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Marano JM, Cereghino C, Finkielstein CV, Weger-Lucarelli J. An in vitro workflow to create and modify infectious clones using replication cycle reaction. Virology 2023; 585:109-116. [PMID: 37331111 PMCID: PMC10528026 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Reverse genetics systems are critical tools in combating emerging viruses which enable a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms by which viruses cause disease. Traditional cloning approaches using bacteria are fraught with difficulties due to the bacterial toxicity of many viral sequences, resulting in unwanted mutations within the viral genome. Here, we describe a novel in vitro workflow that leverages gene synthesis and replication cycle reaction to produce a supercoiled infectious clone plasmid that is easy to distribute and manipulate. We developed two infectious clones as proof of concept: a low passage dengue virus serotype 2 isolate (PUO-218) and the USA-WA1/2020 strain of SARS-CoV-2, which replicated similarly to their respective parental viruses. Furthermore, we generated a medically relevant mutant of SARS-CoV-2, Spike D614G. Results indicate that our workflow is a viable method to generate and manipulate infectious clones for viruses that are notoriously difficult for traditional bacterial-based cloning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Marano
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
| | - Chelsea Cereghino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
| | - Carla V Finkielstein
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA; Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
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2
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Wang S, Liang B, Wang W, Li L, Feng N, Zhao Y, Wang T, Yan F, Yang S, Xia X. Viral vectored vaccines: design, development, preventive and therapeutic applications in human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:149. [PMID: 37029123 PMCID: PMC10081433 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human diseases, particularly infectious diseases and cancers, pose unprecedented challenges to public health security and the global economy. The development and distribution of novel prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines are the prioritized countermeasures of human disease. Among all vaccine platforms, viral vector vaccines offer distinguished advantages and represent prominent choices for pathogens that have hampered control efforts based on conventional vaccine approaches. Currently, viral vector vaccines remain one of the best strategies for induction of robust humoral and cellular immunity against human diseases. Numerous viruses of different families and origins, including vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies virus, parainfluenza virus, measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, influenza virus, adenovirus and poxvirus, are deemed to be prominent viral vectors that differ in structural characteristics, design strategy, antigen presentation capability, immunogenicity and protective efficacy. This review summarized the overall profile of the design strategies, progress in advance and steps taken to address barriers to the deployment of these viral vector vaccines, simultaneously highlighting their potential for mucosal delivery, therapeutic application in cancer as well as other key aspects concerning the rational application of these viral vector vaccines. Appropriate and accurate technological advances in viral vector vaccines would consolidate their position as a leading approach to accelerate breakthroughs in novel vaccines and facilitate a rapid response to public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Li
- China National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
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3
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Woolsey C, Borisevich V, Fears AC, Agans KN, Deer DJ, Prasad AN, O’Toole R, Foster SL, Dobias NS, Geisbert JB, Fenton KA, Cross RW, Geisbert TW. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-vectored vaccine induces long-lasting immunity against Nipah virus disease. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e164946. [PMID: 36445779 PMCID: PMC9888376 DOI: 10.1172/jci164946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the novel henipavirus, Langya virus, received global attention after the virus sickened over three dozen people in China. There is heightened concern that henipaviruses, as respiratory pathogens, could spark another pandemic, most notably the deadly Nipah virus (NiV). NiV causes near-annual outbreaks in Bangladesh and India and induces a highly fatal respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans. No licensed countermeasures against this pathogen exist. An ideal NiV vaccine would confer both fast-acting and long-lived protection. Recently, we reported the generation of a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based (rVSV-based) vaccine expressing the NiV glycoprotein (rVSV-ΔG-NiVBG) that protected 100% of nonhuman primates from NiV-associated lethality within a week. Here, to evaluate the durability of rVSV-ΔG-NiVBG, we vaccinated African green monkeys (AGMs) one year before challenge with an uniformly lethal dose of NiV. The rVSV-ΔG-NiVBG vaccine induced stable and robust humoral responses, whereas cellular responses were modest. All immunized AGMs (whether receiving a single dose or prime-boosted) survived with no detectable clinical signs or NiV replication. Transcriptomic analyses indicated that adaptive immune signatures correlated with vaccine-mediated protection. While vaccines for certain respiratory infections (e.g., COVID-19) have yet to provide durable protection, our results suggest that rVSV-ΔG-NiVBG elicits long-lasting immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Woolsey
- Galveston National Laboratory and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Alyssa C. Fears
- Galveston National Laboratory and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Krystle N. Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J. Deer
- Galveston National Laboratory and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Abhishek N. Prasad
- Galveston National Laboratory and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel O’Toole
- Galveston National Laboratory and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Foster
- Galveston National Laboratory and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Natalie S. Dobias
- Galveston National Laboratory and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Joan B. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Karla A. Fenton
- Galveston National Laboratory and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert W. Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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4
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Markin VA. Marburg virus and the disease it causes. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND IMMUNOBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the 50 years since its discovery, many properties of the Marburg virus have been studied, but no reliable medical remedies of preventing and treating the infection it causes have been developed, although it can potentially cause large-scale epidemics.
Marburg fever is relevant due to the risk of importation to other countries. The source of infection in nature is bats (reservoir) and monkeys (intermediate host), and the routes of transmission are aerosol, contact and alimentary. The mortality rate in recent outbreaks has reached 90%. In convalescents the causative agent was identified in tears, semen, and liver biopsies weeks and months after recovery.
The lack of therapeutic and prophylactic antiviral drugs, high rates of mortality, infectivity, the ability of aerosol contamination, and a high epidemic potential all together define Marburg fever as a serious global threat to international health. The development of medical protection against this infection should be an urgent task of ensuring the biological safety of the population of the Russian Federation.
The most promising ways to develop vaccines against Marburg fever are the construction of recombinants based on adenovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus or alphavirus replicon, DNA vaccines. A reliable protective effect of the chemotherapy drug remdesivir in combination with human antibodies, as well as an etiotropic drug with an antisense mechanism of action and an interferon inducer has been shown. In model experiments with pseudovirus, fundamentally new ways of developing pathogen inhibitors were found preventing its exit from cells, as well as the construction of anti-gene-binding Fab fragments that inhibit the synthesis of viral RNA.
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5
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Cooper CL, Morrow G, Yuan M, Coleman JW, Hou F, Reiserova L, Li SL, Wagner D, Carpov A, Wallace-Selman O, Valentin K, Choi Y, Wilson A, Kilianski A, Sayeed E, Agans KN, Borisevich V, Cross RW, Geisbert TW, Feinberg MB, Gupta SB, Parks CL. Nonhuman Primates Are Protected against Marburg Virus Disease by Vaccination with a Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vector-Based Vaccine Prepared under Conditions to Allow Advancement to Human Clinical Trials. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1582. [PMID: 36298451 PMCID: PMC9610558 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are needed to disrupt or prevent continued outbreaks of filoviruses in humans across Western and Central Africa, including outbreaks of Marburg virus (MARV). As part of a filovirus vaccine product development plan, it is important to investigate dose response early in preclinical development to identify the dose range that may be optimal for safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy, and perhaps demonstrate that using lower doses is feasible, which will improve product access. To determine the efficacious dose range for a manufacturing-ready live recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine vector (rVSV∆G-MARV-GP) encoding the MARV glycoprotein (GP), a dose-range study was conducted in cynomolgus macaques. Results showed that a single intramuscular injection with as little as 200 plaque-forming units (PFUs) was 100% efficacious against lethality and prevented development of viremia and clinical pathologies associated with MARV Angola infection. Across the vaccine doses tested, there was nearly a 2000-fold range of anti-MARV glycoprotein (GP) serum IgG titers with seroconversion detectable even at the lowest doses. Virus-neutralizing serum antibodies also were detected in animals vaccinated with the higher vaccine doses indicating that vaccination induced functional antibodies, but that the assay was a less sensitive indicator of seroconversion. Collectively, the data indicates that a relatively wide range of anti-GP serum IgG titers are observed in animals that are protected from disease implying that seroconversion is positively associated with efficacy, but that more extensive immunologic analyses on samples collected from our study as well as future preclinical studies will be valuable in identifying additional immune responses correlated with protection that can serve as markers to monitor in human trials needed to generate data that can support vaccine licensure in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Krystle N. Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Robert W. Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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A Recombinant VSV-Based Bivalent Vaccine Effectively Protects against Both SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0133722. [PMID: 36069551 PMCID: PMC9517730 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01337-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 and influenza are both highly contagious respiratory diseases that have been serious threats to global public health. It is necessary to develop a bivalent vaccine to control these two infectious diseases simultaneously. In this study, we generated three attenuated replicating recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based vaccine candidates against both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses. These rVSV-based vaccines coexpress SARS-CoV-2 Delta spike protein (SP) bearing the C-terminal 17 amino acid (aa) deletion (SPΔC) and I742A point mutation, or the SPΔC with a deletion of S2 domain, or the RBD domain, and a tandem repeat harboring four copies of the highly conserved influenza M2 ectodomain (M2e) that fused with the Ebola glycoprotein DC-targeting/activation domain. Animal immunization studies have shown that these rVSV bivalent vaccines induced efficient humoral and cellular immune responses against both SARS-CoV-2 SP and influenza M2 protein, including high levels of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Delta and other variant SP-pseudovirus infections. Importantly, immunization of the rVSV bivalent vaccines effectively protected hamsters or mice against the challenges of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant and lethal H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses and significantly reduced respiratory viral loads. Overall, this study provides convincing evidence for the high efficacy of this bivalent vaccine platform to be used and/or easily adapted to produce new vaccines against new or reemerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and influenza A virus infections. IMPORTANCE Given that both COVID-19 and influenza are preferably transmitted through respiratory droplets during the same seasons, it is highly advantageous to develop a bivalent vaccine that could simultaneously protect against both COVID-19 and influenza. In this study, we generated the attenuated replicating recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based vaccine candidates that target both spike protein of SARS-Cov-2 Delta variant and the conserved influenza M2 domain. Importantly, these vaccine candidates effectively protected hamsters or mice against the challenges of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant and lethal H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses and significantly reduced respiratory viral loads.
