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Lapidus S, Goheen MM, Sy M, Deme AB, Ndiaye IM, Diedhiou Y, Mbaye AM, Hagadorn KA, Sene SD, Pouye MN, Thiam LG, Ba A, Guerra N, Mbengue A, Raduwan H, Vigan-Womas I, Parikh S, Ko AI, Ndiaye D, Fikrig E, Chuang YM, Bei AK. Two mosquito salivary antigens demonstrate promise as biomarkers of recent exposure to P. falciparum infected mosquito bites. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.20.24305430. [PMID: 38712295 PMCID: PMC11071555 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.20.24305430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Background Measuring malaria transmission intensity using the traditional entomological inoculation rate is difficult. Antibody responses to mosquito salivary proteins such as SG6 have previously been used as biomarkers of exposure to Anopheles mosquito bites. Here, we investigate four mosquito salivary proteins as potential biomarkers of human exposure to mosquitoes infected with P. falciparum: mosGILT, SAMSP1, AgSAP, and AgTRIO. Methods We tested population-level human immune responses in longitudinal and cross-sectional plasma samples from individuals with known P. falciparum infection from low and moderate transmission areas in Senegal using a multiplexed magnetic bead-based assay. Results AgSAP and AgTRIO were the best indicators of recent exposure to infected mosquitoes. Antibody responses to AgSAP, in a moderate endemic area, and to AgTRIO in both low and moderate endemic areas, were significantly higher than responses in a healthy non-endemic control cohort (p-values = 0.0245, 0.0064, and <0.0001 respectively). No antibody responses significantly differed between the low and moderate transmission area, or between equivalent groups during and outside the malaria transmission seasons. For AgSAP and AgTRIO, reactivity peaked 2-4 weeks after clinical P. falciparum infection and declined 3 months after infection. Discussion Reactivity to both AgSAP and AgTRIO peaked after infection and did not differ seasonally nor between areas of low and moderate transmission, suggesting reactivity is likely reflective of exposure to infectious mosquitos or recent biting rather than general mosquito exposure. Kinetics suggest reactivity is relatively short-lived. AgSAP and AgTRIO are promising candidates to incorporate into multiplexed assays for serosurveillance of population-level changes in P. falciparum-infected mosquito exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lapidus
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Morgan M Goheen
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mouhamad Sy
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
- International Research and Training Center for Applied Genomics and Health Surveillance (CIGASS) at UCAD, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Awa B Deme
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
- International Research and Training Center for Applied Genomics and Health Surveillance (CIGASS) at UCAD, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ibrahima Mbaye Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
- International Research and Training Center for Applied Genomics and Health Surveillance (CIGASS) at UCAD, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Younous Diedhiou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
- International Research and Training Center for Applied Genomics and Health Surveillance (CIGASS) at UCAD, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou Moctar Mbaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
- International Research and Training Center for Applied Genomics and Health Surveillance (CIGASS) at UCAD, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Kelly A Hagadorn
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Seynabou Diouf Sene
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mariama Nicole Pouye
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Laty Gaye Thiam
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aboubacar Ba
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Noemi Guerra
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alassane Mbengue
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Hamidah Raduwan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Inés Vigan-Womas
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Sunil Parikh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daouda Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
- International Research and Training Center for Applied Genomics and Health Surveillance (CIGASS) at UCAD, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yu-Min Chuang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amy K Bei
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
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Henriques P, Rosa A, Caldeira-Araújo H, Soares P, Vigário AM. Flying under the radar - impact and factors influencing asymptomatic DENV infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1284651. [PMID: 38076464 PMCID: PMC10704250 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1284651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical outcome of DENV and other Flaviviruses infections represents a spectrum of severity that ranges from mild manifestations to severe disease, which can ultimately lead to death. Nonetheless, most of these infections result in an asymptomatic outcome that may play an important role in the persistent circulation of these viruses. Also, although little is known about the mechanisms that lead to these asymptomatic infections, they are likely the result of a complex interplay between viral and host factors. Specific characteristics of the infecting viral strain, such as its replicating efficiency, coupled with host factors, like gene expression of key molecules involved in the immune response or in the protection against disease, are among crucial factors to study. This review revisits recent data on factors that may contribute to the asymptomatic outcome of the world's widespread DENV, highlighting the importance of silent infections in the transmission of this pathogen and the immune status of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Henriques
- Projecto Medicina, Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Rosa
- Projecto Medicina, Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Helena Caldeira-Araújo
- Projecto Medicina, Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Pedro Soares
- Department of Biology, CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Braga, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Vigário
- Projecto Medicina, Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Parker DM, Medina C, Bohl J, Lon C, Chea S, Lay S, Kong D, Nhek S, Man S, Doehl JSP, Leang R, Kry H, Rekol H, Oliveira F, Minin VM, Manning JE. Determinants of exposure to Aedes mosquitoes: A comprehensive geospatial analysis in peri-urban Cambodia. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106829. [PMID: 36649803 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aedes mosquitoes are some of the most important and globally expansive vectors of disease. Public health efforts are largely focused on prevention of human-vector contact. A range of entomological indices are used to measure risk of disease, though with conflicting results (i.e. larval or adult abundance does not always predict risk of disease). There is a growing interest in the development and use of biomarkers for exposure to mosquito saliva, including for Aedes spp, as a proxy for disease risk. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive geostatistical analysis of exposure to Aedes mosquito bites among a pediatric cohort in a peri‑urban setting endemic to dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. We use demographic, household, and environmental variables (the flooding index (NFI), land type, and proximity to a river) in a Bayesian geostatistical model to predict areas of exposure to Aedes aegypti bites. We found that hotspots of exposure to Ae. aegypti salivary gland extract (SGE) were relatively small (< 500 m and sometimes < 250 m) and stable across the two-year study period. Age was negatively associated with antibody responses to Ae. aegypti SGE. Those living in agricultural settings had lower antibody responses than those living in urban settings, whereas those living near recent surface water accumulation were more likely to have higher antibody responses. Finally, we incorporated measures of larval and adult density in our geostatistical models and found that they did not show associations with antibody responses to Ae. aegypti SGE after controlling for other covariates in the model. Our results indicate that targeted house- or neighborhood-focused interventions may be appropriate for vector control in this setting. Further, demographic and environmental factors more capably predicted exposure to Ae. aegypti mosquitoes than commonly used entomological indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Parker
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Catalina Medina
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Bohl
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chanthap Lon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sophana Chea
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sreyngim Lay
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Dara Kong
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sreynik Nhek
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Somnang Man
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Johannes S P Doehl
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rithea Leang
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Hok Kry
- Kampong Speu Provincial Health District, Ministry of Health, Cambodia
| | - Huy Rekol
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Jessica E Manning
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Olajiga OM, Marin-Lopez A, Cardenas JC, Gutierrez-Silva LY, Gonzales-Pabon MU, Maldonado-Ruiz LP, Worges M, Fikrig E, Park Y, Londono-Renteria B. Aedes aegypti anti-salivary proteins IgG levels in a cohort of DENV-like symptoms subjects from a dengue-endemic region in Colombia. FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 2:1002857. [PMID: 38455331 PMCID: PMC10910902 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2022.1002857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Dengue fever, caused by the dengue virus (DENV), is currently a threat to about half of the world's population. DENV is mainly transmitted to the vertebrate host through the bite of a female Aedes mosquito while taking a blood meal. During this process, salivary proteins are introduced into the host skin and blood to facilitate blood acquisition. These salivary proteins modulate both local (skin) and systemic immune responses. Several salivary proteins have been identified as immunogenic inducing the production of antibodies with some of those proteins also displaying immunomodulatory properties enhancing arboviral infections. IgG antibody responses against salivary gland extracts of a diverse number of mosquitoes, as well as antibody responses against the Ae. aegypti peptide, Nterm-34 kDa, have been suggested as biomarkers of human exposure to mosquito bites while antibodies against AgBR1 and NeSt1 proteins have been investigated for their potential protective effect against Zika virus (ZIKV) and West Nile virus infections. Thus, we were interested in evaluating whether IgG antibodies against AgBR1, NeSt1, Nterm-34 kDa peptide, and SGE were associated with DENV infections and clinical characteristics. For this, we tested samples from volunteers living in a dengue fever endemic area in Colombia in 2019 for the presence of IgG antibodies against those salivary proteins and peptides using an ELISA test. Results from this pilot study suggest an involvement of antibody responses against salivary proteins in dengue disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka M. Olajiga
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Alejandro Marin-Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jenny C. Cardenas
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Local Los Patios, Los Patios, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Matt Worges
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Kassam NA, Laswai D, Kulaya N, Kaaya RD, Kajeguka DC, Schmiegelow C, Wang CW, Alifrangis M, Kavishe RA. Human IgG responses to Aedes mosquito salivary peptide Nterm-34kDa and its comparison to Anopheles salivary antigen (gSG6-P1) IgG responses measured among individuals living in Lower Moshi, Tanzania. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276437. [PMID: 36301860 PMCID: PMC9612500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The level of human exposure to arbovirus vectors, the Aedes mosquitoes, is mainly assessed by entomological methods which are labour intensive, difficult to sustain at a large scale and are affected if transmission and exposure levels are low. Alternatively, serological biomarkers which detect levels of human exposure to mosquito bites may complement the existing epidemiologic tools as they seem cost-effective, simple, rapid, and sensitive. This study explored human IgG responses to an Aedes mosquito salivary gland peptide Nterm-34kDa in Lower Moshi, a highland area with evidence of circulating arboviruses and compared the Aedes IgG responses to Anopheles mosquitoes' salivary antigen (GSG6-P1) IgG responses. METHODS Three cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2019: during the first dry season in March, at the end of the rainy season in June and during the second dry season in September in five villages located in Lower Moshi. Blood samples were collected from enrolled participants above six months of age (age span: 7 months to 94 years) and analysed for the presence of anti-Nterm-34kDa IgG antibodies. Possible associations between Nterm-34kDa seroprevalence and participants' characteristics were determined. Levels of IgG responses and seroprevalence were correlated and compared to the already measured IgG responses and seroprevalence of Anopheles mosquitoes' salivary antigen, GSG6-P1. RESULTS During the first dry season, Nterm-34kDa seroprevalence was 34.1% and significantly increased at the end of the rainy season to 45.3% (Chi square (χ2) = 6.42 p = 0.011). During the second dry season, the seroprevalence significantly declined to 26.5% (χ2 = 15.12 p<0.001). During the rainy season, seroprevalence was significantly higher among residents of Oria village (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.86; 95% CI = 1.0-7.8; p = 0.041) compared to Newland. Moreover, during the rainy season, the risk of exposure was significantly lower among individuals aged between 16 and 30 years (AOR = 0.25; 95% CI = 0.1 = 0.9; p = 0.036) compared to individuals aged between 0 and 5 years. There was weak to moderate negative correlation between N-term 34kDa IgG and gSG6-P1 antigens. N-term 34kDa seroprevalence were higher compared to gSG6-P1 seroprevalence. CONCLUSION The findings of this study support that IgG antibody responses towards the Aedes mosquito salivary peptide Nterm-34kDa are detectable among individuals living in lower Moshi and vary with season and geographical area. More individuals are exposed to Aedes mosquito bites than Anopheles mosquito and those exposed to Aedes bites are not necessarily exposed to Anopheles mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A. Kassam
