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Chen X, Liao B, Ren T, Liao Z, Huang Z, Lin Y, Zhong S, Li J, Wen S, Li Y, Lin X, Du X, Yang Y, Guo J, Zhu X, Lin H, Liu R, Wang J. Adjuvant activity of cordycepin, a natural derivative of adenosine from Cordyceps militaris, on an inactivated rabies vaccine in an animal model. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24612. [PMID: 38293396 PMCID: PMC10826310 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most feasible way of preventing rabies, an ancient zoonosis that remains a major public health concern globally. However, administration of inactivated rabies vaccination without adjuvants is always inefficient and necessitates four to five injections. In the current study, we explored the adjuvant characteristics of cordycepin, a major bioactive component of Cordyceps militaris, to boost immune responses against a commercially available rabies vaccine. We found that cordycepin could stimulate stronger phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). For animal experiments, mice were immunized 3 times with rabies vaccine in the presence or absence of cordycepin at 1-week interval. Analysis of T cell differentiation and serum antibody isotypes showed that humoral immunity was dominant with a Th2 biased immune response. These results were also supported by the raised ratio of follicular helper T cells (TFH) and germinal center B cells (GCB). Thus, titer of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNAb) and rabies virus-specific memory B cells were both raised as a result. Furthermore, administration of cordycepin did not cause pathological phenomena or body weight loss. The findings indicate that cordycepin could be used as a promising adjuvant for rabies vaccines to get a higher range of protection without any side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Boyu Liao
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Tianci Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Zhipeng Liao
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Zijie Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Yujuan Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Shouhao Zhong
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Shun Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Yingyan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Xiaohan Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Xingchen Du
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Jiubiao Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Haishu Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
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2
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Le J, Kulatheepan Y, Jeyaseelan S. Role of toll-like receptors and nod-like receptors in acute lung infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1249098. [PMID: 37662905 PMCID: PMC10469605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1249098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory system exposed to microorganisms continuously, and the pathogenicity of these microbes not only contingent on their virulence factors, but also the host's immunity. A multifaceted innate immune mechanism exists in the respiratory tract to cope with microbial infections and to decrease tissue damage. The key cell types of the innate immune response are macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. Both the myeloid and structural cells of the respiratory system sense invading microorganisms through binding or activation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). The recognition of microbes and subsequent activation of PRRs triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of transcription factors, induction of cytokines/5chemokines, upregulation of cell adhesion molecules, recruitment of immune cells, and subsequent microbe clearance. Since numerous microbes resist antimicrobial agents and escape innate immune defenses, in the future, a comprehensive strategy consisting of newer vaccines and novel antimicrobials will be required to control microbial infections. This review summarizes key findings in the area of innate immune defense in response to acute microbial infections in the lung. Understanding the innate immune mechanisms is critical to design host-targeted immunotherapies to mitigate excessive inflammation while controlling microbial burden in tissues following lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Le
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Lung Biology and Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU) and Agricultural & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Yathushigan Kulatheepan
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Lung Biology and Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU) and Agricultural & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Samithamby Jeyaseelan
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Lung Biology and Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU) and Agricultural & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Department of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Zhang MN, Yuan YL, Ao SH. Advances in the study of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in infectious lung diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125737. [PMID: 37063919 PMCID: PMC10090681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature cells capable of inhibiting T-cell responses. MDSCs have a crucial role in the regulation of the immune response of the body to pathogens, especially in inflammatory response and pathogenesis during anti-infection. Pathogens such as bacteria and viruses use MDSCs as their infectious targets, and even some pathogens may exploit the inhibitory activity of MDSCs to enhance pathogen persistence and chronic infection of the host. Recent researches have revealed the pathogenic significance of MDSCs in pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, despite the fact that the majority of studies on MDSCs have focused on tumor immune evasion. With the increased prevalence of viral respiratory infections, the resurgence of classical tuberculosis, and the advent of medication resistance in common bacterial pneumonia, research on MDSCs in these illnesses is intensifying. The purpose of this work is to provide new avenues for treatment approaches to pulmonary infectious disorders by outlining the mechanism of action of MDSCs as a biomarker and therapeutic target in pulmonary infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Nan Zhang
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine and the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Lai Yuan
- The Department of Respirology of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Su-Hua Ao
- The Department of Respirology of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Su-Hua Ao,
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Borgna E, Prochetto E, Gamba JC, Marcipar I, Cabrera G. Role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells during Trypanosoma cruzi infection. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 375:117-163. [PMID: 36967151 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is the third largest parasitic disease burden globally. Currently, more than 6 million people are infected, mainly in Latin America, but international migration has turned CD into an emerging health problem in many nonendemic countries. Despite intense research, a vaccine is still not available. A complex parasite life cycle, together with numerous immune system manipulation strategies, may account for the lack of a prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine. There is substantial experimental evidence supporting that T. cruzi acute infection generates a strong immunosuppression state that involves numerous immune populations with regulatory/suppressive capacity. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory dendritic cells and B regulatory cells are some of the regulatory populations that have been involved in the acute immune response elicited by the parasite. The fact that, during acute infection, MDSCs increase notably in several organs, such as spleen, liver and heart, together with the observation that depletion of those cells can decrease mouse survival to 0%, strongly suggests that MDSCs play a major role during acute T. cruzi infection. Accumulating evidence gained in different settings supports the capacity of MDSCs to interact with cells from both the effector and the regulatory arms of the immune system, shaping the outcome of the response in a very wide range of scenarios that include pathological and physiological processes. In this sense, the aim of the present review is to describe the main knowledge about MDSCs acquired so far, including several crosstalk with other immune populations, which could be useful to gain insight into their role during T. cruzi infection.
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Zhou L, Zhu Y, Mo L, Wang M, Lin J, Zhao Y, Feng Y, Xie A, Wei H, Qiu H, Huang J, Yang Q. TLR7 controls myeloid-derived suppressor cells expansion and function in the lung of C57BL6 mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010851. [PMID: 36279265 PMCID: PMC9591064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the induction of innate and adaptive immune responses against Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) infection. However, the role of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) in the mouse lung during S. japonicum infection and the myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) affected by the absence of TLR7 are not clearly understood. In this study, the results indicated that the MDSCs were accumulated and the proportion and activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were decreased in the lung of mice at 6-7 weeks after S. japonicum infection. Then, the expression of TLR7 was detected in isolated pulmonary MDSCs and the results showed that the expression of TLR7 in MDSCs was increased after infection. Furthermore, TLR7 agonist R848 could down-regulate the induction effect of the soluble egg antigen (SEA) on pulmonary MDSCs in vitro. Meanwhile, TLR7 deficiency could promote the pulmonary MDSCs expansion and function by up-regulating the expression of PD-L1/2 and secreting of IL-10 in the mice infected with S. japonicum. Mechanistic studies revealed that S. japonicum infection and the antigen effects are mediated by NF-κB signaling. Moreover, TLR7 deficiency aggravates S. japonicum infection-induced damage in the lung, with more inflammatory cells infiltration, interstitial dilatation and granuloma in the tissue. In summary, this study indicated that TLR7 signaling inhibits the accumulation and function of MDSCs in S. japonicum infected mouse lung by down-regulating the expression of PD-L1/2 and secreting of IL-10, via NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - lengshan Mo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanfa Feng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Xie
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixia Wei
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaina Qiu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JH); (QY)
| | - Quan Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JH); (QY)
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Beliakova-Bethell N, Maruthai K, Xu R, Salvador LCM, Garg A. Monocytic-Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells Suppress T-Cell Responses in Recovered SARS CoV2-Infected Individuals. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894543. [PMID: 35812392 PMCID: PMC9263272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS Coronavirus 2 (CoV2) is associated with massive immune activation and hyperinflammatory response. Acute and severe CoV2 infection is characterized by the expansion of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) because of cytokine storm, these MDSC suppress T cell functions. However, the presence of MDSC and its effect on CoV2 antigen specific T cell responses in individuals long after first detection of CoV2 and recovery from infection has not been studied. We and others have previously shown that CD11b+CD33+CD14+HLA-DR-/lo monocytic MDSC (M-MDSC) are present in individuals with clinical recovery from viral infection. In this study, we compared the frequency, functional and transcriptional signatures of M-MDSC isolated from CoV2 infected individuals after 5-months of the first detection of the virus (CoV2+) and who were not infected with CoV2 (CoV2-). Compared to CoV2- individuals, M-MDSC were present in CoV2+ individuals at a higher frequency, the level of M-MDSC correlated with the quantity of IL-6 in the plasma. Compared to CoV2-, increased frequency of PD1+, CD57+ and CX3CR1+ T effector memory (TEM) cell subsets was also present in CoV2+ individuals, but these did not correlate with M-MDSC levels. Furthermore, depleting M-MDSC from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) increased T cell cytokine production when cultured with the peptide pools of immune dominant spike glycoprotein (S), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) antigens of CoV2. M-MDSC suppressed CoV2 S- antigen-specific T cell in ROS, Arginase, and TGFβ dependent manner. Our gene expression, RNA-seq and pathway analysis studies further confirm that M-MDSC isolated from CoV2+ individuals are enriched in pathways that regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses, but the genes regulating these functions (HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, HLA-B, NLRP3, IL1β, CXCL2, CXCL1) remained downregulated in M-MDSC isolated from CoV2+ individuals. These results demonstrate that M-MDSC suppresses recall responses to CoV2 antigens long after recovery from infection. Our findings suggest M-MDSC as novel regulators of CoV2 specific T cell responses, and should be considered as target to augment responses to vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda Beliakova-Bethell
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Veterans Administration (VA) San Diego Healthcare System and Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kathirvel Maruthai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ruijie Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Liliana C. M. Salvador
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ankita Garg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Perfilyeva YV, Ostapchuk YO, Tleulieva R, Kali A, Abdolla N, Krasnoshtanov VK, Perfilyeva AV, Belyaev NN. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in COVID-19: A review. Clin Immunol 2022; 238:109024. [PMID: 35489643 PMCID: PMC9042722 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a potentially life-threatening infection characterized by excessive inflammation, coagulation disorders and organ damage. A dysregulated myeloid cell compartment is one of the most striking immunopathologic signatures of this newly emerged infection. A growing number of studies are reporting on the expansion of myeloid cells with immunoregulatory activities in the periphery and airways of COVID-19 patients. These cells share phenotypic and functional similarities with myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which were first described in cancer patients. MDSCs are a heterogeneous population of pathologically activated myeloid cells that exert immunosuppressive activities against mainly effector T cells. The increased frequency of these cells in COVID-19 patients suggests that they are involved in immune regulation during this infection. In this article, we review the current findings on MDSCs in COVID-19 and discuss the complex role of these cells in the immunopathology of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya V Perfilyeva
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 86 Dosmukhamedov St., Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan.