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Lessons Learned from the Development and Roll-Out of the rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Zaire ebolavirus Vaccine to Inform Marburg Virus and Sudan ebolavirus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091446. [PMID: 36146524 PMCID: PMC9505064 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes key aspects of the development of the rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Ebola vaccine and key activities which are continuing to further expand our knowledge of the product. Extensive partnerships and innovative approaches were used to address the various challenges encountered during this process. The rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Ebola vaccine was initially approved by the European Medicines Agency and prequalified by the World Health Organization in November 2019. It was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in December 2019 and approved in five African countries within 90 days of prequalification. The development resulted in the first stockpile of a registered Ebola vaccine that is available to support outbreak response. This also provides insights into how the example of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP can inform the development of vaccines for Sudan ebolavirus, Marburg virus, and other emerging epidemic diseases in terms of the types of approaches and data needed to support product registration, availability, and the use of a filovirus vaccine.
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Monath TP, Nichols R, Tussey L, Scappaticci K, Pullano TG, Whiteman MD, Vasilakis N, Rossi SL, Campos RK, Azar SR, Spratt HM, Seaton BL, Archambault WT, Costecalde YV, Moore EH, Hawks RJ, Fusco J. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis vaccine against Nipah virus has a favorable safety profile: Model for assessment of live vaccines with neurotropic potential. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010658. [PMID: 35759511 PMCID: PMC9269911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) disease is a bat-borne zoonosis responsible for outbreaks with high lethality and is a priority for vaccine development. With funding from the Coalition of Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), we are developing a chimeric vaccine (PHV02) composed of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the envelope glycoproteins of both Ebola virus (EBOV) and NiV. The EBOV glycoprotein (GP) mediates fusion and viral entry and the NiV attachment glycoprotein (G) is a ligand for cell receptors, and stimulates neutralizing antibody, the putative mediator of protection against NiV. PHV02 is identical in construction to the registered Ebola vaccine (Ervebo) with the addition of the NiV G gene. NiV ephrin B2 and B3 receptors are expressed on neural cells and the wild-type NiV is neurotropic and causes encephalitis in affected patients. It was therefore important to assess whether the NiV G alters tropism of the rVSV vector and serves as a virulence factor. PHV02 was fully attenuated in adult hamsters inoculated by the intramuscular (IM) route, whereas parental wild-type VSV was 100% lethal. Two rodent models (mice, hamsters) were infected by the intracerebral (IC) route with graded doses of PHV02. Comparator active controls in various experiments included rVSV-EBOV (representative of Ebola vaccine) and yellow fever (YF) 17DD commercial vaccine. These studies showed PHV02 to be more neurovirulent than both rVSV-EBOV and YF 17DD in infant animals. PHV02 was lethal for adult hamsters inoculated IC but not for adult mice. In contrast YF 17DD retained virulence for adult mice inoculated IC but was not virulent for adult hamsters. Because of the inconsistency of neurovirulence patterns in the rodent models, a monkey neurovirulence test (MNVT) was performed, using YF 17DD as the active comparator because it has a well-established profile of quantifiable microscopic changes in brain centers and a known reporting rate of neurotropic adverse events in humans. In the MNVT PHV02 was significantly less neurovirulent than the YF 17DD vaccine reference control, indicating that the vaccine will have an acceptable safety profile for humans. The findings are important because they illustrate the complexities of phenotypic assessment of novel viral vectors with tissue tropisms determined by transgenic proteins, and because it is unprecedented to use a heterologous comparator virus (YF vaccine) in a regulatory-enabling study. This approach may have value in future studies of other novel viral vectors. Nipah virus (NiV) disease is a highly lethal bat-borne virus with epidemic potential causing inflammation of the brain and a severe respiratory syndrome and is a high priority for vaccine development. We developed a novel single-dose vaccine that protects animals against disease and death caused by NiV and have started clinical trials. The vaccine is a live, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vector identical to the recently approved Ebola vaccine (Ervebo) but also expressing the NiV G protein responsible for attachment of the virus to cell receptors. Vaccination results in antibodies to the G protein that block entry of the virus into cells. Since addition of the NiV receptor-binding G protein to a live virus could potentially target it to receptors on brain cells, extensive safety tests for neurovirulence were required involving direct inoculation of the vaccine virus into brains of different animal models. We showed that the vaccine candidate was significantly less neurovirulent in non-human primates than an unrelated approved live viral vaccine against yellow fever which has a long record of safe use and a known incidence of rare neurological adverse events. The use of an unrelated vaccine as a comparator is unprecedented in regulatory science and provides a novel approach to safety testing that may be applicable to other vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Monath
- Public Health Vaccines LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Crozet BioPharma Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Richard Nichols
- Public Health Vaccines LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Crozet BioPharma Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lynda Tussey
- Public Health Vaccines LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Crozet BioPharma Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kelly Scappaticci
- Public Health Vaccines LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Crozet BioPharma Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thaddeus G. Pullano
- Public Health Vaccines LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary D. Whiteman
- BioReliance Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rafael Kroon Campos
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sasha R. Azar
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Heidi M. Spratt
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brent L. Seaton
- Q2 Solutions, San Juan Capistrano, California, United States of America
| | | | - Yanina V. Costecalde
- AmplifyBio, West Jefferson, Ohio, United States of America
- Battelle Memorial Institute, West Jefferson, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Evan H. Moore
- Battelle Memorial Institute, West Jefferson, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Roger J. Hawks
- Battelle Memorial Institute, West Jefferson, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joan Fusco
- Public Health Vaccines LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Crozet BioPharma Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America
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A Cloned Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Vectored Marburg Vaccine, PHV01, Protects Guinea Pigs from Lethal Marburg Virus Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071004. [PMID: 35891170 PMCID: PMC9324024 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Filoviridae family. Despite having caused numerous outbreaks of severe hemorrhagic fever with high case fatality rates, there are still no clinically approved therapeutics or vaccines to treat or prevent MARV disease. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (rVSVs) expressing heterologous viral glycoproteins have shown remarkable promise as live-attenuated vaccine vectors, with an rVSV-based Ebola virus vaccine having received regulatory approval in the United States and numerous other countries. Analogous rVSV vaccine vectors have also been developed for MARV and have shown efficacy in several preclinical studies conducted in nonhuman primates. Here, we used a guinea pig model to confirm the protective efficacy of a cloned, rVSV-based candidate vaccine, termed PHV01, expressing the MARV variant Angola glycoprotein. Our results demonstrated that a single dose (2 × 106 PFU) of vaccine administered 28 days prior to challenge with a uniformly lethal dose of guinea-pig-adapted MARV variant Angola provided complete protection from death and disease. Moreover, protection was robust, with as little as 200 PFU of vaccine conferring significant protection. Not only does this study highlight the potential predictive value of the guinea pig model in the evaluation of MARV countermeasures, but it also demonstrates consistent and reproducible protection afforded by a clonal vaccine candidate. Indeed, this study identifies PHV01 as a suitable vaccine candidate for advanced development.
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A recombinant VSV-vectored vaccine rapidly protects nonhuman primates against lethal Nipah virus disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200065119. [PMID: 35286211 PMCID: PMC8944267 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200065119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Concern has increased about the pandemic potential of Nipah virus (NiV). Similar to SARS-CoV-2, NiV is an RNA virus that is transmitted by respiratory droplets. There are currently no NiV vaccines licensed for human use. While several preventive vaccines have shown promise in protecting animals against lethal NiV disease, most studies have assessed protection 1 mo after vaccination. However, in order to contain and control outbreaks, vaccines that can rapidly confer protection in days rather than months are needed. Here, we show that a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vector expressing the NiV glycoprotein can completely protect monkeys vaccinated 7 d prior to NiV exposure and 67% of animals vaccinated 3 d before NiV challenge. Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging highly lethal zoonotic disease that, like SARS-CoV-2, can be transmitted via respiratory droplets. Single-injection vaccines that rapidly control NiV outbreaks are needed. To assess the ability of a vaccine to induce fast-acting protection, we immunized African green monkeys with a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the Bangladesh strain glycoprotein (NiVBG) of NiV (rVSV-ΔG-NiVBG). Monkeys were challenged 3 or 7 d later with a lethal dose of NiVB. All monkeys vaccinated with rVSV-ΔG-NiVBG 7 d prior to NiVB exposure were protected from lethal disease, while 67% of animals vaccinated 3 d before NiVB challenge survived. Vaccine protection correlated with natural killer cell and cytotoxic T cell transcriptional signatures, whereas lethality was linked to sustained interferon signaling. NiV G-specific antibodies in vaccinated survivors corroborated additional transcriptomic findings, supporting activation of humoral immunity. This study demonstrates that rVSV-based vaccines may have utility in rapidly protecting humans against NiV infection.