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Laswai
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Neema Kulaya
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Robert D. Kaaya
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania
- Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Debora C. Kajeguka
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Christentze Schmiegelow
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian W. Wang
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Alifrangis
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
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Addy JW, Bediako Y, Ndungu FM, Valetta JJ, Reid AJ, Mwacharo J, Ngoi JM, Wambua J, Otieno E, Musyoki J, Said K, Berriman M, Marsh K, Bejon P, Recker M, Langhorne J. 10-year longitudinal study of malaria in children: Insights into acquisition and maintenance of naturally acquired immunity. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:79. [PMID: 35141425 PMCID: PMC8822141 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16562.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies of long-term malaria cohorts have provided essential insights into how Plasmodium falciparum interacts with humans, and influences the development of antimalarial immunity. Immunity to malaria is acquired gradually after multiple infections, some of which present with clinical symptoms. However, there is considerable variation in the number of clinical episodes experienced by children of the same age within the same cohort. Understanding this variation in clinical symptoms and how it relates to the development of naturally acquired immunity is crucial in identifying how and when some children stop experiencing further malaria episodes. Where variability in clinical episodes may result from different rates of acquisition of immunity, or from variable exposure to the parasite. Methods: Using data from a longitudinal cohort of children residing in an area of moderate P. falciparum transmission in Kilifi district, Kenya, we fitted cumulative episode curves as monotonic-increasing splines, to 56 children under surveillance for malaria from the age of 5 to 15. Results: There was large variability in the accumulation of numbers of clinical malaria episodes experienced by the children, despite being of similar age and living in the same general location. One group of children from a particular sub-region of the cohort stopped accumulating clinical malaria episodes earlier than other children in the study. Despite lack of further clinical episodes of malaria, these children had higher asymptomatic parasite densities and higher antibody titres to a panel of P. falciparum blood-stage antigens. Conclusions: This suggests development of clinical immunity rather than lack of exposure to the parasite, and supports the view that this immunity to malaria disease is maintained by a greater exposure to P. falciparum, and thus higher parasite burdens. Our study illustrates the complexity of anti-malaria immunity and underscores the need for analyses which can sufficiently reflect the heterogeneity within endemic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W.G. Addy
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Yaw Bediako
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - John Joseph Valetta
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Adam J. Reid
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hixton, UK
| | | | | | - Joshua Wambua
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Edward Otieno
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Khadija Said
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Kevin Marsh
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Mario Recker
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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Willen L, Milton P, Hamley JID, Walker M, Osei-Atweneboana MY, Volf P, Basáñez MG, Courtenay O. Demographic patterns of human antibody levels to Simulium damnosum s.l. saliva in onchocerciasis-endemic areas: An indicator of exposure to vector bites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010108. [PMID: 35020729 PMCID: PMC8789114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In onchocerciasis endemic areas in Africa, heterogenous biting rates by blackfly vectors on humans are assumed to partially explain age- and sex-dependent infection patterns with Onchocerca volvulus. To underpin these assumptions and further improve predictions made by onchocerciasis transmission models, demographic patterns in antibody responses to salivary antigens of Simulium damnosum s.l. are evaluated as a measure of blackfly exposure. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Recently developed IgG and IgM anti-saliva immunoassays for S. damnosum s.l. were applied to blood samples collected from residents in four onchocerciasis endemic villages in Ghana. Demographic patterns in antibody levels according to village, sex and age were explored by fitting generalized linear models. Antibody levels varied between villages but showed consistent patterns with age and sex. Both IgG and IgM responses declined with increasing age. IgG responses were generally lower in males than in females and exhibited a steeper decline in adult males than in adult females. No sex-specific difference was observed in IgM responses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The decline in age-specific antibody patterns suggested development of immunotolerance or desensitization to blackfly saliva antigen in response to persistent exposure. The variation between sexes, and between adults and youngsters may reflect differences in behaviour influencing cumulative exposure. These measures of antibody acquisition and decay could be incorporated into onchocerciasis transmission models towards informing onchocerciasis control, elimination, and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Willen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccinations, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- * E-mail: (LW); (OC)
| | - Philip Milton
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan I. D. Hamley
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Walker
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research and Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Orin Courtenay
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LW); (OC)
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Kearney EA, Agius PA, Chaumeau V, Cutts JC, Simpson JA, Fowkes FJI. Anopheles salivary antigens as serological biomarkers of vector exposure and malaria transmission: A systematic review with multilevel modelling. eLife 2021; 10:e73080. [PMID: 34939933 PMCID: PMC8860437 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entomological surveillance for malaria is inherently resource-intensive and produces crude population-level measures of vector exposure which are insensitive in low-transmission settings. Antibodies against Anopheles salivary proteins measured at the individual level may serve as proxy biomarkers for vector exposure and malaria transmission, but their relationship is yet to be quantified. Methods A systematic review of studies measuring antibodies against Anopheles salivary antigens (PROSPERO: CRD42020185449). Multilevel modelling (to account for multiple study-specific observations [level 1], nested within study [level 2], and study nested within country [level 3]) estimated associations between seroprevalence with Anopheles human biting rate (HBR) and malaria transmission measures. Results From 3981 studies identified in literature searches, 42 studies across 16 countries were included contributing 393 study-specific observations of anti-Anopheles salivary antibodies determined in 42,764 samples. A positive association between HBR (log transformed) and seroprevalence was found; overall a twofold (100% relative) increase in HBR was associated with a 23% increase in odds of seropositivity (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.10-1.37; p<0.001). The association between HBR and Anopheles salivary antibodies was strongest with concordant, rather than discordant, Anopheles species. Seroprevalence was also significantly positively associated with established epidemiological measures of malaria transmission: entomological inoculation rate, Plasmodium spp. prevalence, and malarial endemicity class. Conclusions Anopheles salivary antibody biomarkers can serve as a proxy measure for HBR and malaria transmission, and could monitor malaria receptivity of a population to sustain malaria transmission. Validation of Anopheles species-specific biomarkers is important given the global heterogeneity in the distribution of Anopheles species. Salivary biomarkers have the potential to transform surveillance by replacing impractical, inaccurate entomological investigations, especially in areas progressing towards malaria elimination. Funding Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A Kearney
- The McFarlane Burnet Institute of Medical Research and Public HealthMelbourneAustralia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Paul A Agius
- The McFarlane Burnet Institute of Medical Research and Public HealthMelbourneAustralia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Victor Chaumeau
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityMae SotThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Julia C Cutts
- The McFarlane Burnet Institute of Medical Research and Public HealthMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Julie A Simpson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Freya JI Fowkes
- The McFarlane Burnet Institute of Medical Research and Public HealthMelbourneAustralia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
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9
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Zamble BZH, Yao SS, Adja AM, Bakli M, Zoh DD, Mathieu-Daudé F, Assi SB, Remoue F, Almeras L, Poinsignon A. First evaluation of antibody responses to Culex quinquefasciatus salivary antigens as a serological biomarker of human exposure to Culex bites: A pilot study in Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0010004. [PMID: 34898609 PMCID: PMC8699949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Culex mosquitoes are vectors for a variety of pathogens of public health concern. New indicators of exposure to Culex bites are needed to evaluate the risk of transmission of associated pathogens and to assess the efficacy of vector control strategies. An alternative to entomological indices is the serological measure of antibodies specific to mosquito salivary antigens. This study investigated whether the human IgG response to both the salivary gland extract and the 30 kDa salivary protein of Culex quinquefasciatus may represent a proxy of human exposure to Culex bites. Methodology/Principal findings A multidisciplinary survey was conducted with children aged 1 to 14 years living in neighborhoods with varying exposure to Culex quinquefasciatus in the city of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire. Children living in sites with high exposure to Cx quinquefasciatus had a significantly higher IgG response to both salivary antigens compared with children living in the control site where only very few Culex were recorded. Moreover, children from any Culex-high exposed sites had significantly higher IgG responses only to the salivary gland extract compared with children from the control village, whereas no difference was noted in the anti-30 kDa IgG response. No significant differences were noted in the specific IgG responses between age and gender. Sites and the use of a bed net were associated with the level of IgG response to the salivary gland extract and to the 30 kDa antigen, respectively. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that the IgG response to Culex salivary gland extracts is suitable as proxy of exposure; however, the specificity to the Culex genus needs further investigation. The lower antigenicity of the 30 kDa recombinant protein represents a limitation to its use. The high specificity of this protein to the Culex genus makes it an attractive candidate and other specific antibody responses might be more relevant as a biomarker of exposure. These epidemiological observations may form a starting point for additional work on developing serological biomarkers of Culex exposure. The evaluation of exposure to mosquitoes is a key parameter in assessing the risk of transmission of associated pathogens, including zoonoses. Entomological methods represent the gold standard but have several limitations, and efforts are being made to develop new indicators to accurately assess human–Culex contact. This study showed the IgG response to Culex quinquefasciatus salivary gland extract is suitable proxy of exposure to Culex bites. The lower antigenicity of the 30 kDa recombinant protein represents a limitation to its use. The high specificity of this protein to the Culex genus makes it an attractive candidate and other isotypic antibody responses specific to this salivary antigen might be more relevant as a biomarker of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Zamble H. Zamble
- Institut Pierre Richet / Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Serge S. Yao
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Akré M. Adja
- Institut Pierre Richet / Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- UFR Biosciences, University Felix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Dounin D. Zoh
- Institut Pierre Richet / Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- UFR Biosciences, University Felix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Serge B. Assi
- Institut Pierre Richet / Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Franck Remoue
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Almeras
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Poinsignon
- Institut Pierre Richet / Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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10
