1
|
Khan MB, Alam H, Siddiqui S, Shaikh MF, Sharma A, Rehman A, Baban B, Arbab AS, Hess DC. Exercise Improves Cerebral Blood Flow and Functional Outcomes in an Experimental Mouse Model of Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID). Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:446-461. [PMID: 36689081 PMCID: PMC10363247 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) are a growing threat to public health without any known treatment. The bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) mouse model is valid for VCID. Previously, we have reported that remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPostC) during chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) induced by BCAS increases cerebral blood flow (CBF), improves cognitive function, and reduces white matter damage. We hypothesized that physical exercise (EXR) would augment CBF during CCH and prevent cognitive impairment in the BCAS model. BCAS was performed in C57/B6 mice of both sexes to establish CCH. One week after the BCAS surgery, mice were randomized to treadmill exercise once daily or no EXR for four weeks. CBF was monitored with an LSCI pre-, post, and 4 weeks post-BCAS. Cognitive testing was performed for post-BCAS after exercise training, and brain tissue was harvested for histopathology and biochemical test. BCAS led to chronic hypoperfusion resulting in impaired cognitive function and other functional outcomes. Histological examination revealed that BCAS caused changes in neuronal morphology and cell death in the cortex and hippocampus. Immunoblotting showed that BCAS was associated with a significant downregulate of AMPK and pAMPK and NOS3 and pNOS3. BCAS also decreased red blood cell (RBC) deformability. EXR therapy increased and sustained improved CBF and cognitive function, muscular strength, reduced cell death, and loss of white matter. EXR is effective in the BCAS model, improving CBF and cognitive function, reducing white matter damage, improving RBC deformability, and increasing RBC NOS3 and AMPK. The mechanisms by which EXR improves CBF and attenuates tissue damage need further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Badruzzaman Khan
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15thStreet, CA 1053, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Haroon Alam
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15thStreet, CA 1053, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Shahneela Siddiqui
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15thStreet, CA 1053, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Muhammad Fasih Shaikh
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15thStreet, CA 1053, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Abhinav Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15thStreet, CA 1053, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Amna Rehman
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15thStreet, CA 1053, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ali S Arbab
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - David C Hess
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15thStreet, CA 1053, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Escher CE, Asken BM, Bunte AV, Fonseca C, You M, Kramer JH, Casaletto KB. Roles of physical activity and diet in cognitive aging: is more better? Clin Neuropsychol 2023; 37:286-303. [PMID: 35403566 PMCID: PMC10593423 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2022.2060867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To determine the synergistic effects of nutrition, specifically adherence to the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet, and physical activity on cognition and brain outcomes in a cross-sectional healthy aging cohort. Methods: A total of 132 adults (age range 52-91; Clinical Dementia Rating = 0) from the UCSF Brain Aging Project completed a 15-item MIND diet food frequency questionnaire and an 11-item self-report measure of weekly physical activity (Physical Activity Scale [PASE]). Cognitive outcomes included executive functioning, episodic memory, and language. Neuroimaging outcomes consisted of total grey matter volume and total white matter volume, adjusted for total intracranial volumes. All regression interaction models adjusted for age, sex, education, and a composite vascular burden score. Results: There was a significant interaction between PASE and MIND on executive functioning and total grey matter volume. Low levels of both related to disproportionately poorer cognitive and brain structural outcomes. Increasing levels of either, but not both, PASE or MIND related to better executive functioning and gray matter outcomes. For memory, language, and total white matter volume, the interaction between PASE and MIND showed the same directionality but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Higher levels of physical activity associated with better executive functioning and gray matter volume, particularly when diet was poor. Similarly, higher levels of MIND diet adherence were associated with better brain and cognitive outcomes when physical activity was low. However, highest levels of physical activity and MIND diet together did not necessarily lead to disproportionately better cognitive and brain volume outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. Escher
- University of California San Francisco
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital
- Palo Alto University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Islas-Preciado D, Splinter TFL, Ibrahim M, Black N, Wong S, Lieblich SE, Liu-Ambrose T, Barha CK, Galea LAM. Sex and BDNF Val66Met polymorphism matter for exercise-induced increase in neurogenesis and cognition in middle-aged mice. Horm Behav 2023; 148:105297. [PMID: 36623432 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Females show greater benefits of exercise on cognition in both humans and rodents, which may be related to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), the Val66Met polymorphism, within the human BDNF gene, causes impaired activity-dependent secretion of neuronal BDNF and impairments to some forms of memory. We evaluated whether sex and BDNF genotype (Val66Met polymorphism (Met/Met) versus wild-type (Val/Val)) influenced the ability of voluntary running to enhance cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. Middle-aged C57BL/6J (13 months) mice were randomly assigned to either a control or an aerobic training (AT) group (running disk access). Mice were trained on the visual discrimination and reversal paradigm in a touchscreen-based technology to evaluate cognitive flexibility. BDNF Met/Met mice had fewer correct responses compared to BDNF Val/Val mice on both cognitive tasks. Female BDNF Val/Val mice showed greater cognitive flexibility compared to male mice regardless of AT. Despite running less than BDNF Val/Val mice, AT improved performance in both cognitive tasks in BDNF Met/Met mice. AT increased neurogenesis in the ventral hippocampus of BDNF Val/Val mice of both sexes and increased the proportion of mature type 3 doublecortin-expressing cells in the dorsal hippocampus of female mice only. Our results indicate AT improved cognitive performance in BDNF Met/Met mice and increased hippocampal neurogenesis in BDNF Val/Val mice in middle age. Furthermore, middle-aged female mice may benefit more from AT than males in terms of neuroplasticity, an effect that was influenced by the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dannia Islas-Preciado
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada; Dajavad Mowifaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Canada; Lab de Neuropsicofarmacología, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México 14370, México
| | | | - Muna Ibrahim
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Natasha Black
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah Wong
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Canada; Dajavad Mowifaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cindy K Barha
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Canada; Dajavad Mowifaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada; Dajavad Mowifaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Choi HJ, Chen TX, Hou MJ, Song JH, Li P, Liu CF, Wang P, Zhu BT. Protection against glutathione depletion-associated oxidative neuronal death by neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine: Protein disulfide isomerase as a mechanistic target for neuroprotection. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2527-2541. [PMID: 35347247 PMCID: PMC9525605 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00891-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is extensively involved in neurodegeneration. Clinical evidence shows that keeping the mind active through mentally-stimulating physical activities can effectively slow down the progression of neurodegeneration. With increased physical activities, more neurotransmitters would be released in the brain. In the present study, we investigated whether some of the released neurotransmitters might have a beneficial effect against oxidative neurodegeneration in vitro. Glutamate-induced, glutathione depletion-associated oxidative cytotoxicity in HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells was used as an experimental model. We showed that norepinephrine (NE, 50 µM) or dopamine (DA, 50 µM) exerted potent protective effect against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity, but this effect was not observed when other neurotransmitters such as histamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, glycine and acetylcholine were tested. In glutamate-treated HT22 cells, both NE and DA significantly suppressed glutathione depletion-associated mitochondrial dysfunction including mitochondrial superoxide accumulation, ATP depletion and mitochondrial AIF release. Moreover, both NE and DA inhibited glutathione depletion-associated MAPKs activation, p53 phosphorylation and GADD45α activation. Molecular docking analysis revealed that NE and DA could bind to protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). In biochemical enzymatic assay in vitro, NE and DA dose-dependently inhibited the reductive activity of PDI. We further revealed that the protective effect of NE and DA against glutamate-induced oxidative cytotoxicity was mediated through inhibition of PDI-catalyzed dimerization of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that NE and DA may have a protective effect against oxidative neurodegeneration through inhibition of protein disulfide isomerase and the subsequent activation of the MAPKs‒p53‒GADD45α oxidative cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Joung Choi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Tong-Xiang Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Ming-Jie Hou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Ji Hoon Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, and Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Bao Ting Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
DuBose LE, Weng TB, Pierce GL, Wharff C, Reist L, Hamilton C, O'Deen A, Dubishar K, Lane-Cordova A, Voss MW. Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and cerebrovascular reactivity to a breath-hold stimulus in older adults: influence of aerobic exercise training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:1468-1479. [PMID: 35482329 PMCID: PMC9208436 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00599.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to a physiological stimulus is a commonly used surrogate of cerebrovascular health. Cross-sectional studies using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) neuroimaging demonstrated lower BOLD-CVR to hypercapnia among adults with high compared with lower cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in contrast to transcranial Doppler studies. However, whether BOLD-CVR changes following chronic aerobic exercise in older, cognitively intact adults is unclear. This study evaluated relations between BOLD-CVR with CRF (V̇o2peak) using a cross-sectional and interventional study design. We hypothesized that 1) greater CRF would be associated with lower BOLD-CVR in older adults (n = 114; 65 ± 6.5 yr) with a wide range of CRF and 2) BOLD-CVR would be attenuated after exercise training in a subset (n = 33) randomized to 3-mo of moderate- or light-intensity cycling. CVR was quantified as the change in the BOLD signal in response to acute hypercapnia using a blocked breath-hold design from a region-of-interest analysis for cortical networks. In the cross-sectional analysis, there was a quadratic relation between V̇o2peak (P = 0.03), but not linear (P = 0.87) and cortical BOLD-CVR. BOLD-CVR increased until a V̇o2peak ∼28 mL/kg/min after which BOLD-CVR declined. The nonlinear trend was consistent across all networks (P = 0.04-0.07). In the intervention, both the active and light-intensity exercise groups improved CRF similarly (6% vs. 10.8%, P = 0.28). The percent change in CRF was positively associated with change in BOLD-CVR in the default mode network only. These data suggest that BOLD-CVR is nonlinearly associated with CRF and that in lower-fit adults default mode network may be most sensitive to CRF-related increases in BOLD-CVR.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Earlier studies evaluating associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) have demonstrated conflicting findings dependent on imaging modality or subject characteristics in individuals across a narrow range of CRF. This study demonstrates that CRF is nonlinearly associated with CVR measured by blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI in a large sample of middle-aged and older adults across a wide range of CRF, suggesting that conflicting prior findings are related to the range of CRFs studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey E DuBose