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11
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Madar-Balakirski N, Rosner A, Melamed S, Politi B, Steiner M, Tamir H, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Bar-David E, Ben-Shmuel A, Sittner A, Glinert I, Weiss S, Bar-Haim E, Cohen H, Elia U, Achdout H, Erez N, Rotem S, Lazar S, Nyska A, Yitzhaki S, Beth-Din A, Levy H, Paran N, Israely T, Marcus H. Preliminary nonclinical safety and immunogenicity of an rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine in mice, hamsters, rabbits and pigs. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:859-875. [PMID: 35032184 PMCID: PMC8760087 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03214-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S is a clinical stage (Phase 2) replication competent recombinant vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. To evaluate the safety profile of the vaccine, a series of non-clinical safety, immunogenicity and efficacy studies were conducted in four animal species, using multiple doses (up to 108 Plaque Forming Units/animal) and dosing regimens. There were no treatment-related mortalities or any noticeable clinical signs in any of the studies. Compared to unvaccinated controls, hematology and biochemistry parameters were unremarkable and no adverse histopathological findings. There was no detectable viral shedding in urine, nor viral RNA detected in whole blood or serum samples seven days post vaccination. The rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccination gave rise to neutralizing antibodies, cellular immune responses, and increased lymphocytic cellularity in the spleen germinal centers and regional lymph nodes. No evidence for neurovirulence was found in C57BL/6 immune competent mice or in highly sensitive type I interferon knock-out mice. Vaccine virus replication and distribution in K18-human Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-transgenic mice showed a gradual clearance from the vaccination site with no vaccine virus recovered from the lungs. The nonclinical data suggest that the rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine is safe and immunogenic. These results supported the initiation of clinical trials, currently in Phase 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Madar-Balakirski
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Rosner
- Veterinary Center for Preclinical Research, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Sharon Melamed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Boaz Politi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | | | - Hadas Tamir
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Yfat Yahalom-Ronen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Elad Bar-David
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Ben-Shmuel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Itai Glinert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Erez Bar-Haim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hila Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Uri Elia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hagit Achdout
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Noam Erez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shahar Rotem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shlomi Lazar
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, and Consultant in Toxicologic Pathology, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shmuel Yitzhaki
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Adi Beth-Din
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Haim Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Nir Paran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Tomer Israely
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
| | - Hadar Marcus
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
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Pinski AN, Messaoudi I. Therapeutic vaccination strategies against EBOV by rVSV-EBOV-GP: the role of innate immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:179-189. [PMID: 34749265 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of the Filoviridae family. Infection with EBOV causes Ebola virus disease (EVD) characterized by excessive inflammation, lymphocyte death, coagulopathy, and multi-organ failure. In 2019, the FDA-approved the first anti-EBOV vaccine, rVSV-EBOV-GP (Ervebo® by Merck). This live-recombinant vaccine confers both prophylactic and therapeutic protection to nonhuman primates and humans. While mechanisms conferring prophylactic protection are well-investigated, those underlying protection conferred shortly before and after exposure to EBOV remain poorly understood. In this review, we review data from in vitro and in vivo studies analyzing early immune responses to rVSV-EBOV-GP and discuss the role of innate immune activation in therapeutic protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Pinski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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13
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Liu G, Cao W, Salawudeen A, Zhu W, Emeterio K, Safronetz D, Banadyga L. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: From Agricultural Pathogen to Vaccine Vector. Pathogens 2021; 10:1092. [PMID: 34578125 PMCID: PMC8470541 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which belongs to the Vesiculovirus genus of the family Rhabdoviridae, is a well studied livestock pathogen and prototypic non-segmented, negative-sense RNA virus. Although VSV is responsible for causing economically significant outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis in cattle, horses, and swine, the virus also represents a valuable research tool for molecular biologists and virologists. Indeed, the establishment of a reverse genetics system for the recovery of infectious VSV from cDNA transformed the utility of this virus and paved the way for its use as a vaccine vector. A highly effective VSV-based vaccine against Ebola virus recently received clinical approval, and many other VSV-based vaccines have been developed, particularly for high-consequence viruses. This review seeks to provide a holistic but concise overview of VSV, covering the virus's ascension from perennial agricultural scourge to promising medical countermeasure, with a particular focus on vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Wenguang Cao
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Abdjeleel Salawudeen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Karla Emeterio
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
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14
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Live Viral Vaccine Neurovirulence Screening: Current and Future Models. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070710. [PMID: 34209433 PMCID: PMC8310194 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Live viral vaccines are one of the most successful methods for controlling viral infections but require strong evidence to indicate that they are properly attenuated. Screening for residual neurovirulence is an important aspect for live viral vaccines against potentially neurovirulent diseases. Approximately half of all emerging viral diseases have neurological effects, so testing of future vaccines will need to be rapid and accurate. The current method, the monkey neurovirulence test (MNVT), shows limited translatability for human diseases and does not account for different viral pathogenic mechanisms. This review discusses the MNVT and potential alternative models, including in vivo and in vitro methods. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed, and there are promising data indicating high levels of translatability. There is a need to investigate these models more thoroughly and to devise more accurate and rapid alternatives to the MNVT.
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15
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Morozov I, Monath TP, Meekins DA, Trujillo JD, Sunwoo SY, Urbaniak K, Kim IJ, Narayanan SK, Indran SV, Ma W, Wilson WC, O'Connor C, Dubey S, Troth SP, Coller BA, Nichols R, Martin BK, Feldmann H, Richt JA. High dose of vesicular stomatitis virus-vectored Ebola virus vaccine causes vesicular disease in swine without horizontal transmission. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:651-663. [PMID: 33719915 PMCID: PMC8023602 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1903343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe recent impact of Ebola virus disease (EVD) on public health in Africa clearly demonstrates the need for a safe and efficacious vaccine to control outbreaks and mitigate its threat to global health. ERVEBO® is an effective recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV)-vectored Ebola virus vaccine (VSV-EBOV) that was approved by the FDA and EMA in late 2019 for use in prevention of EVD. Since the parental virus VSV, which was used to construct VSV-EBOV, is pathogenic for livestock and the vaccine virus may be shed at low levels by vaccinated humans, widespread deployment of the vaccine requires investigation into its infectivity and transmissibility in VSV-susceptible livestock species. We therefore performed a comprehensive clinical analysis of the VSV-EBOV vaccine virus in swine to determine its infectivity and potential for transmission. A high dose of VSV-EBOV resulted in VSV-like clinical signs in swine, with a proportion of pigs developing ulcerative vesicular lesions at the nasal injection site and feet. Uninoculated contact control pigs co-mingled with VSV-EBOV-inoculated pigs did not become infected or display any clinical signs of disease, indicating the vaccine is not readily transmissible to naïve pigs during prolonged close contact. In contrast, virulent wild-type VSV Indiana had a shorter incubation period and was transmitted to contact control pigs. These results indicate that the VSV-EBOV vaccine causes vesicular illness in swine when administered at a high dose. Moreover, the study demonstrates the VSV-EBOV vaccine is not readily transmitted to uninfected pigs, encouraging its safe use as an effective human vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Thomas P Monath
- Bioprotection Systems, Inc, a subsidiary of NewLink Genetics Corp, Ames, IA, USA
| | - David A Meekins
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessie D Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sun-Young Sunwoo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kinga Urbaniak
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - In Joong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sanjeev K Narayanan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sabarish V Indran
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - William C Wilson
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard Nichols
- Bioprotection Systems, Inc, a subsidiary of NewLink Genetics Corp, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brian K Martin
- Bioprotection Systems, Inc, a subsidiary of NewLink Genetics Corp, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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16
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Wolf J, Jannat R, Dubey S, Troth S, Onorato MT, Coller BA, Hanson ME, Simon JK. Development of Pandemic Vaccines: ERVEBO Case Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:190. [PMID: 33668698 PMCID: PMC7996233 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventative vaccines are considered one of the most cost-effective and efficient means to contain outbreaks and prevent pandemics. However, the requirements to gain licensure and manufacture a vaccine for human use are complex, costly, and time-consuming. The 2013-2016 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak was the largest EVD outbreak to date and the third Public Health Emergency of International Concern in history, so to prevent a pandemic, numerous partners from the public and private sectors combined efforts and resources to develop an investigational Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) vaccine candidate (rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP) as quickly as possible. The rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine was approved as ERVEBOTM by the European Medicines Authority (EMA) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December 2019 after five years of development. This review describes the development program of this EBOV vaccine, summarizes what is known about safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy, describes ongoing work in the program, and highlights learnings applicable to the development of pandemic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanthi Wolf
- Regulatory Affairs, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA;
| | - Risat Jannat
- Global Vaccines & Biologics Commercialization, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA;
| | - Sheri Dubey
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA;
| | - Sean Troth
- Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA;
| | - Matthew T. Onorato
- Global Clinical Trial Operations, Vaccines, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA;
| | - Beth-Ann Coller
- Global Clinical Development, Vaccines, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA;
| | - Mary E. Hanson
- Global Scientific & Medical Publications, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA;
| | - Jakub K. Simon
- Global Clinical Development, Vaccines, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA;
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17
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Tell JG, Coller BAG, Dubey SA, Jenal U, Lapps W, Wang L, Wolf J. Environmental Risk Assessment for rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP, a Genetically Modified Live Vaccine for Ebola Virus Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040779. [PMID: 33352786 PMCID: PMC7767225 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP is a live, attenuated, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based vaccine for the prevention of Ebola virus disease caused by Zaire ebolavirus. As a replication-competent genetically modified organism, rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP underwent various environmental evaluations prior to approval, the most in-depth being the environmental risk assessment (ERA) required by the European Medicines Agency. This ERA, as well as the underlying methodology used to arrive at a sound conclusion about the environmental risks of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP, are described in this review. Clinical data from vaccinated adults demonstrated only infrequent, low-level shedding and transient, low-level viremia, indicating a low person-to-person infection risk. Animal data suggest that it is highly unlikely that vaccinated individuals would infect animals with recombinant virus vaccine or that rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP would spread within animal populations. Preclinical studies in various hematophagous insect vectors showed that these species were unable to transmit rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP. Pathogenicity risk in humans and animals was found to be low, based on clinical and preclinical data. The overall risk for non-vaccinated individuals and the environment is thus negligible and can be minimized further through defined mitigation strategies. This ERA and the experience gained are relevant to developing other rVSV-based vaccines, including candidates under investigation for prevention of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan G. Tell
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (B.-A.G.C.); (S.A.D.); (W.L.); (L.W.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Beth-Ann G. Coller
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (B.-A.G.C.); (S.A.D.); (W.L.); (L.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Sheri A. Dubey
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (B.-A.G.C.); (S.A.D.); (W.L.); (L.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Ursula Jenal
- Jenal & Partners Biosafety Consulting, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland;
| | - William Lapps
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (B.-A.G.C.); (S.A.D.); (W.L.); (L.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Liman Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (B.-A.G.C.); (S.A.D.); (W.L.); (L.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Jayanthi Wolf
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (B.-A.G.C.); (S.A.D.); (W.L.); (L.W.); (J.W.)
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18
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Systematic review of Marburg virus vaccine nonhuman primate studies and human clinical trials. Vaccine 2020; 39:202-208. [PMID: 33309082 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent deadly outbreaks of Marburg virus underscore the need for an effective vaccine. A summary of the latest research is needed for this WHO priority pathogen. This systematic review aimed to determine progress towards a vaccine for Marburg virus. METHODS Article search criteria were developed to query PubMed for peer-reviewed articles from 1990 through 2019 on Marburg virus vaccine clinical trials in humans and pre-clinical studies in non-human primates (NHP). Abstracts were reviewed by two authors. Relevant articles were reviewed in full. Discrepancies were resolved by a third author. Data abstracted included year, author, title, vaccine construct, number of subjects, efficacy, and demographics. Assessment for risk of bias was performed using the Syrcle tool for animal studies, and the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool for human studies. RESULTS 101 articles were identified; 27 were related to Marburg vaccines. After full text review, 21 articles were selected. 215 human subjects were in three phase 1 clinical trials, and 203 NHP in 18 studies. Vaccine constructs were DNA plasmids, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors, adenovirus vectors, virus-like particles (VLP), among others. Two human phase 1 studies of DNA vaccines had 4 adverse effects requiring vaccine discontinuation among 128 participants and 31-80% immunogenicity. In NHP challenge studies, 100% survival was seen in 6 VSV vectored vaccines, 2 DNA vaccines, 2 VLP vaccines, and in 1 adenoviral vectored vaccine. CONCLUSION In human trials, two Marburg DNA vaccines provided either low immunogenicity or a failure to elicit durable immunity. A variety of NHP candidate Marburg vaccines demonstrated favorable survival and immunogenicity parameters, to include VSV, VLP, and adenoviral vectored vaccines. Elevated binding antibodies appeared to be consistently associated with protection across the NHP challenge studies. Further human trials are needed to advance vaccines to limit the spread of this highly lethal virus.