| | - Yekaterina O Ostapchuk
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 86 Dosmukhamedov St., Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan
| | - Raikhan Tleulieva
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 86 Dosmukhamedov St., Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Aykin Kali
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 86 Dosmukhamedov St., Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurshat Abdolla
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 86 Dosmukhamedov St., Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Nikolai N Belyaev
- Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 Mira St., St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
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Jiménez-Cortegana C, Sánchez-Jiménez F, Pérez-Pérez A, Álvarez N, Sousa A, Cantón-Bulnes L, Vilariño-García T, Fuentes S, Martín S, Jiménez M, León-Justel A, de la Cruz-Merino L, Garnacho-Montero J, Sánchez-Margalet V. Low Levels of Granulocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells May Be a Good Marker of Survival in the Follow-Up of Patients With Severe COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 12:801410. [PMID: 35154077 PMCID: PMC8835351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.801410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a disease (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) that may develop into a systemic disease with immunosuppression and death in its severe form. Myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs) are inhibitory cells that contribute to immunosuppression in patients with cancer and infection. Increased levels of MDSCs have been found in COVID-19 patients, although their role in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 has not been clarified. For this reason, we raised the question whether MDSCs could be useful in the follow-up of patients with severe COVID-19 in the intensive care unit (ICU). Thus, we monitored the immunological cells, including MDSCs, in 80 patients admitted into the ICU. After 1, 2, and 3 weeks, we examined for a possible association with mortality (40 patients). Although the basal levels of circulating MDSCs did not discriminate between the two groups of patients, the last measurement before the endpoint (death or ICU discharge) showed that patients discharged alive from the ICU had lower levels of granulocytic MDSCs (G-MDSCs), higher levels of activated lymphocytes, and lower levels of exhausted lymphocytes compared with patients who had a bad evolution (death). In conclusion, a steady increase of G-MDSCs during the follow-up of patients with severe COVID-19 was found in those who eventually died.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jiménez-Cortegana
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Flora Sánchez-Jiménez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Nerissa Álvarez
- Intensive Care Unit, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Alberto Sousa
- Intensive Care Unit, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Teresa Vilariño-García
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Sandra Fuentes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Salomón Martín
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Jiménez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio León-Justel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | | | - José Garnacho-Montero
- Intensive Care Unit, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
- *Correspondence: Víctor Sánchez-Margalet, ; José Garnacho-Montero,
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- *Correspondence: Víctor Sánchez-Margalet, ; José Garnacho-Montero,
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Scheurer J, Kitt K, Huber HJ, Fundel-Clemens K, Pflanz S, Debatin KM, Strauss G. Graft-Versus-Host Disease Prevention by In Vitro-Generated Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Is Exclusively Mediated by the CD11b+CD11c+ MDSC Subpopulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754316. [PMID: 34721430 PMCID: PMC8551363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of myeloid progenitor cells that dampen overwhelming adaptive immune responses through multiple mechanisms and are recognized as an attractive novel immune intervention therapy for counteracting the destructive effects of graft-
versus
-host disease (GVHD) developing after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). MDSCs can be produced in great numbers for cellular therapy, but they present a mixture of subsets whose functions in GVHD prevention are undefined. Here, we generated MDSCs in vitro from murine BM cells in the presence of GM-CSF and defined the integrin CD11c as a marker to subdivide MDSCs into two functional subgroups: CD11b+CD11c+ and CD11b+CD11c− MDSCs. Isolated CD11b+CD11c+ and CD11b+CD11c− MDSCs both inhibited alloantigen-stimulated T-cell proliferation in vitro, although CD11b+CD11c+ MDSCs were more efficient and expressed higher levels of different immunosuppressive molecules. Likewise, expression of surface markers such as MHC class II, CD80, CD86, or PD-L1 further delineated both subsets. Most importantly, only the adoptive transfer of CD11b+CD11c+ MDSCs into a single MHC class I-disparate allogeneic BMT model prevented GVHD development and strongly decreased disease-induced mortality, while CD11b+CD11c− MDSCs were totally ineffective. Surprisingly, allogeneic T-cell homing and expansion in lymphatic and GVHD target organs were not affected by cotransplanted CD11b+CD11c+ MDSCs indicating a clear contradiction between in vitro and in vivo functions of MDSCs. However, CD11b+CD11c+ MDSCs shifted immune responses towards type 2 immunity reflected by increased Th2-specific cytokine expression of allogeneic T cells. Induction of type 2 immunity was mandatory for GVHD prevention, since CD11b+CD11c+ MDSCs were ineffective if recipients were reconstituted with STAT6-deficient T cells unable to differentiate into Th2 cells. Most importantly, the beneficial graft-
versus
-tumor (GVT) effect was maintained in the presence of CD11b+CD11c+ MDSCs since syngeneic tumor cells were efficiently eradicated. Strong differences in the transcriptomic landscape of both subpopulations underlined their functional differences. Defining CD11b+CD11c+ MDSCs as the subset of in vitro-generated MDSCs able to inhibit GVHD development might help to increase efficiency of MDSC therapy and to further delineate relevant target molecules and signaling pathways responsible for GVHD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kitt
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Heinrich J Huber
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.,Drug Discovery Services, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna (RCV) GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Fundel-Clemens
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Stefan Pflanz
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gudrun Strauss
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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10
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Rappe JC, Finsterbusch K, Crotta S, Mack M, Priestnall SL, Wack A. A TLR7 antagonist restricts interferon-dependent and -independent immunopathology in a mouse model of severe influenza. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20201631. [PMID: 34473195 PMCID: PMC8421264 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-mediated immune-cell recruitment and inflammation contribute to protection in respiratory virus infection. However, uncontrolled inflammation and the "cytokine storm" are hallmarks of immunopathology in severe infection. Cytokine storm is a broad term for a phenomenon with diverse characteristics and drivers, depending on host genetics, age, and other factors. Taking advantage of the differential use of virus-sensing systems by different cell types, we test the hypothesis that specifically blocking TLR7-dependent, immune cell-produced cytokines reduces influenza-related immunopathology. In a mouse model of severe influenza characterized by a type I interferon (IFN-I)-driven cytokine storm, TLR7 antagonist treatment leaves epithelial antiviral responses unaltered but acts through pDCs and monocytes to reduce IFN-I and other cytokines in the lung, thus ameliorating inflammation and severity. Moreover, even in the absence of IFN-I signaling, TLR7 antagonism reduces inflammation and mortality driven by monocyte-produced chemoattractants and neutrophil recruitment into the infected lung. Hence, TLR7 antagonism reduces diverse types of cytokine storm in severe influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C.F. Rappe
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Stefania Crotta
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon L. Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
- Experimental Histopathology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Andreas Wack
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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11
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Koushki K, Salemi M, Miri SM, Arjeini Y, Keshavarz M, Ghaemi A. Role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in viral respiratory infections; Hints for discovering therapeutic targets for COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112346. [PMID: 34678727 PMCID: PMC8516725 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), known as heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells, is enhanced during several pathological conditions such as inflammatory or viral respiratory infections. It seems that the way MDSCs behave in infection depends on the type and the virulence mechanisms of the invader pathogen, the disease stage, and the infection-related pathology. Increasing evidence showing that in correlation with the severity of the disease, MDSCs are accumulated in COVID-19 patients, in particular in those at severe stages of the disease or ICU patients, contributing to pathogenesis of SARS-CoV2 infection. Based on the involved subsets, MDSCs delay the clearance of the virus through inhibiting T-cell proliferation and responses by employing various mechanisms such as inducing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-mediated hampering of IFN-γ production, or forcing arginine shortage. While the immunosuppressive characteristic of MDSCs may help to preserve the tissue homeostasis and prevent hyperinflammation at early stages of the infection, hampering of efficient immune responses proved to exert significant pathogenic effects on severe forms of COVID-19, suggesting the targeting of MDSCs as a potential intervention to reactivate T-cell immunity and thereby prevent the infection from developing into severe stages of the disease. This review tried to compile evidence on the roles of different subsets of MDSCs during viral respiratory infections, which is far from being totally understood, and introduce the promising potential of MDSCs for developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, especially against COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Koushki
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Maryam Salemi
- Department of Medical Virology, The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Miri
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Arjeini
- Department of Research and Development, Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Keshavarz