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Timothy B Weng
- Department Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Gary L Pierce
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Conner Wharff
- Department Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Lauren Reist
- Department Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Chase Hamilton
- Department Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Abby O'Deen
- Department Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kaitlyn Dubishar
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Abbi Lane-Cordova
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Michelle W Voss
- Department Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cheatham CL, Nieman DC, Neilson AP, Lila MA. Enhancing the Cognitive Effects of Flavonoids With Physical Activity: Is There a Case for the Gut Microbiome? Front Neurosci 2022; 16:833202. [PMID: 35273477 PMCID: PMC8902155 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.833202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related cognitive changes can be the first indication of the progression to dementias, such as Alzheimer's disease. These changes may be driven by a complex interaction of factors including diet, activity levels, genetics, and environment. Here we review the evidence supporting relationships between flavonoids, physical activity, and brain function. Recent in vivo experiments and human clinical trials have shown that flavonoid-rich foods can inhibit neuroinflammation and enhance cognitive performance. Improved cognition has also been correlated with a physically active lifestyle, and with the functionality and diversity of the gut microbiome. The great majority (+ 90%) of dietary flavonoids are biotransformed into phytoactive phenolic metabolites at the gut microbiome level prior to absorption, and these prebiotic flavonoids modulate microbiota profiles and diversity. Health-relevant outcomes from flavonoid ingestion may only be realized in the presence of a robust microbiome. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) accelerates the catabolism and uptake of these gut-derived anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory metabolites into circulation. The gut microbiome exerts a profound influence on cognitive function; moderate exercise and flavonoid intake influence cognitive benefits; and exercise and flavonoid intake influence the microbiome. We conclude that there is a potential for combined impacts of flavonoid intake and physical exertion on cognitive function, as modulated by the gut microbiome, and that the combination of a flavonoid-rich diet and routine aerobic exercise may potentiate cognitive benefits and reduce cognitive decline in an aging population, via mechanisms mediated by the gut microbiome. Mechanistic animal studies and human clinical interventions are needed to further explore this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol L. Cheatham
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - David C. Nieman
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Andrew P. Neilson
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ojha P, Dixit A. Olfactory training for Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19: A promising mitigation amidst looming neurocognitive sequelae of the pandemic. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 49:462-473. [PMID: 35090056 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a recognized symptom of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is independently associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, the central nervous system manifestations in patients infected with the coronavirus -2019 (COVID-19) have demonstrated cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric manifestations. Hence, OD in COVID -19 necessitates perusal of its' mechanism and available treatment options to avert possible development of neurocognitive sequelae of the pandemic. The article presents a literature review organized from the published information about olfactory training (OT) for OD during COVID-19. The methodology comprised retrieval of available literature from database searches and subsequent scrutinization of relevant information. Inferentially, Injury to the sustentacular cells, possessing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors, is an important mechanism causing OD in COVID-19. OD may be prolonged in severe cases of anosmia predisposing to neurodegenerative and cognitive impairment in COVID-19 infection. OT demonstrates an effective treatment for OD based on human and animal-derived evidence through recent studies. It curtails the progression of OD, besides inducing neural rearrangement and changes in functional connectivity in patients receiving OT. Additionally, contemporary reports support that the administration of OT for COVID-induced anosmia is effective and encompasses no significant adverse effects. The present review highlights the prominence of olfactory training as a recommended intervention for OD in COVID-19. This review can guide the clinicians in curbing neurological repercussions of COVID besides enhancing cognitive rehabilitation through olfactory training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Ojha
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhinav Dixit
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Williams CR, Burnell SM, Rogers M, Flies EJ, Baldock KL. Nature-Based Citizen Science as a Mechanism to Improve Human Health in Urban Areas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:68. [PMID: 35010326 PMCID: PMC8751081 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The world is becoming increasingly urbanised, impacting human interactions with natural environments (NEs). NEs take a number of forms, ranging from pristine, modified, to built NEs, which are common in many urban areas. NEs may include nature-based solutions, such as introducing nature elements and biological processes into cities that are used to solve problems created by urbanisation. Whilst urbanisation has negative impacts on human health, impacting mental and physical wellbeing through a number of mechanisms, exposure to NEs may improve human health and wellbeing. Here, we review the mechanisms by which health can be improved by exposure to NEs, as explained by Stress Reduction Theory, Attention Restoration Theory, and the 'Old Friends'/biodiversity hypothesis. Such exposures may have physiological and immunological benefits, mediated through endocrine pathways and altered microbiota. Citizen Science, which often causes exposure to NEs and social activity, is being increasingly used to not only collect scientific data but also to engage individuals and communities. Despite being a named component of scientific and environmental strategies of governments, to our knowledge, the intrinsic health benefits of Citizen Science in NEs do not form part of public health policy. We contend that Citizen Science programs that facilitate exposure to NEs in urban areas may represent an important public health policy advance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig R. Williams
- UniSA Clinical and Health Science, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (S.M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Sophie M. Burnell
- UniSA Clinical and Health Science, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (S.M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Michelle Rogers
- UniSA Clinical and Health Science, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (S.M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Emily J. Flies
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;
| | - Katherine L. Baldock
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Resistance exercise improves learning and memory and modulates hippocampal metabolomic profile in aged rats. Neurosci Lett 2021; 766:136322. [PMID: 34737021 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity has been considered an important non-medication intervention to preserve mnemonic processes during aging. However, how resistance exercise promotes such benefits remains unclear. A possible hypothesis is that brain-metabolic changes of regions responsible for memory consolidation is affected by muscular training. Therefore, we analyzed the memory, axiety and the metabolomic of aged male Wistar rats (19-20 months old in the 1st day of experiment) submitted to a 12-week resistance exercise protocol (EX, n = 11) or which remained without physical exercise (CTL, n = 13). Barnes maze, elevated plus maze and inhibitory avoidance tests were used to assess the animals' behaviour. The metabolomic profile was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. EX group had better performance in the tests of learning and spatial memory in Barnes maze, and an increase of short and long-term aversive memories formation in inhibitory avoidance. In addition, the exercised animals showed a greater amount of metabolites, such as 4-aminobutyrate, acetate, butyrate, choline, fumarate, glycerol, glycine, histidine, hypoxanthine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, niacinamide, phenylalanine, succinate, tyrosine, valine and a reduction of ascorbate and aspartate compared to the control animals. These data indicate that the improvement in learning and memory of aged rats submitted to resistance exercise program is associated by changes in the hippocampal metabolomic profile.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sollai G, Crnjar R. Age-Related Olfactory Decline Is Associated With Levels of Exercise and Non-exercise Physical Activities. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:695115. [PMID: 34504418 PMCID: PMC8423134 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.695115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This cross-sectional study evaluates the impact of active or non-active lifestyle in terms of physical, cognitive and social activity on the olfactory function in Elderly Subjects (ES) and aims at looking for a correlation between the time devoted to life activities and the score obtained during the olfactory tests by each individual. Methods: One hundred and twenty-two elderly volunteers were recruited in Sardinia (Italy) and divided into active ES (n = 60; 17 men, 43 women; age 67.8 ± 1.12 years) and inactive ES (n = 62; 21 men, 41 women, age 71.1 ± 1.14 years) based on their daily physical activities. The olfactory function was evaluated using the “Sniffin’s Sticks” battery test, while the assessment of daily activities was made by means of personal interviews. Results: A significant effect of active or inactive lifestyle was found on the olfactory function of ES (F(1,120) > 10.16; p < 0.005). A positive correlation was found between the olfactory scores and the number of hours per week dedicated to physical activities (Pearson’s r > 0.32, p ≤ 0.014) in both active and inactive ES. Conclusions: High levels of exercise and non-exercise physical activity are strongly associated with the olfactory function and, consequently, with the quality of life of the elderly. Given the limited physical exercise of elderly people, they can benefit from a more active lifestyle by increasing non-exercise physical activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Sollai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Crnjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The search for human cognitive uniqueness often relied on low ecological tests with subjects experiencing unnatural ontogeny. Recently, neuroscience demonstrated the significance of a rich environment on the development of brain structures and cognitive abilities. This stresses the importance to consider the prior knowledge that subjects bring in any experiment. Second, recent developments in multivariate statistics control precisely for a number of factors and their interactions. Making controls in natural observations equivalent and sometimes superior to captive experimental studies without the drawbacks of the latter methods. Thus, we can now investigate complex cognition by accounting for many different factors, as required when solving tasks in nature. Combining both progresses allows us to move toward an “experience-specific cognition”, recognizing that cognition varies extensively in nature as individuals adapt to the precise challenges they experience in life. Such cognitive specialization makes cross-species comparisons more complex, while potentially identifying human cognitive uniqueness.