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19
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Lassa-VSV chimeric virus targets and destroys human and mouse ovarian cancer by direct oncolytic action and by initiating an anti-tumor response. Virology 2020; 555:44-55. [PMID: 33453650 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the third most common female cancer, with poor survival in later stages of metastatic spread. We test a chimeric virus consisting of genes from Lassa and vesicular stomatitis viruses, LASV-VSV; the native VSV glycoprotein is replaced by the Lassa glycoprotein, greatly reducing neurotropism. Human ovarian cancer cells in immunocompromised nude mice were lethal in controls. Chemotherapeutic paclitaxel and cisplatin showed modest cancer inhibition and survival extension. In contrast, a single intraperitoneal injection of LASV-VSV selectively infected and killed ovarian cancer cells, generating long-term survival. Mice with human ovarian cancer cells in brain showed rapid deterioration; LASV-VSV microinjection into brain blocked cancer growth, and generated long-term survival. Treatment of immunocompetent mice with infected mouse ovarian cancer cells blocked growth of non-infected ovarian cancer cells peritoneally and in brain. These results suggest LASV-VSV is a viable candidate for further study and may be of use in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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20
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Wolfe DN, Taylor MJ, Zarrabian AG. Lessons learned from Zaire ebolavirus to help address urgent needs for vaccines against Sudan ebolavirus and Marburg virus. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2855-2860. [PMID: 32275465 PMCID: PMC7734060 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1741313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2014-2016 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa triggered extensive investments from public and private partners in an attempt to slow the spread of disease and bring the outbreak under control. This significantly accelerated the pace of development of countermeasures against Zaire ebolavirus that enabled vaccines to be a part of an effective response to the most recent 2018-2019 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, there remain urgent and unmet needs for medical countermeasures against other members of the Filoviridae family that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers. To improve the national and global preparedness posture for viral hemorrhagic fevers, a renewed emphasis is being placed on developing vaccines for filoviruses other than Zaire ebolavirus. Here we discuss lessons learned from the West Africa epidemic and how those lessons apply to the development of vaccine candidates for other filoviruses, specifically Sudan ebolavirus and Marburg virus. This commentary will highlight some of the key product development gaps to address in preparation for future disease outbreaks caused by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N. Wolfe
- Division of CBRN Countermeasures, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marva J. Taylor
- Division of CBRN Countermeasures, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amanda G. Zarrabian
- Division of CBRN Countermeasures, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
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21
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To B or Not to B: Mechanisms of Protection Conferred by rVSV-EBOV-GP and the Roles of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101473. [PMID: 32992829 PMCID: PMC7600878 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of the Filoviridae family of negative sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. EBOV infection causes Ebola virus disease (EVD), characterized by coagulopathy, lymphopenia, and multi-organ failure, which can culminate in death. In 2019, the FDA approved the first vaccine against EBOV, a recombinant live-attenuated viral vector wherein the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus is replaced with the glycoprotein (GP) of EBOV (rVSV-EBOV-GP, Ervebo® by Merck). This vaccine demonstrates high efficacy in nonhuman primates by providing prophylactic, rapid, and post-exposure protection. In humans, rVSV-EBOV-GP demonstrated 100% protection in several phase III clinical trials in over 10,000 individuals during the 2013–2016 West Africa epidemic. As of 2020, over 218,000 doses of rVSV-EBOV-GP have been administered to individuals with high risk of EBOV exposure. Despite licensure and robust preclinical studies, the mechanisms of rVSV-EBOV-GP-mediated protection are not fully understood. Such knowledge is crucial for understanding vaccine-mediated correlates of protection from EVD and to aid the further design and development of therapeutics against filoviruses. Here, we summarize the current literature regarding the host response to vaccination and EBOV exposure, and evidence regarding innate and adaptive immune mechanisms involved in rVSV-EBOV-GP-mediated protection, with a focus on the host transcriptional response. Current data strongly suggest a protective synergy between rapid innate and humoral immunity.
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22
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Case JB, Rothlauf PW, Chen RE, Kafai NM, Fox JM, Smith BK, Shrihari S, McCune BT, Harvey IB, Keeler SP, Bloyet LM, Zhao H, Ma M, Adams LJ, Winkler ES, Holtzman MJ, Fremont DH, Whelan SPJ, Diamond MS. Replication-Competent Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vaccine Vector Protects against SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Pathogenesis in Mice. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:465-474.e4. [PMID: 32798445 PMCID: PMC7391951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused millions of human infections, and an effective vaccine is critical to mitigate coronavirus-induced disease 2019 (COVID-19). Previously, we developed a replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing a modified form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike gene in place of the native glycoprotein gene (VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2). Here, we show that vaccination with VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 generates neutralizing immune responses and protects mice from SARS-CoV-2. Immunization of mice with VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 elicits high antibody titers that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and target the receptor binding domain that engages human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). Upon challenge with a human isolate of SARS-CoV-2, mice that expressed human ACE2 and were immunized with VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 show profoundly reduced viral infection and inflammation in the lung, indicating protection against pneumonia. Passive transfer of sera from VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2-immunized animals also protects naive mice from SARS-CoV-2 challenge. These data support development of VSV-SARS-CoV-2 as an attenuated, replication-competent vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coronavirus Infections/genetics
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Vectors
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Host Microbial Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2
- Translational Research, Biomedical
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/pharmacology
- Vero Cells
- Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/genetics
- Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul W Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brittany K Smith
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ian B Harvey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shamus P Keeler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Louis-Marie Bloyet
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meisheng Ma
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lucas J Adams
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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23
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Case JB, Rothlauf PW, Chen RE, Kafai NM, Fox JM, Shrihari S, McCune BT, Harvey IB, Smith B, Keeler SP, Bloyet LM, Winkler ES, Holtzman MJ, Fremont DH, Whelan SP, Diamond MS. Replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine vector protects against SARS-CoV-2-mediated pathogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.07.09.196386. [PMID: 32676597 PMCID: PMC7359519 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.09.196386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused millions of human infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths. Accordingly, an effective vaccine is of critical importance in mitigating coronavirus induced disease 2019 (COVID-19) and curtailing the pandemic. We developed a replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccine by introducing a modified form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike gene in place of the native glycoprotein gene (VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2). Immunization of mice with VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 elicits high titers of antibodies that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection and target the receptor binding domain that engages human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). Upon challenge with a human isolate of SARS-CoV-2, mice expressing human ACE2 and immunized with VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 show profoundly reduced viral infection and inflammation in the lung indicating protection against pneumonia. Finally, passive transfer of sera from VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2-immunized animals protects naïve mice from SARS-CoV-2 challenge. These data support development of VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 as an attenuated, replication-competent vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul W. Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rita E. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Natasha M. Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie M. Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Broc T. McCune
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ian B. Harvey
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brittany Smith
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shamus P. Keeler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Louis-Marie Bloyet
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emma S. Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J. Holtzman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P.J. Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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24
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Munis AM, Bentley EM, Takeuchi Y. A tool with many applications: vesicular stomatitis virus in research and medicine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1187-1201. [PMID: 32602788 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1787981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has long been a useful research tool in virology and recently become an essential part of medicinal products. Vesiculovirus research is growing quickly following its adaptation to clinical gene and cell therapy and oncolytic virotherapy. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the versatility of VSV as a research tool and biological reagent, its use as a viral and vaccine vector delivering therapeutic and immunogenic transgenes and an oncolytic virus aiding cancer treatment. Challenges such as the immune response against such advanced therapeutic medicinal products and manufacturing constraints are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION The field of in vivo gene and cell therapy is advancing rapidly with VSV used in many ways. Comparison of VSV's use as a versatile therapeutic reagent unveils further prospects and problems for each application. Overcoming immunological challenges to aid repeated administration of viral vectors and minimizing harmful host-vector interactions remains one of the major challenges. In the future, exploitation of reverse genetic tools may assist the creation of recombinant viral variants that have improved onco-selectivity and more efficient vaccine vector activity. This will add to the preferential features of VSV as an excellent advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altar M Munis
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK.,Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK
| | - Emma M Bentley
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London, UK
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25
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Abstract
Since its discovery in 1976, Ebola virus (EBOV) has caused numerous outbreaks of fatal hemorrhagic disease in Africa. The biggest outbreak on record is the 2013-2016 epidemic in west Africa with almost 30,000 cases and over 11,000 fatalities, devastatingly affecting Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. The epidemic highlighted the need for licensed drugs or vaccines to quickly combat the disease. While at the beginning of the epidemic no licensed countermeasures were available, several experimental drugs with preclinical efficacy were accelerated into human clinical trials and used to treat patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD) toward the end of the epidemic. In the same manner, vaccines with preclinical efficacy were administered primarily to known contacts of EVD patients on clinical trial protocols using a ring-vaccination strategy. In this review, we describe the pathogenesis of EBOV and summarize the current status of EBOV vaccine development and treatment of EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Furuyama
