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Lee KH, Kim SH, Park S, Jang HJ, Kim MJ, Yang HJ, Hur HJ, Kim JH, Kim MS. Functional Impact of the FADS1 rs174546 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism on Serum Lipid Levels: Insights from Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives in Korean Population. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024:e2400201. [PMID: 38961528 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202400201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) gene is suggested as risk factor of metabolic diseases in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). This study hypothesized that FADS1_rs174546T associates with serum triglycerides (TG) in Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). In addition, functional study of SNP genotypes in cultured cells is performed. METHODS AND RESULTS FADS1_rs174546T is associated with high level of serum TG (effect size of variant: 6.48 ± 1.84 mg dL-1) in Korean individuals (normotriglyceridemia, n = 5128; hypertriglyceridemia, n = 3714). Functional study in cells with FADS1_rs174546T, shows reduced transcriptional activity, when compared with rs174546C. MiR-6728-3p, which is predicted to bind with rs174546T, decreases transcriptional activity of rs174546T but not in rs174546C, and it is reversed by miR-6728-3p inhibitor. Formononetin is selected as binding molecule to 3'-UTR of FADS1 and increases luciferase activity in both rs174546 (C/T). Moreover, formononetin compensates for the reduced luciferase activity by rs174546T and miR-6728-3p. Formononetin also increases endogenous FADS1 expression and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) ratio. CONCLUSION FADS1_rs174546T is a crucial risk factor for hypertriglyceridemia in the Koreans potentially through the interaction with miR-6728-3p. Formononetin can be a potent dietary intervention to prevent and improve hypertriglyceridemia in both rs174546 (C/T) populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyun-Hee Lee
- Research Division of Food and Function, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Hee Kim
- Research Division of Food and Function, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, 20, Hoseo-ro 79beon-gil, Asan-Si, 31499, Chungnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Jang
- Research Division of Food and Function, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Research Division of Food and Function, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Yang
- Research Division of Food and Function, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeng Jeon Hur
- Research Division of Food and Function, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Research Division of Food and Function, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sunny Kim
- Research Division of Food and Function, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
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Wimalasena ST, Ramírez Silva CI, Gonzalez Casanova I, Rivera JA, Sun YV, Stein AD, Ferranti EP, Alvarez JA, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, Ramakrishnan U. Maternal and Offspring Fatty Acid Desaturase Variants, Prenatal DHA Supplementation, and Dietary n-6:n-3 Fatty Acid Ratio in Relation to Cardiometabolic Health in Mexican Children. J Nutr 2024; 154:1540-1548. [PMID: 38453026 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes may modify dietary fatty acid requirements and influence cardiometabolic health (CMH). OBJECTIVES We evaluated the role of selected variants in maternal and offspring FADS genes on offspring CMH at the age of 11 y and assessed interactions of genotype with diet quality and prenatal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation. METHODS We used data from offspring (n = 203) born to females who participated in a randomized controlled trial of DHA supplementation (400 mg/d) from midgestation to delivery. We generated a metabolic syndrome (MetS) score from body mass index, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and fasting glucose and identified 6 distinct haplotypes from 5 offspring FADS SNPs. Dietary n-6 (ω-6):n-3 fatty acid ratios were derived from 24-h recall data (n = 141). We used generalized linear models to test associations of offspring diet and FADS haplotypes with MetS score and interactions of maternal and offspring FADS SNP rs174602 with prenatal treatment group and dietary n-6:n-3 ratio on MetS score. RESULTS Associations between FADS haplotypes and MetS score were null. Offspring SNP rs174602 did not modify the association of prenatal DHA supplementation with MetS score. Among children with TT or TC genotype for SNP rs174602 (n = 88), those in the highest n-6:n-3 ratio tertile (>8.61) had higher MetS score relative to the lowest tertile [<6.67) (Δ= 0.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03, 0.69]. Among children with CC genotype (n = 53), those in the highest n-6:n-3 ratio tertile had a lower MetS score relative to the lowest tertile (Δ= -0.23; 95% CI: -0.61, 0.16). CONCLUSIONS There was evidence of an interaction of offspring FADS SNP rs174602 with current dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake, but not with prenatal DHA supplementation, on MetS score. Further studies may help to determine the utility of targeted supplementation strategies and dietary recommendations based on genetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Tandon Wimalasena
- Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Juan A Rivera
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Yan V Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Aryeh D Stein
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Erin P Ferranti
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica A Alvarez
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- LMU - Ludwig Maximilians Universität Munich, Department of Pediatrics, LMU University Hospitals, Munich, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- LMU - Ludwig Maximilians Universität Munich, Department of Pediatrics, LMU University Hospitals, Munich, Germany
| | - Usha Ramakrishnan
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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Wu WC, Wu PY, Chan CY, Lee MF, Huang CY. Effect of FADS1 rs174556 Genotype on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:352-362. [PMID: 36806496 PMCID: PMC10229383 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PUFA status is highly implicated in cognitive development and metabolic disorder-related diseases. Genetic variants of FADS genes encoding enzymes that catalyze the rate-limiting steps of PUFA biosynthesis appear to be associated with n-3 and n-6 PUFA contents. Therefore, we conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the association of the A-allele carriers of the FADS1 rs174556 with PUFA status. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. The literature search was conducted up to November 2022 in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, Airiti Library, and CINAHL. The Joanna Briggs Institute checklists were used to assess the methodological quality. The correlation with 95% CIs was determined by a random-effect meta-analysis. Eleven studies that met the inclusion criteria and acceptable quality were included in this systematic review. The data on PUFA contents were collected when they were mainly analyzed using blood samples and breast milk. Results of the meta-analysis on eight studies (one randomized controlled trial, one cohort study, and six cross-sectional studies) showed that the A-allele carriers of rs174556 were significantly negatively correlated with the concentrations of AA (P = 0.001), EPA (P = 0.004), and DHA (P = 0.025). However, ALA and LA were not associated with the A-allele carriers. To clarify the discrepancy, we further divided the studies into blood samples and breast milk subgroups. The subgroup analysis revealed that the A-allele carriers of rs174556 were significantly positively correlated with LA (P = 0.031) and negatively correlated with AA (P = 0.001), EPA (P = 0.036), and DHA (P < 0.001) in the blood sample group, but not in the breast milk group. The current meta-analysis proved that the A-allele carriers of the FADS1 rs174556 appeared to be highly associated with lower concentrations of AA, EPA, and DHA but higher LA in the blood samples. The study has been registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO:CRD42022363978). Adv Nutr 2023;x:xx-xx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chieh Wu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yi Chan
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fen Lee