- Department of Medical Virology, The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Jiménez-Cortegana C, Liró J, Palazón-Carrión N, Salamanca E, Sojo-Dorado J, de la Cruz-Merino L, Pascual Á, Rodríguez-Baño J, Sánchez-Margalet V. Increased Blood Monocytic Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells but Low Regulatory T Lymphocytes in Patients with Mild COVID-19. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:639-645. [PMID: 34529510 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may produce a systemic disease, the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), with high morbidity and mortality. Even though we do not fully understand the interaction of innate and adaptive immunity in the control and complications of the viral infection, it is well recognized that SARS-CoV-2 induces an immunodepression that impairs the elimination of the virus and favors its rapid dissemination in the organism. Even less is known about the possible participation of inhibitory cells of the innate immune system, such as the myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), or the adaptive immune system, such as the T regulatory cells (Tregs). That is why we aimed to study blood levels of MDSCs, as well as lymphocyte subpopulations, including Tregs, and activated (OX-40+) and inhibited (PD-1) T lymphocytes in patients with mild COVID-19 in comparison with data obtained from control donors. We have found that 20 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and no health history of immunosuppression had a significant increase in the number of peripheral monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSC), but a decrease in Tregs, as well as an increase in the number of inhibited or exhausted T cells, whereas the number of activated T cells was significantly decreased compared with that from 20 healthy controls. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation (r = 0.496) between the number of M-MDSC and the number of activated T cells. Therefore, M-MDSC rather than Tregs may contribute to the immunosuppression observed in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jiménez-Cortegana
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Clinical Biochemistry Service, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Julia Liró
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Clinical Biochemistry Service, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Unit, Virgen Macarena University Hospital/Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Seville/Biomedicine Institute of Seville (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | - Natalia Palazón-Carrión
- Clinical Oncology Service, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Elena Salamanca
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Unit, Virgen Macarena University Hospital/Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Seville/Biomedicine Institute of Seville (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | - Jesús Sojo-Dorado
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Unit, Virgen Macarena University Hospital/Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Seville/Biomedicine Institute of Seville (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | - Luis de la Cruz-Merino
- Clinical Oncology Service, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Álvaro Pascual
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Unit, Virgen Macarena University Hospital/Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Seville/Biomedicine Institute of Seville (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Baño
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Unit, Virgen Macarena University Hospital/Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Seville/Biomedicine Institute of Seville (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Clinical Biochemistry Service, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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13
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Dong S, Shah NK, He J, Han S, Xie M, Wang Y, Cheng T, Liu Z, Shu C. The abnormal expression of Tim-3 is involved in the regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and its correlation with preeclampsia. Placenta 2021; 114:108-114. [PMID: 34509865 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal immune system tolerance to the semi-allogeneic fetus is critical to a successful pregnancy. We previously reported that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) was associated with maternal immune imbalance. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing protein 3 (Tim-3)/Galectin-9 (Gal-9) pathway modulates function of various immune cells in maternal-fetal interface. However, the regulatory effects of Tim-3/Gal-9 signaling on MDSCs and its role in preeclampsia (PE) remain unclear. METHODS In the current study we investigated the expression of Tim-3 on MDSC in preeclampsia (PE) patients to further explore the pathogenesis of PE. RESULTS The proportion of Tim-3+ M-MDSC (monocytic MDSC) cells was higher in PE patients than in healthy control. Meanwhile, the protein expression of Gal-9, as the ligand of Tim-3, was increased in placenta of PE patients. M-MDSC also expressed a higher level of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and a lower level of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in PE. Furthermore, our study suggested that blocking Tim-3 could attenuate the inhibitory function of MDSC. DISCUSSION The abnormal expression of Tim-3 on MDSC might be involved in the pathogenesis of PE, and could be a marker to evaluate the immune function in PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130061, PR China
| | - Neelam Kumari Shah
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130061, PR China
| | - Jin He
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130061, PR China
| | - Shumei Han
- Department of Medical Administration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Min Xie
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130061, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130061, PR China
| | - Tingting Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130061, PR China
| | - Zitao Liu
- Hope Fertility Center, New York, NY10019, USA
| | - Chang Shu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130061, PR China.
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14
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Mousavi MJ, Mahmoudi M, Ghotloo S. Escape from X chromosome inactivation and female bias of autoimmune diseases. Mol Med 2020; 26:127. [PMID: 33297945 PMCID: PMC7727198 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Generally, autoimmune diseases are more prevalent in females than males. Various predisposing factors, including female sex hormones, X chromosome genes, and the microbiome have been implicated in the female bias of autoimmune diseases. During embryogenesis, one of the X chromosomes in the females is transcriptionally inactivated, in a process called X chromosome inactivation (XCI). This equalizes the impact of two X chromosomes in the females. However, some genes escape from XCI, providing a basis for the dual expression dosage of the given gene in the females. In the present review, the contribution of the escape genes to the female bias of autoimmune diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Ghotloo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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15
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Murray LM, Yerkovich ST, Ferreira MA, Upham JW. Risks for cold frequency vary by sex: role of asthma, age, TLR7 and leukocyte subsets. Eur Respir J 2020; 56:13993003.02453-2019. [PMID: 32513781 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02453-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections are usually benign but can trigger asthma exacerbations. The factors associated with upper respiratory tract infection (cold) frequency are not fully understood, nor is it clear whether such factors differ between women and men.To determine which immunological and clinical variables associate with the frequency of self-reported respiratory infections (colds), 150 asthma cases and 151 controls were recruited. Associations between antiviral immune response variables: toll-like receptor (TLR)7/8 gene expression, plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) numbers and interferon-α, tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-12 production, and asthma were then examined that might explain cold frequency.People with asthma cases reported more colds per year (median 3 versus 2; p<0.001) and had lower baseline TLR7 gene expression (odds ratio 0.12; p=0.02) than controls. Associations between many variables and cold frequency differed between women and men. In women, high blood neutrophil counts (β=0.096, p=0.002), and younger age (β=-0.017, p<0.001), but not exposure to children, were independently associated with more frequent colds. In men, low TLR7 expression (β=-0.96, p=0.041) and high CLEC4C gene expression (a marker of pDC; β=0.88, p=0.008) were independently associated with more frequent colds. Poor asthma symptom control was independently associated with reduced TLR8 gene expression (β=-1.4, p=0.036) and high body mass index (β=0.041, p=0.004).Asthma, age and markers of inflammation and antiviral immunity in peripheral blood are associated with frequent colds. Interestingly, the variables associated with cold frequency differed between women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa M Murray
- Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - John W Upham
- Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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16
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Immunostimulatory functions of adoptively transferred MDSCs in experimental blunt chest trauma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7992. [PMID: 31142770 PMCID: PMC6541619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) expand during inflammation and exhibit immunomodulatory functions on innate and adaptive immunity. However, their impact on trauma-induced immune responses, characterized by an early pro-inflammatory phase and dysregulated adaptive immunity involving lymphocyte apoptosis, exhaustion and unresponsiveness is less clear. Therefore, we adoptively transferred in vitro-generated MDSCs shortly before experimental blunt chest trauma (TxT). MDSCs preferentially homed into spleen and liver, but were undetectable in the injured lung, although pro-inflammatory mediators transiently increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Surprisingly, MDSC treatment strongly increased splenocyte numbers, however, without altering the percentage of splenic leukocyte populations. T cells of MDSC-treated TxT mice exhibited an activated phenotype characterized by expression of activation markers and elevated proliferative capacity in vitro, which was not accompanied by up-regulated exhaustion markers or unresponsiveness towards in vitro activation. Most importantly, also T cell expansion after staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) stimulation in vivo was unchanged between MDSC-treated or untreated mice. After MDSC transfer, T cells preferentially exhibited a Th1 phenotype, a prerequisite to circumvent post-traumatic infectious complications. Our findings reveal a totally unexpected immunostimulatory role of adoptively transferred MDSCs in TxT and might offer options to interfere with post-traumatic malfunction of the adaptive immune response.