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA;
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA;
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26
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Halperin SA, Das R, Onorato MT, Liu K, Martin J, Grant-Klein RJ, Nichols R, Coller BA, Helmond FA, Simon JK. Immunogenicity, Lot Consistency, and Extended Safety of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Vaccine: A Phase 3 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study in Healthy Adults. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1127-1135. [PMID: 31505665 PMCID: PMC6812306 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This double-blind study assessed immunogenicity, lot consistency, and safety of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-Zaire Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein vaccine (rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP). METHODS Healthy adults (N = 1197) were randomized 2:2:2:2:1 to receive 1 of 3 consistency lots of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP (2 × 107 plaque-forming units [pfu]), high-dose 1 × 108 pfu, or placebo. Antibody responses pre-/postvaccination (28 days, 6 months; in a subset [n = 566], months 12, 18, and 24) were measured. post hoc analysis of risk factors associated with arthritis following vaccination was performed. RESULTS ZEBOV-GP enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) geometric mean titers (GMTs) increased postvaccination in all rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP groups by 28 days (>58-fold) and persisted through 24 months. The 3 manufacturing lots demonstrated equivalent immunogenicity at 28 days. Neutralizing antibody GMTs increased by 28 days in all rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP groups, peaking at 18 months with no decrease through 24 months. At 28 days, ≥94% of vaccine recipients seroresponded (ZEBOV-GP ELISA, ≥2-fold increase, titer ≥200 EU/mL), with responses persisting at 24 months in ≥91%. Female sex and a history of arthritis were identified as potential risk factors for the development of arthritis postvaccination. CONCLUSIONS Immune responses to rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP persisted to 24 months. Immunogenicity and safety results support continued rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP development. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02503202.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rick Nichols
- NewLink Genetics, Inc., BioProtection Systems, Ames, Iowa
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27
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McWilliams IL, Kielczewski JL, Ireland DDC, Sykes JS, Lewkowicz AP, Konduru K, Xu BC, Chan CC, Caspi RR, Manangeeswaran M, Verthelyi D. Pseudovirus rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Infects Neurons in Retina and CNS, Causing Apoptosis and Neurodegeneration in Neonatal Mice. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1718-1726.e4. [PMID: 30759384 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV) survivors experience visual and CNS sequelae that suggests the ZEBOV glycoprotein can mediate neurotropism. Replication-competent rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine candidate is generally well tolerated; however, its potential neurotropism requires careful study. Here, we show that a single inoculation of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP virus in neonatal C57BL/6 mice results in transient viremia, neurological symptoms, high viral titers in eyes and brains, and death. rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP infects the inner layers of the retina, causing severe retinitis. In the cerebellum, rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP infects neurons in the granular and Purkinje layers, resulting in progressive foci of apoptosis and neurodegeneration. The susceptibility to infection is not due to impaired type I IFN responses, although MDA5-/-, IFNβ-/-, and IFNAR1-/- mice have accelerated mortality. However, boosting interferon levels by co-administering poly(I:C) reduces viral titers in CNS and improves survival. Although these data should not be directly extrapolated to humans, they challenge the hypothesis that VSV-based vaccines are non-neurotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian L McWilliams
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | | | - Derek D C Ireland
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jacob S Sykes
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Aaron P Lewkowicz
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Krishnamurthy Konduru
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Biying C Xu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mohanraj Manangeeswaran
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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28
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Mucin-Like Domain of Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Enhances Selective Oncolytic Actions against Brain Tumors. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01967-19. [PMID: 32051271 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01967-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that the Ebola virus (EBOV) infects a wide array of organs and cells yet displays a relative lack of neurotropism, we asked whether a chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) might selectively target brain tumors. The mucin-like domain (MLD) of the EBOV GP may enhance virus immune system evasion. Here, we compared chimeric VSVs in which EBOV GP replaces the VSV glycoprotein, thereby reducing the neurotoxicity associated with wild-type VSV. A chimeric VSV expressing the full-length EBOV GP (VSV-EBOV) containing the MLD was substantially more effective and safer than a parallel construct with an EBOV GP lacking the MLD (VSV-EBOVΔMLD). One-step growth, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, and Western blotting assessments showed that VSV-EBOVΔMLD produced substantially more progeny faster than VSV-EBOV. Using immunodeficient SCID mice, we focused on targeting human brain tumors with these VSV-EBOVs. Similar to the findings of our previous study in which we used an attenuated VSV-EBOV with no MLD that expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP) (VSV-EBOVΔMLD-GFP), VSV-EBOVΔMLD without GFP targeted glioma but yielded only a modest extension of survival. In contrast, VSV-EBOV containing the MLD showed substantially better targeting and elimination of brain tumors after intravenous delivery and increased the survival of brain tumor-bearing mice. Despite the apparent destruction of most tumor cells by VSV-EBOVΔMLD, the virus remained active within the SCID mouse brain and showed widespread infection of normal brain cells. In contrast, VSV-EBOV eliminated the tumors and showed relatively little infection of normal brain cells. Parallel experiments with direct intracranial virus infection generated similar results. Neither VSV-EBOV nor VSV-EBOVΔMLD showed substantive infection of the brains of normal immunocompetent mice.IMPORTANCE The Ebola virus glycoprotein contains a mucin-like domain which may play a role in immune evasion. Chimeric vesicular stomatitis viruses with the EBOV glycoprotein substituted for the VSV glycoprotein show greater safety and efficacy in targeting brain tumors in immunodeficient mice when the MLD was expressed within the EBOV glycoprotein than when EBOV lacked the mucin-like domain.
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29
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Legardy-Williams JK, Carter RJ, Goldstein ST, Jarrett OD, Szefer E, Fombah AE, Tinker SC, Samai M, Mahon BE. Pregnancy Outcomes among Women Receiving rVSVΔ-ZEBOV-GP Ebola Vaccine during the Sierra Leone Trial to Introduce a Vaccine against Ebola. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:541-548. [PMID: 32017677 PMCID: PMC7045819 DOI: 10.3201/eid2603.191018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Little information exists regarding Ebola vaccine rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP and pregnancy. The Sierra Leone Trial to Introduce a Vaccine against Ebola (STRIVE) randomized participants without blinding to immediate or deferred (18–24 weeks postenrollment) vaccination. Pregnancy was an exclusion criterion, but 84 women were inadvertently vaccinated in early pregnancy or became pregnant <60 days after vaccination or enrollment. Among immediate vaccinated women, 45% (14/31) reported pregnancy loss, compared with 33% (11/33) of unvaccinated women with contemporaneous pregnancies (relative risk 1.35, 95% CI 0.73–2.52). Pregnancy loss was similar among women with higher risk for vaccine viremia (conception before or <14 days after vaccination) (44% [4/9]) and women with lower risk (conception >15 days after vaccination) (45% [10/22]). No congenital anomalies were detected among 44 live-born infants examined. These data highlight the need for Ebola vaccination decisions to balance the possible risk for an adverse pregnancy outcome with the risk for Ebola exposure.
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30
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O'Donnell K, Marzi A. The Ebola virus glycoprotein and its immune responses across multiple vaccine platforms. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:267-277. [PMID: 32129120 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1738225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: For over 40 years, ebolaviruses have been responsible for sporadic outbreaks of severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates across western and central Africa. In December 2013, an unprecedented Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic began in West Africa and resulted in the largest outbreak to date. The past and current epidemics in West Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo has focused attention on the potential vaccine platforms developed over the past 20 years.Areas covered: This review summarizes the extraordinary progress using a variety of vaccination platforms including DNA, subunit, and several viral vector approaches, replicating and non-replicating, incorporating the primary antigen of EBOV, the glycoprotein. These vaccine constructs have shown varying degrees of protective efficacy in the 'gold-standard' nonhuman primate model for EBOV infections and were immunogenic in human clinical trials.Expert commentary: A number of these vaccine platforms have moved into phase III clinical trials over the past years and with the recent approval of the first EBOV vaccine in the European Union and the USA there is a strong potential to prevent future outbreaks/epidemics of EBOV infections on the scale of the West African epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle O'Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
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31
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Schwartz DA. Maternal and Infant Death and the rVSV-ZEBOV Vaccine Through Three Recent Ebola Virus Epidemics-West Africa, DRC Équateur and DRC Kivu: 4 Years of Excluding Pregnant and Lactating Women and Their Infants from Immunization. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-019-00195-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Ebola virus infection has one of the highest overall case fatality rates of any viral disease. It has historically had an especially high case mortality rate among pregnant women and infants—greater than 90% for pregnant women in some outbreaks and close to 100 % in fetuses and newborns. The Merck recombinant vaccine against Ebola virus, termed rVSV-ZEBOV, underwent clinical trials during the 2013–2015 West Africa Ebola epidemic where it was found to be 100% efficacious. It was subsequently used during the 2018 DRC Équateur outbreak and in the 2018 DRC Kivu Ebola which is still ongoing, where its efficacy is 97.5 %. Pregnant and lactating women and their infants have previously been excluded from the design, clinical trials, and administration of many vaccines and drugs. This article critically examines the development of the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine and its accessibility to pregnant and lactating women and infants as a life-saving form of prevention through three recent African Ebola epidemics—West Africa, DRC Équateur, and DRC Kivu.
Recent Findings
Pregnant and lactating women and their infants were excluded from participation in the clinical trials of rVSV-ZEBOV conducted during the West Africa epidemic. This policy of exclusion was continued with the occurrence of the DRC Équateur outbreak in 2018, in spite of calls from the public health and global maternal health communities to vaccinate this population. Following the onset of the DRC Kivu epidemic, the exclusion persisted. Eventually, the policy was reversed to include vaccination of pregnant and lactating women. However, it was not implemented until June 2019, 10 months after the start of the epidemic, placing hundreds of women and infants at risk for this highly fatal infection.
Summary
The historical policy of excluding pregnant and lactating women and infants from vaccine design, clinical trials, and implementation places them at risk, especially in situations of infectious disease outbreaks. In the future, all pregnant women, regardless of trimester, breastfeeding mothers, and infants, should have access to the Ebola vaccine.
