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Armstrong JF. Neurologic Assessment and Critical Care of Exotic Animals: Approach to the Neurologic Exam, Species Differences, Prognostic Scales, Commonly Encountered Conditions, Ancillary Diagnostic Tests, and Caring for Neurologically Impaired Patients. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023:S1094-9194(23)00025-7. [PMID: 37385906 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Many disorders of other body systems have been well characterized in exotic species; however, data regarding neurologic conditions is limited. Across some of these species, correlates between feline and canine neurology can be made, but variations in the nervous system anatomy make evaluation more challenging. With accurate neurolocalization a focused list of differential diagnoses can be created. Performing the neurologic examination should be methodical for all patients, and the order and extent of examination may depend upon the patient's clinical condition and cooperation. Applications of objective scale measures (such as coma scales), and ancillary diagnostics (electrodiagnostics, advanced imaging, biopsy techniques, and BAER testing) complement physical assessment and clinicopathologic assessment in these neurologic patients. Once a neurolocalization, likely diagnosis, and prognosis have been established, specific considerations for hospitalization and care of neurologic patients can be implemented while treatment is instituted.
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2
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Osborne AJ, Hussain SS, Helman EE, Foote JB, Kiupel M, Rowe SM, Collins DE. Ferret Systemic Coronavirus in Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Knockout Ferrets. Comp Med 2022; 72:410-415. [PMID: 36104147 PMCID: PMC9827607 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferret systemic coronavirus (FRSCV) causes a highly fatal disease of ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). It is believed to be a mutated variant of ferret enteric coronavirus (FRECV) and has a clinical presentation similar to that of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) in cats. The interplay of infectious diseases and host genetics will become a greater issue in the research environment as genetically modified species other than rodents become available due to advances in gene editing technology. In this case series, we present the clinical and histopathologic features of a FRSCV outbreak that affected 5 out of 10 ferrets with α-1 antitrypsin knockout (AAT KO) over an approximately 1-y period. Clinical features varied, with the affected ferrets presenting with some combination of wasting, hind limb paralysis, incontinence or sudden death. Multiple ferrets had gross pathologic lesions consistent with FRSCV, but the lesions were typically mild. Microscopic pyogranulomatous inflammation was present in 4 ferrets. Immunohistochemistry using an anti-feline coronavirus antibody that cross reacts with ferret coronavirus confirmed infection of intralesional macrophages in 4 out of 5 animals with suspected FRSCV infection. PCR testing of formalin fixed tissue was negative for all ferrets. PCR testing of feces from healthy wild-type ferrets indicated that the endemic presence of FRECV genotype 2, while PCR surveillance testing of other in-house AAT KO ferrets revealed both enteric coronavirus genotypes 1 and 2. This case series highlights the potential for greater disease incidence in the future as genetically modified ferrets are used more often, and may support exclusion of FRECV and similar viruses from highly susceptible ferret genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Osborne
- Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shah S Hussain
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Emily E Helman
- Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jeremy B Foote
- Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan
| | - Steven M Rowe
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Dalis E Collins
- Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;,
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3
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Kaye S, Stokol T. Hemostatic Testing in Companion Exotic Mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2022; 25:613-630. [PMID: 36122943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian hemostatic system is highly conserved, and companion exotic mammals are commonly used as biomedical models for normal and disordered hemostasis. Challenges associated with sample collection, test validation, and test interpretation have limited the use of these tests in clinical exotic animal practice. However, evaluation of platelet counts, coagulation screening times, and fibrin(ogen) degradation products can be valuable for monitoring exotic patients with a range of disease presentations including intoxications, anemia, systemic viral disease, hepatopathy, and endocrinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarrah Kaye
- Staten Island Zoo, 614 Broadway, Staten Island, NY 10310, USA.
| | - Tracy Stokol
- Cornell University, Upper Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA
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4
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Cray C. Protein electrophoresis of non-traditional species: A review. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:478-494. [PMID: 34881455 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
EPH has been demonstrated to be a useful tool in companion animals while providing an opportunity to characterize globulinemias, including paraproteinemia. In EPH of non-traditional species, these same applications are important, but the primary use is to gauge the acute-phase and humoral immune responses. This includes the valid quantitation of albumin as well as the examination of fractions reflective of increases in acute-phase reactants and immunoglobulins. Agarose gel EPH and, more recently, capillary zone EPH have been applied to samples from these species. Performing these analyses provides special challenges in the placement of fraction delimits, generation of RIs, and interpretation of results. Recommended as part of routine bloodwork, EPH can also provide key results that are helpful in clinical and field-based health assessments as well as in prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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5
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Giner J, Villanueva-Saz S, Alcover MM, Riera C, Fisa R, Verde M, Fernández A, Yzuel A. Clinical leishmaniosis in a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) treated with miltefosine plus allopurinol: Serological and clinical follow-up. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 25:100607. [PMID: 34474800 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The published information on the treatment of mustelid leishmaniosis is extremely scarce because there are only two case reports available. In one case, a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was treated with a combination of meglumine antimoniate plus allopurinol and, in the other case, a therapeutic regimen with allopurinol was administrated to a Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra). This article describes for the first time a combined therapeutic protocol with miltefosine (2 mg/kg once a day during 28 days per os), and allopurinol (10 mg/kg twice a day PO sine die) in a domestic ferret with splenomegaly, lymphadenomegaly and a facial pyogranulomatous dermatitis, with a moderate level of antibodies to Leishmania infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Giner
- Menescalia Veterinary Clinic, Ismael Merlo Actor, 5, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - María Magdalena Alcover
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Riera
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Fisa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maite Verde
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrés Yzuel
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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6
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Kelly DL, Kasperbauer KA, Sakamoto K, Camus MS, Mayer J, Divers SJ, Cazzini P. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:257-260. [PMID: 34242081 DOI: 10.2460/javma.259.3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Synowiec A, Szczepański A, Barreto-Duran E, Lie LK, Pyrc K. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a Systemic Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00133-20. [PMID: 33441314 PMCID: PMC7849242 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00133-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, seven identified coronaviruses (CoVs) have been found to infect humans; of these, three highly pathogenic variants have emerged in the 21st century. The newest member of this group, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first detected at the end of 2019 in Hubei province, China. Since then, this novel coronavirus has spread worldwide, causing a pandemic; the respiratory disease caused by the virus is called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic to mild respiratory tract infections and influenza-like illness to severe disease with accompanying lung injury, multiorgan failure, and death. Although the lungs are believed to be the site at which SARS-CoV-2 replicates, infected patients often report other symptoms, suggesting the involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, heart, cardiovascular system, kidneys, and other organs; therefore, the following question arises: is COVID-19 a respiratory or systemic disease? This review aims to summarize existing data on the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in different tissues in both patients and ex vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Synowiec