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yin Huang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Guevara-Ramírez P, Cadena-Ullauri S, Ruiz-Pozo VA, Tamayo-Trujillo R, Paz-Cruz E, Simancas-Racines D, Zambrano AK. Genetics, genomics, and diet interactions in obesity in the Latin American environment. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1063286. [PMID: 36532520 PMCID: PMC9751379 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1063286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that could impact an individual's health; moreover, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared obesity a global epidemic since 1997. In Latin America, in 2016, reports indicated that 24.2% of the adult population was obese. The environmental factor or specific behaviors like dietary intake or physical activity have a vital role in the development of a condition like obesity, but the interaction of genes could contribute to that predisposition. Hence, it is vital to understand the relationship between genes and disease. Indeed, genetics in nutrition studies the genetic variations and their effect on dietary response; while genomics in nutrition studies the role of nutrients in gene expression. The present review represents a compendium of the dietary behaviors in the Latin American environment and the interactions of genes with their single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with obesity, including the risk allele frequencies in the Latin American population. Additionally, a bibliographical selection of several studies has been included; these studies examined the impact that dietary patterns in Latin American environments have on the expression of numerous genes involved in obesity-associated metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Guevara-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Cadena-Ullauri
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Viviana A. Ruiz-Pozo
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Rafael Tamayo-Trujillo
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Elius Paz-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Daniel Simancas-Racines
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ana Karina Zambrano
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
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5
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Huang P, Cheng H, Su Y, Huang M, Hsu C, Hwang S, Shin S, Chang W. Interaction among dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake, fatty acid desaturase 2 genetic variants, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in type 2 diabetes patients. J Diabetes Investig 2022; 14:297-308. [PMID: 36412559 PMCID: PMC9889619 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genetic polymorphisms are strongly correlated with the risk of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we examined the impact of FADS1 and FADS2 genetic variants on plasma lipid status, and assessed interactions between FADS genetic polymorphisms and plasma n-3/n-6 fatty acids regarding lipid status within a population of 816 Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Selected tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (FADS1 rs174546 [T/C]; FADS2 rs174602 [A/G] and rs2072114 [A/G]) were genotyped (n = 816). RESULTS The distribution of genotypes were compared with reports publicly available in the Genome Aggregation Database for East Asian populations (https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org). In the subgroup of patients not taking lipid-lowering medications (n = 192), we observed that the G allele of FADS2 rs174602 was statistically significantly correlated with lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations (P = 0.001), whereas the G allele of rs2072114 was marginally associated with LDL-C concentrations (P = 0.091). Using a general linear model adjusted for confounding factors, statistically significant interactions (P = 0.016) between single-nucleotide polymorphisms in rs2072114 and a low alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3)/linoleic acid (18:2n-6) ratio; the G allele correlated with lower LDL-C levels among individuals with a low alpha-linolenic acid/linoleic acid ratio. Interaction between rs174602 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and low alpha-linolenic acid/linoleic acid values on LDL-C was only marginally significant (P = 0.063). CONCLUSIONS Our results show the role of n-3/n-6 dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in modifying the effects of genetic susceptibility on lipoprotein concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes. Our findings highlight the potential of interventions with dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids regarding developing individualized prevention strategies for type 2 diabetes presenting with co-occurring dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Chi Huang
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Hsuan Cheng
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Ting Su
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Meng‐Chuan Huang
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of Nutrition and DieteticsKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Cheng Hsu
- Institute of Population Health SciencesNational Health Research InstitutesZhunanTaiwan,Department of Health Services AdministrationChina Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Shang‐Jyh Hwang
- Department of Internal MedicineKaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Shyi‐Jang Shin
- Department of Internal MedicineKaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Wen‐Tsan Chang
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of SurgeryKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life ScienceKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
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6
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Žák A, Jáchymová M, Burda M, Staňková B, Zeman M, Slabý A, Vecka M, Šeda O. FADS Polymorphisms Affect the Clinical and Biochemical Phenotypes of Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060568. [PMID: 35736500 PMCID: PMC9228863 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) play important roles in human health, from controlling inflammation to lipid and glucose homeostasis. In our previous study, which employed a cluster analysis of a plasma fatty acid (FA) pattern, we identified two clusters of metabolic syndrome (MetS) independent of clinical and biochemical parameters within the whole study group (controls together with metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients). FA desaturase (FADS) genes are the key regulators of LC-PUFA metabolism. The aim of this study was to analyze associations between FADS polymorphisms and clusters of MetS. The study group consisted of 188 controls and 166 patients with MetS. The first cluster contained 71 controls (CON1) and 109 MetS patients (MetS1). The second cluster consisted of 117 controls (CON2) and 57 MetS patients (MetS2). In comparison with MetS2, cluster MetS1 displayed a more adverse risk profile. Cluster CON1 had, in comparison with CON2, higher body weight and increased triacylglycerol levels (p < 0.05). We found that the FADS rs174537 (p < 0.001), rs174570 (p < 0.01), and rs174602 (p < 0.05) polymorphisms along with two inferred haplotypes had statistically significant genotype associations with the splitting of MetS into MetS1 and MetS2. Conversely, we observed no significant differences in the distribution of FADS polymorphisms between MetS and CON subjects, or between CON1 and CON2. These associations between FADS polymorphisms and two clusters of MetS (differing in waist circumference, HOMA-IR, lipolysis, and oxidative stress) implicate the important influence of genetic factors on the phenotypic manifestation of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Žák
- 4th Department of Medicine, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.Ž.); (B.S.); (M.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Marie Jáchymová
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Michal Burda
- Institute for Research and Applications of Fuzzy Modeling, University of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic;
| | - Barbora Staňková
- 4th Department of Medicine, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.Ž.); (B.S.); (M.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Miroslav Zeman
- 4th Department of Medicine, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.Ž.); (B.S.); (M.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Adolf Slabý
- 4th Department of Medicine, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.Ž.); (B.S.); (M.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Marek Vecka
- 4th Department of Medicine, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.Ž.); (B.S.); (M.Z.); (A.S.)