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Monath TP, Fast PE, Modjarrad K, Clarke DK, Martin BK, Fusco J, Nichols R, Heppner DG, Simon JK, Dubey S, Troth SP, Wolf J, Singh V, Coller BA, Robertson JS. rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP (also designated V920) recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with Ebola Zaire Glycoprotein: Standardized template with key considerations for a risk/benefit assessment. Vaccine X 2019; 1:100009. [PMID: 31384731 PMCID: PMC6668225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Brighton Collaboration Viral Vector Vaccines Safety Working Group (V3SWG) was formed to evaluate the safety and characteristics of live, recombinant viral vector vaccines. A recent publication by the V3SWG described live, attenuated, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) as a chimeric virus vaccine for HIV-1 (Clarke et al., 2016). The rVSV vector system is being explored as a platform for development of multiple vaccines. This paper reviews the molecular and biological features of the rVSV vector system, followed by a template with details on the safety and characteristics of a rVSV vaccine against Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV). The rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine is a live, replication competent vector in which the VSV glycoprotein (G) gene is replaced with the glycoprotein (GP) gene of ZEBOV. Multiple copies of GP are expressed and assembled into the viral envelope responsible for inducing protective immunity. The vaccine (designated V920) was originally constructed by the National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, further developed by NewLink Genetics Corp. and Merck & Co., and is now in final stages of registration by Merck. The vaccine is attenuated by deletion of the principal virulence factor of VSV (the G protein), which also removes the primary target for anti-vector immunity. The V920 vaccine caused no toxicities after intramuscular (IM) or intracranial injection of nonhuman primates and no reproductive or developmental toxicity in a rat model. In multiple studies, cynomolgus macaques immunized IM with a wide range of virus doses rapidly developed ZEBOV-specific antibodies measured in IgG ELISA and neutralization assays and were fully protected against lethal challenge with ZEBOV virus. Over 20,000 people have received the vaccine in clinical trials; the vaccine has proven to be safe and well tolerated. During the first few days after vaccination, many vaccinees experience a mild acute-phase reaction with fever, headache, myalgia, and arthralgia of short duration; this period is associated with a low-level viremia, activation of anti-viral genes, and increased levels of chemokines and cytokines. Oligoarthritis and rash appearing in the second week occur at a low incidence, and are typically mild-moderate in severity and self-limited. V920 vaccine was used in a Phase III efficacy trial during the West African Ebola epidemic in 2015, showing 100% protection against Ebola Virus Disease, and it has subsequently been deployed for emergency control of Ebola outbreaks in central Africa. The template provided here provides a comprehensive picture of the first rVSV vector to reach the final stage of development and to provide a solution to control of an alarming human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia E. Fast
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY 10004, United States
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States
| | | | | | - Joan Fusco
- NewLink Genetics Corp, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Sheri Dubey
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Sean P. Troth
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Jayanthi Wolf
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Vidisha Singh
- Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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Marzi A, Menicucci AR, Engelmann F, Callison J, Horne EJ, Feldmann F, Jankeel A, Feldmann H, Messaoudi I. Protection Against Marburg Virus Using a Recombinant VSV-Vaccine Depends on T and B Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3071. [PMID: 30723475 PMCID: PMC6350103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) is the causative agent of hemorrhagic fever outbreaks with high case fatality rates. Closely related to Ebola virus, MARV is a filamentous virus with a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. Although extensive studies on filovirus countermeasures have been conducted, there are no licensed treatments against MARV infections. An experimental vaccine based on the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the MARV-Musoke glycoprotein demonstrated complete protection when a single dose was administered 28 days and up to 14 months prior to MARV challenge. Here, we analyzed the protective efficacy of an updated vaccine expressing the MARV-Angola glycoprotein (VSV-MARV). A single dose of VSV-MARV given 5 weeks before challenge provided uniform protection with no detectable viremia. The vaccine induced B and T cell proliferation and, importantly, antigen-specific IgG production. Transcriptomic signatures confirm these findings and suggest innate immunity engendered by VSV-MARV may direct the development of protective humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Andrea R Menicucci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Flora Engelmann
- Department of Cell Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Julie Callison
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Eva J Horne
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Allen Jankeel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Huttner A, Siegrist CA. Durability of single-dose rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine responses: what do we know? Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:1105-1110. [PMID: 30422031 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1546582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The live-attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine expressing the glycoprotein (GP) of Zaire Ebola virus (rVSV-ZEBOV) has proven immunogenic in humans and effective in field studies. Yet long-term durability of vaccine responses is unknown. AREAS COVERED We survey the evidence available in the literature for the durability of human responses to rVSV-ZEBOV. We also review determinants of initial responses and of their persistence. EXPERT COMMENTARY Persistence of EBOV-GP-specific antibody responses is strong at 2 years - currently the longest post-vaccination interval studied - after a single injection. Vaccine dose predicts persistence of seropositivity, though the magnitude of antibody responses at later time points becomes less dose-dependent. Vaccine-related arthritis is a significant predictor of both persistence and magnitude of the antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Huttner
- a Division of Infectious Diseases , University Hospitals of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland.,b Centre for Vaccinology , University Hospitals and University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- b Centre for Vaccinology , University Hospitals and University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
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Gupta SB, Coller BA, Feinberg M. Unprecedented pace and partnerships: the story of and lessons learned from one Ebola vaccine program. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:913-923. [PMID: 30269612 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1527692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Ebola epidemic in West Africa from 2014 to 2016 was unique in its size, location, and duration; this article reviews the experiences and lessons learned for one vaccine candidate developed during the outbreak and discusses critical gaps that still exist today which will need to be addressed for successful end to end emerging infectious disease vaccine product development in the future. AREAS COVERED Through the formation of numerous international partnerships, the rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine advanced through Phase I/II/III clinical trials which resulted in favorable Phase III efficacy results. Key lessons learned that could be used to facilitate future vaccine development efforts include sufficient preclinical work in relevant animal models, innovative partnerships created to pool resources and expertise, and 'hyper' coordination and communication among partners to build trust and ensure an adequate regulatory package needed to license a vaccine. EXPERT COMMENTARY As evidenced by the 2014-2016 outbreak in West Africa as well as the two other most recent outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2018, there is an urgent need to develop new models for emerging infection vaccine development where trusted partners come together and where the development of vaccines is a shared responsibility conducted in advance of the next crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati B Gupta
- a Global Clinical Development , Merck & Co., Inc , Kenilworth , NJ , USA.,b Research Integration & Innovation , International AIDS Vaccine Initiative , New York , NY , USA
| | - Beth-Ann Coller
- a Global Clinical Development , Merck & Co., Inc , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Mark Feinberg
- a Global Clinical Development , Merck & Co., Inc , Kenilworth , NJ , USA.,c Executive Office , International AIDS Vaccine Initiative , New York , NY , USA
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Medaglini D, Santoro F, Siegrist CA. Correlates of vaccine-induced protective immunity against Ebola virus disease. Semin Immunol 2018; 39:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pol JG, Acuna SA, Yadollahi B, Tang N, Stephenson KB, Atherton MJ, Hanwell D, El-Warrak A, Goldstein A, Moloo B, Turner PV, Lopez R, LaFrance S, Evelegh C, Denisova G, Parsons R, Millar J, Stoll G, Martin CG, Pomoransky J, Breitbach CJ, Bramson JL, Bell JC, Wan Y, Stojdl DF, Lichty BD, McCart JA. Preclinical evaluation of a MAGE-A3 vaccination utilizing the oncolytic Maraba virus currently in first-in-human trials. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1512329. [PMID: 30546947 PMCID: PMC6287790 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1512329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple immunotherapeutics have been approved for cancer patients, however advanced solid tumors are frequently refractory to treatment. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a vaccination approach with multimodal oncolytic potential in non-human primates (NHP) (Macaca fascicularis). Primates received a replication-deficient adenoviral prime, boosted by the oncolytic Maraba MG1 rhabdovirus. Both vectors expressed the human MAGE-A3. No severe adverse events were observed. Boosting with MG1-MAGEA3 induced an expansion of hMAGE-A3-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells with the latter peaking at remarkable levels and persisting for several months. T-cells reacting against epitopes fully conserved between simian and human MAGE-A3 were identified. Humoral immunity was demonstrated by the detection of circulating MAGE-A3 antibodies. These preclinical data establish the capacity for the Ad:MG1 vaccination to engage multiple effector immune cell populations without causing significant toxicity in outbred NHPs. Clinical investigations utilizing this program for the treatment of MAGE-A3-positive solid malignancies are underway (NCT02285816, NCT02879760).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio A Acuna
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Beta Yadollahi
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nan Tang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Matthew J Atherton
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Hanwell
- Animal Resources Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Alyssa Goldstein
- Animal Resources Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Badru Moloo
- Animal Resources Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia V Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto Lopez
- Animal Resources Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra LaFrance
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carole Evelegh
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Galina Denisova
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Robin Parsons
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie Millar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gautier Stoll
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan L Bramson
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David F Stojdl
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brian D Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - J Andrea McCart
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Zhang X, Mao G, van den Pol AN. Chikungunya-vesicular stomatitis chimeric virus targets and eliminates brain tumors. Virology 2018; 522:244-259. [PMID: 30055515 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) shows potential for targeting and killing cancer cells, but can be dangerous in the brain due to its neurotropic glycoprotein. Here we test a chimeric virus in which the VSV glycoprotein is replaced with the Chikungunya polyprotein E3-E2-6K-E1 (VSVΔG-CHIKV). Control mice with brain tumors survived a mean of 40 days after tumor implant. VSVΔG-CHIKV selectively infected and eliminated the tumor, and extended survival substantially in all tumor-bearing mice to over 100 days. VSVΔG-CHIKV also targeted intracranial primary patient derived melanoma xenografts. Virus injected into one melanoma spread to other melanomas within the same brain with little detectable infection of normal cells. Intravenous VSVΔG-CHIKV infected tumor cells but not normal tissue. In immunocompetent mice, VSVΔG-CHIKV selectively infected mouse melanoma cells within the brain. These data suggest VSVΔG-CHIKV can target and destroy brain tumors in multiple animal models without the neurotropism associated with the wild type VSV glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Guochao Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Anthony N van den Pol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
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Suder E, Furuyama W, Feldmann H, Marzi A, de Wit E. The vesicular stomatitis virus-based Ebola virus vaccine: From concept to clinical trials. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2107-2113. [PMID: 29757706 PMCID: PMC6183239 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1473698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The devastating Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic in West Africa in 2013-2016 accelerated the progress of several vaccines and antivirals through clinical trials, including the replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine expressing the EBOV glycoprotein (VSV-EBOV). Extensive preclinical testing in animal models demonstrated the prophylactic and post-exposure efficacy of this vaccine, identified the mechanism of protection, and suggested it was safe for human use. Based on these data, VSV-EBOV was extensively tested in phase 1-3 clinical trials in North America, Europe and Africa. Although some side effects of vaccination were observed, these clinical trials showed that the VSV-EBOV was safe and immunogenic in humans. Moreover, the data supported the use of VSV-EBOV as an emergency vaccine in individuals at risk for Ebola virus disease. In this review, we summarize the results of the extensive preclinical and clinical testing of the VSV-EBOV vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Drug Carriers
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/epidemiology
- Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/pathology
- Ebola Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Ebola Vaccines/genetics
- Ebola Vaccines/immunology
- Ebola Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control
- Humans
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
- Vesiculovirus/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Suder
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Wakako Furuyama
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
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Locher S, Schweneker M, Hausmann J, Zimmer G. Immunogenicity of propagation-restricted vesicular stomatitis virus encoding Ebola virus glycoprotein in guinea pigs. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:866-879. [PMID: 29869979 PMCID: PMC6152369 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP) in place of the VSV glycoprotein G (VSV/EBOV-GP) is a promising EBOV vaccine candidate which has already entered clinical phase 3 studies. Although this chimeric virus was tolerated overall by volunteers, it still caused viremia and adverse effects such as fever and arthritis, suggesting that it might not be sufficiently attenuated. In this study, the VSV/EBOV-GP vector was further modified in order to achieve attenuation while maintaining immunogenicity. All recombinant VSV constructs were propagated on VSV G protein expressing helper cells and used to immunize guinea pigs via the intramuscular route. The humoral immune response was analysed by EBOV-GP-specific fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay, plaque reduction neutralization test and in vitro virus-spreading inhibition test that employed recombinant VSV/EBOV-GP expressing either green fluorescent protein or secreted Nano luciferase. Most modified vector constructs induced lower levels of protective antibodies than the parental VSV/EBOV-GP or a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector encoding full-length EBOV-GP. However, the VSV/EBOV-GP(F88A) mutant was at least as immunogenic as the parental vaccine virus although it was highly propagation-restricted. This finding suggests that VSV-vectored vaccines need not be propagation-competent to induce a robust humoral immune response. However, VSV/EBOV-GP(F88A) rapidly reverted to a fully propagation-competent virus indicating that a single-point mutation is not sufficient to maintain the propagation-restricted phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Locher
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Schweneker
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstraße 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hausmann
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstraße 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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Wong G, Mendoza EJ, Plummer FA, Gao GF, Kobinger GP, Qiu X. From bench to almost bedside: the long road to a licensed Ebola virus vaccine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:159-173. [PMID: 29148858 PMCID: PMC5841470 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1404572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Ebola virus (EBOV) disease epidemic during 2014-16 in West Africa has accelerated the clinical development of several vaccine candidates that have demonstrated efficacy in the gold standard nonhuman primate (NHP) model, namely cynomolgus macaques. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the pre-clinical research and if available, clinical evaluation of the currently available EBOV vaccine candidates, while emphasizing the translatability of pre-clinical data generated in the NHP model to clinical data in humans. EXPERT OPINION Despite the existence of many successful EBOV vaccine candidates in the pre-clinical stages, only two platforms became the focus of Phase 2/3 efficacy trials in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea near the peak of the epidemic: the Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-vectored vaccine and the chimpanzee adenovirus type 3 (ChAd3)-vectored vaccine. The results of three distinct clinical trials involving these candidates may soon pave the way for a licensed, safe and efficacious EBOV vaccine to help combat future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Wong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Emelissa J. Mendoza
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - George F. Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Gary P. Kobinger
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d’immunologie, Universite Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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43
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Progress towards a vaccine against Ebola to meet emergency medical countermeasure needs. Vaccine 2017; 37:7178-7182. [PMID: 29199040 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa proved to be the largest in the history of filovirus outbreaks, causing the World Health Organization to declare a public health emergency of international concern in August of 2014. In collaboration with domestic and international partners, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) initiated several vaccine development projects in support of the overall response efforts. The urgency associated with the epidemic triggered the clinical evaluation of lead vaccine candidates starting in late 2014. Here we will discuss development of the lead vaccine candidates for Ebola virus, specifically Zaire ebolavirus.