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Addy JW, Bediako Y, Ndungu FM, Valetta JJ, Reid AJ, Mwacharo J, Ngoi JM, Wambua J, Otieno E, Musyoki J, Said K, Berriman M, Marsh K, Bejon P, Recker M, Langhorne J. 10-year longitudinal study of malaria in children: Insights into acquisition and maintenance of naturally acquired immunity. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:79. [PMID: 35141425 PMCID: PMC8822141 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16562.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies of long-term malaria cohorts have provided essential insights into how Plasmodium falciparum interacts with humans, and influences the development of antimalarial immunity. Immunity to malaria is acquired gradually after multiple infections, some of which present with clinical symptoms. However, there is considerable variation in the number of clinical episodes experienced by children of the same age within the same cohort. Understanding this variation in clinical symptoms and how it relates to the development of naturally acquired immunity is crucial in identifying how and when some children stop experiencing further malaria episodes. Where variability in clinical episodes may result from different rates of acquisition of immunity, or from variable exposure to the parasite. Methods: Using data from a longitudinal cohort of children residing in an area of moderate P. falciparum transmission in Kilifi district, Kenya, we fitted cumulative episode curves as monotonic-increasing splines, to 56 children under surveillance for malaria from the age of 5 to 15. Results: There was large variability in the accumulation of numbers of clinical malaria episodes experienced by the children, despite being of similar age and living in the same general location. One group of children from a particular sub-region of the cohort stopped accumulating clinical malaria episodes earlier than other children in the study. Despite lack of further clinical episodes of malaria, these children had higher asymptomatic parasite densities and higher antibody titres to a panel of P. falciparum blood-stage antigens. Conclusions: This suggests development of clinical immunity rather than lack of exposure to the parasite, and supports the view that this immunity to malaria disease is maintained by a greater exposure to P. falciparum, and thus higher parasite burdens. Our study illustrates the complexity of anti-malaria immunity and underscores the need for analyses which can sufficiently reflect the heterogeneity within endemic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W.G. Addy
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Yaw Bediako
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - John Joseph Valetta
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Adam J. Reid
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hixton, UK
| | | | | | - Joshua Wambua
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Edward Otieno
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Khadija Said
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Kevin Marsh
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Mario Recker
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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11
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Thongsripong P, Hyman JM, Kapan DD, Bennett SN. Human-Mosquito Contact: A Missing Link in Our Understanding of Mosquito-Borne Disease Transmission Dynamics. ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 114:397-414. [PMID: 34249219 PMCID: PMC8266639 DOI: 10.1093/aesa/saab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the critical role that contact between hosts and vectors, through vector bites, plays in driving vector-borne disease (VBD) transmission, transmission risk is primarily studied through the lens of vector density and overlooks host-vector contact dynamics. This review article synthesizes current knowledge of host-vector contact with an emphasis on mosquito bites. It provides a framework including biological and mathematical definitions of host-mosquito contact rate, blood-feeding rate, and per capita biting rates. We describe how contact rates vary and how this variation is influenced by mosquito and vertebrate factors. Our framework challenges a classic assumption that mosquitoes bite at a fixed rate determined by the duration of their gonotrophic cycle. We explore alternative ecological assumptions based on the functional response, blood index, forage ratio, and ideal free distribution within a mechanistic host-vector contact model. We highlight that host-vector contact is a critical parameter that integrates many factors driving disease transmission. A renewed focus on contact dynamics between hosts and vectors will contribute new insights into the mechanisms behind VBD spread and emergence that are sorely lacking. Given the framework for including contact rates as an explicit component of mathematical models of VBD, as well as different methods to study contact rates empirically to move the field forward, researchers should explicitly test contact rate models with empirical studies. Such integrative studies promise to enhance understanding of extrinsic and intrinsic factors affecting host-vector contact rates and thus are critical to understand both the mechanisms driving VBD emergence and guiding their prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpim Thongsripong
- Department of Microbiology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - James M Hyman
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Durrell D Kapan
- Department of Entomology and Center for Comparative Genomics, Institute of Biodiversity Sciences and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
- Center for Conservation and Research Training, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, 3050 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Shannon N Bennett
- Department of Microbiology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
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12
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Fustec B, Phanitchat T, Aromseree S, Pientong C, Thaewnongiew K, Ekalaksananan T, Cerqueira D, Poinsignon A, Elguero E, Bangs MJ, Alexander N, Overgaard HJ, Corbel V. Serological biomarker for assessing human exposure to Aedes mosquito bites during a randomized vector control intervention trial in northeastern Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009440. [PMID: 34043621 PMCID: PMC8189451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes mosquitoes are vectors for several major arboviruses of public health concern including dengue viruses. The relationships between Aedes infestation and disease transmission are complex wherein the epidemiological dynamics can be difficult to discern because of a lack of robust and sensitive indicators for predicting transmission risk. This study investigates the use of anti-Aedes saliva antibodies as a serological biomarker for Aedes mosquito bites to assess small scale variations in adult Aedes density and dengue virus (DENV) transmission risk in northeastern Thailand. Individual characteristics, behaviors/occupation and socio-demographics, climatic and epidemiological risk factors associated with human-mosquito exposure are also addressed. Methods The study was conducted within a randomized clustered control trial in Roi Et and Khon Kaen provinces over a consecutive 19 months period. Thirty-six (36) clusters were selected, each of ten houses. Serological and entomological surveys were conducted in all houses every four months and monthly in three sentinel households per cluster between September 2017 and April 2019 for blood spot collections and recording concurrent immature and adult Aedes indices. Additionally, the human exposure to Aedes mosquito bites (i.e., Mosquito Exposure Index or MEI) was estimated by ELISA measuring levels of human antibody response to the specific Nterm-34 kDa salivary antigen. The relationships between the MEI, vector infestation indices (adult and immature stages) and vector DENV infection were evaluated using a two-level (house and individual levels) mixed model analysis with one-month lag autoregressive correlation. Results There was a strong positive relationship between the MEI and adult Aedes (indoor and outdoor) density. Individuals from households with a medium mosquito density (mean difference: 0.091, p<0.001) and households with a high mosquito density (mean difference: 0.131, p<0.001) had higher MEI’s compared to individuals from households without Aedes. On a similar trend, individuals from households with a low, medium or high indoor Aedes densities (mean difference: 0.021, p<0.007, 0.053, p<0.0001 and 0.037, p<0.0001 for low, medium and high levels of infestation, respectively) had higher MEI than individuals from houses without indoor Aedes. The MEI was driven by individual characteristics, such as gender, age and occupation/behaviors, and varied according to climatic, seasonal factors and vector control intervention (p<0.05). Nevertheless, the study did not demonstrate a clear correlation between MEI and the presence of DENV-infected Aedes. Conclusion This study represents an important step toward the validation of the specific IgG response to the Aedes salivary peptide Nterm-34kDa as a proxy measure for Aedes infestation levels and human-mosquito exposure risk in a dengue endemic setting. The use of the IgG response to the Nterm-34 kDa peptide as a viable diagnostic tool for estimating dengue transmission requires further investigations and validation in other geographical and transmission settings. Aedes mosquitoes and the viruses they transmit are major public health concerns for over half of the global human population. However, the quantitative relationships between virus transmission and vector mosquito infestation remain unclear despite numerous indicators used to estimate transmission risk and predict dengue outbreaks. The aim of this study is to investigate the use of a salivary biomarker to assess the small-scale variation in human exposure to Aedes bites and the risk of dengue infection in the context of a vector control intervention in northeastern Thailand. A cohort of 539 persons visited every four months, including 161 individuals visited monthly, were recruited for routine serological and concurrent household entomological surveys during 19 consecutive months follow-up. Antibody response to Aedes bites was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to assess the mosquito exposure index (MEI) and association with the Aedes adult and immature abundance as well as the presence of dengue virus (DENV) in adult mosquitoes (transmission risk). Additionally, the individual (cohort), climatic, and vector control intervention risk factors associated with MEI are explored. This study demonstrates that the MEI was strongly related to household adult Aedes density, particularly indoors resting mosquitoes. Additionally, the MEI was influenced by individual characteristics (i.e., person age, gender, staying indoors), and varied according to seasons and intervention. Nonetheless, no clear relationship between MEI and dengue transmission risk (i.e., vector infection) was detected. This study demonstrated the potential usefulness of the MEI to assess heterogeneity in adult Aedes infestation indices that could assist public health authorities to rapidly identify mosquito “hot spots” and the timeliness of effective vector control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Fustec
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (BF); (VC)
| | - Thipruethai Phanitchat
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok
| | - Sirinart Aromseree
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Dominique Cerqueira
- Public Health & Malaria Control, International SOS, Mimika, Papua, Indonesia
| | | | - Eric Elguero
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- Public Health & Malaria Control, International SOS, Mimika, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Neal Alexander
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vincent Corbel
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (BF); (VC)
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13
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Demarta-Gatsi C, Mécheri S. Vector saliva controlled inflammatory response of the host may represent the Achilles heel during pathogen transmission. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200155. [PMID: 34035796 PMCID: PMC8128132 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with vector-borne pathogens starts with the inoculation of these pathogens during blood feeding. In endemic regions, the population is regularly bitten by naive vectors, implicating a permanent stimulation of the immune system by the vector saliva itself (pre-immune context). Comparatively, the number of bites received by exposed individuals from non-infected vectors is much higher than the bites from infected ones. Therefore, vector saliva and the immunological response in the skin may play an important role, so far underestimated, in the establishment of anti-pathogen immunity in endemic areas. Hence, the parasite biology and the disease pathogenesis in “saliva-primed” and “saliva-unprimed” individuals must be different. This integrated view on how the pathogen evolves within the host together with vector salivary components, which are known to be endowed with a variety of pharmacological and immunological properties, must remain the focus of any investigational study dealing with vector-borne diseases. Considering this three-way partnership, the host skin (immune system), the pathogen, and the vector saliva, the approach that consists in the validation of vector saliva as a source of molecular entities with anti-disease vaccine potential has been recently a subject of active and fruitful investigation. As an example, the vaccination with maxadilan, a potent vasodilator peptide extracted from the saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, was able to protect against infection with various leishmanial parasites. More interestingly, a universal mosquito saliva vaccine that may potentially protect against a range of mosquito-borne infections including malaria, dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever. In this review, we highlight the key role played by the immunobiology of vector saliva in shaping the outcome of vector-borne diseases and discuss the value of studying diseases in the light of intimate cross talk among the pathogen, the vector saliva, and the host immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Demarta-Gatsi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France.,INSERM U1201, Paris, France.,Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Geneva, Switzerland.,Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France
| | - Salah Mécheri
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France.,INSERM U1201, Paris, France
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14
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Olajiga O, Holguin-Rocha AF, Rippee-Brooks M, Eppler M, Harris SL, Londono-Renteria B. Vertebrate Responses against Arthropod Salivary Proteins and Their Therapeutic Potential. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:347. [PMID: 33916367 PMCID: PMC8066741 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The saliva of hematophagous arthropods contains a group of active proteins to counteract host responses against injury and to facilitate the success of a bloodmeal. These salivary proteins have significant impacts on modulating pathogen transmission, immunogenicity expression, the establishment of infection, and even disease severity. Recent studies have shown that several salivary proteins are immunogenic and antibodies against them may block infection, thereby suggesting potential vaccine candidates. Here, we discuss the most relevant salivary proteins currently studied for their therapeutic potential as vaccine candidates or to control the transmission of human vector-borne pathogens and immune responses against different arthropod salivary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka Olajiga
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (O.O.); (A.F.H.-R.); (M.E.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Andrés F. Holguin-Rocha
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (O.O.); (A.F.H.-R.); (M.E.); (S.L.H.)