Collapse
|
12
|
Chimpanzees' technical reasoning: Taking fieldwork and ontogeny seriously. Behav Brain Sci 2020; 43:e158. [PMID: 32772999 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x2000028x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Following the tradition of comparing humans with chimpanzees placed under unfavorable conditions, the authors suggest many uniquely human technological abilities. However, chimpanzees use spontaneously tools in nature to achieve many different goals demonstrating technological skills and reasoning contradicting the authors contrast. Chimpanzees and humans develop skills through the experiences faced during their upbringing and neglecting this leads to fake conclusions.
Collapse
|
13
|
Furtado GE, Caldo A, Vieira-Pedrosa A, Letieri RV, Hogervorst E, Teixeira AM, Ferreira JP. Emotional Well-Being and Cognitive Function Have Robust Relationship With Physical Frailty in Institutionalized Older Women. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1568. [PMID: 32765358 PMCID: PMC7378677 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Frailty associated to core dimensions of psychological well-being (PwB) has appeared as a possible new frailty phenotype named psychological frailty, implying a parallel to physical frailty (PF). Very little is known about the associations between mental well-being, especially emotional, mood, and self-perception dimensions, and the frailty syndrome in institutionalized older populations. The present study aims to examine the interlink between the PF phenotype and the core dimensions of PwB in Portuguese institution-dwelling older women. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected. A total of 358 older women, aged 75 years or more, were recruited from four nursing homes within the city of Coimbra and asked to complete a sociodemographic and a general health assessment survey. The main PwB dimensions were assessed in all participants: (i) global cognitive status was assessed using The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Neuropsychology Test, (ii) self-perception was screened using the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and Global Self-Esteem Scale, (iii) CES-D of depression and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) were used to screen mood states, and (iv) subjective happiness, satisfaction with life, and attitudes to aging psychometric rating scales were used to screen for emotional well-being. The syndrome of PF was assessed using Fried’s PF phenotype that includes weight loss, weakness, slowness, exhaustion, and low physical activity (PA) level assessments. Results Frail older women had a poor score in all PwB outcomes, except for global self-esteem and satisfaction with life. A hierarchical regression model analysis showed that global cognitive status and emotional well-being of subjective happiness and attitude to aging showed a significant negative relationship with PF in both unadjusted and adjusted models (explaining 34 and 40% of variance, respectively). Conclusion Emotional well-being and global cognitive performance are strongly associated with PF. Implementing active lifestyle interventions to improve positive psychological outcomes using geriatric assessments could assist in the older institutionalized patients’ physical and mental health care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado
- University of Coimbra - Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019), Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education (FCDEF-UC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adriana Caldo
- University of Coimbra - Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019), Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education (FCDEF-UC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Vieira-Pedrosa
- University of Coimbra - Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019), Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education (FCDEF-UC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rubens Vinícius Letieri
- Multidisciplinary Research Nucleus in Physical Education (NIMEF), Physical Education Department, Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Tocantinópolis, Brazil
| | - Eef Hogervorst
- Applied Cognitive Research NCSEM, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- University of Coimbra - Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019), Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education (FCDEF-UC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Pedro Ferreira
- University of Coimbra - Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019), Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education (FCDEF-UC), Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Betwixt and between: a surgical post-acute treatment unit (SPA) for the optimal care of elderly patients with isolated hip fractures. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 31:1743-1753. [PMID: 30968288 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A performance improved project identified elderly trauma patients to have a disproportionate incidence of complications. AIMS The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of a small specialty care unit to decrease complications in patients who no longer warrant care in an intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS A surgical post-acute treatment unit (SPA) was developed with focused attention to cognition, nutrition, respiration, and mobilization needs of patients who no longer had physiologic need for an intensive care unit environment, but were still in need of increased attention at the bedside. RESULTS While ICU and hospital lengths of stay were unchanged, patients placed in the SPA experienced less complications and required less unplanned ICU re-admissions. DISCUSSION Geriatric patients, especially the elderly, are not simply old adults. They have unique needs as a consequence of the aging process, which can be encompassed by four pillars of intercession: cognition, nutrition, respiration, and mobilization. CONCLUSIONS By adapting a physical environment supported by bedside attention to address the interwoven needs of geriatric and elderly patients who no longer care in an ICU, complications and unplanned return admissions to the ICU can be decreased. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
Collapse
|
15
|
Doty RL. Treatments for smell and taste disorders: A critical review. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 164:455-479. [PMID: 31604562 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A key concern of both the patient and physician is whether treatment is available that will eliminate or quell a given chemosensory disturbance. In cases where obvious oral, nasal, or intracranial pathology is involved, rational straightforward approaches to treatment are often available. In cases where damage to the sensory pathways is secondary to chronic inflammatory disease, trauma, viral invasion, toxic exposure, or unknown causes, the direction for therapy is more challenging. Indeed, many chemosensory disorders, if present for any period of time, cannot be reversed, while others spontaneously remit without any therapeutic intervention. This review assesses the strengths and weaknesses of more than two dozen approaches to treatment that have been suggested for a wide range of taste and smell disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zucchella C, Sinforiani E, Tamburin S, Federico A, Mantovani E, Bernini S, Casale R, Bartolo M. The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1058. [PMID: 30619031 PMCID: PMC6300511 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia are chronic diseases with progressive deterioration of cognition, function, and behavior leading to severe disability and death. The prevalence of AD and dementia is constantly increasing because of the progressive aging of the population. These conditions represent a considerable challenge to patients, their family and caregivers, and the health system, because of the considerable need for resources allocation. There is no disease modifying intervention for AD and dementia, and the symptomatic pharmacological treatments has limited efficacy and considerable side effects. Non-pharmacological treatment (NPT), which includes a wide range of approaches and techniques, may play a role in the treatment of AD and dementia. Aim: To review, with a narrative approach, current evidence on main NPTs for AD and dementia. Methods: PubMed and the Cochrane database of systematic reviews were searched for studies written in English and published from 2000 to 2018. The bibliography of the main articles was checked to detect other relevant papers. Results: The role of NPT has been largely explored in AD and dementia. The main NPT types, which were reviewed here, include exercise and motor rehabilitation, cognitive rehabilitation, NPT for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, occupational therapy, psychological therapy, complementary and alternative medicine, and new technologies, including information and communication technologies, assistive technology and domotics, virtual reality, gaming, and telemedicine. We also summarized the role of NPT to address caregivers' burden. Conclusions: Although NPT is often applied in the multidisciplinary approach to AD and dementia, supporting evidence for their use is still preliminary. Some studies showed statistically significant effect of NPT on some outcomes, but their clinical significance is uncertain. Well-designed randomized controlled trials with innovative designs are needed to explore the efficacy of NPT in AD and dementia. Further studies are required to offer robust neurobiological grounds for the effect of NPT, and to examine its cost-efficacy profile in patients with dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Sinforiani
- Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Unit, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Neurology Unit, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Angela Federico
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Mantovani
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Bernini
- Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Unit, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Casale
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, Department of Rehabilitation, HABILITA, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Bartolo
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, Department of Rehabilitation, HABILITA, Bergamo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Alagiakrishnan K, Mah D, Gyenes G. Cardiac rehabilitation and its effects on cognition in patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2018; 16:645-652. [PMID: 30092659 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2018.1510318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac rehabilitation program is an evidence-based intervention and established model of exercise delivery following myocardial infarction and heart failure. Although it forms an important part of recovery and helps to prevent future events and complications, there has been little focus on its potential cognitive benefits. Areas covered: Coronary artery disease and heart failure are common heart problems associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and cognitive decline is commonly seen in affected individuals. Cognitive impairment may influence patient self-management by reducing medication adherence, rendering patients unable to make lifestyle modifications and causing missed healthcare visits. Cognitive assessment in cardiac rehabilitation as an outcome measure has the potential to improve clinical, functional and behavioral domains as well as help to reduce gaps in the quality of care in these patients. Expert commentary: Limited evidence at present has shown that cardiac rehabilitation and exercise has potential in preventing cognitive decline. Cardiac prehabilitation, a rehabilitation-like program delivered before cardiac surgery, may also play a role in preventing postoperative cognitive dysfunction, but needs future research studies to support it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Darren Mah
- a Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Gabor Gyenes