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ondřej Šeda
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
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Huang J, Shao Y, Zong X, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Shi H. FADS1 overexpression promotes fatty acid synthesis and triacylglycerol accumulation via inhibiting the AMPK/SREBP1 pathway in goat mammary epithelial cells. Food Funct 2022; 13:5870-5882. [PMID: 35548952 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Delta-5 desaturase (D5D), encoded by the fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) gene, is a rate-limiting enzyme in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthesis that influences the PUFA levels in milk fat. However, the function and molecular mechanism of FADS1 in milk fat metabolism remain largely unknown. The FADS1 overexpression increased the triglyceride content, lipid droplet size, and expression of genes related to fatty acid de novo synthesis (SREBP1 and ACC), intracellular fatty acid transporters (FABP3 and FABP4) and triacylglycerol synthesis gene (DGAT2). It also significantly promoted the SREBP1 nuclear translocation by inhibiting the AMPK activation. In addition, FADS1 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and arrested cell cycle at the G1 phase. These findings reveal a novel FADS1-AMPK-SREBP1 pathway regulating milk fat production in the goat mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Yuexin Shao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Xueyang Zong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Huawen Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Xian Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Huaiping Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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Akhlaghipour I, Bina AR, Mogharrabi MR, Fanoodi A, Ebrahimian AR, Khojasteh Kaffash S, Babazadeh Baghan A, Khorashadizadeh ME, Taghehchian N, Moghbeli M. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms as important risk factors of diabetes among Middle East population. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:11. [PMID: 35366956 PMCID: PMC8976361 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-022-00383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that leads to the dysfunction of various tissues and organs, including eyes, kidneys, and cardiovascular system. According to the World Health Organization, diabetes prevalence is 8.8% globally among whom about 90% of cases are type 2 diabetes. There are not any significant clinical manifestations in the primary stages of diabetes. Therefore, screening can be an efficient way to reduce the diabetic complications. Over the recent decades, the prevalence of diabetes has increased alarmingly among the Middle East population, which has imposed exorbitant costs on the health care system in this region. Given that the genetic changes are among the important risk factors associated with predisposing people to diabetes, we examined the role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the pathogenesis of diabetes among Middle East population. In the present review, we assessed the molecular pathology of diabetes in the Middle East population that paves the way for introducing an efficient SNP-based diagnostic panel for diabetes screening among the Middle East population. Since, the Middle East has a population of 370 million people; the current review can be a reliable model for the introduction of SNP-based diagnostic panels in other populations and countries around the world.
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Keathley J, Garneau V, Marcil V, Mutch DM, Robitaille J, Rudkowska I, Sofian GM, Desroches S, Vohl MC. Nutrigenetics, omega-3 and plasma lipids/lipoproteins/apolipoproteins with evidence evaluation using the GRADE approach: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054417. [PMID: 35193914 PMCID: PMC8867311 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the uptake of nutrigenetic testing through direct-to-consumer services and healthcare professionals, systematic reviews determining scientific validity are limited in this field. The objective of this review was to: retrieve, synthesise and assess the quality of evidence (confidence) for nutrigenetic approaches related to the effect of genetic variation on plasma lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein responsiveness to omega-3 fatty acid intake. DESIGN A systematic review was conducted using three search engines (Embase, Web of Science and Medline) for articles published up until 1 August 2020. We aimed to systematically search, identify (select) and provide a narrative synthesis of all studies that assessed nutrigenetic associations/interactions for genetic variants (comparators) influencing the plasma lipid, lipoprotein and/or apolipoprotein response (outcomes) to omega-3 fatty acid intake (intervention/exposure) in humans-both paediatric and adult populations (population). We further aimed to assess the overall quality of evidence for specific priority nutrigenetic associations/interactions based on the following inclusion criteria: nutrigenetic associations/interactions reported for the same genetic variants (comparators) influencing the same plasma lipid, lipoprotein and/or apolipoprotein response (outcomes) to omega-3 fatty acid intake (intervention/exposure) in humans-both paediatric and adult populations (population) in at least two independent studies, irrespective of the findings. Risk of bias was assessed in individual studies. Evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach with a modification to further consider biological plausibility. RESULTS Out of 1830 articles screened, 65 met the inclusion criteria for the narrative synthesis (n=23 observational, n=42 interventional); of these, 25 met the inclusion criteria for GRADE evidence evaluation. Overall, current evidence is insufficient for gene-diet associations related to omega-3 fatty acid intake on plasma apolipoproteins, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and LDL particle size. However, there is strong (GRADE rating: moderate quality) evidence to suggest that male APOE-E4 carriers (rs429358, rs7412) exhibit significant triglyceride reductions in response to omega-3-rich fish oil with a dose-response effect. Moreover, strong (GRADE rating: high quality) evidence suggests that a 31-SNP nutrigenetic risk score can predict plasma triglyceride responsiveness to omega-3-rich fish oil in adults with overweight/obesity from various ethnicities. CONCLUSIONS Most evidence in this area is weak, but two specific nutrigenetic interactions exhibited strong evidence, with generalisability limited to specific populations. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020185087.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Keathley
- Université Laval, Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF) Quebec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Universite Laval, School of Nutrition, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Véronique Garneau
- Université Laval, Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF) Quebec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Universite Laval, School of Nutrition, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie Marcil
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Robitaille
- Université Laval, Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF) Quebec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Universite Laval, School of Nutrition, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Iwona Rudkowska
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Sophie Desroches
- Université Laval, Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF) Quebec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Universite Laval, School of Nutrition, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Université Laval, Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF) Quebec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Universite Laval, School of Nutrition, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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10
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Panda C, Varadharaj S, Voruganti VS. PUFA, genotypes and risk for cardiovascular disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 176:102377. [PMID: 34915303 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are long chain fatty acids that are characterized by the presence of more than one double bond. These include fatty acids such as ꞷ-3-α-linolenic acid (ALA) and ꞷ-6 -linoleic acid (LA) which can only be obtained from dietary sources and are therefore termed essential fatty acids. They contain the building blocks for dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid in the ꞷ-6 family as well as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the ꞷ-3 family. Both ALA and LA are important constituents of animal and plant cell membranes and are important components of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory hormones and therefore, often modulate cellular immunity under chronic inflammatory states. The variation in physiological PUFA levels is under significant genetic influence, the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes being key regulators of PUFA metabolism. These genetic variants have been shown to alter fatty acid metabolism and influence the onset and progression of various metabolic conditions. This detailed review discusses the role of PUFAs, diet and genotypes in risk for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayee Panda
- Department of Nutrition and Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States; Standard Process Inc, United States
| | | | - Venkata Saroja Voruganti
- Department of Nutrition and Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States.