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17
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Dorhoi A, Glaría E, Garcia-Tellez T, Nieuwenhuizen NE, Zelinskyy G, Favier B, Singh A, Ehrchen J, Gujer C, Münz C, Saraiva M, Sohrabi Y, Sousa AE, Delputte P, Müller-Trutwin M, Valledor AF. MDSCs in infectious diseases: regulation, roles, and readjustment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:673-685. [PMID: 30569204 PMCID: PMC11028159 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many pathogens, ranging from viruses to multicellular parasites, promote expansion of MDSCs, which are myeloid cells that exhibit immunosuppressive features. The roles of MDSCs in infection depend on the class and virulence mechanisms of the pathogen, the stage of the disease, and the pathology associated with the infection. This work compiles evidence supported by functional assays on the roles of different subsets of MDSCs in acute and chronic infections, including pathogen-associated malignancies, and discusses strategies to modulate MDSC dynamics to benefit the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Estibaliz Glaría
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 3rd floor, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Gennadiy Zelinskyy
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Benoit Favier
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, CEA, Université Paris Sud 11, INSERM U1184, IBJF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anurag Singh
- University Children's Hospital and Interdisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Ehrchen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelia Gujer
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Yahya Sohrabi
- Molecular and Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ana E Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Annabel F Valledor
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 3rd floor, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Luo Z, Li Y, Zhou M, Lv L, Wu Q, Chen C, Zhang Y, Sui B, Tu C, Cui M, Chen H, Fu ZF, Zhao L. Toll-Like Receptor 7 Enhances Rabies Virus-Induced Humoral Immunity by Facilitating the Formation of Germinal Centers. Front Immunol 2019; 10:429. [PMID: 30906301 PMCID: PMC6418000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) causes fatal encephalitis in mammals and poses a public health threat in many parts of the world. Vaccination remains the most effective means for prevention and control of rabies. Studies focusing on the mechanism of RABV immunogenicity are necessary for improvement of rabies vaccines. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), an innate receptor sensing single-stranded viral RNA, is important for the induction of innate and adaptive immunity. Our studies revealed that the absence of TLR7 led to a lower antibody production in mice immunized with RABV. It is further found that TLR7 deficiency affected the recruitment of germinal center (GC) B cells and led to lessened GCs formation. Consistently, there were less plasma cells (PCs) and antibody secreting cells (ASC) in TLR7-/- mice than those in wild type (WT) mice, resulting in impaired production of RABV-neutralizing antibodies (VNA). TLR7 deficiency also impaired the generation of memory B cells (MBCs) and the induction of secondary immune responses. Moreover, TLR7 deficiency down-regulated the induction of some cytokines/chemokines, especially IFN-γ, resulting in a Th2-biased antibody production. Overall, our results suggest that TLR7 facilitates the induction of the humoral immunity in response to RABV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yachun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baokun Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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19
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Peñaloza HF, Alvarez D, Muñoz-Durango N, Schultz BM, González PA, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM. The role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in chronic infectious diseases and the current methodology available for their study. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:857-872. [PMID: 30480847 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0618-233r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective pathogen has the ability to evade the immune response. The strategies used to achieve this may be based on the direct action of virulence factors or on the induction of host factors. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immune cells with an incredible ability to suppress the inflammatory response, which makes them excellent targets to be exploited by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites. In this review, we describe the origin and suppressive mechanisms of MDSCs, as well as their role in chronic bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, where their expansion seems to be essential in the chronicity of the disease. We also analyze the disadvantages of current MDSC depletion strategies and the different in vitro generation methods, which can be useful tools for the deeper study of these cells in the context of microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán F Peñaloza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diana Alvarez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Muñoz-Durango
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara M Schultz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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20
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Song JH, Shim A, Kim YJ, Ahn JH, Kwon BE, Pham TT, Lee J, Chang SY, Ko HJ. Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Pochonin D, a Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor, against Rhinovirus Infection. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:576-583. [PMID: 29715717 PMCID: PMC6254639 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are one of the major causes of common cold in humans and are also associated with acute asthma and bronchial illness. Heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90), a molecular chaperone, is an important host factor for the replication of single-strand RNA viruses. In the current study, we examined the effect of the Hsp90 inhibitor pochonin D, in vitro and in vivo, using a murine model of human rhinovirus type 1B (HRV1B) infection. Our data suggested that Hsp90 inhibition significantly reduced the inflammatory cytokine production and lung damage caused by HRV1B infection. The viral titer was significantly lowered in HRV1B-infected lungs and in Hela cells upon treatment with pochonin D. Infiltration of innate immune cells including granulocytes and monocytes was also reduced in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) by pochonin D treatment after HRV1B infection. Histological analysis of the lung and respiratory tract showed that pochonin D protected the mice from HRV1B infection. Collectively, our results suggest that the Hsp90 inhibitor, pochonin D, could be an attractive antiviral therapeutic for treating HRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyoung Song
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeri Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Jeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Eun Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy Trang Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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21
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Zarnegar B, Westin A, Evangelidou S, Hallgren J. Innate Immunity Induces the Accumulation of Lung Mast Cells During Influenza Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2288. [PMID: 30337928 PMCID: PMC6180200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells release disease-causing mediators and accumulate in the lung of asthmatics. The most common cause of exacerbations of asthma is respiratory virus infections such as influenza. Recently, we demonstrated that influenza infection in mice triggers the recruitment of mast cell progenitors to the lung. This process starts early after infection and leads to the accumulation of mast cells. Previous studies showed that an adaptive immune response was required to trigger the recruitment of mast cell progenitors to the lung in a mouse model of allergic lung inflammation. Therefore, we set out to determine whether an adaptive immune response against the virus is needed to cause the influenza-induced recruitment of mast cell progenitors to the lung. We found that influenza-induced recruitment of mast cell progenitors to the lung was intact in Rag2 -/- mice and mice depleted of CD4+ cells, implicating the involvement of innate immune signals in this process. Seven weeks after the primary infection, the influenza-exposed mice harbored more lung mast cells than unexposed mice. As innate immunity was implicated in stimulating the recruitment process, several compounds known to trigger innate immune responses were administrated intranasally to test their ability to cause an increase in lung mast cell progenitors. Poly I:C, a synthetic analog of viral dsRNA, induced a TLR3-dependent increase in lung mast cell progenitors. In addition, IL-33 induced an ST2-dependent increase in lung mast cell progenitors. In contrast, the influenza-induced recruitment of mast cell progenitors to the lung occurred independently of either TLR3 or ST2, as demonstrated using Tlr3 -/- or Il1rl1 -/- mice. Furthermore, neutralization of IL-33 in Tlr3 -/- mice could not abrogate the influenza-induced influx of mast cell progenitors to the lung. These results suggest that other innate receptor(s) contribute to mount the influx of mast cell progenitors to the lung upon influenza infection. Our study establishes that mast cell progenitors can be rapidly recruited to the lung by innate immune signals. This indicates that during life various innate stimuli of the respiratory tract trigger increases in the mast cell population within the lung. The expanded mast cell population may contribute to the exacerbations of symptoms which occurs when asthmatics are exposed to respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behdad Zarnegar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Westin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Syrmoula Evangelidou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hallgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Effects of Glycyrrhizin on the Differentiation of Myeloid Cells of the Heart and Lungs in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Septic Mice. Shock 2018; 48:371-376. [PMID: 28221243 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effects of glycyrrhizin (GR) on the ratio of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to cluster of differentiation (CD)11b+Gr1 myeloid cells in the heart and lungs in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic mice. METHODS Mice were divided into three groups: Control, LPS, and LPS+GR. After intraperitoneal injection of phosphate-buffered saline for the Control group, LPS for the LPS group, and a combination of LPS and GR for the LPS+GR group, fluorescence-activated cell sorting was utilized to evaluate cytokines and immune cells in the blood, heart, and lungs. Histopathologic analysis of Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 was also performed. RESULTS The cytokine amounts in the LPS and LPS+GR groups were significantly higher than in the Control group; however, that in the LPS+GR group was significant lower than in the LPS group. The ratio of MDSCs to CD11b+Gr1 myeloid cells in the LPS+GR group was significantly higher than in the LPS group but was significantly lower than in the Control group. The staining intensity of TLR4 showed the same pattern as that of cytokines in the heart and lungs. TLR4 staining was significantly lower in the LPS+GR group than in the LPS group but was higher than that in the Control group. CONCLUSION GR exhibited protective effects on the heart and lungs in LPS-induced septic mice. The effects were associated with an elevated ratio of MDSCs to CD11b+Gr1 myeloid cells and the inhibition of cytokine release and TLR4 expression after GR injection.