| | | | - Megan Eppler
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (O.O.); (A.F.H.-R.); (M.E.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Shanice L. Harris
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (O.O.); (A.F.H.-R.); (M.E.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (O.O.); (A.F.H.-R.); (M.E.); (S.L.H.)
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15
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Londono-Renteria B, Montiel J, Calvo E, Tobón-Castaño A, Valdivia HO, Escobedo-Vargas K, Romero L, Bosantes M, Fisher ML, Conway MJ, Vásquez GM, Lenhart AE. Antibody Responses Against Anopheles darlingi Immunogenic Peptides in Plasmodium Infected Humans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:455. [PMID: 32984076 PMCID: PMC7488213 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Malaria is still an important vector-borne disease in the New World tropics. Despite the recent decline in malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum infection in Africa, a rise in Plasmodium infections has been detected in several low malaria transmission areas in Latin America. One of the main obstacles in the battle against malaria is the lack of innovative tools to assess malaria transmission risk, and the behavioral plasticity of one of the main malaria vectors in Latin America, Anopheles darlingi. Methods: We used human IgG antibodies against mosquito salivary gland proteins as a measure of disease risk. Whole salivary gland antigen (SGA) from Anopheles darlingi mosquitoes was used as antigen in Western blot experiments, in which a ~65 kDa protein was visualized as the main immunogenic band and sent for sequencing by mass spectrometry. Apyrase and peroxidase peptides were designed and used as antigens in an ELISA-based test to measure human IgG antibody responses in people with different clinical presentations of malaria. Results: Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed 17 proteins contained in the ~65 kDa band, with an apyrase and a peroxidase as the two most abundant proteins. Detection of IgG antibodies against salivary antigens by ELISA revealed a significant higher antibody levels in people with malaria infection when compared to uninfected volunteers using the AnDar_Apy1 and AnDar_Apy2 peptides. We also detected a significant positive correlation between the anti-peptides IgG levels and antibodies against the Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum antigens PvMSP1 and PfMSP1. Odd ratios suggest that people with higher IgG antibodies against the apyrase peptides were up to five times more likely to have a malaria infection. Conclusion: Antibodies against salivary peptides from An. darlingi salivary gland proteins may be used as biomarkers for malaria risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jehidys Montiel
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases (NIAID/NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Hugo O Valdivia
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao, Peru
| | | | - Luz Romero
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao, Peru.,Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria Bosantes
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao, Peru.,Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Michael J Conway
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | | | - Audrey E Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Buezo Montero S, Gabrieli P, Montarsi F, Borean A, Capelli S, De Silvestro G, Forneris F, Pombi M, Breda A, Capelli G, Arcà B. IgG Antibody Responses to the Aedes albopictus 34k2 Salivary Protein as Novel Candidate Marker of Human Exposure to the Tiger Mosquito. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:377. [PMID: 32850479 PMCID: PMC7405501 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes of the Aedes genus transmit arboviruses of great importance to human health as dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever. The tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus can play an important role as arboviral vector, especially when Aedes aegypti is absent or present at low levels. Remarkably, the rapid worldwide spreading of the tiger mosquito is expanding the risk of arboviral transmission also to temperate areas, and the autochthonous cases of chikungunya, dengue and Zika in Europe emphasize the need for improved monitoring and control. Proteomic and transcriptomic studies on blood feeding arthropod salivary proteins paved the way toward the exploitation of genus-specific mosquito salivary proteins for the development of novel tools to evaluate human exposure to mosquito bites. We previously found that the culicine-specific 34k2 salivary protein from Ae. albopictus (al34k2) evokes specific IgG responses in experimentally exposed mice, and provided preliminary evidence of its immunogenicity to humans. In this study we measured IgG responses to al34k2 and to Ae. albopictus salivary gland protein extracts (SGE) in individuals naturally exposed to the tiger mosquito. Sera were collected in two areas of Northeast Italy (Padova and Belluno) during two different time periods: at the end of the low- and shortly after the high-density mosquito seasons. Anti-SGE and anti-al34k2 IgG levels increased after the summer period of exposure to mosquito bites and were higher in Padova as compared to Belluno. An age-dependent decrease of anti-saliva IgG responses was found especially in Padova, an area with at least 25 years history of Ae. albopictus colonization. Moreover, a weak correlation between anti-saliva IgG levels and individual perception of mosquito bites by study participants was found. Finally, determination of anti-al34k2 IgG1 and IgG4 levels indicated a large predominance of IgG1 antibodies. Overall, this study provides a convincing indication that antibody responses to al34k2 may be regarded as a reliable candidate marker to detect temporal and/or spatial variation of human exposure to Ae. albopictus; a serological tool of this kind may prove useful both for epidemiological studies and to estimate the effectiveness of anti-vectorial measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Buezo Montero
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Gabrieli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montarsi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Borean
- Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, San Martino Hospital, Belluno, Italy
| | - Stefano Capelli
- Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, San Martino Hospital, Belluno, Italy
| | | | - Federico Forneris
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Pombi
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Breda
- Coordinamento Regionale Attività Trasfusionali (CRAT), Padova, Italy
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Bruno Arcà
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Christofferson RC, Parker DM, Overgaard HJ, Hii J, Devine G, Wilcox BA, Nam VS, Abubakar S, Boyer S, Boonnak K, Whitehead SS, Huy R, Rithea L, Sochantha T, Wellems TE, Valenzuela JG, Manning JE. Current vector research challenges in the greater Mekong subregion for dengue, Malaria, and Other Vector-Borne Diseases: A report from a multisectoral workshop March 2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008302. [PMID: 32730249 PMCID: PMC7392215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Christofferson
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Gregor Devine
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bruce A. Wilcox
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Vu Sinh Nam
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sazaly Abubakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Kobporn Boonnak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephen S. Whitehead
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Center for Parasitology Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Leang Rithea
- National Center for Parasitology Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Tho Sochantha
- National Center for Parasitology Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Thomas E. Wellems
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jessica E. Manning
- US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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18
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Manning JE, Oliveira F, Coutinho-Abreu IV, Herbert S, Meneses C, Kamhawi S, Baus HA, Han A, Czajkowski L, Rosas LA, Cervantes-Medina A, Athota R, Reed S, Mateja A, Hunsberger S, James E, Pleguezuelos O, Stoloff G, Valenzuela JG, Memoli MJ. Safety and immunogenicity of a mosquito saliva peptide-based vaccine: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 1 trial. Lancet 2020; 395:1998-2007. [PMID: 32534628 PMCID: PMC9151349 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In animal models, immunity to mosquito salivary proteins protects animals against mosquito-borne disease. These findings provide a rationale to vaccinate against mosquito saliva instead of the pathogen itself. To our knowledge, no vector salivary protein-based vaccine has been tested for safety and immunogenicity in humans. We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of Anopheles gambiae saliva vaccine (AGS-v), a peptide-based vaccine derived from four A gambiae salivary proteins, in humans. METHODS In this randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 1 trial, participants were enrolled at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, USA. Participants were eligible if they were healthy adults, aged 18-50 years with no history of severe allergic reactions to mosquito bites. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1), using block randomisation and a computer-generated randomisation sequence, to treatment with either 200 nmol of AGS-v vaccine alone, 200 nmol of AGS-v with adjuvant (Montanide ISA 51), or sterile water as placebo. Participants and clinicians were masked to treatment assignment. Participants were given a subcutaneous injection of their allocated treatment at day 0 and day 21, followed by exposure to feeding by an uninfected Aedes aegypti mosquito at day 42 to assess subsequent risk to mosquito bites in a controlled setting. The primary endpoints were safety and immunogenicity at day 42 after the first immunisation. Participants who were given at least one dose of assigned treatment were assessed for the primary endpoints and analysis was by intention to treat. The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03055000, and is closed for accrual. FINDINGS Between Feb 15 and Sept 10, 2017, we enrolled and randomly assigned 49 healthy adult participants to the adjuvanted vaccine (n=17), vaccine alone (n=16), or placebo group (n=16). Five participants did not complete the two-injection regimen with mosquito feeding at day 42, but were included in the safety analyses. No systemic safety concerns were identified; however, one participant in the adjuvanted vaccine group developed a grade 3 erythematous rash at the injection site. Pain, swelling, erythema, and itching were the most commonly reported local symptoms and were significantly increased in the adjuvanted vaccine group compared with both other treatment groups (nine [53%] of 17 participants in the adjuvanted vaccine group, two [13%] of 16 in the vaccine only group, and one [6%] of 16 in the placebo group; p=0·004). By day 42, participants who were given the adjuvanted vaccine had a significant increase in vaccine-specific total IgG antibodies compared with at baseline than did participants who were give vaccine only (absolute difference of log10-fold change of 0·64 [95% CI 0·39 to 0·89]; p=0·0002) and who were given placebo (0·62 [0·34 to 0·91]; p=0·0001). We saw a significant increase in IFN-γ production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells at day 42 in the adjuvanted vaccine group compared with in the placebo group (absolute difference of log10 ratio of vaccine peptide-stimulated vs negative control 0·17 [95% CI 0·061 to 0·27]; p=0·009) but we saw no difference between the IFN-γ production in the vaccine only group compared with the placebo group (0·022 [-0·072 to 0·116]; p=0·63). INTERPRETATION AGS-v was well tolerated, and, when adjuvanted, immunogenic. These findings suggest that vector-targeted vaccine administration in humans is safe and could be a viable option for the increasing burden of vector-borne disease. FUNDING Office of the Director and the Division of Intramural Research at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Manning
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Samantha Herbert
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Holly Ann Baus
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alison Han
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay Czajkowski
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luz Angela Rosas
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adriana Cervantes-Medina
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rani Athota
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Reed
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allyson Mateja
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sally Hunsberger
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew J Memoli
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Risk factors of exposure to Aedes albopictus bites in mainland France using an immunological biomarker. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 147:e238. [PMID: 31364567 PMCID: PMC6625181 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819001286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the invasive Aedes albopictus vector has spread across Europe and is responsible for numerous outbreaks of autochthonous arboviral disease. The aim of this study was to identify epidemiological and sociological risk factors related to individual levels of exposure to Aedes albopictus bites. A multidisciplinary survey was conducted with volunteer blood donors living in areas either colonised or not by Aedes albopictus in mainland France. Individual levels of exposure were evaluated by measuring the IgG level specific to Aedes albopictus saliva. The most striking risk factors concerned the localisation and characteristics of the dwelling. Individuals living in areas colonised prior to 2009 or recently colonised (between 2010 and 2012) had higher anti-salivary gland extract IgG levels compared with those who were living in areas not yet colonised by Ae. albopictus. The type of dwelling did not seem to impact the level of exposure to Aedes bites. People living in apartments had a higher anti-salivary gland extract IgG level than those living in individual houses but the difference was not statistically significant. Interestingly, the presence of air conditioning or window nets was associated with a noticeable reduction in bite intensity.