- a Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lorthios-Guilledroit A, Parisien M, Nour K, Fournier B, Guay D, Bier N. Cognitive Health Promotion Program for Community-Dwelling Seniors: Who Are We Reaching? J Appl Gerontol 2018; 39:588-600. [PMID: 30051745 DOI: 10.1177/0733464818790190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This exploratory study examines the reach of Jog Your Mind, a multifactorial community-based program promoting cognitive vitality among seniors with no known cognitive impairment. The aim was to determine whether the program successfully reached its target population and to compare the characteristics of participants (sociodemographic, health, lifestyle, attitudes, and cognitive profile) with the general population of seniors. Twenty-three community organizations recruited 294 community-dwelling seniors willing to participate in the program. Descriptive analyses revealed that the participants were mostly Canadian-born educated women living alone. Participants' health profile and lifestyle behaviors were fairly similar to those of seniors in Québec and Canada. A large proportion of the participants were concerned about their memory. These results suggest that the program did not attract many hard-to-reach members of the population and reached seniors who may have had some cognitive challenges. Cues to action for improving the reach of cognitive health promotion programs are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Lorthios-Guilledroit
- Centre for Research and Expertise in Social Gerontology (CREGÉS), Integrated Health and Social Services University Network for West-Central Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Manon Parisien
- Centre for Research and Expertise in Social Gerontology (CREGÉS), Integrated Health and Social Services University Network for West-Central Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kareen Nour
- Direction de santé publique, CISSS Montérégie-centre, Longueuil, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Danielle Guay
- Centre for Research and Expertise in Social Gerontology (CREGÉS), Integrated Health and Social Services University Network for West-Central Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Farzi MA, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Ebrahimi K, Talebi M. Exercise Improves Recognition Memory and Acetylcholinesterase Activity in the Beta Amyloid-Induced Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Ann Neurosci 2018; 25:121-125. [PMID: 30814820 DOI: 10.1159/000488580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective A correlation between physical exercise and cognitive improvement has been found in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on the recognition memory and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in beta amyloid (Aβ) model of AD in rat. Materials and Methods Fifty male 8-week-old Wistar rats (250-280 g) were divided into 5 groups (n = 10 each) of control, sham surgery, Aβ-received sedentary, Aβ-received with aerobic exercise and Aβ-received with resistance exercise. AD was induced by intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ25-35 peptide. The sham surgery group received normal saline using the same route and condition. Two groups of Aβ-received animals were trained by treadmill for aerobic exercise and by ladder for strength exercise for 8 weeks (4 days/week). Novel object recognition (NOR) task was used to assess recognitional memory in groups. AChE activity in the brain tissue was assessed using the Spectrophotometry method. Results There was no significant difference in memory index and AChE activity between the sham surgery and control groups (p > 0.05). Also, impairment of NOR indices was seen in the Aβ-injected sedentary rats (p < 0.05). However, both aerobic and strength training improved the exploration index in this test (p < 0.05). Further, AChE activity increased in the Aβ-injected sedentary group but declined in the aerobic and resistance exercise groups (p < 0.01). Conclusion Aerobic and resistance exercise could improve recognition memory and decrease AChE activity in Aβ-induced AD in rats. The decrease in AChE activity may be one of the mechanisms by which exercise improves cognition and memory in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Farzi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Neurology, Imam Reza Medical Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Ebrahimi
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Talebi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Neurology, Imam Reza Medical Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Frith E, Loprinzi PD. Physical activity is associated with higher cognitive function among adults at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Complement Ther Med 2018; 36:46-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
21
|
Cho J, Jin Y, Lee I, Hong H, Kim D, Park S, Kang H. Physical inactivity and cognitive impairment in Korean older adults: gender differences in potential covariates. Ann Hum Biol 2017; 44:729-737. [PMID: 29037073 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2017.1392604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity is one major lifestyle risk factor of mild cognitive impairment with ageing. AIM To investigate whether or not potential covariates modulate the association between physical activity (PA) and cognitive impairment in older adults. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Data from 10 245 Korean older adults (5817 women) were used. RESULTS High PA older adults were younger and longer educated and had lower comorbidity and depression than low PA older adults. Compared with low PA men, moderate PA men only had a significantly lower odds-ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) (OR = 0.795, 95% CI = 0.654 ∼ 0.965, p = 0.021) for having cognitive impairment, even after adjusting for measured covariates, which was no longer significant when additionally adjusted for comorbidity (OR = 0.862, 95% CI = 0.707 ∼ 1.051, p = 0.143). Compared with low PA women, moderate and high PA women had significantly lower risks of cognitive impairment (OR = 0.830, 95% CI = 0.712 ∼ 0.969, p = 0.018 and OR = 0.784, 95% CI = 0.651 ∼ 0.943, p = 0.010, respectively), even after adjusting for the measured covariates including comorbidity, which was no longer significant when additionally adjusted for depression (OR = 0.897, 95% CI = 0.776 ∼ 1.049, p = 0.173 and OR = 0.919, 95% CI = 0.761 ∼ 1.111, p = 0.385, respectively). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that gender differences in the covariates modulate the relationship between physical activity and cognitive decline in older Korean adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Cho
- a College of Sport Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Youngyun Jin
- a College of Sport Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Inhwan Lee
- a College of Sport Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Haeryun Hong
- a College of Sport Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- a College of Sport Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Park
- a College of Sport Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsik Kang
- a College of Sport Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brown BM, Rainey-Smith SR, Castalanelli N, Gordon N, Markovic S, Sohrabi HR, Weinborn M, Laws SM, Doecke J, Shen K, Martins RN, Peiffer JJ. Study protocol of the Intense Physical Activity and Cognition study: The effect of high-intensity exercise training on cognitive function in older adults. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2017; 3:562-570. [PMID: 29124115 PMCID: PMC5671630 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Inconsistent results from previous studies of exercise and cognitive function suggest that rigorously designed randomized controlled trials are urgently needed. Here, we describe the design of the Intense Physical Activity and Cognition (IPAC) study, which will assess the impact of a 6-month high-intensity exercise intervention on cognitive function and biomarkers of dementia risk, compared with a 6-month moderate-intensity exercise intervention and control group (no study-related exercise). Methods One-hundred and five cognitively healthy men and women aged between 60 and 80 years are randomized into a high-intensity exercise, moderate-intensity exercise, or control group. Individuals randomized to an exercise intervention undertake 6 months of cycle-based exercise twice a week, at 50 minutes per session. All participants undergo comprehensive neuropsychological testing, blood sampling, brain magnetic resonance imaging, fitness testing, and a body composition scan at baseline, 6 months (immediately after intervention), and 18 months (12 months after intervention). Discussion The IPAC study takes a multidisciplinary approach to investigating the role of exercise in maintaining a healthy brain throughout aging. Rigorous monitoring of exertion and adherence throughout the intervention, combined with repeated measures of fitness, is vital in ensuring an optimum exercise dose is reached. Results from the IPAC study will be used to inform a large-scale multicentre randomized controlled trial, with the ultimate aim of pinpointing the frequency, duration, and intensity of exercise that provides the most benefit to the brain, in terms of enhancing cognitive function and reducing dementia risk in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda M. Brown
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +618 9360 6193. Fax: +618 6457 0270.
| | - Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Natalie Castalanelli
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole Gordon
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shaun Markovic
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hamid R. Sohrabi
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Weinborn
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon M. Laws
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Collaborative Genomics Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - James Doecke
- Co-operative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian eHealth Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kaikai Shen
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian eHealth Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J. Peiffer
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Socioeconomic, emotional, and physical execution variables as predictors of cognitive performance in a Spanish sample of middle-aged and older community-dwelling participants. Int Psychogeriatr 2017; 29:1669-1680. [PMID: 28660844 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610217001144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive performance is not easily predicted, since different variables play an important role in the manifestation of age-related declines. The objective of this study is to analyze the predictors of cognitive performance in a Spanish sample over 50 years from a multidimensional perspective, including socioeconomic, affective, and physical variables. Some of them are well-known predictors of cognition and others are emergent variables in the study of cognition. METHODS The total sample, drawn from the "Longitudinal Study Aging in Spain (ELES)" project, consisted of 832 individuals without signs of cognitive impairment. Cognitive function was measured with tests evaluating episodic and working memory, visuomotor speed, fluency, and naming. Thirteen independent variables were selected as predictors belonging to socioeconomic, emotional, and physical execution areas. Multiple linear regressions, following the enter method, were calculated for each age group in order to study the influence of these variables in cognitive performance. RESULTS Education is the variable which best predicts cognitive performance in the 50-59, 60-69, and 70-79 years old groups. In the 80+ group, the best predictor is objective economic status and education does not enter in the model. CONCLUSIONS Age-related decline can be modified by the influence of educational and socioeconomic variables. In this context, it is relevant to take into account how easy is to modify certain variables, compared to others which depend on each person's life course.