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ElSherif MS, Brown C, MacKinnon-Cameron D, Li L, Racine T, Alimonti J, Rudge TL, Sabourin C, Silvera P, Hooper JW, Kwilas SA, Kilgore N, Badorrek C, Ramsey WJ, Heppner DG, Kemp T, Monath TP, Nowak T, McNeil SA, Langley JM, Halperin SA. Assessing the safety and immunogenicity of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus Ebola vaccine in healthy adults: a randomized clinical trial. CMAJ 2017. [PMID: 28630358 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.170074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2013-2016 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa was the most widespread in history. In response, alive attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vaccine expressing Zaire Ebolavirus glycoprotein (rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP) was evaluated in humans. METHODS In a phase 1, randomized, dose-ranging, observer-blind, placebo-controlled trial, healthy adults aged 18-65 years were randomized into 4 groups of 10 to receive one of 3 vaccine doses or placebo. Follow-up visits spanned 180 days postvaccination for safety monitoring, immunogenicity testing and any rVSV virus shedding. RESULTS Forty participants were injected with rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine (n = 30) or saline placebo (n = 10). No serious adverse events related to the vaccine or participant withdrawals were reported. Solicited adverse events during the 14-day follow-up period were mild to moderate and self-limited, with the exception of injection-site pain and headache. Viremia following vaccination was transient and no longer detectable after study day 3, with no virus shedding in saliva or urine. All vaccinated participants developed serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), as measured by Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunogenicity was comparable across all dose groups, and sustained IgG titers were detectable through to the last visit, at study day 180. INTERPRETATION In this phase 1 study, there were no safety concerns after a single dose of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine. IgG ELISA showed persistent high titers at 180 days postimmunization. There was a period of reactogenicity, but in general, the vaccine was well tolerated. This study provides evidence of the safety and immunogenicity of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine and importance of its further investigation. Trial registration: Clinical-Trials.gov no., NCT02374385.
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Affiliation(s)
- May S ElSherif
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Catherine Brown
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Donna MacKinnon-Cameron
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Li Li
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Trina Racine
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Judie Alimonti
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Thomas L Rudge
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Carol Sabourin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Peter Silvera
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Jay W Hooper
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Steven A Kwilas
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Nicole Kilgore
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Christopher Badorrek
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - W Jay Ramsey
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - D Gray Heppner
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Tracy Kemp
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Thomas P Monath
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Teresa Nowak
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Shelly A McNeil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Joanne M Langley
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass
| | - Scott A Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (ElSherif, Brown, MacKinnon-Cameron, Li, McNeil, Langley, Halperin), IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; National Microbiology Laboratory (Racine, Alimonti), Winnipeg, Man.; Battelle Biomedical Research Center (Rudge, Sabourin), Columbus, Ohio; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Silvera, Hooper, Kwilas), Fort Detrick, Md.; Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense Medical Countermeasure Systems' Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (Kilgore, Badorrek), Fort Detrick, Md.; BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation (Ramsey, Heppner, Kemp, Monath), Ames, Iowa; Veristat LLC (Nowak), Southborough, Mass.
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Coller BAG, Blue J, Das R, Dubey S, Finelli L, Gupta S, Helmond F, Grant-Klein RJ, Liu K, Simon J, Troth S, VanRheenen S, Waterbury J, Wivel A, Wolf J, Heppner DG, Kemp T, Nichols R, Monath TP. Clinical development of a recombinant Ebola vaccine in the midst of an unprecedented epidemic. Vaccine 2017. [PMID: 28647166 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak caused over 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths. Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA and NewLink Genetics are working with private and public partners to develop and license an Ebola vaccine that was evaluated extensively during the outbreak. The vaccine referred to as V920 is a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) in which the VSV-G envelope glycoprotein (GP) is completely replaced by the Zaire ebolavirus GP (rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP). Eight Phase I and four Phase II/III clinical trials enrolling approximately 17,000 subjects were conducted in parallel to the outbreak to assess the safety, immunogenicity, and/or efficacy of V920. Immunogenicity data demonstrate that anti-GP antibodies are generally detectable by ELISA by 14days postvaccination with up to 100% seroconversion observed by 28days post dose. In addition, the results of a ring vaccination trial conducted by the WHO and their partners in Guinea suggest robust vaccine efficacy within 10days of receipt of a single dose of vaccine. The vaccine is generally well-tolerated when administered to healthy, non-pregnant adults. The development of this vaccine candidate in the context of this unprecedented epidemic has involved the close cooperation of large number of international partners and highlights what we as a public health community can accomplish when working together towards a common goal. Study identification: V920-001 to V920-012. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV identifiers: NCT02269423; NCT02280408; NCT02374385; NCT02314923; NCT02287480; NCT02283099; NCT02296983; NCT02344407; NCT02378753; NCT02503202.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - D Gray Heppner
- NewLink Genetics, Inc./BioProtection Systems, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Tracy Kemp
- NewLink Genetics, Inc./BioProtection Systems, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rick Nichols
- NewLink Genetics, Inc./BioProtection Systems, Ames, IA, USA
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Heppner DG, Kemp TL, Martin BK, Ramsey WJ, Nichols R, Dasen EJ, Link CJ, Das R, Xu ZJ, Sheldon EA, Nowak TA, Monath TP. Safety and immunogenicity of the rVSV∆G-ZEBOV-GP Ebola virus vaccine candidate in healthy adults: a phase 1b randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:854-866. [PMID: 28606591 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2014 Zaire Ebola virus outbreak highlighted the need for a safe, effective vaccine with a rapid onset of protection. We report the safety and immunogenicity of the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-Zaire Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein vaccine (rVSV∆G-ZEBOV-GP) across a 6 log10 dose range in two sequential cohorts. METHODS In this phase 1b double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study we enrolled and randomly assigned healthy adults (aged 18-61 years) at eight study sites in the USA to receive a single injection of vaccine or placebo, administered by intramuscular injection. In cohort 1, participants were assigned to receive 3 × 103, 3 × 104, 3 × 105, or 3 × 106 PFU doses of rVSV∆G-ZEBOV-GP or placebo. In cohort 2, participants were assigned to receive 3 × 106, 9 × 106, 2 × 107, or 1 × 108 PFU doses of rVSV∆G-ZEBOV-GP or placebo. Participants were centrally allocated by the study statistician to vaccine groups or placebo through computer-generated randomisation lists. The primary safety outcome was incidence of adverse events within 14 days in the modified intention-to-treat population (all randomly assigned participants who received vaccine or placebo), and the primary outcome for immunogenicity was IgG ELISA antibody titres at day 28 in the per-protocol population. Surveillance was enhanced for arthritis and dermatitis through to day 56. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02314923. FINDINGS Between Dec 26, 2014, and June 8, 2015, 513 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned; one was not immunised because of unsuccessful phlebotomy. In cohort 1, 256 participants received vaccine (3 × 103 [n=64], 3 × 104 [n=64], 3 × 105 [n=64], or 3 × 106 PFU [n=64]) and 74 received placebo. In cohort 2, 162 participants received vaccine (3 × 106 [n=20], 9 × 106 [n=47], 2 × 107 [n=47], or 1 × 108 PFU [n=48]) and 20 received placebo. Most adverse events occurred in the first day after vaccination, and were mild to moderate in intensity, of a short duration, and more frequent at high vaccine doses (9 × 106 PFU and greater). At the 2 × 107 PFU dose (used in phase 3 trials), the most common local adverse events versus placebo within the first 14 days were arm pain (57·4% [27 of 47] vs 7·4% [seven of 94]) and local tenderness (59·6% [28 of 47] vs 8·5% [eight of 94]). The most common systemic adverse events at the 2 × 107 PFU dose versus placebo, occurring in the first 14 days, were headache (46·8% [22 of 47] vs 27·7% [26 of 94]), fatigue (38·3% [18 of 47] vs 19·1% [18 of 94]), myalgia (34·0% [16 of 47] vs 10·6% [10 of 94]), subjective fever (29·8% [14 of 47] vs 2·1% [two of 94]), shivering or chills (27·7% [13 of 47] vs 7·4% [seven of 94]), sweats (23·4% [11 of 47] vs 3·2% [three of 94]), joint aches and pain (19·1% [nine of 47] vs 7·4% [seven of 94]), objective fever (14·9% [seven of 47] vs 1·1% [one of 94]), and joint tenderness or swelling (14·9% [seven of 47] vs 2·1% [two of 94]). Self-limited, post-vaccination arthritis occurred in 4·5% (19 of 418) of vaccinees (median onset 12·0 days [IQR 10-14]; median duration 8·0 days [6-15]) versus 3·2% (three of 94) of controls (median onset 15·0 days [6-20]; median duration 47·0 days [37-339]), with no apparent dose relationship. Post-vaccination dermatitis occurred in 5·7% (24 of 418) of vaccinees (median onset 9·0 days [IQR 2-12]; median duration 7·0 days [4-9]) versus 3·2% (three of 94) of controls (median onset 5·0 days [3-53]; median duration 33·0 days [5-370]). A low-level, transient, dose-dependent viraemia occurred in concert with early reactogenicity. Antibody responses were observed in most participants by day 14. IgG and neutralising antibody titres were dose-related (p=0·0003 for IgG ELISA and p<0·0001 for the 60% plaque-reduction neutralisation test [PRNT60] by linear trend). On day 28 at the 2 × 107 PFU dose, the geometric mean IgG ELISA endpoint titre was 1624 (95% CI 1146-2302) and seroconversion was 95·7% (95% CI 85·5-98·8); the geometric mean neutralising antibody titre by PRNT60 was 250 (176-355) and seroconversion was 95·7% (85·5-98·8). These robust immunological responses were sustained for 1 year. INTERPRETATION rVSV∆G-ZEBOV-GP was well tolerated and stimulated a rapid onset of binding and neutralising antibodies, which were maintained through to day 360. The immunogenicity results support selection of the 2 × 107 PFU dose. FUNDING Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, US Department of Health and Human Services.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gray Heppner
- Bioprotection Systems, NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA, USA; Devens, MA, USA.