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur Szczepański
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Emilia Barreto-Duran
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Laurensius Kevin Lie
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract
Among the animal superfamily Musteloidea, which includes those commonly known as mustelids, naturally occurring and species-specific alphacoronavirus infections have been observed in both mink (Mustela vison/Neovison vison) and domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Ferret systemic coronavirus (FRSCV), in particular, has been associated with a rare but fatal systemic disease. In recent months, it has become apparent that both minks and ferrets are susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a betacoronavirus and the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several mink farms have experienced SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, and experimental models have demonstrated susceptibility of ferrets to SARS-CoV-2. The potential for pet ferrets to become infected with SARS-CoV-2, however, remains elusive. During the 2002-2003 SARS epidemic, it was also apparent that ferrets were susceptible to SARS-CoV and could be utilized in vaccine development. From a comparative standpoint, understanding the relationships between different infections and disease pathogenesis in the animal superfamily Musteloidea may help elucidate viral infection and transmission mechanisms, as well as treatment and prevention strategies for coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Stout
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Qinghua Guo
- Master of Public Health Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jean K Millet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ricardo de Matos
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Master of Public Health Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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9
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Huynh M, Piazza S. Musculoskeletal and Neurologic Diseases. FERRETS, RABBITS, AND RODENTS 2021. [PMCID: PMC7258713 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-48435-0.00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ferrets may exhibit neurologic signs as a result of various conditions that may be of nervous or muscular origin. Neurologic examination follows the same principles as in small animal medicine. One of the main defect that may be screened during clinical examination is deafness. Congenital deafness in ferrets is associated with coat color patterns such as white markings and premature graying.In this species, paresis is a common presentation and may reflect a generalized weakness. Spinal disorder, intervertebral disk disease, and neoplasia are among the differential diagnosis. Diagnostic exams usually include advance diagnostic imaging such as CT-scan associated with myelography. Seizure is usually associated with hypoglycemia and insulinoma, but other causes such as hypocalcemia or intracranial disorders have been described. Ferrets are sensitive to various neurotropic infectious disease such as rabies, distemper, aleutian disease, or systemic coronavirus. Finally, muscular disorder such as disseminated idiopathic myofasciitis and myasthenia gravis have been recently described, and potential treatments have been intended.
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10
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Lean FZX, Lamers MM, Smith SP, Shipley R, Schipper D, Temperton N, Haagmans BL, Banyard AC, Bewley KR, Carroll MW, Brookes SM, Brown I, Nuñez A. Development of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation for the detection of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21894. [PMID: 33318594 PMCID: PMC7736337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, and its dissemination globally has caused an unprecedented strain on public health. Animal models are urgently being developed for SARS-CoV-2 to aid rational design of vaccines and therapeutics. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation techniques that facilitate reliable and reproducible detection of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 viral products in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens would be of great utility. A selection of commercial antibodies generated against SARS-CoV spike protein and nucleoprotein, double stranded RNA, and RNA probe for spike genes were evaluated for the ability to detect FFPE infected cells. We also tested both heat- and enzymatic-mediated virus antigen retrieval methods to determine the optimal virus antigen recovery as well as identifying alternative retrieval methods to enable flexibility of IHC methods. In addition to using native virus infected cells as positive control material, the evaluation of non-infected cells expressing coronavirus (SARS, MERS) spike as a biosecure alternative to assays involving live virus was undertaken. Optimized protocols were successfully applied to experimental animal-derived tissues. The diverse techniques for virus detection and control material generation demonstrated in this study can be applied to investigations of coronavirus pathogenesis and therapeutic research in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Z X Lean
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel P Smith
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Rebecca Shipley
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Debby Schipper
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Kevin R Bewley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Sharon M Brookes
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alejandro Nuñez
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
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11
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Haake C, Cook S, Pusterla N, Murphy B. Coronavirus Infections in Companion Animals: Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical and Pathologic Features. Viruses 2020; 12:E1023. [PMID: 32933150 PMCID: PMC7551689 DOI: 10.3390/v12091023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses capable of causing respiratory, enteric, or systemic diseases in a variety of mammalian hosts that vary in clinical severity from subclinical to fatal. The host range and tissue tropism are largely determined by the coronaviral spike protein, which initiates cellular infection by promoting fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Companion animal coronaviruses responsible for causing enteric infection include feline enteric coronavirus, ferret enteric coronavirus, canine enteric coronavirus, equine coronavirus, and alpaca enteric coronavirus, while canine respiratory coronavirus and alpaca respiratory coronavirus result in respiratory infection. Ferret systemic coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis virus, a mutated feline enteric coronavirus, can lead to lethal immuno-inflammatory systemic disease. Recent human viral pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and most recently, COVID-19, all thought to originate from bat coronaviruses, demonstrate the zoonotic potential of coronaviruses and their potential to have devastating impacts. A better understanding of the coronaviruses of companion animals, their capacity for cross-species transmission, and the sharing of genetic information may facilitate improved prevention and control strategies for future emerging zoonotic coronaviruses. This article reviews the clinical, epidemiologic, virologic, and pathologic characteristics of nine important coronaviruses of companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Haake
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sarah Cook
- Graduate Group Integrative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Brian Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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12
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Stout AE, André NM, Jaimes JA, Millet JK, Whittaker GR. Coronaviruses in cats and other companion animals: Where does SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 fit? Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108777. [PMID: 32768223 PMCID: PMC7309752 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) cause disease in a range of agricultural and companion animal species, and can be important causes of zoonotic infections. In humans, several coronaviruses circulate seasonally. Recently, a novel zoonotic CoV named SARS-CoV-2 emerged from a bat reservoir, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic. With a focus on felines, we review here the evidence for SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats, ferrets and dogs, describe the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and the natural coronaviruses known to infect these species, and provide a rationale for the relative susceptibility of these species to SARS-CoV-2 through comparative analysis of the ACE-2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Stout
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Nicole M André
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Javier A Jaimes
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Jean K Millet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, 78352, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States; Master of Public Health Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States; Cornell Feline Health Center, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States.