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11
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Jones HJ, Borges MC, Carnegie R, Mongan D, Rogers PJ, Lewis SJ, Thompson AD, Zammit S. Associations between plasma fatty acid concentrations and schizophrenia: a two-sample Mendelian randomisation study. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8:1062-1070. [PMID: 34735824 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies suggest that concentrations of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are lower in individuals with schizophrenia, evidence for beneficial effects of fatty acid supplementation is scarce. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine whether omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid concentrations are causally related to schizophrenia. METHODS We did a two-sample Mendelian randomisation study, using deidentified summary-level data that were publicly available. Exposure-outcome relationships were evaluated using the inverse variance weighted two-sample Mendelian randomisation method using results from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of fatty acid concentrations and schizophrenia. GWAS results were available for European (fatty acids) and European and Asian (schizophrenia) ancestry samples. Overall age and gender information were not calculable from the summary-level GWAS results. Weighted median, weighted mode, and Mendelian randomisation Egger regression methods were used as sensitivity analyses. To address underlying mechanisms, further analyses were done using single instruments within the FADS gene cluster and ELOVL2 gene locus. FADS gene cluster and ELOVL2 gene causal effects on schizophrenia were calculated by dividing the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-schizophrenia effect estimate by the SNP-fatty acid effect estimate with standard errors derived using the first term from a delta method expansion for the ratio estimate. Multivariable Mendelian randomisation was used to estimate direct effects of omega-3 fatty acids on schizophrenia, independent of omega-6 fatty acids, lipoproteins (ie, HDL and LDL), and triglycerides. FINDINGS Mendelian randomisation analyses indicated that long-chain omega-3 and long-chain omega-6 fatty acid concentrations were associated with a lower risk of schizophrenia (eg, inverse variance weighted odds ratio [OR] 0·83 [95% CI 0·75-0·92] for docosahexaenoic acid). By contrast, there was weak evidence that short-chain omega-3 and short-chain omega-6 fatty acids were associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia (eg, inverse variance weighted OR 1·07 [95% CI 0·98-1·18] for α-linolenic acid). Effects were consistent across the sensitivity analyses and the FADS single-SNP analyses, suggesting that long-chain omega-3 and long-chain omega-6 fatty acid concentrations were associated with lower risk of schizophrenia (eg, OR 0·74 [95% CI 0·58-0·96] for docosahexaenoic acid) whereas short-chain omega-3 and short-chain omega-6 fatty acid concentrations were associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia (eg, OR 1·08 [95% CI 1·02-1·15] for α-linolenic acid). By contrast, estimates from the ELOVL2 single-SNP analyses were more imprecise and compatible with both risk-increasing and protective effects for each of the fatty acid measures. Multivariable Mendelian randomisation indicated that the protective effect of docosahexaenoic acid on schizophrenia persisted after conditioning on other lipids, although evidence was slightly weaker (multivariable inverse variance weighted OR 0·84 [95% CI 0·71-1·01]). INTERPRETATION Our results are compatible with the protective effects of long-chain omega-3 and long-chain omega-6 fatty acids on schizophrenia, suggesting that people with schizophrenia might have difficulty converting short-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Further studies are required to determine whether long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation or diet enrichment might help prevent onset of schizophrenia. FUNDING National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Jones
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Maria Carolina Borges
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca Carnegie
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David Mongan
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter J Rogers
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah J Lewis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew D Thompson
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Orygen, Centre of Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stanley Zammit
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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12
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Does polymorphisms in PPAR and APOE genes modify associations between fatty acid desaturase ( FADS), n-3 long-chain PUFA and cardiometabolic markers in 8-11-year-old Danish children? Br J Nutr 2021; 125:369-376. [PMID: 32713352 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520002822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
n-3 Long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) can improve cardiometabolic blood markers, but studies in children are limited. SNP in the FADS genes, which encode fatty acid desaturases, influence endogenous LCPUFA production. Moreover, SNP in genes that encode PPAR and apoE may modulate the effects of n-3 LCPUFA. We explored whether FADS polymorphisms were associated with blood cholesterol and TAG, insulin and glucose and whether polymorphisms in PPAR and APOE modified associations between FADS or n-3 LCPUFA status and the cardiometabolic blood markers. We measured fasting cholesterol and TAG, insulin, glucose and n-3 LCPUFA in 757 Danish 8-11-year-old children and genotyped SNP in FADS (rs1535 and rs174448), PPARG2 (rs1801282), PPARA (rs1800206) and APOE (rs7412+rs429358). Carriage of two FADS rs174448 major alleles was associated with lower TAG (P = 0·027) and higher HDL-cholesterol (P = 0·047). Blood n-3 LCPUFA was inversely associated with TAG and insulin in PPARG2 minor allele carriers and positively with LDL-cholesterol in major allele homozygotes (Pn-3 LCPUFA × rs180182 < 0·01). Associations between n-3 LCPUFA and cardiometabolic markers were not modified by APOE genotype (Pn-3 LCPUFA × APOE > 0·11), but interaction between FADS rs1535 and APOE showed that rs1535 major allele homozygotes who also carried APOE2 had higher HDL-cholesterol than all other genotype combinations (Prs1535 × APOE = 0·019, pairwise-P < 0·05). This indicates that FADS genotypes, which increase endogenous LCPUFA production, may beneficially affect children's cardiometabolic profile in a partly APOE-dependent manner. Also, the degree to which children benefit from higher n-3 LCPUFA intake may depend on their PPARG2 genotype.
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13
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Chen J, Lu W, Zhang Y, Fan W, Tang W, Zhang C. FADS1 modulates metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients receiving olanzapine monotherapy. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 54:102352. [PMID: 32801079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesized that fatty acid desaturase-1 (FADS1) and fatty acid desaturase-2 (FADS2) may mediate metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients receiving olanzapine monotherapy. 216 schizophrenia patients were recruited. There is a significant difference between the patients with or without MetS in term of the expression of FADS1 mRNA (F = 4.58, P = 0.03), but not FADS2 mRNA (F = 1.29, P = 0.26). We observed a positive association between FADS1 mRNA and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.04), and a negative association between FADS1 mRNA and systolic blood pressure (P = 0.04). Our findings implied that FADS1 may be an important genetic modifier that can regulate olanzapine-associated metabolic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Jinhua Second Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihong Lu
- Schizophrenia Program, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Schizophrenia Program, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixing Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, Jinhua Second Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Schizophrenia Program, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Conway MC, McSorley EM, Mulhern MS, Strain JJ, van Wijngaarden E, Yeates AJ. Influence of fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genotype on maternal and child polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) status and child health outcomes: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:627-646. [PMID: 31943072 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are important during pregnancy for fetal development and child health outcomes. The fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes also influence PUFA status, with the FADS genes controlling how much product (eg, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid) is metabolized from the precursor molecules linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. OBJECTIVE The current review discusses the influence of FADS genotype on PUFA status of pregnant women, breast milk, and children, and also how FADS may influence child health outcomes. DATA SOURCES The Ovid Medline, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL Plus, PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched from their inception to September 2018. DATA EXTRACTION Eligible studies reported FADS genotype and blood concentrations of PUFA during pregnancy, in childhood, breast milk concentrations of PUFA or child health outcomes. DATA ANALYSIS In pregnant and lactating women, minor allele carriers have higher concentrations of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, and lower concentrations of arachidonic acid, in blood and breast milk, respectively. In children, FADS genotype influences PUFA status in the same manner and may impact child outcomes such as cognition and allergies; however, the direction of effects for the evidence to date is not consistent. CONCLUSION Further studies are needed to further investigate associations between FADS and outcomes, as well as the diet-gene interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C Conway
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland. E. van Wijngaarden is with the School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Emeir M McSorley
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland. E. van Wijngaarden is with the School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Maria S Mulhern
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland. E. van Wijngaarden is with the School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - J J Strain
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland. E. van Wijngaarden is with the School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Edwin van Wijngaarden
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland. E. van Wijngaarden is with the School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Alison J Yeates