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20
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Opasawatchai A, Yolwong W, Thuncharoen W, Inrueangsri N, Itsaradisaikul S, Sasisakulporn C, Jotikasthira W, Matangkasombut O, Reamtong O, Manuyakorn W, Songnuan W, Matangkasombut P. Novel salivary gland allergens from tropical mosquito species and IgE reactivity in allergic patients. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100099. [PMID: 32099589 PMCID: PMC7031643 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito allergy is common in tropical countries but remains under-diagnosed. This may be due to the lack of knowledge and diagnostic tools for tropical mosquito allergens. Objective We aimed to characterize allergens from tropical mosquito species and investigate IgE reactivity in mosquito-allergic patients to the salivary gland proteins from these mosquitoes. Methods Salivary gland extract (SGE) from 4 mosquito species, highly distributed in the tropics, including Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles dirus b, were studied. SGE-specific IgE and IgG ELISA were developed, and serum from 64 mosquito-allergic and 22 non-allergic healthy control subjects was assayed. Further investigations using IgE-immunoblots followed by mass spectrometry analysis were performed to identify and characterize allergens from each species. Results Mosquito-allergic subjects have detectable serum IgE to SGE derived from local mosquito species, while the IgE levels to Aedes communis using commercially available ELISA were mostly minimal. IgE-immunoblot analysis and mass spectrometry identified 5 novel mosquito allergens from A. albopictus (Aed al 2, Aed al 3), C. quinquefasciatus (Cul q 2.01, Cul q 3), and A. dirus b (Ano d 2). Interestingly, 4 of the 5 new allergens belong to the D7 protein family. Conclusions & clinical relevance Five novel allergens from 3 tropical mosquito species were characterized. The majority of mosquito-allergic subjects who live in the tropics have IgE reactivity to these allergens. Our study paves the way for the development of diagnostic tests, component-resolved diagnostics, and future immunotherapy for mosquito allergy in tropical countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anunya Opasawatchai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thailand.,Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Sulak Itsaradisaikul
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Cherapat Sasisakulporn
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Wanlapa Jotikasthira
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Oranart Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology and Research Unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Wiparat Manuyakorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Wisuwat Songnuan
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thailand.,Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ponpan Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thailand.,Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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21
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Maldonado-Ruiz LP, Montenegro-Cadena L, Blattner B, Menghwar S, Zurek L, Londono-Renteria B. Differential Tick Salivary Protein Profiles and Human Immune Responses to Lone Star Ticks ( Amblyomma americanum) From the Wild vs. a Laboratory Colony. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1996. [PMID: 31555263 PMCID: PMC6724717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are a growing concern to human and animal health worldwide and they are leading vectors of arthropod-borne pathogens in the United States. Ticks are pool blood feeders that can attach to the host skin for days to weeks using their saliva to counteract the host defenses. Tick saliva, as in other hematophagous arthropods, contains pharmacological and immunological active compounds, which modulate local and systemic immune responses and induce antibody production. In the present study, we explore differences in the salivary gland extract (SGE) protein content of Amblyomma americanum ticks raised in a laboratory colony (CT) vs. those collected in the field (FT). First, we measured the IgG antibody levels against SGE in healthy volunteers residing in Kansas. ELISA test showed higher IgG antibody levels when using the SGE from CT as antigen. Interestingly, antibody levels against both, CT-SGE and FT-SGE, were high in the warm months (May-June) and decreased in the cold months (September-November). Immunoblot testing revealed a set of different immunogenic bands for each group of ticks and mass spectrometry data revealed differences in at 19 proteins specifically identified in the CT-SGE group and 20 from the FT-SGE group. Our results suggest that differences in the salivary proteins between CT-SGE and FT-SGE may explain the differential immune responses observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Paulina Maldonado-Ruiz
- Medical/Veterinary Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Lidia Montenegro-Cadena
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Brittany Blattner
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Sapna Menghwar
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Ludek Zurek
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, CEITEC Center for Zoonoses, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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22
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Manning JE, Oliveira F, Parker DM, Amaratunga C, Kong D, Man S, Sreng S, Lay S, Nang K, Kimsan S, Sokha L, Kamhawi S, Fay MP, Suon S, Ruhl P, Ackerman H, Huy R, Wellems TE, Valenzuela JG, Leang R. The PAGODAS protocol: pediatric assessment group of dengue and Aedes saliva protocol to investigate vector-borne determinants of Aedes-transmitted arboviral infections in Cambodia. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:664. [PMID: 30572920 PMCID: PMC6300895 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito-borne arboviruses, like dengue virus, continue to cause significant global morbidity and mortality, particularly in Southeast Asia. When the infectious mosquitoes probe into human skin for a blood meal, they deposit saliva containing a myriad of pharmacologically active compounds, some of which alter the immune response and influence host receptivity to infection, and consequently, the establishment of the virus. Previous reports have highlighted the complexity of mosquito vector-derived factors and immunity in the success of infection. Cumulative evidence from animal models and limited data from humans have identified various vector-derived components, including salivary components, that are co-delivered with the pathogen and play an important role in the dissemination of infection. Much about the roles and effects of these vector-derived factors remain to be discovered. METHODS/DESIGN We describe a longitudinal, pagoda (community)-based pediatric cohort study to evaluate the burden of dengue virus infection and document the immune responses to salivary proteins of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. The study includes community-based seroprevalence assessments in the peri-urban town of Chbar Mon in Kampong Speu Province, Cambodia. The study aims to recruit 771 children between the ages of 2 and 9 years for a three year period of longitudinal follow-up, including twice per year (rainy and dry season) serosurveillance for dengue seroconversion and Ae. aegypti salivary gland homogenate antibody intensity determinations by ELISA assays. Diagnostic tests for acute dengue, Zika and chikungunya viral infections will be performed by RT-PCR. DISCUSSION This study will serve as a foundation for further understanding of mosquito saliva immunity and its impact on Aedes-transmitted arboviral diseases endemic to Cambodia. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03534245 registered on 23 May 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Manning
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland USA
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland USA
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Chanaki Amaratunga
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland USA
| | - Dara Kong
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Somnang Man
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokunthea Sreng
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sreyngim Lay
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kimsour Nang
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Soun Kimsan
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ly Sokha
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland USA
| | - Michael P. Fay
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland USA
| | - Seila Suon
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Parker Ruhl
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland USA
| | - Hans Ackerman
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland USA
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Thomas E. Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland USA
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland USA
| | - Rithea Leang
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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23
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Sagna AB, Yobo MC, Elanga Ndille E, Remoue F. New Immuno-Epidemiological Biomarker of Human Exposure to Aedes Vector Bites: From Concept to Applications. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:E80. [PMID: 30274476 PMCID: PMC6161005 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and yellow fever virus (YFV) are the most important 'emerging pathogens' because of their geographic spread and their increasing impact on vulnerable human populations. To fight against these arboviruses, vector control strategies (VCS) remain one of the most valuable means. However, their implementation and monitoring are labour intensive and difficult to sustain on large scales, especially when transmission and Aedes mosquito densities are low. To increase the efficacy of VCS, current entomological methods should be improved by new complementary tools which measure the risk of arthropod-borne diseases' transmission. The study of human⁻Aedes immunological relationships can provide new promising serological tools, namely antibody-based biomarkers, allowing to accurately estimate the human⁻Aedes contact and consequently, the risk of transmission of arboviruses and the effectiveness of VCS. This review focuses on studies highlighting the concept, techniques, and methods used to develop and validate specific candidate biomarkers of human exposure to Aedes bites. Potential applications of such antibody-based biomarkers of exposure to Aedes vector bites in the field of operational research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- André B Sagna
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France.