Collapse
|
24
|
Stillman CM, Lopez OL, Becker JT, Kuller LH, Mehta PD, Tracy RP, Erickson KI. Physical activity predicts reduced plasma β amyloid in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:284-291. [PMID: 28491896 PMCID: PMC5420805 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Higher levels of physical activity (PA) reduce the risk of cognitive impairment, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Using longitudinal data from the Cardiovascular Health Study, we examined whether PA predicted plasma Aβ levels and risk for cognitive decline 9–13 years later. Methods Linear and logistic regressions (controlling for APOE status, age, gender, body mass index, cardiovascular disease, brain white matter lesions, and cystatin C levels) tested associations between PA, Aβ, and cognitive impairment in a sample of 149 cognitively normal older adults (mean age 83 years). Results More PA at baseline predicted lower levels of Aβ 9–13 years later. Higher Aβ levels at year 9 predicted greater risk for cognitive impairment at year 13. Levels of Aβ at year 9 mediated the relationship between PA and cognitive impairment. Interpretation Greater PA may reduce plasma levels of a neurotoxic peptide at an age when the risk for cognitive impairment is especially high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Stillman
- Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - James T Becker
- Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.,Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Lewis H Kuller
- Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Pankaj D Mehta
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities Staten Island New York
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington Vermont
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Griep Y, Hanson LM, Vantilborgh T, Janssens L, Jones SK, Hyde M. Can volunteering in later life reduce the risk of dementia? A 5-year longitudinal study among volunteering and non-volunteering retired seniors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173885. [PMID: 28301554 PMCID: PMC5354395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose that voluntary work, characterized by social, physical and cognitive activity in later life is associated with fewer cognitive problems and lower dementia rates. We test these assumptions using 3-wave, self-reported, and registry data from the 2010, 2012, and 2014 Swedish National Prescribed Drug Register. We had three groups of seniors in our data: 1) no volunteering (N = 531), 2) discontinuous volunteering (N = 220), and 3) continuous volunteering (N = 250). We conducted a path analysis in Mplus to investigate the effect of voluntary work (discontinuously and continuously) on self-reported cognitive complaints and the likelihood of being prescribed an anti-dementia treatment after controlling for baseline and relevant background variables. Our results indicated that seniors, who continuously volunteered, reported a decrease in their cognitive complaints over time, whereas no such associations were found for the other groups. In addition, they were 2.44 (95%CI [1.86; 3.21]) and 2.46 (95%CI [1,89; 3.24]) times less likely to be prescribed an anti-dementia treatment in 2012 and 2014, respectively. Our results largely support the assumptions that voluntary work in later life is associated with lower self-reported cognitive complaints and a lower risk for dementia, relative to those who do not engage, or only engage episodically in voluntary work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Griep
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Tim Vantilborgh
- Work and Organizational Psychology (WOPs), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | | | | | - Martin Hyde
- Centre for Innovative Ageing, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kandola A, Hendrikse J, Lucassen PJ, Yücel M. Aerobic Exercise as a Tool to Improve Hippocampal Plasticity and Function in Humans: Practical Implications for Mental Health Treatment. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:373. [PMID: 27524962 PMCID: PMC4965462 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise (AE) has been widely praised for its potential benefits to cognition and overall brain and mental health. In particular, AE has a potent impact on promoting the function of the hippocampus and stimulating neuroplasticity. As the evidence-base rapidly builds, and given most of the supporting work can be readily translated from animal models to humans, the potential for AE to be applied as a therapeutic or adjunctive intervention for a range of human conditions appears ever more promising. Notably, many psychiatric and neurological disorders have been associated with hippocampal dysfunction, which may underlie the expression of certain symptoms common to these disorders, including (aspects of) cognitive dysfunction. Augmenting existing treatment approaches using AE based interventions may promote hippocampal function and alleviate cognitive deficits in various psychiatric disorders that currently remain untreated. Incorporating non-pharmacological interventions into clinical treatment may also have a number of other benefits to patient well being, such as limiting the risk of adverse side effects. This review incorporates both animal and human literature to comprehensively detail how AE is associated with cognitive enhancements and stimulates a cascade of neuroplastic mechanisms that support improvements in hippocampal functioning. Using the examples of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, the utility and implementation of an AE intervention to the clinical domain will be proposed, aimed to reduce cognitive deficits in these, and related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Kandola
- Brain and Mental Health Lab, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, MelbourneVIC, Australia; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joshua Hendrikse
- Brain and Mental Health Lab, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Centre for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Murat Yücel
- Brain and Mental Health Lab, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Teixeira AM, Ferreira JP, Hogervorst E, Braga MF, Bandelow S, Rama L, Figueiredo A, Campos MJ, Furtado GE, Chupel MU, Pedrosa FM. Study Protocol on Hormonal Mediation of Exercise on Cognition, Stress and Immunity (PRO-HMECSI): Effects of Different Exercise Programmes in Institutionalized Elders. Front Public Health 2016; 4:133. [PMID: 27446898 PMCID: PMC4921497 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) in elders has been shown to have positive effects on a plethora of chronic diseases and to improve immunity, mental health, and cognition. Chronic stress has also been shown to have immuno-suppressive effects and to accelerate immunosenescence. Exercise could be a significant factor in ameliorating the deleterious effects of chronic stress, but variables such as the type, intensity, and frequency of exercise that should be performed in order to effectively reduce the stress burden need to be defined clearly. PRO-HMECSI will allow us to investigate which hormonal and immunological parameters are able to mediate the effects of exercise on mucosal immunity, psychological/biological stress, and cognitive functioning in older people. Phase I consists of an observational cross-sectional study that compares elders groups (n = 223, >65 years) by functional fitness levels aiming to identify biomarkers involved in maintaining immune and mental health. Neuroendocrine and immune biomarkers of stress, psychological well-being related to mental health, neurocognitive function, functional fitness, and daily PA will be evaluated. Phase II consists of a 28-week intervention in elders with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) profile (n = 149, >65 years, divided in three groups of exercise and one control group), aiming to investigate whether the positive effect of three different types of chair-based exercise programs on physical and psychological health is mediated by an optimal endocrine environment. Primary outcomes are measures of cognitive function and global health. Secondary outcomes include the evaluation the other dimensions such as immune function, psychological health, and depression. Few studies addressed the effects of different types of exercise interventions in older population samples with MCI. We will also be able to determine which type of exercise is more effective in the immune and hormonal function of this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Teixeira
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - José Pedro Ferreira
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Eef Hogervorst
- National Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Margarida Ferreira Braga
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University , Porto , Portugal
| | - Stephan Bandelow
- National Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Luís Rama
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - António Figueiredo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Maria João Campos
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Matheus Uba Chupel
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Filipa Martins Pedrosa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Association between Lifetime Physical Activity and Cognitive Functioning in Middle-Aged and Older Community Dwelling Adults: Results from the Brain in Motion Study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2015; 21:816-30. [PMID: 26581793 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617715000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To determine if total lifetime physical activity (PA) is associated with better cognitive functioning with aging and if cerebrovascular function mediates this association. A sample of 226 (52.2% female) community dwelling middle-aged and older adults (66.5 ± 6.4 years) in the Brain in Motion Study, completed the Lifetime Total Physical Activity Questionnaire and underwent neuropsychological and cerebrovascular blood flow testing. Multiple robust linear regressions were used to model the associations between lifetime PA and global cognition after adjusting for age, sex, North American Adult Reading Test results (i.e., an estimate of premorbid intellectual ability), maximal aerobic capacity, body mass index and interactions between age, sex, and lifetime PA. Mediation analysis assessed the effect of cerebrovascular measures on the association between lifetime PA and global cognition. Post hoc analyses assessed past year PA and current fitness levels relation to global cognition and cerebrovascular measures. Better global cognitive performance was associated with higher lifetime PA (p=.045), recreational PA (p=.021), and vigorous intensity PA (p=.004), PA between the ages of 0 and 20 years (p=.036), and between the ages of 21 and 35 years (p.5), but partially mediated the relation between current fitness and global cognition. This study revealed significant associations between higher levels of PA (i.e., total lifetime, recreational, vigorous PA, and past year) and better cognitive function in later life. Current fitness levels relation to cognitive function may be partially mediated through current cerebrovascular function.