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland. E. van Wijngaarden is with the School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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15
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Schulze MB, Minihane AM, Saleh RNM, Risérus U. Intake and metabolism of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: nutritional implications for cardiometabolic diseases. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8:915-930. [PMID: 32949497 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prospective observational studies support the use of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; however, randomised controlled trials, have often reported neutral findings. There is a long history of debate about the potential harmful effects of a high intake of omega-6 PUFAs, although this idea is not supported by prospective observational studies or randomised controlled trials. Health effects of PUFAs might be influenced by Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturases, the key enzymes in the metabolism of PUFAs. The activity of these enzymes and modulation by variants in encoding genes (FADS1-2-3 gene cluster) are linked to several cardiometabolic traits. This Review will further consider non-genetic determinants of desaturase activity, which have the potential to modify the availability of PUFAs to tissues. Finally, we discuss the consequences of altered desaturase activity in the context of PUFA intake, that is, gene-diet interactions and their clinical and public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Anne Marie Minihane
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Rasha Noureldin M Saleh
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Ka J, Pak B, Han O, Lee S, Jin SW. Comparison of transcriptomic changes between zebrafish and mice upon high fat diet reveals evolutionary convergence in lipid metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:638-643. [PMID: 32768193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is an abnormal elevation of lipid level in blood, which affects more than 100 million people in US. Zebrafish has recently emerged as a model to study pathophysiology associated with hyperlipidemia. As a poikilotherm, the innate response toward a high fat diet regimen in zebrafish is likely to be distinct from humans, and therefore, additional caution is warranted to appropriately interpret results obtained from zebrafish model. However, to date, detailed comparative analyses on similarities and dissimilarities between zebrafish and mammals, in particular, at molecular level, have not been reported yet. Here, we identified changes in hepatic specific transcriptomic profiles of zebrafish fed with a high fat diet regimen and comparatively analyzed transcriptomic changes in zebrafish and mice. While a number of previously identified risk factors for human hyperlipidemia has been upregulated in zebrafish fed with a high fat diet regimen, zebrafish hepatic transcriptome does not share high similarity with mice. Despite these differences, KEGG pathway analyses revealed that similar signaling pathways upregulated in zebrafish and mice as a response to a high fat diet. Our data show that these two species may utilize species-specific set of genes to upregulate common signaling pathways, indicating evolutionary convergence between poikilotherm and homeotherm in regulating lipid metabolism and validating the use of zebrafish as a model for human hyperlipidemia and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ka
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Boryeong Pak
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Orjin Han
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Won Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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17
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Koletzko B, Reischl E, Tanjung C, Gonzalez-Casanova I, Ramakrishnan U, Meldrum S, Simmer K, Heinrich J, Demmelmair H. FADS1 and FADS2 Polymorphisms Modulate Fatty Acid Metabolism and Dietary Impact on Health. Annu Rev Nutr 2019; 39:21-44. [PMID: 31433740 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Variants in the FADS gene cluster modify the activity of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) desaturation and the lipid composition in human blood and tissue. FADS variants have been associated with plasma lipid concentrations, risk of cardiovascular diseases, overweight, eczema, pregnancy outcomes, and cognitive function. Studies on variations in the FADS genecluster provided some of the first examples for marked gene-diet interactions in modulating complex phenotypes, such as eczema, asthma, and cognition. Genotype distribution differs markedly among ethnicities, apparently reflecting an evolutionary advantage of genotypes enabling active long-chain PUFA synthesis when the introduction of agriculture provided diets rich in linoleic acid but with little arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. Discovering differential effects of PUFA supply that depend on variation of FADS genotypes could open new opportunities for developing precision nutrition strategies based either on an individual's genotype or on genotype distributions in specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Koletzko
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany;
| | - Eva Reischl
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Conny Tanjung
- Jakarta and Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Hubert Pantai Indah Kapuk Hospital, Jakarta 14460, Indonesia
| | - Ines Gonzalez-Casanova
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Usha Ramakrishnan
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Suzanne Meldrum
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Karen Simmer
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany;
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18
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Lauritzen L, Amundsen ID, Damsgaard CT, Lind MV, Schnurr TM, Hansen T, Michaelsen KF, Vogel U. FADS and PPARG2 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms are Associated with Plasma Lipids in 9-Mo-Old Infants. J Nutr 2019; 149:708-715. [PMID: 31050749 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), e.g., linoleic acid and n-3 (ω-3) long-chain PUFAs, has been shown in adults to affect plasma cholesterol and triglycerides (TGs), respectively. Little is known about the effects of PUFAs on plasma lipids in early life. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the associations between plasma concentrations of total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and TGs in infants and 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fatty acid desaturase genes (FADS) oppositely associated with docosahexaenoic acid (rs1535 and rs174448) and potential effect modification by a functional peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 gene variant (PPARG2 Pro12Ala). METHODS In 9-mo-old infants (n = 561) from 3 Danish cohorts, we analyzed associations between plasma lipids, erythrocyte PUFAs, and FADS SNPs, and interactions with PPARG2 Pro12Ala genotype, by multiple linear regression. We also examined potential effect modification by breastfeeding, as 46% of the infants were still being breastfed. RESULTS Minor allele carriage of rs174448 was associated with lower total cholesterol (difference: -0.22 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.37, -0.06 mmol/L; P = 0.006) and LDL cholesterol (difference: -0.15 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.29, -0.01 mmol/L; P = 0.035), but no associations were observed with TGs or for rs1535. Minor allele carriage of both FADS SNPs was associated with 1 SD lower HDL cholesterol, but only in currently breastfed infants (rs174448 × breastfeeding, P = 0.080; rs1535 × breastfeeding, P = 0.030) and PPARG2 minor allele carriers (rs174448 × PPARG2, P = 0.001; rs1535 × PPARG2, P = 0.004). Erythrocyte arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid were inversely associated with LDL cholesterol [estimated effect (β): -0.3 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.06, -0.00 mmol/L per percentage of fatty acids (FA%); P = 0.035] and TGs (β: -0.23 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.41, -0.05 mmol/L per FA%; P = 0.015), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The observed associations with FADS variants indicate that PUFAs are involved in plasma lipid regulation in 9-mo-old infants. Observed FADS SNP differences and interactions with breastfeeding and PPARG2 warrant additional studies to explore the effects of individual FADS SNPs on PUFA status and potential genetic modification of dietary PUFA effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingvild D Amundsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla T Damsgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads V Lind
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Theresia M Schnurr
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Harris CP, von Berg A, Berdel D, Bauer CP, Schikowski T, Koletzko S, Heinrich J, Schulz H, Standl M. Association of Dietary Fatty Acids with Blood Lipids is Modified by Physical Activity in Adolescents: Results from the GINIplus and LISA Birth Cohort Studies. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101372. [PMID: 30257483 PMCID: PMC6213167 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of consuming different types of fatty acids (FA) at the expense of carbohydrates (CHO), on the blood lipid profile of adolescents is largely unknown, as is the modulating effect of different levels of physical activity (PA). Children from the GINIplus and LISA birth cohorts, with complete data on dietary FA (assessed by food-frequency questionnaires), objectively-measured PA (assessed by accelerometers) and blood lipids (lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides) at age 15 years, were included (N = 837). Sex-stratified associations between dietary FA and blood lipids were assessed by linear regression in substitution models which represented isocaloric replacements of CHO with saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) or n-6 PUFA. To assess the interactions with PA, analyses were then performed stratified by tertiles of different PA levels (sedentary, lifestyle, moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA)). Both sexes presented a significant inverse association between MUFA and triglycerides, and females a direct association between n-3 PUFA and high-density lipoprotein. Stratifying by PA tertiles, associations were mainly restricted to participants with the lowest levels of lifestyle PA, or the highest time spent sedentary. The effects of dietary FA on the lipid profile vary in an activity-specific manner, emphasizing possible synergistic roles of diet and PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla P Harris
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München⁻German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Andrea von Berg
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute, Marien-Hospital Wesel, 46483 Wesel, Germany.