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13
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Altan E, Delaney MA, Colegrove KM, Spraker TR, Wheeler EA, Deng X, Li Y, Gulland FMD, Delwart E. Complex Virome in a Mesenteric Lymph Node from a Californian Sea Lion ( Zalophus Californianus) with Polyserositis and Steatitis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080793. [PMID: 32718049 PMCID: PMC7472147 DOI: 10.3390/v12080793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An emaciated subadult free-ranging California sea lion (Csl or Zalophus californianus) died following stranding with lesions similar to 11 other stranded animals characterized by chronic disseminated granulomatous inflammation with necrotizing steatitis and vasculitis, involving visceral adipose tissues in the thoracic and peritoneal cavities. Histologically, affected tissues had extensive accumulations of macrophages with perivascular lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fewer neutrophils. Using viral metagenomics on a mesenteric lymph node six mammalian viruses were identified consisting of novel parvovirus, polyomavirus, rotavirus, anellovirus, and previously described Csl adenovirus 1 and Csl bocavirus 4. The causal or contributory role of these viruses to the gross and histologic lesions of this sea lion remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Altan
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (X.D.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Martha A. Delaney
- Zoological Pathology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 3300 Golf Road, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA; (M.A.D.); (K.M.C.)
| | - Kathleen M. Colegrove
- Zoological Pathology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 3300 Golf Road, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA; (M.A.D.); (K.M.C.)
| | - Terry R. Spraker
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Elizabeth A. Wheeler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Bustad 471, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (X.D.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Yanpeng Li
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (X.D.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Frances M. D. Gulland
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Heath Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (X.D.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
- Correspondence:
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Tarbert DK, Bolin LL, Stout AE, Schaefer DMW, Ruby RE, Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez J, Duhamel GE, Whittaker GR, de Matos R. Persistent infection and pancytopenia associated with ferret systemic coronaviral disease in a domestic ferret. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:616-620. [PMID: 32589111 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720937105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferret systemic coronaviral disease (FSCD) is a well-established cause of mortality in domestic ferrets. We describe herein novel findings in a case of FSCD that was diagnosed and medically managed following virus detection by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of surgical biopsy samples. Hematologic changes in this ferret suggested spread of the virus to the bone marrow, which was confirmed by IHC staining of a postmortem sample. Genotyping of the virus indicated that the virus grouped with alphacoronaviruses and was most closely related to ferret enteric coronavirus (FRECV) MSU-2. Our clinical case demonstrates that a FRECV MSU-2-like ferret coronavirus associated previously with the enteric pathotype may cause systemic disease, including bone marrow involvement causing persistent pancytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle K Tarbert
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Lisa L Bolin
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Alison E Stout
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Deanna M W Schaefer
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Rebecca E Ruby
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Julia Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Gerald E Duhamel
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Ricardo de Matos
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
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15
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Rabice SR, Altshuler PC, Bovet C, Sullivan C, Gagnon AJ. COVID-19 infection presenting as pancreatitis in a pregnant woman: A case report. Case Rep Womens Health 2020; 27:e00228. [PMID: 32537425 PMCID: PMC7256616 DOI: 10.1016/j.crwh.2020.e00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed unique challenges in healthcare. In obstetrics, there is little information available to guide practice. As new data emerge, the spectrum of initial presenting symptoms has expanded from fever, cough, and dyspnea to gastrointestinal and other symptoms in both pregnant and non-pregnant patients. Case A 36-year-old woman, G4P2, at 33 weeks of gestation presented very early in the COVID-19 course with four days of cough and fever, without recent travel or known exposure. She appeared well, with stable vital signs, and was sent home to self-quarantine after a specimen for COVID-19 testing was collected. Two days later, she presented with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, and was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. Conclusion To date, no cases of human pancreatitis have been identified as related to a COVID-19 infection, although multiple other gastrointestinal symptoms have been described. Given the lack of other etiology, we consider the possibility that patient's acute pancreatitis could be secondary to COVID-19 infection. COVID-19 has a variety of different presentations, including gastrointestinal symptoms. Nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain in pregnancy can have many different etiologies and should be thoroughly evaluated. Pancreatitis can have a viral etiology, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Rabice
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saint Joseph Hospital, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Paulina C Altshuler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saint Joseph Hospital, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Claire Bovet
- Department of Family Medicine, Saint Joseph Hospital, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Cathlyn Sullivan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saint Joseph Hospital, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Amy J Gagnon
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Denver, CO, USA
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16
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Xu Y. Genetic diversity and potential recombination between ferret coronaviruses from European and American lineages. J Infect 2020; 80:350-371. [PMID: 32006540 PMCID: PMC7126220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Xu
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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17
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Abstract
Urogenital lesions are relatively common in ferrets. Renal disease is diagnosed as in traditional small animal medicine; however, peculiarities in ferrets include physiologically low levels of creatinine. Renal cysts are very common in ferrets but are usually incidental findings. Uroliths are usually composed of struvite or cystine. Urethral obstruction in male ferrets is predominantly caused by adrenal-associated prostatic disease. Spontaneous cystitis is rare in ferrets. Primary reproductive disease is uncommon in ferrets in the United States where animals are usually neutered at 6 weeks of age. In other countries, ferrets either remain unneutered or are neutered at 5 to 6 months of age. Ferrets are seasonal breeders, and female are induced ovulators. Prolonged estrus and hyperestrogenism often causes profound bone marrow suppression.
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18
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Hoefer HL. Gastrointestinal Diseases of Ferrets. FERRETS, RABBITS, AND RODENTS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7258703 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-48435-0.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is common in ferrets. This chapter reviews diseases of the upper and lower GI tract in ferrets, discusses how to differentiate between causes of diarrhea and vomiting, and provides information to help formulate an appropriate treatment plan. Clinicians should be familiar with the more common GI disorders in ferrets and be able to recognize clinical signs and differentiate among potential diagnoses.
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19
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Respiratory Diseases of Ferrets. FERRETS, RABBITS, AND RODENTS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7258710 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-48435-0.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stress and poor husbandry conditions are important factors that predispose ferrets to respiratory infections. The most common respiratory diseases of ferrets are canine distemper and influenza. Bacterial pneumonia is uncommon and usually develops secondary to viral pneumonia. Pulmonary mycoses are also rare in ferrets, although cases of cryptococcosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis have been described.