Collapse
|
30
|
Loprinzi PD, Herod SM, Walker JF, Cardinal BJ, Mahoney SE, Kane C. Development of a Conceptual Model for Smoking Cessation: Physical Activity, Neurocognition, and Executive Functioning. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2015; 86:338-346. [PMID: 26391913 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2015.1074152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Considerable research has shown adverse neurobiological effects of chronic alcohol use, including long-term and potentially permanent changes in the structure and function of the brain; however, much less is known about the neurobiological consequences of chronic smoking, as it has largely been ignored until recently. In this article, we present a conceptual model proposing the effects of smoking on neurocognition and the role that physical activity may play in this relationship as well as its role in smoking cessation. METHODS Pertinent published peer-reviewed articles deposited in PubMed delineating the pathways in the proposed model were reviewed. RESULTS The proposed model, which is supported by emerging research, demonstrates a bidirectional relationship between smoking and executive functioning. In support of our conceptual model, physical activity may moderate this relationship and indirectly influence smoking behavior through physical activity-induced changes in executive functioning. CONCLUSIONS Our model may have implications for aiding smoking cessation efforts through the promotion of physical activity as a mechanism for preventing smoking-induced deficits in neurocognition and executive function.
Collapse
|
31
|
Jensen CS, Hasselbalch SG, Waldemar G, Simonsen AH. Biochemical Markers of Physical Exercise on Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Systematic Review and Perspectives. Front Neurol 2015; 6:187. [PMID: 26379621 PMCID: PMC4549649 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cognitive effects of physical exercise in patients with dementia disorders or mild cognitive impairment have been examined in various studies; however the biochemical effects of exercise from intervention studies are largely unknown. The objective of this systematic review is to investigate the published results on biomarkers in physical exercise intervention studies in patients with MCI or dementia. METHODS The PubMed database was searched for studies from 1976 to February 2015. We included intervention studies investigating the effect of physical exercise activity on biomarkers in patients with MCI or dementia. RESULTS A total of eight studies were identified (n = 447 patients) evaluating exercise regimes with variable duration (single session-three sessions/week for 26 weeks) and intensity (light-resistance training-high-intensity aerobic exercise). Various biomarkers were measured before and after intervention. Seven of the eight studies found a significant effect on their selected biomarkers with a positive effect of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cholesterol, testosterone, estradiol, dehydroepiadrosterone, and insulin in the intervention groups compared with controls. CONCLUSION Although few studies suggest a beneficial effect on selected biomarkers, we need more knowledge of the biochemical effect of physical exercise in dementia or MCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Steen Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet – Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Gregers Hasselbalch
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet – Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunhild Waldemar
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet – Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet – Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Iyalomhe O, Chen Y, Allard J, Ntekim O, Johnson S, Bond V, Goerlitz D, Li J, Obisesan TO. A standardized randomized 6-month aerobic exercise-training down-regulated pro-inflammatory genes, but up-regulated anti-inflammatory, neuron survival and axon growth-related genes. Exp Gerontol 2015; 69:159-69. [PMID: 25981742 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable support for the view that aerobic exercise may confer cognitive benefits to mild cognitively impaired elderly persons. However, the biological mechanisms mediating these effects are not entirely clear. As a preliminary step towards informing this gap in knowledge, we enrolled older adults confirmed to have mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a 6-month exercise program. Male and female subjects were randomized into a 6-month program of either aerobic or stretch (control) exercise. Data collected from the first 10 completers, aerobic exercise (n=5) or stretch (control) exercise (n=5), were used to determine intervention-induced changes in the global gene expression profiles of the aerobic and stretch groups. Using microarray, we identified genes with altered expression (relative to baseline values) in response to the 6-month exercise intervention. Genes whose expression were altered by at least two-fold, and met the p-value cutoff of 0.01 were inputted into the Ingenuity Pathway Knowledge Base Library to generate gene-interaction networks. After a 6-month aerobic exercise-training, genes promoting inflammation became down-regulated, whereas genes having anti-inflammatory properties and those modulating immune function or promoting neuron survival and axon growth, became up-regulated (all fold change≥±2.0, p<0.01). These changes were not observed in the stretch group. Importantly, the differences in the expression profiles correlated with significant improvement in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in the aerobic program as opposed to the stretch group. We conclude that three distinct cellular pathways may collectively influence the training effects of aerobic exercise in MCI subjects. We plan to confirm these effects using rt-PCR and correlate such changes with the cognitive phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osigbemhe Iyalomhe
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Howard University Hospital, 2041 Georgia Ave NW, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Yuanxiu Chen
- Clinical Translational Science Center, Howard University Hospital, 2041 Georgia Ave NW, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Joanne Allard
- Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Oyonumo Ntekim
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Leisure Studies, College of Arts and Science, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Sheree Johnson
- Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Vernon Bond
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Howard University Hospital, 2041 Georgia Ave NW, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - David Goerlitz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Informatics, Georgetown University Medical Center, 400 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - James Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Informatics, Georgetown University Medical Center, 400 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Thomas O Obisesan
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Howard University Hospital, 2041 Georgia Ave NW, Washington, DC 20060, USA; Clinical Translational Science Center, Howard University Hospital, 2041 Georgia Ave NW, Washington, DC 20060, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Vascular hippocampal plasticity after aerobic exercise in older adults. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:585-93. [PMID: 25311366 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise in young adults can induce vascular plasticity in the hippocampus, a critical region for recall and recognition memory. In a mechanistic proof-of-concept intervention over 3 months, we investigated whether healthy older adults (60-77 years) also show such plasticity. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and volume (rCBV) were measured with gadolinium-based perfusion imaging (3 Tesla magnetic resonance image (MRI)). Hippocampal volumes were assessed by high-resolution 7 Tesla MRI. Fitness improvement correlated with changes in hippocampal perfusion and hippocampal head volume. Perfusion tended to increase in younger, but to decrease in older individuals. The changes in fitness, hippocampal perfusion and volume were positively related to changes in recognition memory and early recall for complex spatial objects. Path analyses indicated that fitness-related changes in complex object recognition were modulated by hippocampal perfusion. These findings indicate a preserved capacity of the aging human hippocampus for functionally relevant vascular plasticity, which decreases with progressing age.
Collapse
|
34
|
Lee Y, Kim J, Han ES, Chae S, Ryu M, Ahn KH, Park EJ. Changes in physical activity and cognitive decline in older adults living in the community. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:20. [PMID: 25708946 PMCID: PMC4338105 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that physical activity may be beneficial in preserving cognition in late life. This study examined the association between baseline and changes in physical activity and cognitive decline in community-dwelling older people. Data were from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging, with 2605 aged 65 years and older subjects interviewed in 2006 and followed up for 2 years. Cognitive decline was defined by calculating the Reliable Change Index using the Mini-Mental State Examination. Physical activity levels were categorized as sedentary, low, or high. Changes in physical activity were classified as inactive, decreaser, increaser, or active. Logistic regression analysis of baseline and changes in physical activity with cognitive decline was performed. Compared with the sedentary group at baseline, both the low and high activity groups were less likely to experience cognitive decline. The active (odds ratio [OR] = 0.40, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.23-0.68) and increaser (OR = 0.45, 95 % CI 0.27-0.74) group, compared with the inactive counterpart, demonstrated a significantly lower likelihood of cognitive decline. Older adults who remained active or increased activity over time had a reduced risk of cognitive decline. Engagement in physical activity in late life may have cognitive health benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhwan Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, 443-380, Republic of Korea,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ottenbacher AJ, Snih SA, Bindawas SM, Markides KS, Graham JE, Samper-Ternent R, Raji M, Ottenbacher KJ. Role of physical activity in reducing cognitive decline in older Mexican-American adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62:1786-91. [PMID: 25112531 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults from minority and disadvantaged populations is not well understood. This study examined the longitudinal association between physical activity and cognition in older Mexican Americans. The study methodology included a prospective cohort with longitudinal analysis of data from the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly. General linear mixed models were used to assess the associations and interactions between physical activity and cognitive function over 14 years. Community-based assessments were performed in participants' homes. Physical activity was recorded for 1,669 older Mexican Americans using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly. Cognition was measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and separated into memory and nonmemory components. A statistically significant positive association was observed between levels of physical activity and cognitive function after adjusting for age, sex, marital status, education, and comorbid health conditions. There was a statistically significant difference in MMSE scores over time between participants in the third (β = 0.11, standard error (SE) = 0.05) and fourth (β = 0.10, SE = 0.2) quartiles of physical activity and those in the first. The protective effect of physical activity on cognitive decline was evident for the memory component of the MMSE but not the nonmemory component after adjusting for covariates. Greater physical activity at baseline was associated with less cognitive decline over 14 years in older Mexican Americans. The reduction in cognitive decline appeared to be related to the memory components of cognitive function.