| | - Dietrich Berdel
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute, Marien-Hospital Wesel, 46483 Wesel, Germany.
| | - Carl-Peter Bauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Technical University of Munich, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | - Tamara Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Sibylle Koletzko
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München⁻German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Holger Schulz
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München⁻German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), German Center for Lung Research, 81337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München⁻German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Mansouri V, Javanmard SH, Mahdavi M, Tajedini MH. Association of Polymorphism in Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene with the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Iranian Population. Adv Biomed Res 2018; 7:98. [PMID: 30050886 PMCID: PMC6036782 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_131_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The type 2 diabetes is one of the most common autoimmune diseases. Due to a key role in the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid, one of the most important precursors of immunity mediators, fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes could have an important impact in the development of type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to determine the relationship between polymorphisms rs174537 in FADS1 gene and rs174575 in FADS2 gene with type 2 diabetes in Iranian population. After extracting genomic DNA, the locations of mutations and allele types were identified with high-resolution melting (HRM)-polymerase chain reaction method. Then, association between these mutations with metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes was investigated using χ2 correlation coefficients for variables and logistic regression. Results: The results showed that among 50 diabetic participants, 68% of patients have the mutant allele for rs174537 in FADS1 gene. This rate is 26% for rs174575 in FADS2 gene. Based on the results, it seems that participants having rs174537 mutant allele are more prone to become diabetic but it has a beneficial effect on total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and participants having rs174575 mutant are less prone to become diabetic, and also, it leads to higher triglycerides and body mass index (obesity). Conclusions: Detecting FADS1 and FADS2, gene polymorphisms using HRM can be an anticipating tool for making decision on initiating lifestyle modifications to prevent type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Mansouri
- Department of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Manijeh Mahdavi
- Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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21
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Li P, Zhao J, Kothapalli KSD, Li X, Li H, Han Y, Mi S, Zhao W, Li Q, Zhang H, Song Y, Brenna JT, Gao Y. A regulatory insertion-deletion polymorphism in the FADS gene cluster influences PUFA and lipid profiles among Chinese adults: a population-based study. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:867-875. [PMID: 29746616 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arachidonic acid (AA) is the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) substrate for potent eicosanoid signaling to modulate inflammation and thrombosis and is controlled in part by tissue abundance. Fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) catalyzes synthesis of omega-6 (n-3) AA and n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The rs66698963 polymorphism, a 22-base pair (bp) insertion-deletion 137 bp downstream of a sterol regulatory element in FADS2 intron 1, mediates expression of FADS1 in vitro, as well as exerting positive selection in several human populations. The associations between the polymorphism rs66698963 and plasma PUFAs as well as disease phenotypes are unclear. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the relation between rs66698963 genotypes and plasma PUFA concentrations and blood lipid profiles. Design Plasma fatty acids were measured from a single sample obtained at baseline in 1504 healthy Chinese adults aged between 35 and 59 y with the use of gas chromatography. Blood lipids were measured at baseline and a second time at the 18-mo follow-up. The rs66698963 genotype was determined by using agarose gel electrophoresis. Linear regression and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between genotype and plasma PUFAs and blood lipids. Results A shift from the precursors linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid to produce AA and EPA, respectively, was observed, consistent with FADS1 activity increasing in the order of genotypes D/D to I/D to I/I. For I/I compared with D/D carriers, plasma concentrations of n-6 AA and the ratio of AA to n-3 EPA plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 57% and 32% higher, respectively. Carriers of the deletion (D) allele of rs66698963 tended to have higher triglycerides (β = 0.018; SE: 0.009; P = 0.05) and lower HDL cholesterol (β = -0.008; SE: 0.004; P = 0.02) than carriers of the insertion (I) allele. Conclusions The rs66698963 genotype is significantly associated with AA concentrations and AA to EPA+DHA ratio, reflecting basal risk of inflammatory and related chronic disease phenotypes, and is correlated with the risk of dyslipidemia. This trial was registered at chictr.org.cn as ChiCTR-EOC-17012759.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kumar S D Kothapalli
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengquan Mi
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qizhai Li
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqing Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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22
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Vazquez-Vidal I, Voruganti VS, Hannon BA, Andrade FCD, Aradillas-García C, Nakamura MT, Terán-García M. Serum Lipid Concentrations and FADS Genetic Variants in Young Mexican College Students: The UP-AMIGOS Cohort Study. Lifestyle Genom 2018; 11:40-48. [PMID: 29847832 DOI: 10.1159/000488085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genome-wide association studies in the Mexican population have identified several genetic loci associated with blood lipid levels in adults. However, studies focusing on the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster have been understudied in this population, even though it seems associated with lipid profiles in other ethnicities. The aim of this study was to test associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FADS cluster (rs174546, rs1535, rs174548, rs174550, rs174450, and rs174618) and serum lipid profiles in young Mexicans. METHODS Anthropometrics, serum lipid profiles, and FADS SNPs were measured in 998 subjects in the UP-AMIGOS cohort study. Genotype-phenotype (total cholesterol [TC], triglyceride [TG], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], and very-low-density lipoprotein [VLDL]) associations were assessed using PLINK adjusted for sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Among 6 FADS SNPs, we found that carriers of the C-allele of the FADS1-rs174546 showed a significant association with lower TG concentrations (β = -12.6 mg/dL, p = 0.009) and lower VLDL concentrations (β = -2.52 mg/dL, p = 0.005). We found that rs174546, rs1535, and rs174550 were in high linkage disequilibrium (r2 > 0.80). There were no significant associations between rs174550, rs174548, and rs174618 and lipid profiles. CONCLUSION A genetic variant in the FADS1 (rs174546) gene is a major contributor of plasma TG and VLDL concentrations in healthy young Mexicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzel Vazquez-Vidal
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Nutrition and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - V Saroja Voruganti
- Department of Nutrition and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bridget A Hannon
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Celia Aradillas-García
- Coordination for the Innovation and Application of Science and Technology, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Manabu T Nakamura
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Margarita Terán-García
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Cooperative Extension, Family Resiliency Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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23