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20
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Dunbar D, Kwok W, Graham E, Armitage A, Irvine R, Johnston P, McDonald M, Montgomery D, Nicolson L, Robertson E, Weir W, Addie DD. Diagnosis of non-effusive feline infectious peritonitis by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR from mesenteric lymph node fine-needle aspirates. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:910-921. [PMID: 30407137 PMCID: PMC11132236 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18809165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate a feline coronavirus (FCoV) reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) on fine-needle aspirates (FNAs) from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) collected in sterile saline for the purpose of diagnosing non-effusive feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats. METHODS First, the ability of the assay to detect viral RNA in MLN FNA preparations compared with MLN biopsy preparations was assessed in matched samples from eight cats. Second, a panel of MLN FNA samples was collected from a series of cats representing non-effusive FIP cases (n = 20), FCoV-seropositive individuals (n = 8) and FCoV-seronegative individuals (n = 18). Disease status of the animals was determined using a combination of gross pathology, histopathology and/or 'FIP profile', consisting of serology, clinical pathology and clinical signs. RESULTS Viral RNA was detected in 18/20 non-effusive FIP cases; it was not detected in two cases that presented with neurological FIP. Samples from 18 seronegative non-FIP control cats and 7/8 samples from seropositive non-FIP control cats contained no detectable viral RNA. Thus, as a method for diagnosing non-effusive FIP, MLN FNA RT-qPCR had an overall sensitivity of 90.0% and specificity of 96.1%. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In cases with a high index of suspicion of disease, RT-qPCR targeting FCoV in MLN FNA can provide important information to support the ante-mortem diagnosis of non-effusive FIP. Importantly, viral RNA can be reliably detected in MLN FNA samples in saline submitted via the national mail service. When applied in combination with biochemistry, haematology and serological tests in cases with a high index of suspicion of disease, the results of this assay may be used to support a diagnosis of non-effusive FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Dunbar
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wendy Kwok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Elizabeth Graham
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andy Armitage
- Greenside Veterinary Practice Ltd, Greenside Farm, St Boswells, UK
| | - Richard Irvine
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pamela Johnston
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael McDonald
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Lesley Nicolson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - William Weir
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Diane D Addie
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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21
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Perera KD, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Rathnayake AD, Honeyfield A, Groutas W, Chang KO, Kim Y. Protease inhibitors broadly effective against feline, ferret and mink coronaviruses. Antiviral Res 2018; 160:79-86. [PMID: 30342822 PMCID: PMC6240502 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ferret and mink coronaviruses typically cause catarrhal diarrhea in ferrets and minks, respectively. In recent years, however, systemic fatal coronavirus infection has emerged in ferrets, which resembles feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats. FIP is a highly fatal systemic disease caused by a virulent feline coronavirus infection in cats. Despite the importance of coronavirus infections in these animals, there are no effective commercial vaccines or antiviral drugs available for these infections. We have previously reported the efficacy of a protease inhibitor in cats with FIP, demonstrating that a virally encoded 3C-like protease (3CLpro) is a valid target for antiviral drug development for coronavirus infections. In this study, we extended our previous work on coronavirus inhibitors and investigated the structure-activity relationships of a focused library of protease inhibitors for ferret and mink 3CLpro. Using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay, we identified potent inhibitors broadly effective against feline, ferret and mink coronavirus 3CLpro. Multiple amino acid sequence analysis and modelling of 3CLpro of ferret and mink coronaviruses were conducted to probe the structural basis for these findings. The results of this study provide support for further research to develop broad-spectrum antiviral agents for multiple coronavirus infections. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on small molecule inhibitors of ferret and mink coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishani Dinali Perera
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | | | - Amanda Honeyfield
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - William Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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22
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Wills SE, Beaufrère HH, Brisson BA, Fraser RS, Smith DA. Pancreatitis and Systemic Coronavirus Infection in a Ferret ( Mustela putorius furo). Comp Med 2018; 68:208-211. [PMID: 29776456 PMCID: PMC6008714 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-17-000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A 1-y-old spayed female ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was referred for additional diagnostic evaluation after physical examination by the referring veterinarian revealed a cranial abdominal mass. The ferret had a 2-wk history of inappetence, weight loss, and lethargy. On presentation, the ferret was thin, and an approximately 3-cm mass was palpable in the cranial abdomen. No other abnormalities were noted. Abdominal ultrasonography confirmed the presence of a soft-tissue structure, with a moderate blood supply and mesenteric lymphadenopathy. Fine-needle aspirates of the mass were nondiagnostic. Exploratory laparotomy revealed multiple nodules and thickened tissues throughout the mesentery, a thickened and nodular pancreas, and a small amount of free abdominal fluid. Histopathology of mesenteric, lymphatic, and pancreatic biopsies revealed suppurative pancreatitis and necrotizing and pyogranulomatous mesenteric steatitis. Positive immunohistochemistry for feline coronavirus confirmed a diagnosis of ferret systemic coronavirus disease (FSCD). The ferret was treated medically with oral prednisolone, improved dramatically, and was still doing well 22 mo after diagnosis. Although FSCD has been reported extensively, this case is noteworthy for the presence of suppurative pancreatitis and the positive long-term outcome after corticosteroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Wills
- Exotic Animal Care Centre, Pasadena, California, USA; Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hugues H Beaufrère
- Departments of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Brigitte A Brisson
- Departments of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell S Fraser
- Departments of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dale A Smith
- Departments of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Li TC, Yoshizaki S, Kataoka M, Doan YH, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, Nakamura T, Takeda N, Wakita T. Determination of Ferret Enteric Coronavirus Genome in Laboratory Ferrets. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1568-1570. [PMID: 28820366 PMCID: PMC5572892 DOI: 10.3201/eid2309.160215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferret enteric coronavirus (FRECV) RNA was detected in laboratory ferrets. Analysis of the complete genome sequence of 2 strains, FRCoV4370 and FRCoV063, revealed that FRECV shared 49.9%–68.9% nucleotide sequence identity with known coronaviruses. These results suggest that FRECV might be classified as a new species in the genus Alphacoronavirus.