Collapse
|
36
|
Wei CJ, Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Sun F, Zhang WS, Zhang MY. Risk factors for dementia in highly educated elderly people in Tianjin, China. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2014; 122:4-8. [PMID: 24908208 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low education level has been thought an important and specific risk factor for dementia. Therefore, we surveyed dementia in a highly educated population in Tianjin, China. METHODS In total, 1324 old people (aged 55 years and over) in three cluster samples from university communities in Tianjin responded to our survey. Data from psychological tests and dementia questionnaires were analyzed. RESULTS The prevalence of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VD) was 4.98%, 2.11%, and 2.27%, respectively. A history of stroke (OR=6.036), lack of fruit (OR=5.489), early parental death (OR=3.102), household financial management (OR=2.638), a history of cardiovascular disease (OR=2.434), a history of hypertension (OR=2.042), physical exercise (OR=2.556), were significantly associated with dementia in a single-factor analysis. Four independent variables were entered in a regression equation: early parental death (OR=6.417), lack of fruit in the diet (OR=3.919), personal stroke history (OR=3.901), and lack of physical exercise (OR=2.220). CONCLUSION The prevalence of dementia was lower in highly educated elderly people in universities in Tianjin than in the general population. Risk factors for dementia included disease history, living habits, and early parental death, so corresponding interventions are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Juan Wei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wei-san Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ming-yi Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gates N, Fiatarone Singh MA, Sachdev PS, Valenzuela M. The effect of exercise training on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 21:1086-97. [PMID: 23831175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigations of exercise and cognition have primarily focused on healthy or demented older adults, and results have been equivocal in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Our aim was to evaluate efficacy of exercise on cognition in older adults with MCI. DESIGN We conducted a meta-analysis of random controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise effects on cognitive outcomes in adults with MCI. Searches were conducted in Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, PEDro, SPORTSDICUS, PsychInfo, and PubMed. PARTICIPANTS Adults aged over 65 years with MCI or Mini-Mental State Exam mean score 24-28 inclusive. MEASUREMENTS Study quality was assessed using the PEDro scale; data on participant and intervention characteristics and outcomes were extracted, followed by meta-analysis. RESULTS Fourteen RCTs (1,695 participants; age 65-95 years) met inclusion criteria. Quality was modest and under-powering for small effects prevalent. Overall, 42% of effect sizes (ESs) were potentially clinically relevant (ES >0.20) with only 8% of cognitive outcomes statistically significant. Meta-analysis revealed negligible but significant effects of exercise on verbal fluency (ES: 0.17 [0.04, 0.30]). No significant benefit was found for additional executive measures, memory, or information processing. Overall results were inconsistent with benefits varying across exercise types and cognitive domains. CONCLUSIONS There is very limited evidence that exercise improves cognitive function in individuals with MCI, although published research is of moderate quality and inconclusive due to low statistical power. Questions remain regarding the magnitude, generalization, persistence, and mechanisms of benefits. Large-scale, high-quality RCTs are required to determine if exercise improves cognition or reduces dementia incidence in those with MCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Gates
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia; Brain and Aging Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schubert CR, Cruickshanks KJ, Nondahl DM, Klein BEK, Klein R, Fischer ME. Association of exercise with lower long-term risk of olfactory impairment in older adults. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 139:1061-6. [PMID: 24135745 PMCID: PMC3855446 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2013.4759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The prevalence of olfactory impairment is high in older adults, and this decline in olfactory ability may pose health and safety risks, affect nutrition, and decrease quality of life. It is important to identify modifiable risk factors to reduce the burden of olfactory impairment in aging populations. OBJECTIVE To determine if exercise is associated with the 10-year cumulative incidence of olfactory impairment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Observational longitudinal population-based Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study. Participants without olfactory impairment (n = 1611) were ages 53 to 97 years at baseline and were followed for up to 10 years (1998-2010). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Olfaction was measured with the San Diego Odor Identification Test at 3 examinations (1998-2000, 2003-2005, and 2009-2010) of the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study. The main outcome was the incidence of olfactory impairment 5 (2003-2005) or 10 (2009-2010) years later and the association of baseline exercise with the long-term risk of developing olfactory impairment. RESULTS The 10-year cumulative incidence of olfactory impairment was 27.6% (95% CI, 25.3%-29.9%) and rates varied by age and sex; those who were older (hazard ratio [HR], 1.88 [95% CI, 1.74-2.03], for every 5 years) or male (HR, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.00-1.61]) had an increased risk of olfactory impairment. Participants who reported exercising at least once a week long enough to work up a sweat had a decreased risk of olfactory impairment (age- and sex-adjusted HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.60-0.97]). Increasing frequency of exercise was associated with decreasing risk of developing olfactory impairment (P value for trend = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Regular exercise was associated with lower 10-year cumulative incidence of olfactory impairment. Older adults who exercise may be able to retain olfactory function with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla R. Schubert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726-2336
| | - Karen J. Cruickshanks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726-2336
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726-2336
| | - David M. Nondahl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726-2336
| | - Barbara EK Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726-2336
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726-2336
| | - Mary E. Fischer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726-2336
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
[An ecological perspective on the determinants of the cognitive vitality of seniors]. Can J Aging 2013; 32:240-9. [PMID: 23942266 DOI: 10.1017/s0714980813000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive aging is a heterogeneous reality among the senior population. Studies have recently identified certain factors that may contribute to maintaining the cognitive health of seniors. To date, these research studies have primarily focused on individual determinants, namely: health conditions and lifestyle habits. A review of the literature was conducted in order to explore the socio-environmental factors that may influence the cognitive vitality of seniors. This review demonstrates that studies that have examined this potential link are very rare. Only the type and socioeconomic level of the neighbourhood of the residence, as well as the size of the social network, were identified as influential factors. However, studies have shown that the environment could modulate certain lifestyle habits which, in turn, can influence cognition. This article uses an ecological approach to illustrate individual and socio-environmental targets for the promotion of the cognitive health of seniors.