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Reynolds LM, Howard TD, Ruczinski I, Kanchan K, Seeds MC, Mathias RA, Chilton FH. Tissue-specific impact of FADS cluster variants on FADS1 and FADS2 gene expression. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194610. [PMID: 29590160 PMCID: PMC5874031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) long (≥ 20 carbon) chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) play a critical role in human health and disease. Biosynthesis of LC-PUFAs from dietary 18 carbon PUFAs in tissues such as the liver is highly associated with genetic variation within the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster, containing FADS1 and FADS2 that encode the rate-limiting desaturation enzymes in the LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway. However, the molecular mechanisms by which FADS genetic variants affect LC-PUFA biosynthesis, and in which tissues, are unclear. The current study examined associations between common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the FADS gene cluster and FADS1 and FADS2 gene expression in 44 different human tissues (sample sizes ranging 70-361) from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Project. FADS1 and FADS2 expression were detected in all 44 tissues. Significant cis-eQTLs (within 1 megabase of each gene, False Discovery Rate, FDR<0.05, as defined by GTEx) were identified in 12 tissues for FADS1 gene expression and 23 tissues for FADS2 gene expression. Six tissues had significant (FDR< 0.05) eQTLs associated with both FADS1 and FADS2 (including artery, esophagus, heart, muscle, nerve, and thyroid). Interestingly, the identified eQTLs were consistently found to be associated in opposite directions for FADS1 and FADS2 expression. Taken together, findings from this study suggest common SNPs within the FADS gene cluster impact the transcription of FADS1 and FADS2 in numerous tissues and raise important questions about how the inverse expression of these two genes impact intermediate molecular (such a LC-PUFA and LC-PUFA-containing glycerolipid levels) and ultimately clinical phenotypes associated with inflammatory diseases and brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M. Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Howard
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kanika Kanchan
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Seeds
- Department of Internal Medicine/Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rasika A. Mathias
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Floyd H. Chilton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
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24
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Hovsepian S, Javanmard SH, Mansourian M, Tajadini M, Hashemipour M, Kelishadi R. Relationship of lipid regulatory gene polymorphisms and dyslipidemia in a pediatric population: the CASPIAN III study. Hormones (Athens) 2018; 17:97-105. [PMID: 29858861 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-018-0020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to assess the association between four variants in three genes whose association has been reported in adults but not in children. We evaluated the relationship of the GCKR (rs780094), GCKR (rs1260333), FADS (rs174547), and MLXIPL (rs3812316) polymorphisms with serum lipid levels in Iranian children. DESIGN This cross-sectional study was conducted in a subpopulation of the CASPIAN III study. During this study, 550 frozen whole blood samples were selected randomly. Using the recorded information of selected cases, those with and without abnormal lipid levels were determined. Allelic and genotypic frequencies of GCKR (rs780094), GCKR (rs1260333), MLXIPL (rs3812316), and FADS (rs174547) polymorphisms were determined and compared in dyslipidemic and normal children. The association between the studied polymorphisms and lipid profiles was determined using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were 24.9, 34.5, 19.0, and 40.7%, respectively. Significant correlations were found between GCKR (rs780094) and GCKR (rs1260333) polymorphisms and cholesterol and triglyceride levels, between FADS (rs174547) polymorphism and level of triglyceride, and also between MLXIPL (rs3812316) and levels of HDL-C. CONCLUSIONS The results of this population-based study provide evidence for a relationship between lipid regulatory gene polymorphisms including GCKR (rs780094), GCKR (rs1260333), FADS (rs174547), and MLXIPL (rs3812316) with dyslipidemia in an Iranian population. These results could provide baseline information on as well as further insight into the genetic makeup of lipid profiles in Iranian children, which could be used for preventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Hovsepian
- Pediatrics Department, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Emam Hossein Children's Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Marjan Mansourian
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohamadhasan Tajadini
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahin Hashemipour
- Pediatrics Department, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Pediatrics Department, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar-Jarib Ave, Isfahan, Iran.
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25
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Chilton FH, Dutta R, Reynolds LM, Sergeant S, Mathias RA, Seeds MC. Precision Nutrition and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Case for Personalized Supplementation Approaches for the Prevention and Management of Human Diseases. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1165. [PMID: 29068398 PMCID: PMC5707637 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary essential omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) 18 carbon (18C-) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA), can be converted (utilizing desaturase and elongase enzymes encoded by FADS and ELOVL genes) to biologically-active long chain (LC; >20)-PUFAs by numerous cells and tissues. These n-6 and n-3 LC-PUFAs and their metabolites (ex, eicosanoids and endocannabinoids) play critical signaling and structural roles in almost all physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. METHODS This review summarizes: (1) the biosynthesis, metabolism and roles of LC-PUFAs; (2) the potential impact of rapidly altering the intake of dietary LA and ALA; (3) the genetics and evolution of LC-PUFA biosynthesis; (4) Gene-diet interactions that may lead to excess levels of n-6 LC-PUFAs and deficiencies of n-3 LC-PUFAs; and (5) opportunities for precision nutrition approaches to personalize n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation for individuals and populations. CONCLUSIONS The rapid nature of transitions in 18C-PUFA exposure together with the genetic variation in the LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathway found in different populations make mal-adaptations a likely outcome of our current nutritional environment. Understanding this genetic variation in the context of 18C-PUFA dietary exposure should enable the development of individualized n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation regimens to prevent and manage human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floyd H Chilton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Rahul Dutta
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Lindsay M Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Susan Sergeant
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- GeneSTAR Research Program, General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Michael C Seeds
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Paththinige CS, Sirisena ND, Dissanayake V. Genetic determinants of inherited susceptibility to hypercholesterolemia - a comprehensive literature review. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:103. [PMID: 28577571 PMCID: PMC5457620 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a strong determinant of mortality and morbidity associated with cardiovascular diseases and a major contributor to the global disease burden. Mutations in four genes (LDLR, APOB, PCSK9 and LDLRAP1) account for the majority of cases with familial hypercholesterolemia. However, a substantial proportion of adults with hypercholesterolemia do not have a mutation in any of these four genes. This indicates the probability of having other genes with a causative or contributory role in the pathogenesis of hypercholesterolemia and suggests a polygenic inheritance of this condition. Here in, we review the recent evidence of association of the genetic variants with hypercholesterolemia and the three lipid traits; total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), their biological pathways and the associated pathogenetic mechanisms. Nearly 80 genes involved in lipid metabolism (encoding structural components of lipoproteins, lipoprotein receptors and related proteins, enzymes, lipid transporters, lipid transfer proteins, and activators or inhibitors of protein function and gene transcription) with single nucleotide variants (SNVs) that are recognized to be associated with hypercholesterolemia and serum lipid traits in genome-wide association studies and candidate gene studies were identified. In addition, genome-wide association studies in different populations have identified SNVs associated with TC, HDL-C and LDL-C in nearly 120 genes within or in the vicinity of the genes that are not known to be involved in lipid metabolism. Over 90% of the SNVs in both these groups are located outside the coding regions of the genes. These findings indicates that there might be a considerable number of unrecognized processes and mechanisms of lipid homeostasis, which when disrupted, would lead to hypercholesterolemia. Knowledge of these molecular pathways will enable the discovery of novel treatment and preventive methods as well as identify the biochemical and molecular markers for the risk prediction and early detection of this common, yet potentially debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Paththinige
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo, 00800, Sri Lanka.