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25
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Whittaker GR, André NM, Millet JK. Improving Virus Taxonomy by Recontextualizing Sequence-Based Classification with Biologically Relevant Data: the Case of the Alphacoronavirus 1 Species. mSphere 2018; 3:e00463-17. [PMID: 29299531 PMCID: PMC5750389 DOI: 10.1128/mspheredirect.00463-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The difficulties related to virus taxonomy have been amplified by recent advances in next-generation sequencing and metagenomics, prompting the field to revisit the question of what constitutes a useful viral classification. Here, taking a challenging classification found in coronaviruses, we argue that consideration of biological properties in addition to sequence-based demarcations is critical for generating useful taxonomy that recapitulates complex evolutionary histories. Within the Alphacoronavirus genus, the Alphacoronavirus 1 species encompasses several biologically distinct viruses. We carried out functionally based phylogenetic analysis, centered on the spike gene, which encodes the main surface antigen and primary driver of tropism and pathogenesis. Within the Alphacoronavirus 1 species, we identify clade A (encompassing serotype I feline coronavirus [FCoV] and canine coronavirus [CCoV]) and clade B (grouping serotype II FCoV and CCoV and transmissible gastroenteritis virus [TGEV]-like viruses). We propose this clade designation, along with the newly proposed Alphacoronavirus 2 species, as an improved way to classify the Alphacoronavirus genus. IMPORTANCE Our work focuses on improving the classification of the Alphacoronavirus genus. The Alphacoronavirus 1 species groups viruses of veterinary importance that infect distinct mammalian hosts and includes canine and feline coronaviruses and transmissible gastroenteritis virus. It is the prototype species of the Alphacoronavirus genus; however, it encompasses biologically distinct viruses. To better characterize this prototypical species, we performed phylogenetic analyses based on the sequences of the spike protein, one of the main determinants of tropism and pathogenesis, and reveal the existence of two subgroups or clades that fit with previously established serotype demarcations. We propose a new clade designation to better classify Alphacoronavirus 1 members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Nicole M. André
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jean Kaoru Millet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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26
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Abstract
In the last few years, significant improvement in diagnosis and treatment of ferret emergencies has occurred. Scientific advances demonstrated the need of specific practices when dealing with emergencies in ferrets. The risk of overdiagnosis of hypoglycemia with human portable blood glucose meters is a clear example. The purpose of this article is to describe the current approach to common medical and surgical emergencies in ferrets.
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Minami S, Kuroda Y, Terada Y, Yonemitsu K, Van Nguyen D, Kuwata R, Shimoda H, Takano A, Maeda K. Detection of novel ferret coronaviruses and evidence of recombination among ferret coronaviruses. Virus Genes 2016; 52:858-862. [PMID: 27369429 PMCID: PMC7088552 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In an epidemiological study of ferret coronaviruses (FRCoVs), novel FRCoV strains (Saitama-1 and Aichi-1) were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nucleotide sequence analysis of partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these strains belonged to different clusters from other FRCoV strains. Next, the nucleotide sequence of the 3′-terminal region of Saitama-1 (8271 bases) strain was determined and compared with those of the other FRCoVs, indicating that the Saitama-1 strain differed from the previously reported MSU-1 and MSU-2 strains in the regions encoding spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid, and open reading frame 7b. Furthermore, the results of SimPlot analysis indicated that FRCoV (MSU-2 strain) emerged via a recombination event of S protein between the MSU-1 and Saitama-1 strains. This mechanism is similar to that responsible for the emergence of type II feline coronavirus. This information will be useful for understanding the pathogenesis of FRCoV in ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Minami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yudai Kuroda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yonemitsu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Dung Van Nguyen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ryusei Kuwata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ai Takano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
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28
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Lamers MM, Smits SL, Hundie GB, Provacia LB, Koopmans M, Osterhaus ADME, Haagmans BL, Raj VS. Naturally occurring recombination in ferret coronaviruses revealed by complete genome characterization. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2180-2186. [PMID: 27283016 PMCID: PMC7079585 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferret coronaviruses (FRCoVs) exist as an enteric and a systemic pathotype, of which the latter is highly lethal to ferrets. To our knowledge, this study provides the first full genome sequence of a FRCoV, tentatively called FRCoV-NL-2010, which was detected in 2010 in ferrets in The Netherlands. Phylogenetic analysis showed that FRCoV-NL-2010 is most closely related to mink CoV, forming a separate clade of mustelid alphacoronavirus that split off early from other alphacoronaviruses. Based on sequence homology of the complete genome, we propose that these mustelid coronaviruses may be assigned to a new species. Comparison of FRCoV-NL-2010 with the partially sequenced ferret systemic coronavirus MSU-1 and ferret enteric coronavirus MSU-2 revealed that recombination in the spike, 3c and envelope genes occurred between different FRCoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia L Smits
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gadissa B Hundie
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Artemis One Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Infection Medicine and Zoonoses Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V Stalin Raj
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Doria-Torra G, Vidaña B, Ramis A, Amarilla SP, Martínez J. Coronavirus Infection in Ferrets: Antigen Distribution and Inflammatory Response. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:1180-1186. [PMID: 27106741 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816634809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multisystemic granulomatous lesions are the most common finding in ferrets infected by ferret systemic coronavirus (FRSCV). To characterize the inflammatory response developed against this virus, lesions from 4 naturally infected ferrets were examined. Lesions were classified into the 4 known types of granulomas (granulomas without necrosis [G], granulomas with necrosis [G-N], granulomas with neutrophils [G-NL], and diffuse granulomatous inflammation [DG]). The cellular composition of the lesions was characterized on the basis of cellular morphology and immunohistochemistry using markers for T and B-lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. The extent and distribution of viral antigen expression was also assessed. In G lesions, macrophages were mainly located in the center of the granuloma, with a moderate number of T-lymphocytes scattered among the macrophages, plasma cells, and B-lymphocytes. G-N lesions exhibited a necrotic center surrounded by abundant macrophages, some T-lymphocytes, plasma cells, and a few B-lymphocytes. In G-NL lesions, there was a central area dominated by neutrophils with low numbers of macrophages, plasma cells, and lymphocytes. DG presented similar cell proportions, but distributed evenly throughout the lesions. FRSCV was expressed in G, G-NL, G-N, and DG, with decreasing numbers of immunoreactive cells. This study reveals the important role of macrophages in the inflammatory response of ferrets against the virus and the variable proportions of leukocytes among different types of lesions, indicating their variable age. The results also confirm the similarities of the disease in ferrets to feline infectious peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Doria-Torra