Collapse
|
40
|
Brown BM, Peiffer JJ, Martins RN. Multiple effects of physical activity on molecular and cognitive signs of brain aging: can exercise slow neurodegeneration and delay Alzheimer's disease? Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:864-74. [PMID: 23164816 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Western countries are experiencing aging populations and increased longevity; thus, the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in these countries is projected to soar. In the absence of a therapeutic drug, non-pharmacological preventative approaches are being investigated. One of these approaches is regular participation in physical activity or exercise. This paper reviews studies that have explored the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function, cognitive decline, AD/dementia risk and AD-associated biomarkers and processes. There is now strong evidence that links regular physical activity or exercise to higher cognitive function, decreased cognitive decline and reduced risk of AD or dementia. Nevertheless, these associations require further investigation, more specifically with interventional studies that include long follow-up periods. In particular, relatively little is known about the underlying mechanism(s) of the associations between physical activity and AD neuropathology; clearly this is an area in need of further research, particularly in human populations. Although benefits of physical activity or exercise are clearly recognised, there is a need to clarify how much physical activity provides the greatest benefit and also whether people of different genotypes require tailored exercise regimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Brown
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Brown BM, Peiffer JJ, Taddei K, Lui JK, Laws SM, Gupta VB, Taddei T, Ward VK, Rodrigues MA, Burnham S, Rainey-Smith SR, Villemagne VL, Bush A, Ellis KA, Masters CL, Ames D, Macaulay SL, Szoeke C, Rowe CC, Martins RN, Martins RN. Physical activity and amyloid-β plasma and brain levels: results from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Study of Ageing. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:875-81. [PMID: 22889922 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest physical activity improves cognition and lowers Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. However, key AD pathogenic factors that are thought to be influenced by physical activity, particularly plasma amyloid-β (Aβ) and Aβ brain load, have yet to be thoroughly investigated. The objective of this study was to determine if plasma Aβ and amyloid brain deposition are associated with physical activity levels, and whether these associations differed between carriers and non-carriers of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele. Five-hundred and forty six cognitively intact participants (aged 60-95 years) from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Study of Ageing (AIBL) were included in these analyses. Habitual physical activity levels were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Serum insulin, glucose, cholesterol and plasma Aβ levels were measured in fasting blood samples. A subgroup (n=116) underwent (11)C-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) positron emission tomography (PET) scanning to quantify brain amyloid load. Higher levels of physical activity were associated with higher high density lipoprotein (HDL) (P=0.037), and lower insulin (P<0.001), triglycerides (P=0.019) and Aβ1-42/1-40 ratio (P=0.001). After stratification of the cohort based on APOE ε4 allele carriage, it was evident that only non-carriers received the benefit of reduced plasma Aβ from physical activity. Conversely, lower levels of PiB SUVR (standardised uptake value ratio) were observed in higher exercising APOE ε4 carriers. Lower plasma Aβ1-42/1-40 and brain amyloid was observed in those reporting higher levels of physical activity, consistent with the hypothesis that physical activity may be involved in the modulation of pathogenic changes associated with AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Brown
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fallah N, Hsu CL, Bolandzadeh N, Davis J, Beattie BL, Graf P, Liu-Ambrose T. A multistate model of cognitive dynamics in relation to resistance training: the contribution of baseline function. Ann Epidemiol 2013; 23:463-8. [PMID: 23830936 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated: (1) the effect of different targeted exercise training on an individual's overall probability for cognitive improvement, maintenance, or decline; and (2) the simultaneous effect of targeted exercise training and baseline function on the dynamics of executive functions when a multistate transition model is used. METHODS Analyses are based on a 12-month randomized clinical trial including 155 community-dwelling women 65-75 years of age who were randomly allocated to once-weekly resistance training (1x RT; n = 54), twice-weekly resistance training (2x RT; n = 52), or twice-weekly balance and tone training (BAT; n = 49). The primary outcome measure was performance on the Stroop test, an executive cognitive test of selective attention and conflict resolution. Secondary outcomes of executive functions were set shifting and working memory. RESULTS Individuals in the 1x RT or 2x RT group demonstrated a significantly greater probability for improved performance on the Stroop Test (0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.57) compared with those in the BAT group (0.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.25-0.40). Resistance training had significant effects on transitions in selective attention and conflict resolution. CONCLUSIONS Resistance training is efficacious in improving a measure of selective attention and conflict resolution in older women, probably more so among those with greater baseline cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nader Fallah
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Carrillo MC, Rowe CC, Szoeke C, Masters CL, Ames D, O'Meara T, Macaulay SL, Milner A, Ellis KA, Maruff P, Rainey‐Smith SR, Martins RN, Bain LJ, Head RJ. Research and standardization in Alzheimer's trials: Reaching international consensus. Alzheimers Dement 2012; 9:160-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cassandra Szoeke
- National Ageing Research InstituteParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
| | - Colin L. Masters
- The Mental Health Research Institute The University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
| | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research InstituteParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of PsychiatryThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Tim O'Meara
- CSIRO Preventative Health FlagshipMaterials Science and EngineeringParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
| | - S. Lance Macaulay
- CSIRO Preventative Health FlagshipMaterials Science and EngineeringParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
| | - Andrew Milner
- Neurosciences VictoriaCarlton SouthVictoria3053Australia
| | - Kathryn A. Ellis
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of PsychiatryThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Paul Maruff
- The Mental Health Research Institute The University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gregory SM, Parker B, Thompson PD. Physical activity, cognitive function, and brain health: what is the role of exercise training in the prevention of dementia? Brain Sci 2012; 2:684-708. [PMID: 24961266 PMCID: PMC4061820 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci2040684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tor preventive measures are necessary to attenuate the increased economic and social burden of dementia. This review will focus on the potential for physical activity and exercise training to promote brain health and improve cognitive function via neurophysiological changes. We will review pertinent animal and human research examining the effects of physical activity on cognitive function and neurophysiology. We will discuss cross-sectional and longitudinal studies addressing the relationship between neurocognitive health and cardiorespiratory fitness or habitual activity level. We will then present and discuss longitudinal investigations examining the effects of exercise training on cognitive function and neurophysiology. We will conclude by summarizing our current understanding of the relationship between physical activity and brain health, and present areas for future research given the current gaps in our understanding of this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Gregory
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA.
| | - Beth Parker
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA.
| | - Paul D Thompson
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Marques-Aleixo I, Oliveira PJ, Moreira PI, Magalhães J, Ascensão A. Physical exercise as a possible strategy for brain protection: Evidence from mitochondrial-mediated mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:149-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
46
|
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported positive impacts of physical activity on cognitive function. However, the majority of these studies have utilised physical activity questionnaires or surveys, thus results may have been influenced by reporting biases. Through the objective measurement of routine levels of physical activity via actigraphy, we report a significant association between intensity, but not volume, of physical activity and cognitive functioning. A cohort of 217 participants (aged 60-89 years) wore an actigraphy unit for 7 consecutive days and underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. The cohort was stratified into tertiles based on physical activity intensity. Compared with individuals in the lowest tertile of physical activity intensity, those in the highest tertile scored 9%, 9%, 6% and 21% higher on the digit span, digit symbol, Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT) copy and Rey Figure Test 30-min recall test, respectively. Statistically, participants in the highest tertile of physical activity intensity performed significantly better on the following cognitive tasks: digit symbol, RCFT copy and verbal fluency test (all P<0.05). The results indicate that intensity rather than quantity of physical activity may be more important in the association between physical activity and cognitive function.
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Sagare AP, Deane R, Zlokovic BV. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1: a physiological Aβ homeostatic mechanism with multiple therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:94-105. [PMID: 22820095 PMCID: PMC3432694 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is the main cell surface receptor involved in brain and systemic clearance of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) toxin amyloid-beta (Aβ). In plasma, a soluble form of LRP1 (sLRP1) is the major transport protein for peripheral Aβ. LRP1 in brain endothelium and mural cells mediates Aβ efflux from brain by providing a transport mechanism for Aβ across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). sLRP1 maintains a plasma 'sink' activity for Aβ through binding of peripheral Aβ which in turn inhibits re-entry of free plasma Aβ into the brain. LRP1 in the liver mediates systemic clearance of Aβ. In AD, LRP1 expression at the BBB is reduced and Aβ binding to circulating sLRP1 is compromised by oxidation. Cell surface LRP1 and circulating sLRP1 represent druggable targets which can be therapeutically modified to restore the physiological mechanisms of brain Aβ homeostasis. In this review, we discuss how increasing LRP1 expression at the BBB and liver with lifestyle changes, statins, plant-based active principles and/or gene therapy on one hand, and how replacing dysfunctional plasma sLRP1 on the other regulate Aβ clearance from brain ultimately controlling the onset and/or progression of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhay P. Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration at the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Rashid Deane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Arthur Kornberg Medical Research Building, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration at the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Geda YE, Silber TC, Roberts RO, Knopman DS, Christianson TJH, Pankratz VS, Boeve BF, Tangalos EG, Petersen RC. Computer activities, physical exercise, aging, and mild cognitive impairment: a population-based study. Mayo Clin Proc 2012; 87:437-42. [PMID: 22560523 PMCID: PMC3538471 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between computer use, physical exercise, aging, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). PATIENTS AND METHODS The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging is a population-based study of aging and MCI in Olmsted County, Minnesota. The study sample consists of a random sample of 926 nondemented individuals aged 70 to 93 years who completed self-reported questionnaires on physical exercise, computer use, and caloric intake within 1 year of the date of interview. The study was conducted from April 1, 2006, through November 30, 2008. An expert consensus panel classified each study participant as cognitively normal or having MCI on the basis of published criteria. RESULTS Using a multivariable logistic regression model, we examined the impact of the presence during the study period of 2 lifestyle factors (physical exercise and computer use) after adjusting for a third lifestyle factor (caloric intake) on aging and MCI. We also adjusted for age, sex, education, medical comorbidity, and depression. The median daily caloric intake was significantly higher in participants with MCI than in controls (odds ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.06; P=.001). Participants who engaged in both moderate physical exercise and computer use had significantly decreased odds of having MCI (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.36 [0.20-0.68]) compared with the reference group. In the interaction analyses, there was an additive interaction (P=.012) but not multiplicative interaction (P=.780). CONCLUSION In this population-based sample, the presence of both physical exercise and computer use as assessed via survey was associated with decreased odds of having MCI, after adjustment for caloric intake and traditional confounders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonas E Geda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lifelong physical activity affects mini mental state exam scores in individuals over 55 years of age. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2012; 16:230-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|