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut Nationale de la Santé Publique (INSP), BP 1500 Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Mabo C Yobo
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut Nationale de la Santé Publique (INSP), BP 1500 Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
- UFR Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, BP 801 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Emmanuel Elanga Ndille
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France.
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroun.
| | - Franck Remoue
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France.
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Mathieu-Daudé F, Claverie A, Plichart C, Boulanger D, Mphande FA, Bossin HC. Specific human antibody responses to Aedes aegypti and Aedes polynesiensis saliva: A new epidemiological tool to assess human exposure to disease vectors in the Pacific. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006660. [PMID: 30040826 PMCID: PMC6075770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes mosquitoes severely affect the health and wellbeing of human populations by transmitting infectious diseases. In French Polynesia, Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue, chikungunya and Zika, and Aedes polynesiensis the primary vector of Bancroftian filariasis and a secondary vector of arboviruses. Tools for assessing the risk of disease transmission or for measuring the efficacy of vector control programmes are scarce. A promising approach to quantify the human-vector contact relies on the detection and the quantification of antibodies directed against mosquito salivary proteins. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS An ELISA test was developed to detect and quantify the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) directed against proteins from salivary gland extracts (SGE) of Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis in human populations exposed to either species, through a cross-sectional study. In Tahiti and Moorea islands where Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis are present, the test revealed that 98% and 68% of individuals have developed IgG directed against Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis SGE, respectively. By comparison, ELISA tests conducted on a cohort of people from metropolitan France, not exposed to these Aedes mosquitoes, indicated that 97% of individuals had no IgG directed against SGE of either mosquito species. The analysis of additional cohorts representing different entomological Aedes contexts showed no ELISA IgG cross-reactivity between Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis SGE. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The IgG response to salivary gland extracts seems to be a valid and specific biomarker of human exposure to the bites of Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis. This new immuno-epidemiological tool will enhance our understanding of people exposure to mosquito bites, facilitate the identification of areas where disease transmission risk is high and permit to evaluate the efficacy of novel vector control strategies in Pacific islands and other tropical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Mathieu-Daudé
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, UM, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie
- UMR MIVEGEC IRD, CNRS, UM, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurore Claverie
- Pôle de recherche et de veille sur les maladies infectieuses émergentes, Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française
- Laboratoire d’entomologie médicale, Institut Louis Malardé, Paea, Tahiti, Polynésie française
| | - Catherine Plichart
- Pôle de recherche et de veille sur les maladies infectieuses émergentes, Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française
| | - Denis Boulanger
- UMR MIVEGEC IRD, CNRS, UM, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Fingani A. Mphande
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, UM, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Hervé C. Bossin
- Laboratoire d’entomologie médicale, Institut Louis Malardé, Paea, Tahiti, Polynésie française
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Hemme RR, Poole-Smith BK, Hunsperger EA, Felix GE, Horiuchi K, Biggerstaff BJ, Lopez-Ortiz R, Barrera R. Non-human primate antibody response to mosquito salivary proteins: Implications for dengue virus transmission in Puerto Rico. Acta Trop 2016; 164:369-374. [PMID: 27593498 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An important step to incriminate a mosquito as a vector of a disease pathogen is finding evidence of direct contact between the mosquito and humans. Typically, this is accomplished through landing/biting catches, or host blood meal analysis in engorged mosquitoes via immunologic assays. An alternate approach is to identify the presence of specific mosquito anti-saliva protein antibodies in the blood of exposed hosts. Following the discovery of dengue infected, free roaming non-human primates in Puerto Rico, we investigated which mosquito species had bitten these primates using a serologic assay. Serum samples from 20 patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and two rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were used to evaluate mosquito bite exposure to Aedes aegypti, Aedes mediovittatus, Aedes taeniorhynchus, and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Of 22 non-human primates examined 20 (90%), 17 (77%), 13 (59%), and 7 (31%) were positive for exposure to Ae. mediovittatus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. taeniorhynchus, and Ae. aegypti, respectively. Our findings indicated that free-roaming primates in Puerto Rico were exposed to the bites of one proven dengue vector, Ae. aegypti and one potential dengue vector, Ae. mediovittatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Hemme
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan 00920, Puerto Rico.
| | | | | | - Gilberto E Felix
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan 00920, Puerto Rico.
| | - Kalanthe Horiuchi
- Office of the Director (Division of Vector Borne Diseases), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States.
| | - Brad J Biggerstaff
- Office of the Director (Division of Vector Borne Diseases), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States.
| | - Ricardo Lopez-Ortiz
- Fish and Wildlife Bureau, Puerto Rico Department of Natural & Environmental Resources, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico.
| | - Roberto Barrera
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan 00920, Puerto Rico.
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Armiyanti Y, Arifianto RP, Riana EN, Senjarini K, Widodo W, Fitri LE, Sardjono TW. Identification of antigenic proteins from salivary glands of female Anopheles maculatus by proteomic analysis. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Armiyanti Y, Nuryady MM, Arifianto RP, Nurmariana E, Senjarini K, Fitri LE, Sardjono TW. Detection of immunogenic proteins from Anopheles sundaicus salivary glands in the human serum. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 48:410-6. [PMID: 26312930 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0185-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The saliva of mosquitoes has an important role in the transmission of several diseases, including malaria, and contains substances with vasomodulating and immunomodulating effects to counteract the host physiological mechanisms and enhance pathogen transmission. As immunomodulatory components, salivary gland proteins can induce the generation of specific IgG antibodies in the host, which can be used as specific biomarkers of exposure to Anopheles sundaicus . The objective of this study was to identify immunogenic proteins from the salivary glands of Anopheles sundaicus by reaction with sera from individuals living in malaria-endemic areas who are thus exposed to Anopheles mosquitoes. METHODS IgG antibodies targeting salivary gland proteins in serum samples from individuals living in malaria-endemic areas were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sera from healthy individuals living in non-endemic areas were used as negative controls. Determination of the presence of salivary gland immunogenic proteins was carried out by western blotting. RESULTS Sixteen bands appeared in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with molecule weights ranging from 22 to 144kDa. Among the exposed individuals, IgG responses to salivary gland proteins were variable. Protein bands with molecular weights of 46, 41, 33, and 31kDa were the most immunogenic. These immunogenic proteins were consistently recognized by pooled serum and individual samples from people living in malaria-endemic areas but not by negative controls. CONCLUSIONS These results support the potential use of immunogenic proteins from the salivary glands of Anopheles as candidate markers of bite exposure or in malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunita Armiyanti
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Jember University, Jember, ID
| | - Mohammad Mirza Nuryady
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jember, ID
| | - Renam Putra Arifianto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jember, ID
| | - Elisa Nurmariana
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jember, ID
| | - Kartika Senjarini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jember, ID
| | - Loeki Enggar Fitri
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, ID
| | - Teguh Wahju Sardjono
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, ID
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Doucoure S, Drame PM. Salivary Biomarkers in the Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases. INSECTS 2015; 6:961-76. [PMID: 26593952 PMCID: PMC4693181 DOI: 10.3390/insects6040961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vector control remains the most effective measure to prevent the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. However, the classical entomo-parasitological methods used to evaluate the human exposure to mosquito bites and the effectiveness of control strategies are indirect, labor intensive, and lack sensitivity in low exposure/transmission areas. Therefore, they are limited in their accuracy and widespread use. Studying the human antibody response against the mosquito salivary proteins has provided new biomarkers for a direct and accurate evaluation of the human exposure to mosquito bites, at community and individual levels. In this review, we discuss the development, applications and limits of these biomarkers applied to Aedes- and Anopheles-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souleymane Doucoure
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE) UM63: CNRS7278-IRD 198-INSERM U1095 Campus IRD-UCAD, BP 1386, Dakar 18524, Sénégal.
| | - Papa Makhtar Drame
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Kostalova T, Lestinova T, Sumova P, Vlkova M, Rohousova I, Berriatua E, Oliva G, Fiorentino E, Scalone A, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, Volf P. Canine Antibodies against Salivary Recombinant Proteins of Phlebotomus perniciosus: A Longitudinal Study in an Endemic Focus of Canine Leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003855. [PMID: 26111018 PMCID: PMC4482481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of Leishmania parasites. During blood feeding, sand flies deposit into the host skin immunogenic salivary proteins which elicit specific antibody responses. These anti-saliva antibodies enable an estimate of the host exposure to sand flies and, in leishmaniasis endemic areas, also the risk for Leishmania infections. However, the use of whole salivary gland homogenates as antigen has several limitations, and therefore, recombinant salivary proteins have been tested to replace them in antibody detection assays. In this study, we have used for the first time sand fly salivary recombinant proteins in a longitudinal field study on dogs. Methodology/Principal Findings Sera from dogs naturally exposed to P. perniciosus bites over two consecutive transmission seasons in a site endemic for canine leishmaniasis (CanL) were tested at different time points by ELISA for the antibodies recognizing whole saliva, single salivary 43 kDa yellow-related recombinant protein (rSP03B), and a combination of two salivary recombinant proteins, 43 kDa yellow-related protein and 35.5 kDa apyrase (rSP01). Dogs were also tested for Leishmania infantum positivity by serology, culture, and PCR and the infection status was evaluated prospectively. We found a significant association between active CanL infection and the amount of anti-P. perniciosus saliva antibodies. Importantly, we detected a high correlation between IgG antibodies recognizing rSP03B protein and the whole salivary antigen. The kinetics of antibody response showed for both a whole saliva and rSP03B a similar pattern that was clearly related to the seasonal abundance of P. perniciosus. Conclusions These results suggest that P. perniciosus rSP03B protein is a valid alternative to whole saliva and could be used in large-scale serological studies. This novel method could be a practical and economically-sound tool to detect the host exposure to sand fly bites in CanL endemic areas. Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a widespread zoonosis caused by protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum. CanL is endemic in more than 70 countries, including regions of southwestern Europe, where the main vector is Phlebotomus perniciosus. Saliva inoculated into the host during blood feeding provoke species-specific antibody response. They could be used as a serological marker of exposure to sand flies and, in leishmaniasis endemic areas, also as an indication of Leishmania infection risk. However, in case of large-scale serological studies, it is difficult to obtain appropriate amounts of crude salivary antigen from laboratory-reared sand flies. Therefore, we studied if specific salivary recombinant proteins could be suitable to replace whole saliva as an antigen for serological assays. Antibodies recognizing recombinant salivary protein in naturally bitten dogs were highly correlated with antibody response against whole saliva. Seasonal exposure of dogs to sand flies led to antibody response fluctuations related to the period of activity and abundance of vectors. In a context of high CanL endemicity, we found a significant association between progressive CanL infections and antibodies against sand fly saliva. Thus, salivary recombinant proteins could be used as suitable tool for investigations host exposure to sand flies in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kostalova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Tereza Lestinova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Sumova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Vlkova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Rohousova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Gaetano Oliva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fiorentino
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Scalone
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Gramiccia
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Hai VV, Almeras L, Socolovschi C, Raoult D, Parola P, Pagès F. Monitoring human tick-borne disease risk and tick bite exposure in Europe: available tools and promising future methods. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014; 5:607-19. [PMID: 25178542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are the main vector for infectious disease pathogens in both humans and animals, and tick-borne diseases are currently spreading throughout Europe. Various surveillance methods have been developed to estimate the burden and risk of tick-borne diseases and host exposure to tick bites. The ultimate aims of these approaches are to determine the risk level of a tick-borne disease in a given area, determine its health priority, identify the at-risk population and propose specific countermeasures or complementary studies as needed. The purpose of this review is to present the current methods for monitoring the circulation of tick-borne diseases and to highlight the use of salivary antigens as original and recently developed serological tools that could be useful for tick bite risk assessment and could improve the current surveillance methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Vu Hai
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Antenne Marseille, Unité de Parasitologie, URMITE UMR 6236, GSBdD de Marseille Aubagne, 111 Avenue de la Corse BP 40026, 13568 Marseille Cedex 02, France
| | - Lionel Almeras
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Antenne Marseille, Unité de Parasitologie, URMITE UMR 6236, GSBdD de Marseille Aubagne, 111 Avenue de la Corse BP 40026, 13568 Marseille Cedex 02, France
| | - Cristina Socolovschi
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
| | - Frédéric Pagès
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; CIRE/ARS Océan Indien, 2 bis Avenue Georges Brassens CS 60050, 97408 Saint Denis Cedex 9, Reunion.