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària (SDPV), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Vidaña
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària (SDPV), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Ramis
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària (SDPV), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S P Amarilla
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, International Excellence Agrifood Campus, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J Martínez
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària (SDPV), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Minami S, Terada Y, Shimoda H, Takizawa M, Onuma M, Ota A, Ota Y, Akabane Y, Tamukai K, Watanabe K, Naganuma Y, Kanagawa E, Nakamura K, Ohashi M, Takami Y, Miwa Y, Tanoue T, Ohwaki M, Ohta J, Une Y, Maeda K. Establishment of serological test to detect antibody against ferret coronavirus. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1013-7. [PMID: 26935842 PMCID: PMC4937135 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since there is no available serological methods to detect antibodies to ferret coronavirus (FRCoV), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant partial nucleocapsid (N) proteins of the ferret coronavirus (FRCoV) Yamaguchi-1 strain was developed to establish a serological method for detection of FRCoV infection. Many serum samples collected from ferrets recognized both a.a. 1-179 and a.a. 180-374 of the N protein, but two serum samples did not a.a. 180-374 of the N protein. This different reactivity was also confirmed by immunoblot analysis using the serum from the ferret.Therefore, the a.a. 1-179 of the N protein was used as an ELISA antigen. Serological test was carried out using sera or plasma of ferrets in Japan. Surprisingly, 89% ferrets in Japan had been infected with FRCoV. These results indicated that our established ELISA using a.a. 1-179 of the N protein is useful for detection of antibody to FRCoV for diagnosis and seroepidemiology of FRCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Minami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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31
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Lindemann DM, Eshar D, Schumacher LL, Almes KM, Rankin AJ. Pyogranulomatous panophthalmitis with systemic coronavirus disease in a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo). Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 19:167-71. [PMID: 25918975 PMCID: PMC7169242 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A 15-month-old spayed female ferret (Mustela putorius furo) presented for lethargy and weight loss of 2 weeks duration. Upon physical examination, a 2-mm-diameter focal area of opacity was noted in the left cornea. In addition, the ferret was quiet, in poor body condition, and dehydrated. A complete blood count and plasma biochemistry revealed a severe nonregenerative anemia, azotemia, hyperproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and mild hyperphosphatemia and hyperchloremia. Urinalysis revealed hyposthenuria. Whole body radiographs showed multifocal thoracic nodular disease, splenomegaly, and renomegaly. Abdominal ultrasonography confirmed bilaterally enlarged kidneys, hypoechoic liver and spleen, and a caudal abdominal hypoechoic mobile nodule. The ferret was humanely euthanized, and a postmortem examination with subsequent histopathology showed multifocal necrotizing pyogranulomas in the lung, spleen, kidneys, mesenteric lymph nodes, and serosa of the duodenum. Pyogranulomatous panophthalmitis was diagnosed in the left eye. The multisystemic granulomatous lesions were suggestive of ferret systemic coronavirus (FRSCV). The presence of coronavirus in the left eye was confirmed by positive immunohistochemistry. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue from the lung, spleen, and kidney was negative for FRSCV and positive for ferret enteric coronavirus (FRECV). Systemic coronavirus disease in ferrets closely resembles feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in domestic cats, which can manifest with anterior uveitis, chorioretinitis, optic neuritis, and retinal detachment. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of ocular lesions in a ferret with systemic coronavirus disease, suggesting that ferrets presented with similar ocular lesions should also be evaluated for evidence of coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Lindemann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Dennison Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - David Eshar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Dennison Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Loni L Schumacher
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Dennison Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Kelli M Almes
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Dennison Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Amy J Rankin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Dennison Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
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32
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Fujii Y, Tochitani T, Kouchi M, Matsumoto I, Yamada T, Funabashi H. Glomerulonephritis in a ferret with feline coronavirus infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:637-40. [PMID: 26319601 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715599570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A male domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo), which was purchased from outside of Japan at 13 weeks of age, was euthanized at 18 months of age because of poor health. At autopsy, the liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node were enlarged, and white foci were observed on the outer surface of the liver. The outer surface of the mesenteric lymph node was dark red. Histologically, granulomas were observed in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, composed mainly of aggregated epithelioid macrophages, some of which were positive to an anti-feline coronavirus (FCoV; Alphacoronavirus 1) antibody in immunohistochemistry. Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis was observed, and periodic acid-Schiff-positive deposits were observed along glomerular capillary walls. These deposits stained pale red with periodic acid-methenamine silver stain and red with Masson trichrome stain, and were also observed in the mesangial matrix. In affected glomeruli, glomerular capillary walls and mesangial areas were positive for anti-ferret immunoglobulin G. By electron microscopy, subepithelial and mesangial electron-dense deposits were observed consistent with immune complex deposition. The deposition of immune complexes may have been associated with FCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Fujii
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Tochitani
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mami Kouchi
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Izumi Matsumoto
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Yamada
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Funabashi
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan
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33
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Lescano J, Quevedo M, Gonzales-Viera O, Luna L, Keel MK, Gregori F. First Case of Systemic Coronavirus Infection in a Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) in Peru. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 62:581-5. [PMID: 26301572 PMCID: PMC7169763 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A domestic ferret from Lima, Peru, died after ten days of non‐specific clinical signs. Based on pathology, immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis, ferret systemic coronavirus (FRSCV)‐associated disease was diagnosed for the first time in South America. This report highlights the potential spread of pathogens by the international pet trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lescano
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Wildlife, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - M Quevedo
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Wildlife, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - O Gonzales-Viera
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - L Luna
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M K Keel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - F Gregori