| | - Tracy L Kemp
- Bioprotection Systems, NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA, USA; Devens, MA, USA
| | - Brian K Martin
- Bioprotection Systems, NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA, USA; Devens, MA, USA
| | - William J Ramsey
- Bioprotection Systems, NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA, USA; Devens, MA, USA
| | - Richard Nichols
- Bioprotection Systems, NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA, USA; Devens, MA, USA
| | - Emily J Dasen
- Bioprotection Systems, NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA, USA; Devens, MA, USA
| | - Charles J Link
- Bioprotection Systems, NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA, USA; Devens, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas P Monath
- Bioprotection Systems, NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA, USA; Devens, MA, USA
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Medaglini D, Siegrist CA. Immunomonitoring of human responses to the rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 23:88-94. [PMID: 28460340 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine is currently the only Ebola vaccine with demonstrated clinical efficacy in a ring-vaccination clinical trial. It has been shown to be reactogenic but immunogenic and safe in several Phase I clinical studies. However, its mechanisms of protection are unknown and available immunogenicity data are mostly limited to classical serological analysis; it is now of paramount importance to apply cutting-edge technologies, including transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, and to perform integrative analyses with standard serology and clinical data to comprehensively profile the rVSV-ZEBOV immune signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Chikungunya, Influenza, Nipah, and Semliki Forest Chimeric Viruses with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Actions in the Brain. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02154-16. [PMID: 28077641 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02154-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based chimeric viruses that include genes from other viruses show promise as vaccines and oncolytic viruses. However, the critical safety concern is the neurotropic nature conveyed by the VSV glycoprotein. VSVs that include the VSV glycoprotein (G) gene, even in most recombinant attenuated strains, can still show substantial adverse or lethal actions in the brain. Here, we test 4 chimeric viruses in the brain, including those in which glycoprotein genes from Nipah, chikungunya (CHIKV), and influenza H5N1 viruses were substituted for the VSV glycoprotein gene. We also test a virus-like vesicle (VLV) in which the VSV glycoprotein gene is expressed from a replicon encoding the nonstructural proteins of Semliki Forest virus. VSVΔG-CHIKV, VSVΔG-H5N1, and VLV were all safe in the adult mouse brain, as were VSVΔG viruses expressing either the Nipah F or G glycoprotein. In contrast, a complementing pair of VSVΔG viruses expressing Nipah G and F glycoproteins were lethal within the brain within a surprisingly short time frame of 2 days. Intranasal inoculation in postnatal day 14 mice with VSVΔG-CHIKV or VLV evoked no adverse response, whereas VSVΔG-H5N1 by this route was lethal in most mice. A key immune mechanism underlying the safety of VSVΔG-CHIKV, VSVΔG-H5N1, and VLV in the adult brain was the type I interferon response; all three viruses were lethal in the brains of adult mice lacking the interferon receptor, suggesting that the viruses can infect and replicate and spread in brain cells if not blocked by interferon-stimulated genes within the brain.IMPORTANCE Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) shows considerable promise both as a vaccine vector and as an oncolytic virus. The greatest limitation of VSV is that it is highly neurotropic and can be lethal within the brain. The neurotropism can be mostly attributed to the VSV G glycoprotein. Here, we test 4 chimeric viruses of VSV with glycoprotein genes from Nipah, chikungunya, and influenza viruses and nonstructural genes from Semliki Forest virus. Two of the four, VSVΔG-CHIKV and VLV, show substantially attenuated neurotropism and were safe in the healthy adult mouse brain. VSVΔG-H5N1 was safe in the adult brain but lethal in the younger brain. VSVΔG Nipah F+G was even more neurotropic than wild-type VSV, evoking a rapid lethal response in the adult brain. These results suggest that while chimeric VSVs show promise, each must be tested with both intranasal and intracranial administration to ensure the absence of lethal neurotropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Geisbert
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas 77550-0610, USA.
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Regules JA, Beigel JH, Paolino KM, Voell J, Castellano AR, Hu Z, Muñoz P, Moon JE, Ruck RC, Bennett JW, Twomey PS, Gutiérrez RL, Remich SA, Hack HR, Wisniewski ML, Josleyn MD, Kwilas SA, Van Deusen N, Mbaya OT, Zhou Y, Stanley DA, Jing W, Smith KS, Shi M, Ledgerwood JE, Graham BS, Sullivan NJ, Jagodzinski LL, Peel SA, Alimonti JB, Hooper JW, Silvera PM, Martin BK, Monath TP, Ramsey WJ, Link CJ, Lane HC, Michael NL, Davey RT, Thomas SJ. A Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Ebola Vaccine. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:330-341. [PMID: 25830322 PMCID: PMC5408576 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1414216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worst Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in history has resulted in more than 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths. We present the final results of two phase 1 trials of an attenuated, replication-competent, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based vaccine candidate designed to prevent EVD. METHODS We conducted two phase 1, placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose-escalation trials of an rVSV-based vaccine candidate expressing the glycoprotein of a Zaire strain of Ebola virus (ZEBOV). A total of 39 adults at each site (78 participants in all) were consecutively enrolled into groups of 13. At each site, volunteers received one of three doses of the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine (3 million plaque-forming units [PFU], 20 million PFU, or 100 million PFU) or placebo. Volunteers at one of the sites received a second dose at day 28. Safety and immunogenicity were assessed. RESULTS The most common adverse events were injection-site pain, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Transient rVSV viremia was noted in all the vaccine recipients after dose 1. The rates of adverse events and viremia were lower after the second dose than after the first dose. By day 28, all the vaccine recipients had seroconversion as assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against the glycoprotein of the ZEBOV-Kikwit strain. At day 28, geometric mean titers of antibodies against ZEBOV glycoprotein were higher in the groups that received 20 million PFU or 100 million PFU than in the group that received 3 million PFU, as assessed by ELISA and by pseudovirion neutralization assay. A second dose at 28 days after dose 1 significantly increased antibody titers at day 56, but the effect was diminished at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS This Ebola vaccine candidate elicited anti-Ebola antibody responses. After vaccination, rVSV viremia occurred frequently but was transient. These results support further evaluation of the vaccine dose of 20 million PFU for preexposure prophylaxis and suggest that a second dose may boost antibody responses. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; rVSV∆G-ZEBOV-GP ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02269423 and NCT02280408 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Regules
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - John H Beigel
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Kristopher M Paolino
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Jocelyn Voell
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Amy R Castellano
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Zonghui Hu
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Paula Muñoz
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - James E Moon
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Richard C Ruck
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Jason W Bennett
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Patrick S Twomey
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Ramiro L Gutiérrez
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Shon A Remich
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Holly R Hack
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Meagan L Wisniewski
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Matthew D Josleyn
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Steven A Kwilas
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Nicole Van Deusen
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Olivier Tshiani Mbaya
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Yan Zhou
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Daphne A Stanley
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Wang Jing
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Kirsten S Smith
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Meng Shi
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Barney S Graham
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Linda L Jagodzinski
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Sheila A Peel
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Judie B Alimonti
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Jay W Hooper
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Peter M Silvera
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Brian K Martin
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Thomas P Monath
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - W Jay Ramsey
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Charles J Link
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - H Clifford Lane
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Nelson L Michael
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Richard T Davey
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
| | - Stephen J Thomas
- From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (J.A.R., K.M.P., A.R.C., J.E.M., R.C.R., J.W.B., P.S.T., S.A.R., H.R.H., M.S., L.L.J., S.A.P., N.L.M., S.J.T.) and Naval Medical Research Center (R.L.G.), Silver Spring, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (J.H.B., W.J.), and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (M.L.W., M.D.J., S.A.K., N.V.D., K.S.S., J.W.H., P.M.S.), Frederick, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (J.V., Z.H., P.M., H.C.L., R.T.D.) and NIAID Vaccine Research Center (O.T.M., Y.Z., D.A.S., J.E.L., B.S.G., N.J.S.), Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (J.B.A.); and BioProtection Systems-NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA (B.K.M., T.P.M., W.J.R., C.J.L.)
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