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Ndille EE, Dubot-Pérès A, Doucoure S, Mouchet F, Cornelie S, Sidavong B, Fournet F, Remoue F. Human IgG antibody response to Aedes aegypti Nterm-34 kDa salivary peptide as an indicator to identify areas at high risk for dengue transmission: a retrospective study in urban settings of Vientiane city, Lao PDR. Trop Med Int Health 2014; 19:576-80. [PMID: 24641205 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using human IgG antibody response to the Aedes Nterm-34 kDa salivary peptide as an indicator of human exposure to Aedes bites in surveying exposed populations from areas at risk of dengue virus (DENV) transmission in urban settings of Vientiane city, Lao PDR. METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests were performed to measure the IgG response to Nterm-34 kDa peptide in blood samples collected within a flavivirus seroprevalence survey carried out in 2006 including 3558 randomly selected individuals. The level of IgG response to the Nterm-34 kDa peptide in individuals was analysed in relation to the level of urbanisation of the individual's residence, areas that presented significant differences in the prevalence of recent DENV infection. RESULTS No differences were observed in the anti-Nterm-34 kDa IgG level between DENV-positive and DENV-negative individuals. However, the level of specific IgG response was higher among individuals living in slightly urbanised neighbourhoods than among those in more highly urbanised areas (P < 0.0001). Interestingly, a similar pattern had already been observed concerning the prevalence of recent DENV infection in the same populations. CONCLUSION The results of this retrospective study indicate that the evaluation of human IgG response to the Aedes Nterm-34 kDa salivary peptide could be a useful indicator to identify places with risk of dengue virus transmission in urban endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Elanga Ndille
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, UMR IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - Universities of Montpellier 1 and 2, Cotonou, Bénin; Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé Publique, Cotonou, Bénin
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Londono-Renteria B, Cardenas JC, Cardenas LD, Christofferson RC, Chisenhall DM, Wesson DM, McCracken MK, Carvajal D, Mores CN. Use of anti-Aedes aegypti salivary extract antibody concentration to correlate risk of vector exposure and dengue transmission risk in Colombia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81211. [PMID: 24312537 PMCID: PMC3846924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Norte de Santander is a region in Colombia with a high incidence of dengue virus (DENV). In this study, we examined the serum concentration of anti-Aedes salivary gland extract (SGE) antibodies as a biomarker of DENV infection and transmission, and assessed the duration of anti-SGE antibody concentration after exposure to the vector ceased. We also determined whether SGE antibody concentration could differentiate between positive and negative DENV infected individuals and whether there are differences in exposure for each DENV serotype. We observed a significant decrease in the concentration of IgG antibodies at least 40 days after returning to an "Ae. aegypti-free" area. In addition, we found significantly higher anti-SGE IgG concentrations in DENV positive patients with some difference in exposure to mosquito bites among DENV serotypes. We conclude that the concentration of IgG antibodies against SGE is an accurate indicator of risk of dengue virus transmission and disease presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
| | - Jenny C. Cardenas
- Hospital Municipal de Los Patios, Los Patios- Norte de Santander, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Dawn M. Wesson
- Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | | | - Christopher N. Mores
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Vu Hai V, Pages F, Boulanger N, Audebert S, Parola P, Almeras L. Immunoproteomic identification of antigenic salivary biomarkers detected by Ixodes ricinus-exposed rabbit sera. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2013; 4:459-68. [PMID: 23890749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ixodes ricinus, the primary vector of tick-borne disease in Europe, is currently expanding its distribution area and its activity in many countries. Antibody responses to tick salivary antigens have been proposed as an alternative marker of exposure to tick bites. However, the identification of the I. ricinus corresponding antigens remains elusive. Using rabbits artificially exposed to I. ricinus and 2 other European tick species (Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor reticulatus) as controls, a cross-comparison of IgG profiles was performed against protein salivary gland extracts (pSGE) from these 3 tick species using immunoblots. Immunoblot analysis highlighted a singularity in the immune patterns according to tick species exposure and pSGE antigen source. Two protein bands were detected against I. ricinus pSGE only in rabbits exposed to I. ricinus bites. An immunoproteomic approach based on a fluorescence detection method was developed to unambiguously identify corresponding antigenic spots on 2-D gels. Among the unique I. ricinus salivary antigenic proteins detected by sera from rabbits exposed to this tick species, I. ricinus calreticulin was identified. Although tick calreticulin was previously proposed as a potential antigenic marker following exposure to ticks (particularly in North American tick species), the present study suggested that Ixodes calreticulin does not appear to be cross-recognized by the 2 other tick genera tested. Additional experiments are needed to confirm the use of I. ricinus calreticulin salivary protein as a potential discriminant antigenic biomarker to Ixodes tick exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Vu Hai
- Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
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Sagna AB, Sarr JB, Gaayeb L, Drame PM, Ndiath MO, Senghor S, Sow CS, Poinsignon A, Seck M, Hermann E, Schacht AM, Faye N, Sokhna C, Remoue F, Riveau G. gSG6-P1 salivary biomarker discriminates micro-geographical heterogeneity of human exposure to Anopheles bites in low and seasonal malaria areas. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:68. [PMID: 23497646 PMCID: PMC3631127 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past decade, a sharp decline of malaria burden has been observed in several countries. Consequently, the conventional entomological methods have become insufficiently sensitive and probably under-estimate micro-geographical heterogeneity of exposure and subsequent risk of malaria transmission. In this study, we investigated whether the human antibody (Ab) response to Anopheles salivary gSG6-P1 peptide, known as a biomarker of Anopheles exposure, could be a sensitive and reliable tool for discriminating human exposure to Anopheles bites in area of low and seasonal malaria transmission. METHODS A multi-disciplinary survey was performed in Northern Senegal where An. gambiae s.l. is the main malaria vector. Human IgG Ab response to gSG6-P1 salivary peptide was compared according to the season and villages in children from five villages in the middle Senegal River valley, known as a low malaria transmission area. RESULTS IgG levels to gSG6-P1 varied considerably according to the villages, discriminating the heterogeneity of Anopheles exposure between villages. Significant increase of IgG levels to gSG6-P1 was observed during the peak of exposure to Anopheles bites, and decreased immediately after the end of the exposure season. In addition, differences in the season-dependent specific IgG levels between villages were observed after the implementation of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets by The National Malaria Control Program in this area. CONCLUSION The gSG6-P1 salivary peptide seems to be a reliable tool to discriminate the micro-geographical heterogeneity of human exposure to Anopheles bites in areas of very low and seasonal malaria transmission. A biomarker such as this could also be used to monitor and evaluate the possible heterogeneous effectiveness of operational vector control programs in low-exposure areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Barembaye Sagna
- Centre de Recherche Biomédicale (CRB) Espoir Pour La Santé, 269 Route de la corniche, Sor - BP: 226, Saint-Louis, Sénégal.