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mentré V, Bulliot C. A Retrospective Study of 17 Cases of Mycobacteriosis in Domestic Ferrets ( Mustela Putorius furo) between 2005 and 2013. J Exot Pet Med 2015; 24:340-349. [PMID: 32288684 PMCID: PMC7106324 DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
From 2005 to 2013, 17 ferrets were diagnosed with mycobacteriosis at the authors’ practices. Clinical findings included ocular, respiratory, and digestive abnormalities. Diagnosis was based on histopathology, specific histochemical stains, and/or on polymerase chain reaction. All bacteria identified belonged to the nontuberculous Mycobacterium complex. Several treatment protocols were attempted, frequently based on the use of enrofloxacin. In all, 3 ferrets were considered cured. Mycobacteriosis in ferrets is a polymorphous disease with diverse clinical presentations. It is also likely an underdiagnosed disease in pet ferrets, which appear to be particularly susceptible to environmental sources. Mycobacteriosis should be included in the differential diagnosis for ocular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal diseases; in particular, it should be differentiated from systemic coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Mentré
- Clinique Vétérinaire de la Patte d'Oie, Montigny les Cormeilles, France
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35
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Gnirs K, Quinton JF, Dally C, Nicolier A, Ruel Y. Cerebral pyogranuloma associated with systemic coronavirus infection in a ferret. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 57:36-9. [PMID: 26046449 PMCID: PMC7166721 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year-old male ferret was presented with central nervous system signs. Computed tomography (CT) of the brain revealed a well-defined contrast-enhancing lesion on the rostral forebrain that appeared extraparenchymal. Surgical excision of the mass was performed and the ferret was euthanised during the procedure. Histopathology of the excised mass showed multiple meningeal nodular lesions with infiltrates of epithelioid macrophages, occasionally centred on degenerated neutrophils and surrounded by a broad rim of plasma cells, features consistent with pyogranulomatous meningitis. The histopathological features in this ferret were similar to those in cats with feline infectious peritonitis. Definitive diagnosis was assessed by immunohistochemistry, confirming a ferret systemic coronavirus (FSCV) associated disease. This is the first case of coronavirus granuloma described on CT-scan in the central nervous system of a ferret.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gnirs
- Advetia Small Animal Speciality Practice, Paris, 12è 75012, France
| | - J F Quinton
- Advetia Small Animal Speciality Practice, Paris, 12è 75012, France
| | - C Dally
- Department of Pathology, LAPVSO, Toulouse, France
| | - A Nicolier
- Vet Diagnostics Laboratory, Lyon, France
| | - Y Ruel
- Advetia Small Animal Speciality Practice, Paris, 12è 75012, France
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36
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Abstract
Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) belong to the ancient family Mustelidae, which is believed to date back to the Eocene period, some 40 million years ago. The taxonomic groups in the family Mustelidae, as recognized by Nowak (1999), include 67 species in 25 genera from North, Central, and South America; Eurasia; and Africa. No other carnivore shows such diversity of adaptation, being found in a wide variety of ecosystems ranging from arctic tundra to tropical rainforests. Mustelids have retained many primitive characteristics, which include relatively small size, short stocky legs, five toes per foot, elongated braincase, and short rostrum (Anderson, 1989). The Mustelinae is the central subfamily of the Mustelidae. The best-known members of the Mustelinae are the weasels, mink, ferrets (genus Mustela), and the martens (genus Martes) (Anderson, 1989). The genus Mustela is divided into five subgenera: Mustela (weasels), Lutreola (European mink), Vison (American mink), Putorius (ferrets), and Grammogale (South American weasels). The smallest member of the Mustelidae family is the least weasel (Mustela nivalis), which weighs as little as 25 g, and the largest member is the sea otter (Enhydra lutris), which can weigh as much as 45 kg (Nowak, 1999).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Mayer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Athens, Georgia
| | - Robert P. Marini
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA, USA
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA, USA
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Gary JM, Langohr IM, Lim A, Bolin S, Bolin C, Moore I, Kiupel M. Enteric colonization by staphylococcus delphini in four ferret kits with diarrhoea. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:314-7. [PMID: 25246181 PMCID: PMC7094266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four, 1-to 4-week-old ferret kits were submitted to the Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health at Michigan State University for post-mortem examination. Grossly, multiple bowel loops in all ferret kits were distended by mucoid faecal material. Microscopically, there was no evidence of inflammation or notable alteration to the normal mucosal morphology. Gram-positive coccoid bacteria colonized variable segments of the small intestine. These bacteria were identified as Staphylococcus delphini by phenotypic and molecular analyses. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Staphylococcus enterotoxins was positive and polymerase chain reaction detected the gene for Staphylococcus enterotoxin E in the isolates. The hypersecretory diarrhoea in these ferret kits may have been associated with colonization of the small intestine by S. delphini, cultures of which were shown in vitro to be potentially capable of producing enterotoxin E. The condition described in these ferrets is similar to ‘sticky’ kit syndrome in mink.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gary
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - I M Langohr
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - A Lim
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - S Bolin
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - C Bolin
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - I Moore
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - M Kiupel
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Terada Y, Minami S, Noguchi K, Mahmoud HYAH, Shimoda H, Mochizuki M, Une Y, Maeda K. Genetic characterization of coronaviruses from domestic ferrets, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:284-7. [PMID: 24447852 PMCID: PMC3901494 DOI: 10.3201/eid2002.130543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected ferret coronaviruses in 44 (55.7%) of 79 pet ferrets tested in Japan and classified the viruses into 2 genotypes on the basis of genotype-specific PCR. Our results show that 2 ferret coronaviruses that cause feline infectious peritonitis–like disease and epizootic catarrhal enteritis are enzootic among ferrets in Japan.
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39
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Ferrets as sentinels of the presence of pathogenic Cryptococcus species in the Mediterranean environment. Mycopathologia 2014; 178:145-51. [PMID: 24962111 PMCID: PMC7089463 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9773-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus gattii is a pathogenic environmental yeast that is considered to be emerging in different areas of the world including the Mediterranean Basin. Exposure to infection might be more likely in animals than in human beings, given their closer relationship with the natural habitat of the yeast, vegetation and soil. Thus, animals, and especially pets, can act as indicators of the presence of this yeast in a determined area. Domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) have become common pets in the past 10-20 years. Their natural behavior of sniffing around and going inside narrow spaces makes them prone to contact with decaying organic matter and soil, the substrate for Cryptococcus species. This study describes two cases of cryptococcosis in ferrets in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands and documents a relationship of ferret cryptococcosis with environmental isolates in the same locations. Here, we emphasize the importance of how an adequate identification and environmental search of the yeast leads to a better understanding of the epidemiology of cryptococcosis and suggests ferrets may act as sentinels for this fungal disease.