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23
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Ascough S, Paterson S, Chiu C. Induction and Subversion of Human Protective Immunity: Contrasting Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:323. [PMID: 29552008 PMCID: PMC5840263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza are among the most important causes of severe respiratory disease worldwide. Despite the clinical need, barriers to developing reliably effective vaccines against these viruses have remained firmly in place for decades. Overcoming these hurdles requires better understanding of human immunity and the strategies by which these pathogens evade it. Although superficially similar, the virology and host response to RSV and influenza are strikingly distinct. Influenza induces robust strain-specific immunity following natural infection, although protection by current vaccines is short-lived. In contrast, even strain-specific protection is incomplete after RSV and there are currently no licensed RSV vaccines. Although animal models have been critical for developing a fundamental understanding of antiviral immunity, extrapolating to human disease has been problematic. It is only with recent translational advances (such as controlled human infection models and high-dimensional technologies) that the mechanisms responsible for differences in protection against RSV compared to influenza have begun to be elucidated in the human context. Influenza infection elicits high-affinity IgA in the respiratory tract and virus-specific IgG, which correlates with protection. Long-lived influenza-specific T cells have also been shown to ameliorate disease. This robust immunity promotes rapid emergence of antigenic variants leading to immune escape. RSV differs markedly, as reinfection with similar strains occurs despite natural infection inducing high levels of antibody against conserved antigens. The immunomodulatory mechanisms of RSV are thus highly effective in inhibiting long-term protection, with disturbance of type I interferon signaling, antigen presentation and chemokine-induced inflammation possibly all contributing. These lead to widespread effects on adaptive immunity with impaired B cell memory and reduced T cell generation and functionality. Here, we discuss the differences in clinical outcome and immune response following influenza and RSV. Specifically, we focus on differences in their recognition by innate immunity; the strategies used by each virus to evade these early immune responses; and effects across the innate-adaptive interface that may prevent long-lived memory generation. Thus, by comparing these globally important pathogens, we highlight mechanisms by which optimal antiviral immunity may be better induced and discuss the potential for these insights to inform novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ascough
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanna Paterson
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Stegemann-Koniszewski S, Behrens S, Boehme JD, Hochnadel I, Riese P, Guzmán CA, Kröger A, Schreiber J, Gunzer M, Bruder D. Respiratory Influenza A Virus Infection Triggers Local and Systemic Natural Killer Cell Activation via Toll-Like Receptor 7. Front Immunol 2018; 9:245. [PMID: 29497422 PMCID: PMC5819576 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system senses influenza A virus (IAV) through different pathogen-recognition receptors including Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7). Downstream of viral recognition natural killer (NK) cells are activated as part of the anti-IAV immune response. Despite the known decisive role of TLR7 for NK cell activation by therapeutic immunostimulatory RNAs, the contribution of TLR7 to the NK cell response following IAV infection has not been addressed. We have analyzed lung cytokine responses as well as the activation, interferon (IFN)-γ production, and cytotoxicity of lung and splenic NK cells following sublethal respiratory IAV infection in wild-type and TLR7ko mice. Early airway IFN-γ levels as well as the induction of lung NK cell CD69 expression and IFN-γ production in response to IAV infection were significantly attenuated in TLR7-deficient hosts. Strikingly, respiratory IAV infection also primed splenic NK cells for IFN-γ production, degranulation, and target cell lysis, all of which were fully dependent on TLR7. At the same time, lung type I IFN levels were significantly reduced in TLR7ko mice early following IAV infection, displaying a potential upstream mechanism of the attenuated NK cell activation observed. Taken together, our data clearly demonstrate a specific role for TLR7 signaling in local and systemic NK cell activation following respiratory IAV infection despite the presence of redundant innate IAV-recognition pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Stegemann-Koniszewski
- Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Infection Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Experimental Pneumology, University Hospital of Pneumology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Behrens
- Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julia D Boehme
- Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Infection Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Inga Hochnadel
- Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peggy Riese
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andrea Kröger
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Innate Immunity and Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jens Schreiber
- Experimental Pneumology, University Hospital of Pneumology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Infection Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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25
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Dorhoi A, Du Plessis N. Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Chronic Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1895. [PMID: 29354120 PMCID: PMC5758551 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous populations of myeloid regulatory cells (MRC), including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, are found in cancer and infectious diseases. The inflammatory environment in solid tumors as well as infectious foci with persistent pathogens promotes the development and recruitment of MRC. These cells help to resolve inflammation and establish host immune homeostasis by restricting T lymphocyte function, inducing regulatory T cells and releasing immune suppressive cytokines and enzyme products. Monocytic MRC, also termed monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSC), are bona fide phagocytes, capable of pathogen internalization and persistence, while exerting localized suppressive activity. Here, we summarize molecular pathways controlling M-MDSC genesis and functions in microbial-induced non-resolved inflammation and immunopathology. We focus on the roles of M-MDSC in infections, including opportunistic extracellular bacteria and fungi as well as persistent intracellular pathogens, such as mycobacteria and certain viruses. Better understanding of M-MDSC biology in chronic infections and their role in antimicrobial immunity, will advance development of novel, more effective and broad-range anti-infective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Insel Riems, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nelita Du Plessis
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST and NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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26
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Neutrophils and PMN-MDSC: Their biological role and interaction with stromal cells. Semin Immunol 2017; 35:19-28. [PMID: 29254756 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils and polymorphonucler myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSC) share origin and many morphological and phenotypic features. However, they have different biological role. Neutrophils are one of the major mechanisms of protection against invading pathogens, whereas PMN-MDSC have immune suppressive activity and restrict immune responses in cancer, chronic infectious disease, trauma, sepsis, and many other pathological conditions. Although in healthy adult individuals, PMN-MDSC are not or barely detectable, in patients with cancer and many other diseases they accumulate at various degree and co-exist with neutrophils. Recent advances allow for better distinction of these cells and better understanding of their biological role. Accumulating evidence indicates PMN-MDSC as pathologically activated neutrophils, with important role in regulation of immune responses. In this review, we provide an overview on the definition and characterization of PMN-MDSC and neutrophils, their pathological significance in a variety of diseases, and their interaction with other stromal components.
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27
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MDSCs are induced after experimental blunt chest trauma and subsequently alter antigen-specific T cell responses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12808. [PMID: 28993671 PMCID: PMC5634472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe blunt chest trauma (TxT) induces a strong inflammatory response with posttraumatic immune suppression pointing to an impaired adaptive immune response. Since CD11b+Gr-1+-expressing myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are induced after inflammation and suppress T cell responses, MDSC induction and their impact on T cell functions was analysed in an experimental TxT model. MDSCs were induced preferentially in the lung until 24 hours after TxT. Although MDSC numbers were only faintly increased in the spleen, splenic MDSCs isolated after TxT strongly inhibited alloantigen-induced T cell proliferation in vitro. Suppressive activity correlated with increased expression of arginase-1 and iNOS. MDSCs also prevented antigen-induced T cell expansion in vivo, since staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB)-induced proliferation of vβ8+ T cells was impaired in TxT mice in the presence of CD11b+Gr-1+ cells. Surprisingly, MDSCs were not involved in shifting T cells into Th2 cells, characterized by the secretion of cytokines impairing cell-mediated immunity and promoting immunosuppression. Instead, the presence of CD11b+Gr-1+ cells was required for efficient IL-2, IFN-γ and TNFα production after antigenic stimulation, indicating, that elevation of MDSCs early after traumatic injuries might contribute to restrict the initial inflammatory response by alleviating T cell expansion, however, without impeding Th1 functions.