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Ali ZMI, Bakli M, Fontaine A, Bakkali N, Vu Hai V, Audebert S, Boublik Y, Pagès F, Remoué F, Rogier C, Fraisier C, Almeras L. Assessment of Anopheles salivary antigens as individual exposure biomarkers to species-specific malaria vector bites. Malar J 2012; 11:439. [PMID: 23276246 PMCID: PMC3547717 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria transmission occurs during the blood feeding of infected anopheline mosquitoes concomitant with a saliva injection into the vertebrate host. In sub-Saharan Africa, most malaria transmission is due to Anopheles funestus s.s and to Anopheles gambiae s.l. (mainly Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis). Several studies have demonstrated that the immune response against salivary antigens could be used to evaluate individual exposure to mosquito bites. The aim of this study was to assess the use of secreted salivary proteins as specific biomarkers of exposure to An. gambiae and/or An. funestus bites. Methods For this purpose, salivary gland proteins 6 (SG6) and 5′nucleotidases (5′nuc) from An. gambiae (gSG6 and g-5′nuc) and An. funestus (fSG6 and f-5′nuc) were selected and produced in recombinant form. The specificity of the IgG response against these salivary proteins was tested using an ELISA with sera from individuals living in three Senegalese villages (NDiop, n = 50; Dielmo, n = 38; and Diama, n = 46) that had been exposed to distinct densities and proportions of the Anopheles species. Individuals who had not been exposed to these tropical mosquitoes were used as controls (Marseille, n = 45). Results The IgG responses against SG6 recombinant proteins from these two Anopheles species and against g-5′nucleotidase from An. gambiae, were significantly higher in Senegalese individuals compared with controls who were not exposed to specific Anopheles species. Conversely, an association was observed between the level of An. funestus exposure and the serological immune response levels against the f-5′nucleotidase protein. Conclusion This study revealed an Anopheles salivary antigenic protein that could be considered to be a promising antigenic marker to distinguish malaria vector exposure at the species level. The epidemiological interest of such species-specific antigenic markers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia M I Ali
- Unité de recherche en biologie et épidémiologie parasitaires, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, antenne Marseille, GSBdD de Marseille Aubagne, 111 avenue de la corse, Marseille cedex 02, France
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Elanga Ndille E, Doucoure S, Damien G, Mouchet F, Drame PM, Cornelie S, Noukpo H, Yamadjako S, Djenontin A, Moiroux N, Misse D, Akogbeto M, Corbel V, Henry MC, Chandre F, Baldet T, Remoue F. First attempt to validate human IgG antibody response to Nterm-34kDa salivary peptide as biomarker for evaluating exposure to Aedes aegypti bites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1905. [PMID: 23166852 PMCID: PMC3499371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Much effort is being devoted for developing new indicators to evaluate the human exposure to Aedes mosquito bites and the risk of arbovirus transmission. Human antibody (Ab) responses to mosquito salivary components could represent a promising tool for evaluating the human-vector contact. Methodology/Principal findings To develop a specific biomarker of human exposure to Aedes aegypti bites, we measured IgG Ab response to Ae. aegypti Nterm-34 kDa salivary peptide in exposed children in 7 villages of Southern Benin (West Africa). Results showed that specific IgG response presented high inter-individual heterogeneity between villages. IgG response was associated with rainfall and IgG level increased from dry (low exposure) to rainy (high exposure) seasons. These findings indicate that IgG Ab to Nterm-34 kDa salivary peptide may represent a reliable biomarker to detect variation in human exposure to Ae. aegypti bites. Conclusion/Significance This preliminary study highlights the potential use of Ab response to this salivary peptide for evaluating human exposure to Ae. aegypti. This biomarker could represent a new promising tool for assessing the risk of arbovirus transmission and for evaluating the efficacy of vector control interventions. Aedes aegypti mosquito is the primary vector of major (re)-emerging human arboviruses, such as Dengue and Chikungunya. In absence of effective treatment and vaccine, the evaluation of human exposure to vector bites is crucial to estimate the risk of the viruses' transmission. Currently, exposure to Aedes aegypti bites is mainly evaluated by entomological methods which are indirect and fastidious to apply on a large scale. Human antibody (Ab) responses to arthropod salivary proteins were shown as a useful indicator of exposure to arthropod vector bites. Nevertheless, the whole saliva could not be a specific tool because some families of salivary proteins are common between many arthropod vectors. To develop a specific biomarker of exposure to Aedes aegypti bites, we assessed the evolution of IgG Ab response to Ae. aegypti Nterm-34 kDa salivary peptide in exposed children. The results indicate that children exposed to the bites of Ae. aegypti could develop specific Ab response to Nterm-34 kDa salivary peptide. This specific IgG response presented high inter-individual heterogeneity and increased significantly during the Ae. aegypti exposure season. Taken together, these preliminary results suggest that Ab responses to Nterm-34 kDa salivary could constitute a relevant immuno-epidemiological indicator for evaluating human exposure to the Ae. aegypti vector and by consequence the risk of arbovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Elanga Ndille
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - Universities of Montpellier 1, France.
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Fontaine A, Fusaï T, Briolant S, Buffet S, Villard C, Baudelet E, Pophillat M, Granjeaud S, Rogier C, Almeras L. Anopheles salivary gland proteomes from major malaria vectors. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:614. [PMID: 23148599 PMCID: PMC3542285 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibody responses against Anopheles salivary proteins can indicate individual exposure to bites of malaria vectors. The extent to which these salivary proteins are species-specific is not entirely resolved. Thus, a better knowledge of the diversity among salivary protein repertoires from various malaria vector species is necessary to select relevant genus-, subgenus- and/or species-specific salivary antigens. Such antigens could be used for quantitative (mosquito density) and qualitative (mosquito species) immunological evaluation of malaria vectors/host contact. In this study, salivary gland protein repertoires (sialomes) from several Anopheles species were compared using in silico analysis and proteomics. The antigenic diversity of salivary gland proteins among different Anopheles species was also examined. Results In silico analysis of secreted salivary gland protein sequences retrieved from an NCBInr database of six Anopheles species belonging to the Cellia subgenus (An. gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. stephensi and An. funestus) and Nyssorhynchus subgenus (An. albimanus and An. darlingi) displayed a higher degree of similarity compared to salivary proteins from closely related Anopheles species. Additionally, computational hierarchical clustering allowed identification of genus-, subgenus- and species-specific salivary proteins. Proteomic and immunoblot analyses performed on salivary gland extracts from four Anopheles species (An. gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. stephensi and An. albimanus) indicated that heterogeneity of the salivary proteome and antigenic proteins was lower among closely related anopheline species and increased with phylogenetic distance. Conclusion This is the first report on the diversity of the salivary protein repertoire among species from the Anopheles genus at the protein level. This work demonstrates that a molecular diversity is exhibited among salivary proteins from closely related species despite their common pharmacological activities. The involvement of these proteins as antigenic candidates for genus-, subgenus- or species-specific immunological evaluation of individual exposure to Anopheles bites is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albin Fontaine
- Unité de Parasitologie - UMR6236, URMITE - IFR48, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), BP 60109, Marseille Cedex 07, 13 262, France
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Vlkova M, Rohousova I, Hostomska J, Pohankova L, Zidkova L, Drahota J, Valenzuela JG, Volf P. Kinetics of antibody response in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice bitten by Phlebotomus papatasi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1719. [PMID: 22802977 PMCID: PMC3393673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomine sand flies are blood-sucking insects transmitting Leishmania parasites. In bitten hosts, sand fly saliva elicits specific immune response and the humoral immunity was shown to reflect the intensity of sand fly exposure. Thus, anti-saliva antibodies were suggested as the potential risk marker of Leishmania transmission. In this study, we examined the long-term kinetics and persistence of anti-Phlebotomus papatasi saliva antibody response in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. We also tested the reactivity of mice sera with P. papatasi salivary antigens and with the recombinant proteins. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Sera of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice experimentally bitten by Phlebotomus papatasi were tested by ELISA for the presence of anti-saliva IgE, IgG and its subclasses. We detected a significant increase of specific IgG and IgG1 in both mice strains and IgG2b in BALB/c mice that positively correlated with the number of blood-fed P. papatasi females. Using western blot and mass spectrometry we identified the major P. papatasi antigens as Yellow-related proteins, D7-related proteins, antigen 5-related proteins and SP-15-like proteins. We therefore tested the reactivity of mice sera with four P. papatasi recombinant proteins coding for most of these potential antigens (PpSP44, PpSP42, PpSP30, and PpSP28). Each mouse serum reacted with at least one of the recombinant protein tested, although none of the recombinant proteins were recognized by all sera. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirmed the concept of using anti-sand fly saliva antibodies as a marker of sand fly exposure in Phlebotomus papatasi-mice model. As screening of specific antibodies is limited by the availability of salivary gland homogenate, utilization of recombinant proteins in such studies would be beneficial. Our present work demonstrates the feasibility of this implementation. A combination of recombinant salivary proteins is recommended for evaluation of intensity of sand fly exposure in endemic areas and for estimation of risk of Leishmania transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Vlkova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Cox J, Mota J, Sukupolvi-Petty S, Diamond MS, Rico-Hesse R. Mosquito bite delivery of dengue virus enhances immunogenicity and pathogenesis in humanized mice. J Virol 2012; 86:7637-49. [PMID: 22573866 PMCID: PMC3416288 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00534-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENV) are transmitted to humans by the bite of Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, with millions of infections annually in over 100 countries. The diseases they produce, which occur exclusively in humans, are dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). We previously developed a humanized mouse model of DF in which mice transplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells produced signs of DENV disease after injection with low-passage, wild-type isolates. Using these mice, but now allowing infected A. aegypti to transmit dengue virus during feeding, we observed signs of more severe disease (higher and more sustained viremia, erythema, and thrombocytopenia). Infected mice mounted innate (gamma interferon [IFN-γ] and soluble interleukin 2 receptor alpha [sIL-2Rα]) and adaptive (anti-DENV antibodies) immune responses that failed to clear viremia until day 56, while a mosquito bite alone induced strong immunomodulators (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], IL-4, and IL-10) and thrombocytopenia. This is the first animal model that allows an evaluation of human immunity to DENV infection after mosquito inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cox
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Javier Mota
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Soila Sukupolvi-Petty
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology, and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology, and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rebeca Rico-Hesse
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Andrade BB, Teixeira CR. Biomarkers for exposure to sand flies bites as tools to aid control of leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2012; 3:121. [PMID: 22661974 PMCID: PMC3356838 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense research efforts so far have not been sufficient to reduce leishmaniasis burden worldwide. This disease is transmitted by bites of infected sand flies, which inject saliva in the host skin in an attempt to obtain a blood meal. Sand fly saliva has an array of proteins with diverse pharmacological properties that modulates the host homeostatic and immune responses. Some of these proteins are also immunogenic and can induce both cellular and humoral immune responses. Recently, the use of sand fly salivary proteins to estimate exposure to sand fly bites and consequently the risk of infection has emerged. Here, we review evidence that supports the use of the host immune responses against sand fly salivary proteins to estimate risk of infection. We also discuss how the use of recombinant salivary proteins can optimize serological surveys and provide guidance for the implementation of specific measures for disease control in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bezerril Andrade
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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