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40
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Huynh M, Guillaumot P, Hernandez J, Ragetly G. Gall bladder rupture associated with cholecystitis in a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius). J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55:479-82. [PMID: 25168742 PMCID: PMC7166623 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A six‐year‐old neutered female albino ferret was presented with an acute episode of lethargy and anorexia. Clinical examination revealed marked cranial abdominal pain. A severe neutrophilic leukocytosis was present. Abdominal ultrasound was consistent with a diffuse peritonitis and severe bile duct inflammation. Cytology of the abdominal effusion revealed bile peritonitis. An exploratory laparotomy was performed and the gall bladder appeared inflamed with multiple perforations. A cholecystectomy was performed. The ferret recovered without complication. Bacteriological culture of the bile and gall bladder yielded a pure growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Histopathological analysis of the gall bladder and liver was consistent with a marked cholecystitis and cholangiohepatitis. On the basis of sensitivity testing, the ferret was treated with marbofloxacin for one month. No complications or reoccurrence were seen up to 1 year after the diagnosis. To the author's knowledge, this is the first report of bile peritonitis secondary to gall bladder rupture in a ferret.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Huynh
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Frégis, 94110, Arcueil, France
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41
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Shigemoto J, Muraoka Y, Wise AG, Kiupel M, Maes RK, Torisu S. Two Cases of Systemic Coronavirus-Associated Disease Resembling Feline Infectious Peritonitis in Domestic Ferrets in Japan. J Exot Pet Med 2014; 23:196-200. [PMID: 32288680 PMCID: PMC7106053 DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A systemic disease of domestic ferrets characterized by pyogranulomatous inflammation was first recognized in Europe and the United States in 2002. The disease closely resembled feline infectious peritonitis and subsequently has been shown to be associated with ferret systemic coronavirus (FRSCV). A definitive laboratory diagnosis of this disease is typically based on a combination of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction tests to detect FRSCV in granulomatous lesions. In 2010, this feline infectious peritonitis–like disease was first identified in a laboratory ferret in Japan, and laboratory confirmation of the clinical diagnosis was limited to IHC. This report describes 2 cases of systemic coronavirus-associated disease in ferrets presented to Japanese veterinary hospitals. Both presented with pyogranulomatous inflammation in the abdominal cavity, and both cases tested positive for coronavirus antigen by IHC. In 1 case, for which unfixed tissues were available, FRSCV RNA was detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in the affected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Shigemoto
- Ouji Pet Clinic, Tokyo, Japan.,Miyazaki University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Miyazaki-city, Japan
| | | | - Annabel G Wise
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI USA.,Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Roger K Maes
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI USA.,Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Shidow Torisu
- Miyazaki University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Miyazaki-city, Japan
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Maes RK, Langohr IM, Wise AG, Smedley RC, Thaiwong T, Kiupel M. Beyond H&E: integration of nucleic acid-based analyses into diagnostic pathology. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:238-56. [PMID: 24129897 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813505878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary pathology of infectious, particularly viral, and neoplastic diseases has advanced significantly with the advent of newer molecular methodologies that can detect nucleic acid of infectious agents within microscopic lesions, differentiate neoplastic from nonneoplastic cells, or determine the suitability of a targeted therapy by detecting specific mutations in certain cancers. Polymerase chain reaction-based amplification of DNA or RNA and in situ hybridization are currently the most commonly used methods for nucleic acid detection. In contrast, the main methodology used for protein detection within microscopic lesions is immunohistochemistry. Other methods that allow for analysis of nucleic acids within a particular cell type or individual cells, such as laser capture microdissection, are also available in some laboratories. This review gives an overview of the factors that influence the accurate analysis of nucleic acids in formalin-fixed tissues, as well as of different approaches to detect such targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Maes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA. and
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Unusual presentation of systemic coronavirosis in a ferret. PRATIQUE MÉDICALE ET CHIRURGICALE DE L'ANIMAL DE COMPAGNIE 2013. [PMCID: PMC7147865 DOI: 10.1016/j.anicom.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A young ferret was presented for a posterior paresis, urinary and fecal incontinence, weight loss, anorexia and lethargy. Biochemichemistry and hematology revealed hyperproteinemia with hyperglobulinemia and anemia. Abdominal ultrasonography showed splenomegaly, adenomegaly and nephromegaly with abdnomal echogenicity of the abdominal organs, compatible with a diagnosis of systemic coronavirosis. The ferret was humanely euthanized. On histopathology, a severe pyogranulomatous inflammation with neutrophilic vasculitis was seen in several organs (kidney, liver, lung, spleen and lymph node). Immunochemistry with FIPV3-70 antibody revealed the presence of coronaviral antigen within the lesions, confirming the diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis-like disease. A slight mononuclear radiculoneuritis was also present in the sciatic nerve, possibly explaining the peripheral neuropathy observed in this ferret. Whereas posterior paresis is common and non-specific in ferrets, fecal and urinary incontinence are rarely described. Radiculoneuritis caused by systemic coronavirus should be considered in young patients presenting these symptoms.
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Abstract
Exotic small mammal medicine is a relatively new specialty area within veterinary medicine. Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents have long been used as animal models in human medical research investigations, resulting in a body of basic anatomic and physiologic information that can be used by veterinarians treating these species. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of veterinary articles that describe clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options of gastrointestinal (GI) disease as it affects exotic small mammals. Although there is little reference material relating to exotic small mammal GI disease, patients are commonly presented to veterinary hospitals with digestive tract disorders. This article provides the latest information available for GI disease in ferrets (Helicobacter mustelae gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], GI lymphoma, systemic coronavirus, coccidiosis, and liver disease), rabbits (GI motility disorders, liver lobe torsion, astrovirus, and coccidiosis), guinea pigs (gastric dilatation volvulus [GDV]), rats (Taenia taeniaeformis), and hamsters (Clostridium difficile). Both noninfectious diseases and emerging infectious diseases are reviewed as well as the most up-to-date diagnostics and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Huynh
- Exotic Medicine Service, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Fregis, Arcueil, France
| | - Charly Pignon
- Exotic Medicine Service, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Abstract
Liver disease in ferrets is often subclinical and underdiagnosed. Clinical pathology and diagnostic imaging are needed to guide clinicians but definite diagnosis is based on histopathologic lesions. Inflammatory digestive conditions can lead to ascending tract infection and hepatobiliary inflammation. Ferrets have a specific sensitivity to hepatic lipidosis. Incidence of hepatic neoplasia is high in ferrets. After a summary of anatomy and physiology of the ferret liver, hepatic diseases known in ferret species are reviewed with their subsequent diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Huynh
- Exotic Department, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Fregis, Arcueil 94110, France.
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Ferret Systemic Coronaviral Disease (FSCD). CLINICAL VETERINARY ADVISOR 2013. [PMCID: PMC7151897 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3969-3.00207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Graham E, Lamm C, Denk D, Stidworthy MF, Carrasco DC, Kubiak M. Systemic coronavirus-associated disease resembling feline infectious peritonitis in ferrets in the UK. Vet Rec 2012; 171:200-1. [PMID: 22923084 DOI: 10.1136/vr.e5652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Shanaman MM, Mitchell MA, Haskins S, Welle K, Demeter Z, Hsiao SH, Murrell-Ritter S, O'Brien RT. Diagnostic Challenge. J Exot Pet Med 2012; 21:264-269. [PMID: 32288676 PMCID: PMC7129360 DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam M Shanaman
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802 USA, and All Creatures Animal Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Mark A Mitchell
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802 USA, and All Creatures Animal Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Samantha Haskins
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802 USA, and All Creatures Animal Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Ken Welle
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802 USA, and All Creatures Animal Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Zoltan Demeter
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802 USA, and All Creatures Animal Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Shih-Hsuan Hsiao
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802 USA, and All Creatures Animal Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Sandra Murrell-Ritter
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802 USA, and All Creatures Animal Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Robert T O'Brien
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802 USA, and All Creatures Animal Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801
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50
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Barron HW, Rosenthal KL. Respiratory Diseases. FERRETS, RABBITS, AND RODENTS 2012. [PMCID: PMC7152247 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-6621-7.00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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