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28
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Huang L, Zhang Y, Xu C, Gu X, Niu L, Wang J, Sun X, Bai X, Xuan X, Li Q, Shi C, Yu B, Miller H, Yang G, Westerberg LS, Liu W, Song W, Zhao X, Liu C. Rictor positively regulates B cell receptor signaling by modulating actin reorganization via ezrin. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2001750. [PMID: 28821013 PMCID: PMC5562439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As the central hub of the metabolism machinery, the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) has been well studied in lymphocytes. As an obligatory component of mTORC2, the role of Rictor in T cells is well established. However, the role of Rictor in B cells still remains elusive. Rictor is involved in B cell development, especially the peripheral development. However, the role of Rictor on B cell receptor (BCR) signaling as well as the underlying cellular and molecular mechanism is still unknown. This study used B cell-specfic Rictor knockout (KO) mice to investigate how Rictor regulates BCR signaling. We found that the key positive and negative BCR signaling molecules, phosphorylated Brutons tyrosine kinase (pBtk) and phosphorylated SH2-containing inositol phosphatase (pSHIP), are reduced and enhanced, respectively, in Rictor KO B cells. This suggests that Rictor positively regulates the early events of BCR signaling. We found that the cellular filamentous actin (F-actin) is drastically increased in Rictor KO B cells after BCR stimulation through dysregulating the dephosphorylation of ezrin. The high actin-ezrin intensity area restricts the lateral movement of BCRs upon stimulation, consequently reducing BCR clustering and BCR signaling. The reduction in the initiation of BCR signaling caused by actin alteration is associated with a decreased humoral immune response in Rictor KO mice. The inhibition of actin polymerization with latrunculin in Rictor KO B cells rescues the defects of BCR signaling and B cell differentiation. Overall, our study provides a new pathway linking cell metablism to BCR activation, in which Rictor regulates BCR signaling via actin reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenguang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Gu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Niu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinzhi Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoming Bai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingtian Xuan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qubei Li
- Children’s Hospital Respiratory Center of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunwei Shi
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Department of Intracellular Pathogens, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lisa S. Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wanli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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29
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Tamadaho RSE, Hoerauf A, Layland LE. Immunomodulatory effects of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in diseases: Role in cancer and infections. Immunobiology 2017; 223:432-442. [PMID: 29246400 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are heterogeneous cells capable of abrogating T and B cells responses and have been identified in numerous cancers. As with other regulatory cell populations, they aim to maintain balance between host-defence-associated inflammation and ensuing tissue pathology. MDSC accumulation and/or activation involve several growth factors and cytokines including Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) and Interleukin (IL)-6 and suppression has been linked to receptors such as IL-4Rα. Other immune pathways, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have also been shown to interfere in MDSC activity adding to the complexity in clarifying their pathways. Monocytic- (Mo-MDSCs) and polymorphonuclear- (PMN-MDSCs) cells are two subsets of MDSCs that have been well characterized and have been shown to function through different mechanisms although both appear to require nitric oxide. In human and murine model settings, MDSCs have been shown to have inhibitory effects on T cell responses during bacterial, parasitic and viral pathologies and an increase of MDSC numbers has been associated with pathological conditions. Interestingly, the environment impacts on MDSC activity and regulatory T cells (Tregs), mast cells and a few cells that may help MDSC in order to regulate immune responses. Since the majority of pioneering data on MDSCs has stemmed from research on malignancies, this review will summarize MDSC biology and function in cancer and highlight current knowledge about these cells during infectious pathologies as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth S E Tamadaho
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
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Köstlin N, Vogelmann M, Spring B, Schwarz J, Feucht J, Härtel C, Orlikowsky TW, Poets CF, Gille C. Granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells from human cord blood modulate T-helper cell response towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Immunology 2017; 152:89-101. [PMID: 28464218 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The outstandingly high susceptibility to infections early in life is mainly attributable to the compromised state of the neonatal immune system. One important difference to the adult immune system is a bias towards T helper type 2 (Th2) responses in newborns. However, mechanisms regulating neonatal T-cell responses are incompletely understood. Granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (GR-MDSC) are myeloid cells with a granulocytic phenotype that suppress various functions of other immune cells and accumulate under physiological conditions during pregnancy in maternal and fetal blood. Although it has been hypothesized that GR-MDSC accumulation during fetal life could be important for the maintenance of maternal-fetal tolerance, the influence of GR-MDSC on the immunological phenotype of neonates is still unclear. Here, we investigated the impact of GR-MDSC isolated from cord blood (CB-MDSC) on the polarization of Th cells. We demonstrate that CB-MDSC inhibit Th1 responses and induced Th2 responses and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Th1 inhibition was cell-contact dependent and occurred independent of other cell types, while Th2 induction was mediated independently of cell contact through expression of ArgI and reactive oxygen species by CB-MDSC and partially needed the presence of monocytes. Treg cell induction by CB-MDSC also occurred cell-contact independently but was partially mediated through inducible nitric oxide synthase. These results point towards a role of MDSC in regulating neonatal immune responses. Targeting MDSC function in neonates could be a therapeutic opportunity to improve neonatal host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Köstlin
- Department of Neonatology, Tübingen University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Margit Vogelmann
- Department of Neonatology, Tübingen University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bärbel Spring
- Department of Neonatology, Tübingen University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julian Schwarz
- Department of Neonatology, Tübingen University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Judith Feucht
- Department of Paediatrics I, Tübingen University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Härtel
- Department of Paediatrics, University Clinic Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Christian F Poets
- Department of Neonatology, Tübingen University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Gille
- Department of Neonatology, Tübingen University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
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Expansion of CD11b +Ly-6C + myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) driven by galectin-9 attenuates CVB3-induced myocarditis. Mol Immunol 2017; 83:62-71. [PMID: 28110209 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-9 is known to play a role in the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity to ameliorate CVB3-induced myocarditis. In the present study, we found that galectin-9 induced the expansion of CD11b+Ly-6C+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the heart from CVB3-infected mice. Adoptive transfer of CD11b+Ly-6C+ MDSCs significantly alleviated myocarditis accompanied by increased Th2 and Treg frequency and anti-inflammatory cytokines expression in the heart tissue. Moreover, Ly6C+ MDSCs, but not Ly6G+ cells, expressed Arg-1 and NOS2, and suppressed CD4+ T cell proliferation in vitro in an Arg-1-dependent mechanism; an event that was reversed with treatment of either an Arg-1 inhibitor or addition of excess l-arginine. Furthermore, Ly6C+ MDSCs co-expressed higher levels of F4/80, Tim-3, and IL-4Rα, and had the plasticity to up-regulate NOS2 or Arg-1 in response to IFN-γ or IL-4 treatment. The present results indicate that galectin-9 expands CD11b+Ly-6C+ MDSCs to ameliorate CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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O'Connor MA, Rastad JL, Green WR. The Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Viral Infection. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:82-97. [PMID: 28051364 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are heterogeneous immature myeloid cells that are well described as potent immune regulatory cells during human cancer and murine tumor models. Reports of MDSCs during viral infections remain limited, and their association with immunomodulation of viral diseases is still being defined. Here, we provide an overview of MDSCs or MDSC-like cells identified during viral infections, including murine viral models and human viral diseases. Understanding the similarities and/or differences of virally induced versus tumor-derived MDSCs will be important for designing future immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A O'Connor
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , New Hampshire
| | - Jessica L Rastad
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , New Hampshire
| | - William R Green
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , New Hampshire.,2 Norris Cotton Cancer Center , Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon , New Hampshire
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Troy NM, Bosco A. Respiratory viral infections and host responses; insights from genomics. Respir Res 2016; 17:156. [PMID: 27871304 PMCID: PMC5117516 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are a leading cause of disease and mortality. The severity of these illnesses can vary markedly from mild or asymptomatic upper airway infections to severe wheezing, bronchiolitis or pneumonia. In this article, we review the viral sensing pathways and organizing principles that govern the innate immune response to infection. Then, we reconstruct the molecular networks that differentiate symptomatic from asymptomatic respiratory viral infections, and identify the underlying molecular drivers of these networks. Finally, we discuss unique aspects of the biology and pathogenesis of infections with respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus and influenza, drawing on insights from genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M Troy
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia.
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Rastad JL, Green WR. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in murine AIDS inhibit B-cell responses in part via soluble mediators including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and TGF-β. Virology 2016; 499:9-22. [PMID: 27632561 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) were increased during LP-BM5 retroviral infection, and were capable of suppressing not only T-cell, but also B-cell responses. In addition to previously demonstrating iNOS- and VISTA-dependent M-MDSC mechanisms, in this paper, we detail how M-MDSCs utilized soluble mediators, including the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species superoxide, peroxynitrite, and nitric oxide, and TGF-β, to suppress B cells in a predominantly contact-independent manner. Suppression was independent of cysteine-depletion and hydrogen peroxide production. When two major mechanisms of suppression (iNOS and VISTA) were eliminated in double knockout mice, M-MDSCs from LP-BM5-infected mice were able to compensate using other, soluble mechanisms in order to maintain suppression of B cells. The IL-10 producing regulatory B-cell compartment was among the targets of M-MDSC-mediated suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Rastad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
| | - William R Green
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States.
