, p<0.05). It was also found that lead concentration in both first-flushed and fully flushed samples was not significantly different across nine (9) areas of Seri Kembangan (p>0.05). Serdang Jaya was found to have the highest lead concentration in first-flushed water (mean= 10.44± SD 17.83µg/L) while Taman Universiti Indah had the highest lead concentration in fully-flushed water (mean=1.45± SD 1.83µg/L). Exposure assessment found that the mean chronic daily intake (CDI) was 0.028± SD 0.034µgday-1kg-1. None of the hazard quotient (HQ) value was found to be greater than 1. Conclusion: The overall quality of water supply in SK was satisfactory because most of the parameters tested in this study were within the range of permissible limit and only a few samples had exceeded the standard values for lead and pH. Non-carcinogenic risk attributed to ingestion of lead in SK tap water was found to be negligible.
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Road dust lead (Pb) in two neighborhoods of urban Atlanta, (GA, USA). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:2020-30. [PMID: 22829787 PMCID: PMC3397361 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9062020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Road dust continues to be a major potential reservoir of Pb in the urban environment, and an important potential component of child Pb exposure. This study presents ICP-AES analyses of metals in 72 samples of road dust (<250 µm) collected in the urban core of Atlanta, Georgia. In the Downtown area, median Pb concentrations are ~63 mg/kg Pb, with high values of 278 mg/kg. For comparison, median Pb values in a nearby residential neighborhood (also in the urban core) were ~93 mg/kg, with a high of 972 mg/kg. Geospatial variability is high, with significant variation observed over tens to hundreds of meters. Spearman Rank Correlation tests suggest that Pb and other metals (Cu, Ni, V, Zn) are associated with iron and manganese oxide phases in the residential area, as reported in other cities. However, Pb in the Downtown area is not correlated with the others, suggesting a difference in source or transport history. Given these complexities and the expected differences between road dust and soil Pb, future efforts to assess exposure risk should therefore be based on spatially distributed sampling at very high spatial resolution.
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Baos R, Jovani R, Serrano D, Tella JL, Hiraldo F. Developmental exposure to a toxic spill compromises long-term reproductive performance in a wild, long-lived bird: the white stork (Ciconia ciconia). PLoS One 2012; 7:e34716. [PMID: 22529928 PMCID: PMC3329485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Exposure to environmental contaminants may result in reduced reproductive success and long-lasting population declines in vertebrates. Emerging data from laboratory studies on model species suggest that certain life-stages, such as development, should be of special concern. However, detailed investigations of long-term consequences of developmental exposure to environmental chemicals on breeding performance are currently lacking in wild populations of long-lived vertebrates. Here, we studied how the developmental exposure to a mine spill (Aznalcóllar, SW Spain, April 1998) may affect fitness under natural conditions in a long-lived bird, the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia). Methodology The reproductive performance of individually-banded storks that were or not developmentally exposed to the spill (i.e. hatched before or after the spill) was compared when these individuals were simultaneously breeding during the seven years after the spill occurred (1999–2005). Principal Findings Female storks developmentally exposed to the spill experienced a premature breeding senescence compared with their non-developmentally exposed counterparts, doing so after departing from an unusually higher productivity in their early reproductive life (non-developmentally exposed females: 0.5±0.33SE fledglings/year at 3-yr old vs. 1.38±0.31SE at 6–7 yr old; developmentally exposed females: 1.5±0.30SE fledglings/year at 3-yr old vs. 0.86±0.25SE at 6–7 yr old). Conclusions/Significance Following life-history theory, we propose that costly sub-lethal effects reported in stork nestlings after low-level exposure to the spill-derived contaminants might play an important role in shaping this pattern of reproduction, with a clear potential impact on population dynamics. Overall, our study provides evidence that environmental disasters can have long-term, multigenerational consequences on wildlife, particularly when affecting developing individuals, and warns about the risk of widespread low-level contamination in realistic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Baos
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain.