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Liu R, Wang J, Yang Y, Khan I, Zhu N. Rabies virus lipopeptide conjugated to a TLR7 agonist improves the magnitude and quality of the Th1-biased humoral immune response in mice. Virology 2016; 497:102-110. [PMID: 27449478 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we conjugated the rabies-derived lipopeptide CE536 to a TLR7 agonist, imiquimod, and evaluated its adjuvanticity. The synthetic construct (Lipo-I) targeted to TLR7, induced dendritic cell phenotypic maturation and production of both type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines more efficiently than unconjugated TLR7 ligands or lipopeptide alone. The immunostimulatory effects of the conjugate were apparently the result of IκBα degradation and sustained p38 and JNK phosphorylation. The analysis of IgG isotypes and T cell differentiation showed that IgG2a dominant Th1-biased humoral and CD8(+) IFN-γ T cell responses were induced by Lipo-I. Lipo-I could facilitate the rabies vaccine to induce the production of an earlier and more vigorous rabies virus neutralizing antibody. In the post-exposure test, the Lipo-I adjuvanted vaccine provided a 73.3% survival rate, while the traditional vaccine bestowed only a 26.7% survival. Therefore, Lipo-I is a promising adjuvant for the development of more effective rabies vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Inamullah Khan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Naishuo Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Alveolar Type II Epithelial Cells Contribute to the Anti-Influenza A Virus Response in the Lung by Integrating Pathogen- and Microenvironment-Derived Signals. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.00276-16. [PMID: 27143386 PMCID: PMC4959657 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00276-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) periodically causes substantial morbidity and mortality in the human population. In the lower lung, the primary targets for IAV replication are type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII), which are increasingly recognized for their immunological potential. So far, little is known about their reaction to IAV and their contribution to respiratory antiviral immunity in vivo. Therefore, we characterized the AECII response during early IAV infection by analyzing transcriptional regulation in cells sorted from the lungs of infected mice. We detected rapid and extensive regulation of gene expression in AECII following in vivo IAV infection. The comparison to transcriptional regulation in lung tissue revealed a strong contribution of AECII to the respiratory response. IAV infection triggered the expression of a plethora of antiviral factors and immune mediators in AECII with a high prevalence for interferon-stimulated genes. Functional pathway analyses revealed high activity in pathogen recognition, immune cell recruitment, and antigen presentation. Ultimately, our analyses of transcriptional regulation in AECII and lung tissue as well as interferon I/III levels and cell recruitment indicated AECII to integrate signals provided by direct pathogen recognition and surrounding cells. Ex vivo analysis of AECII proved a powerful tool to increase our understanding of their role in respiratory immune responses, and our results clearly show that AECII need to be considered a part of the surveillance and effector system of the lower respiratory tract. In order to confront the health hazard posed by IAV, we need to complete our understanding of its pathogenesis. AECII are primary targets for IAV replication in the lung, and while we are beginning to understand their importance for respiratory immunity, the in vivo AECII response during IAV infection has not been analyzed. In contrast to studies addressing the response of AECII infected with IAV ex vivo, we have performed detailed gene transcriptional profiling of AECII isolated from the lungs of infected mice. Thereby, we have identified an exceptionally rapid and versatile response to IAV infection that is shaped by pathogen-derived as well as microenvironment-derived signals and aims at the induction of antiviral measures and the recruitment and activation of immune cells. In conclusion, our study presents AECII as active players in antiviral defense in vivo that need to be considered part of the sentinel and effector immune system of the lung.
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Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells from females, but not males, alleviate CVB3-induced myocarditis by increasing regulatory and CD4(+)IL-10(+) T cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22658. [PMID: 26939768 PMCID: PMC4778123 DOI: 10.1038/srep22658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus group B type 3 (CVB3) is a common etiologic agent of viral myocarditis and often causes sexually dimorphic myocarditis with increased incidence and mortality in male. So far, the underlying mechanism for the high male prevalence is not well elucidated. In this study, we deciphered the role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the gender bias in murine CVB3-induced myocarditis by comparing their frequencies, subsets as well as immune suppressive functions. We found that much more myocardial MDSCs were enriched in infected females than males, with dramatically higher percentage ratio of CD11b+Ly6G-Ly6Chigh monocytic subset (M-MDSCs) to CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow granulocytic subset (G-MDSCs). Interestingly, more potent suppression on T cell proliferation was also evidenced in female-derived M-MDSCs. Consistently, adoptive transfer of female- but not male-derived M-MDSCs efficiently alleviated CVB3-induced myocarditis in male recipient mice, and this protection could be ascribed to the increased induction of regulatory and CD4+IL-10+ T cells. Our study suggested that myocardial MDSCs were distinctively induced not only in quantities but also in phenotypes and immune suppressive functions in CVB3-infected males and females; and female-derived more suppressive M-MDSCs contributed to their insensitivity to CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Ishikawa H, Ino S, Sasaki H, Fukui T, Kohda C, Tanaka K. The protective effects of intranasal administration of IL-12 given before influenza virus infection and the negative effects of IL-12 treatment given after viral infection. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1487-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology; Tokyo Medical University; Shinjuku-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Satoshi Ino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Showa University School of Medicine; Shinagawa-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiraku Sasaki
- Department of Health Science; School of Health and Sports Science; Juntendo University; Inzai Chiba Japan
| | - Toshie Fukui
- Department of Microbiology; Tokyo Medical University; Shinjuku-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Chikara Kohda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Showa University School of Medicine; Shinagawa-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Showa University School of Medicine; Shinagawa-ku Tokyo Japan
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39
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Köstlin N, Hofstädter K, Ostermeir AL, Spring B, Leiber A, Haen S, Abele H, Bauer P, Pollheimer J, Hartl D, Poets CF, Gille C. Granulocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Accumulate in Human Placenta and Polarize toward a Th2 Phenotype. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:1132-45. [PMID: 26712947 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance induction toward the semiallogeneic fetus is crucial to enable a successful pregnancy; its failure is associated with abortion or preterm delivery. Skewing T cell differentiation toward a Th2-dominated phenotype seems to be pivotal in maternal immune adaption, yet underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are innate immune cells that mediate T cell suppression and are increased in cord blood of healthy newborns and in peripheral blood of pregnant women. In this study, we demonstrate that granulocytic MDSCs (GR-MDSCs) accumulate in human placenta of healthy pregnancies but are diminished in patients with spontaneous abortions. Placental GR-MDSCs effectively suppressed T cell responses by expression of arginase I and production of reactive oxygen species and were activated at the maternal-fetal interface through interaction with trophoblast cells. Furthermore, GR-MDSCs isolated from placenta polarized CD4(+) T cells toward a Th2 cytokine response. These results highlight a potential role of GR-MDSCs in inducing and maintaining maternal-fetal tolerance and suggest them as a promising target for therapeutic manipulation of pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Köstlin
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Hofstädter
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Ostermeir
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bärbel Spring
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anja Leiber
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Haen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Harald Abele
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pollheimer
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Dominik Hartl
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian F Poets
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Gille
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
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Dysregulation of Toll-Like Receptor 7 Compromises Innate and Adaptive T Cell Responses and Host Resistance to an Attenuated West Nile Virus Infection in Old Mice. J Virol 2015; 90:1333-44. [PMID: 26581984 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02488-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The elderly are known to have enhanced susceptibility to infections and an impaired capacity to respond to vaccination. West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has induced severe neurological symptoms, mostly in the elderly population. No vaccines are available for human use. Recent work showed that an attenuated WNV, a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced no lethality but strong immune responses in young (6- to 10-week-old) mice. While studying protective efficacy, we found unexpectedly that old (21- to 22-month) mice were susceptible to WNV NS4B-P38G mutant infection but were protected from subsequent lethal wild-type WNV challenge. Compared to responses in young mice, the NS4B-P38G mutant triggered higher inflammatory cytokine and interleukin-10 (IL-10) production, a delayed γδ T cell expansion, and lower antibody and WNV-specific T cell responses in old mice. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is expressed on multiple types of cells. Impaired TLR7 signaling in old mice led to dendritic cell (DC) antigen-presenting function compromise and a reduced γδ T cell and regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion during NS4B-P38G mutant infection. R848, a TLR7 agonist, decreased host vulnerability in NS4B-P38G-infected old mice by enhancing γδ T cell and Treg expansion and the antigen-presenting capacity of DCs, thereby promoting T cell responses. In summary, our results suggest that dysregulation of TLR7 partially contributes to impaired innate and adaptive T cell responses and an enhanced vulnerability in old mice during WNV NS4B-P38G mutant infection. R848 increases the safety and efficacy during immunization of old mice with the WNV NS4B-P38G mutant. IMPORTANCE The elderly are known to have enhanced susceptibility to infections and an impaired capacity to respond to vaccination. West Nile virus (WNV), an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus, has induced severe neurological symptoms more frequently in the elderly population. No vaccines are available for human use. Here, we used an aged mouse model to investigate the protective efficacy of an attenuated WNV, the nonstructural 4B-P38G mutant, which was previously shown to induce no lethality but strong immune responses in young adult mice. Studies that contribute to a mechanistic understanding of immune defects in the elderly will allow the development of strategies to improve responses to infectious diseases and to increase vaccine efficacy and safety in aging individuals.
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In vitro-generated MDSCs prevent murine GVHD by inducing type 2 T cells without disabling antitumor cytotoxicity. Blood 2015; 126:1138-48. [PMID: 26185131 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-01-624163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) inhibit T-cell expansion and functions by versatile mechanisms such as nutrient depletion, nitrosylation, or apoptosis. Since graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is characterized by the expansion of donor-derived T cells destroying recipient tissue, we analyzed whether MDSCs can be used for GVHD prevention in murine allogeneic bone marrow transplantation models. Transplantation of MDSCs, generated from bone marrow cells by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)/G-CSF in vitro, inhibited GVHD-induced death and attenuated histologic GVHD, whereas antitumor cytotoxicity of alloantigen-specific T cells was maintained. MDSCs expanded in vivo and invaded lymphatic and GVHD target organs. Major histocompatibility complex class I expression on MDSCs was dispensable for their suppressive capacity. Inhibition of GVHD required the presence of MDSCs during T-cell priming, whereas allogeneic T-cell numbers and homing in lymphoid and GVHD target organs were not considerably affected in MDSC-treated mice. However, MDSCs skewed allogeneic T cells toward type 2 T cells upregulating T helper 2 (Th2)-specific cytokines. Type 2 T-cell induction was indispensable for GVHD prevention since MDSC treatment failed to prevent GVHD when allogeneic STAT6-deficient T cells, which are unable to differentiate into Th2 cells, were transplanted. MDSC-induced Th2 induction might be applicable for GVHD treatment in clinical settings.
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Selective Involvement of the Checkpoint Regulator VISTA in Suppression of B-Cell, but Not T-Cell, Responsiveness by Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells from Mice Infected with an Immunodeficiency-Causing Retrovirus. J Virol 2015; 89:9693-8. [PMID: 26157131 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00888-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of T-cell responses in tumor microenvironments by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) is widely accepted. We demonstrated augmentation of monocytic MDSCs whose suppression of not only T-cell, but also B-cell, responsiveness paralleled the immunodeficiency during LP-BM5 retrovirus infection. MDSCs inhibited T cells by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/nitric oxide (NO), but uniquely, inhibition of B cells was ~50% dependent each on iNOS/NO and the MDSC-expressed negative-checkpoint regulator VISTA. Blockade with a combination of iNOS/NO and VISTA caused additive or synergistic abrogation of MDSC-mediated suppression of B-cell responsiveness.
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Coadministration of Hedera helix L. Extract Enabled Mice to Overcome Insufficient Protection against Influenza A/PR/8 Virus Infection under Suboptimal Treatment with Oseltamivir. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131089. [PMID: 26098681 PMCID: PMC4476699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several anti-influenza drugs that reduce disease manifestation exist, and although these drugs provide clinical benefits in infected patients, their efficacy is limited by the emergence of drug-resistant influenza viruses. In the current study, we assessed the therapeutic strategy of enhancing the antiviral efficacy of an existing neuraminidase inhibitor, oseltamivir, by coadministering with the leaf extract from Hedera helix L, commonly known as ivy. Ivy extract has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antihelminthic properties. In the present study, we investigated its potential antiviral properties against influenza A/PR/8 (PR8) virus in a mouse model with suboptimal oseltamivir that mimics a poor clinical response to antiviral drug treatment. Suboptimal oseltamivir resulted in insufficient protection against PR8 infection. Oral administration of ivy extract with suboptimal oseltamivir increased the antiviral activity of oseltamivir. Ivy extract and its compounds, particularly hedrasaponin F, significantly reduced the cytopathic effect in PR8-infected A549 cells in the presence of oseltamivir. Compared with oseltamivir treatment alone, coadministration of the fraction of ivy extract that contained the highest proportion of hedrasaponin F with oseltamivir decreased pulmonary inflammation in PR8-infected mice. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, were reduced by treatment with oseltamivir and the fraction of ivy extract. Analysis of inflammatory cell infiltration in the bronchial alveolar of PR8-infected mice revealed that CD11b+Ly6G+ and CD11b+Ly6Cint cells were recruited after virus infection; coadministration of the ivy extract fraction with oseltamivir reduced infiltration of these inflammatory cells. In a model of suboptimal oseltamivir treatment, coadministration of ivy extract fraction that includes hedrasaponin F increased protection against PR8 infection that could be explained by its antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Abstract
Influenza viruses pose a substantial threat to human and animal health worldwide. Recent studies in mouse models have revealed an indispensable role for the innate immune system in defense against influenza virus. Recognition of the virus by innate immune receptors in a multitude of cell types activates intricate signaling networks, functioning to restrict viral replication. Downstream effector mechanisms include activation of innate immune cells and, induction and regulation of adaptive immunity. However, uncontrolled innate responses are associated with exaggerated disease, especially in pandemic influenza virus infection. Despite advances in the understanding of innate response to influenza in the mouse model, there is a large knowledge gap in humans, particularly in immunocompromised groups such as infants and the elderly. We propose here, the need for further studies in humans to decipher the role of innate immunity to influenza virus, particularly at the site of infection. These studies will complement the existing work in mice and facilitate the quest to design improved vaccines and therapeutic strategies against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. A. Oldstone
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California USA
| | - Richard W. Compans
- IDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia USA
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Blevins LK, Wren JT, Holbrook BC, Hayward SL, Swords WE, Parks GD, Alexander-Miller MA. Coinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae negatively modulates the size and composition of the ongoing influenza-specific CD8⁺ T cell response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:5076-87. [PMID: 25311807 PMCID: PMC4265766 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection with influenza A virus can lead to increased susceptibility to subsequent bacterial infection, often with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Given the substantial modification of the lung environment that occurs following pathogen infection, there is significant potential for modulation of immune responses. In this study, we show that infection of mice with influenza virus, followed by the noninvasive EF3030 strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, leads to a significant decrease in the virus-specific CD8(+) T cell response in the lung. Adoptive-transfer studies suggest that this reduction contributes to disease in coinfected animals. The reduced number of lung effector cells in coinfected animals was associated with increased death, as well as a reduction in cytokine production in surviving cells. Further, cells that retained the ability to produce IFN-γ exhibited a decreased potential for coproduction of TNF-α. Reduced cytokine production was directly correlated with a decrease in the level of mRNA. Negative regulation of cells in the mediastinal lymph node was minimal compared with that present in the lung, supporting a model of selective regulation in the tissue harboring high pathogen burden. These results show that entry of a coinfecting pathogen can have profound immunoregulatory effects on an ongoing immune response. Together, these findings reveal a novel dynamic interplay between concurrently infecting pathogens and the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance K Blevins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - John T Wren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Sarah L Hayward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - W Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Griffith D Parks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
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Boraschi D, Italiani P. Immunosenescence and vaccine failure in the elderly: Strategies for improving response. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:346-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Cancer vaccination is less effective at old than at young age, due to T cell unresponsiveness. This is caused by age-related changes of the immune system. Major immune defects at older age are lack of naive T cells, impaired activation pathways of T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APC), and age-related changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Also innate immune responses are affected by aging, but this seems less abundant than adaptive immune responses. In this review we compared various cancer vaccine studies at young and old age, demonstrating the importance of both innate and adaptive immune responses for cancer immunotherapy. Moreover, we found suggestive evidence that innate immune responses could help improve adaptive immune responses through cancer vaccination in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gravekamp
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Dinesh Chandra
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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48
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Gravekamp C, Jahangir A. Is cancer vaccination feasible at older age? Exp Gerontol 2014; 54:138-44. [PMID: 24509231 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Age-related defects of the immune system are responsible for T cell unresponsiveness to cancer vaccination at older age. Major immune defects at older age are lack of naive T cells, impaired activation pathways of T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and age-related changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This raises the question whether cancer vaccination is feasible at older age. We compared various cancer vaccine studies at young and old age, thereby focusing on the importance of both innate and adaptive immune responses for cancer immunotherapy. These analyses suggest that creating an immune-stimulating environment with help of the innate immune system may improve T cell responses in cancer vaccination at older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gravekamp
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
| | - Arthee Jahangir
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
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Ray A, Chakraborty K, Ray P. Immunosuppressive MDSCs induced by TLR signaling during infection and role in resolution of inflammation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:52. [PMID: 24066282 PMCID: PMC3776133 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligand-mediated activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) not only induces inflammation but also immune suppression, which is an emerging area of investigation. Multiple negative feedback intracellular mechanisms have been described that are brought into play to prevent uncontrolled TLR activation. However, the identification of TLR-induced regulatory myeloid cells is a relatively recent development that has ramifications in pathogen-induced disease state as well as in cancer. Our efforts to understand how a high dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a ligand of TLR4, suppresses allergic airway inflammation led to the identification of myeloid cells that are CD11b+Griint(Ly6Gint)F4/80+ and are phenotypically and morphologically similar to myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) which are best studied in the context of cancer. MDSCs have been also detected during infection by various bacteria, parasites and viruses, which can engage different TLRs. These TLR-induced myeloid cells produce different types of mediators to influence immune response and inflammation that can be either beneficial or detrimental to the host. One beneficial function of TLR4/MyD88-triggered MDSCs in the lung is to efferocytose apoptotic neutrophils to help resolve inflammation elicited during bacterial pneumonia. A better understanding of the generation and function of these regulatory cells would be helpful to harness their potential or suppress their function for disease-specific immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Ray
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Nagaraj S, Youn JI, Gabrilovich DI. Reciprocal relationship between myeloid-derived suppressor cells and T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:17-23. [PMID: 23794702 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid cells that play a major role in the regulation of immune responses in many pathological conditions. These cells have a common myeloid origin, relatively immature state, common genetic and biochemical profiles, and, most importantly, the ability to inhibit immune responses. Although initial studies of MDSCs were almost exclusively performed in tumor-bearing mice or cancer patients, in recent years, it became clear that MDSCs play a critical role in the regulation of different types of inflammation that are not directly associated with cancer. In this review we discuss the nature of the complex relationship between MDSCs and the different populations of CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Nagaraj
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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