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Fortin MC, Cory-Slechta DA, Ohman-Strickland P, Nwankwo C, Yanger TS, Todd AC, Moynihan J, Walton J, Brooks A, Fiedler N. Increased lead biomarker levels are associated with changes in hormonal response to stress in occupationally exposed male participants. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:278-83. [PMID: 22112310 PMCID: PMC3279445 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1103873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) exposure has been associated with a host of pathological conditions in humans. In rodents Pb exposure has been shown to alter the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of lead on responses of the HPA axis to a psychosocial laboratory stressor administered to Pb-exposed workers. METHODS Seventy male participants completed the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Serum cortisol (CORT) and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were assessed in response to and during recovery from the stressor. We measured Pb in blood, a biomarker of recent exposure, and in tibia bone by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), a biomarker of chronic exposure. RESULTS The TSST induced statistically significant increases in ACTH and CORT in the participants. At baseline, ACTH was not significantly higher (p = 0.052) in participants with higher blood Pb concentration, but CORT was significantly lower in these participants (p = 0.016). Adjusted linear regression models indicated a positive association between blood and bone Pb and the increase in ACTH in response to stress. However, Pb was not strongly associated with changes in CORT in response to stress. Pb was also associated with the ACTH:CORT ratio at baseline and throughout the course of the protocol, suggesting an adrenal hyporesponsiveness in participants with higher Pb concentrations. CONCLUSION The altered HPA-axis stress response observed in participants exposed to higher levels of Pb further supports the idea that lead may contribute to a host of biological dysfunctions beyond the classical neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C Fortin
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Dumas AK, Palmer CD, Parsons PJ, Segu ZM, Mechref YS, Bendinskas KG. Fish consumption, low-level mercury, lipids, and inflammatory markers in children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 112:204-211. [PMID: 22030286 PMCID: PMC3267839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence that consuming fish has numerous health benefits, including a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. However, fish is also the primary source of human exposure to mercury (Hg). In a cross-sectional study of 9-11 year old children (N=100), we measured fish consumption, blood lipids, total blood Hg, diurnal salivary cortisol (4 samples collected throughout the day), and performed a proteomic analysis of serum proteins using spectral count shotgun proteomics. Children who consumed fish had a significantly more atheroprotective lipid profile but higher levels of blood Hg relative to children that did not consume fish. Although the levels of blood Hg were very low in these children (M=0.77 μg/L; all but 1 participant had levels below 3.27 μg/L), increasing blood Hg was significantly associated with blunted diurnal cortisol levels. Blood Hg was also significantly associated with acute-phase proteins suggesting systemic inflammation, and several of these proteins were found to significantly reduce the association between Hg and diminished cortisol when included in the model. This study of a pediatric population is the first to document an association between blood Hg, systemic inflammation, and endocrine disruption in humans. Without a better understanding of the long-term consequences of an atheroprotective lipid profile relative to blunted diurnal cortisol and systemic inflammation, a determination of the risk-benefit ratio for fish consumption by children is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks B Gump
- Department of Public Health, Food Studies, and Nutrition, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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McEwen BS, Tucker P. Critical biological pathways for chronic psychosocial stress and research opportunities to advance the consideration of stress in chemical risk assessment. Am J Public Health 2011; 101 Suppl 1:S131-9. [PMID: 22021312 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2011.300270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that psychosocial stress and toxicants may interact to modify health risks. Stress-toxicant interactions could be important in chemical risk assessment, but these interactions are poorly understood and additional research is necessary to advance their application. Environmental health research can increase knowledge of these interactions by exploring hypotheses on allostatic load, which measures the cumulative impacts of stress across multiple physiological pathways, using knowledge about physiological pathways for stress-related health effects, and evidence of common target pathways for both stress and toxicants. In this article, critical physiological pathways for stress-related health effects are discussed, with specific attention to allostatic load and stress-toxicant interactions, concluding with research suggestions for potential applications of such research in chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S McEwen
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendrocrinology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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Kordas K, Ardoino G, Ciccariello D, Mañay N, Ettinger AS, Cook CA, Queirolo EI. Association of maternal and child blood lead and hemoglobin levels with maternal perceptions of parenting their young children. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:693-701. [PMID: 21925208 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological and psychosocial factors affect child development and behavior. Whereas biological underpinnings behind the neurotoxic effects of lead are studied extensively, the effects of psychosocial factors contributing to poor behavioral outcomes in lead-exposed children are not well understood. Parental attributes and practices may moderate or mediate the effects of lead on children's behavioral outcomes. We investigated the hypothesis that maternal and child lead and hemoglobin levels are associated with maternal perceptions of their parenting. Specifically, we hypothesized that children with higher blood lead (BLL) and lower hemoglobin concentrations would be associated with poorer maternal self-assessments of their parenting skills or the mother-child relationship. Children aged 13-55 months and their mothers (n=109) were recruited from among the participants of a previous lead and anemia screening study and from preschools in Montevideo, Uruguay. The mother-child pair attended two study visits: one to collect biological samples and answer demographic and child questionnaires, including statements regarding parenting; and a second to evaluate maternal IQ, depression and stress, and child development. Of the children, 51.6% had blood lead concentrations (BLLs) ≥ 5 μg/dL, 18.0% had anemia, and 8% had both conditions. Among mothers, 48.4% had BLLs ≥ 5 μg/dL, 16.0% had anemia, and 11% had both. BLLs ≥ 5 μg/dL in mother or child were associated with lower maternal perceptions of being skilled at discipline (p<0.05). Maternal anemia was associated with lower likelihood that mothers would let their children explore and play (p<0.05), whereas child anemia was associated with maternal perception of lower emotional support (p<0.01). In addition to shared environmental exposures, parenting and family interactions need to be considered as potentially contributing factors to poorer outcomes in lead-exposed children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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A transdisciplinary perspective of chronic stress in relation to psychopathology throughout life span development. Dev Psychopathol 2011; 23:725-76. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579411000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe allostatic load (AL) model represents an interdisciplinary approach to comprehensively conceptualize and quantify chronic stress in relation to pathologies throughout the life cycle. This article first reviews the AL model, followed by interactions among early adversity, genetics, environmental toxins, as well as distinctions among sex, gender, and sex hormones as integral antecedents of AL. We next explore perspectives on severe mental illness, dementia, and caregiving as unique human models of AL that merit future investigations in the field of developmental psychopathology. A complimenting transdisciplinary perspective is applied throughout, whereby we argue that the AL model goes beyond traditional stress–disease theories toward the advancement of person-centered research and practice that promote not only physical health but also mental health.
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