| | - N D Sirisena
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo, 00800, Sri Lanka
| | - Vhw Dissanayake
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo, 00800, Sri Lanka
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Reduction of Arachidonate Is Associated With Increase in B-Cell Activation Marker in Infants: A Randomized Trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:446-453. [PMID: 27276431 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants who are not breast-fed benefit from formula with both docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3) and arachidonic acid (ARA; C20:4n6). The amount of ARA needed to support immune function is unknown. Infants who carry specific fatty acid desaturase (FADS) polymorphisms may require more dietary ARA to maintain adequate ARA status. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine whether ARA intake or FADS polymorphisms alter ARA levels of lymphocytes, plasma, and red blood cells in term infants fed infant formula. METHODS Infants (N = 89) were enrolled in this prospective, double-blind controlled study. Infants were randomized to consume formula containing 17 mg docosahexaenoic acid and 0, 25, or 34 mg ARA/100 kcal for 10 weeks. Fatty acid composition of plasma phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, total fatty acids of lymphocytes and red blood cells, activation markers of lymphocytes, and polymorphisms in FADS1 and FADS2 were determined. RESULTS Lymphocyte ARA was higher in the 25-ARA formula group than in the 0- or 34-ARA groups. In plasma, 16:0/20:4 and 18:0/20:4 species of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were highest and 16:0/18:2 and 18:0/18:2 were lowest in the 34-ARA formula group. In minor allele carriers of FADS1 and FADS2, plasma ARA content was elevated only at the highest level of ARA consumed. B-cell activation marker CD54 was elevated in infants who consumed formula containing no ARA. CONCLUSIONS ARA level in plasma is reduced by low ARA consumption and by minor alleles in FADS. Dietary ARA may exert an immunoregulatory role on B-cell activation by decreasing 16:0/18:2 and 18:0/18:2 species of phospholipids. ARA intake from 25 to 34 mg/100 kcal is sufficient to maintain cell ARA level in infants across genotypes.
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28
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Markevych I, Standl M, Sugiri D, Harris C, Maier W, Berdel D, Heinrich J. Residential greenness and blood lipids in children: A longitudinal analysis in GINIplus and LISAplus. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:168-173. [PMID: 27494536 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is some evidence of decreased cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and morbidity among adults residing in greener places. Among others, blood lipids are well established risk factors for CVD. In our previous study, we observed the inverse association between greenness and blood pressure in 10-year-old children. In the current study, we investigated whether there is also a link between residential greenness and blood lipids in 10- and 15-year-old children. METHODS Complete data on blood lipids (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglyceride), residential greenness (NDVI in 100-m, 300- and 500-m buffers around residences) and confounders were available for 1,552 participants at 10 and 15 years of age, residing in two study areas of two German birth cohorts - GINIplus and LISAplus. Longitudinal associations between NDVI and blood lipids were assessed by generalized estimation equations. RESULTS No associations were observed between residential greenness in any of the chosen buffers and blood lipids in children (e.g., change in blood lipids per interquartile increase in NDVI in 100-m buffer for total cholesterol and LDL: means ratio=1.00 (95% confidence interval: 0.99-1.01), for triglyceride: 0.98 (0.96-1.00)). No area- or sex-varying effects were evident. Change of the residence between 10 and 15 years also did not yield any consistent associations. CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence of an association between greenness and blood lipids in 10- and 15-years old children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana Markevych
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dorothea Sugiri
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carla Harris
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Werner Maier
- Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dietrich Berdel
- Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Marien-Hospital Wesel, Wesel, Germany
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
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Lack of association of SNPs from the FADS1-FADS2 gene cluster with major depression or suicidal behavior. Psychiatr Genet 2016; 26:81-6. [PMID: 26513616 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturase genes (FADS1-FADS2) encode desaturases participating in the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. As long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicide risk, and as both are partly heritable, we studied the association of FADS1-FADS2 polymorphisms with MDD (635 cases, 480 controls) and suicide attempt status (291 attempters, 344 MDD nonattempters). Eighteen FADS-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped from Caucasians enrolled in Madrid (n=791) or New York City (n=324) and entered as predictors into logistic regression analyses with diagnostic group or suicide attempt history as outcomes and location and sex as covariates. No associations were observed between any single-nucleotide polymorphisms and diagnosis or attempt status. As statistical power was adequate, we conclude that FADS1-FADS2 genetic variants may not be a common determinant of MDD.
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30
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Lipid metabolism is associated with developmental epigenetic programming. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34857. [PMID: 27713555 PMCID: PMC5054359 DOI: 10.1038/srep34857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal diet and metabolism impact fetal development. Epigenetic reprogramming facilitates fetal adaptation to these in utero cues. To determine if maternal metabolite levels impact infant DNA methylation globally and at growth and development genes, we followed a clinical birth cohort of 40 mother-infant dyads. Targeted metabolomics and quantitative DNA methylation were analyzed in 1st trimester maternal plasma (M1) and delivery maternal plasma (M2) as well as infant umbilical cord blood plasma (CB). We found very long chain fatty acids, medium chain acylcarnitines, and histidine were: (1) stable in maternal plasma from pregnancy to delivery, (2) significantly correlated between M1, M2, and CB, and (3) in the top 10% of maternal metabolites correlating with infant DNA methylation, suggesting maternal metabolites associated with infant DNA methylation are tightly controlled. Global DNA methylation was highly correlated across M1, M2, and CB. Thus, circulating maternal lipids are associated with developmental epigenetic programming, which in turn may impact lifelong health and disease risk. Further studies are required to determine the causal link between maternal plasma lipids and infant DNA methylation patterns.
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31
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The impact of fatty acid desaturase genotype on fatty acid status and cardiovascular health in adults. Proc Nutr Soc 2016; 76:64-75. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665116000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to determine the impact of the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genotype on plasma and tissue concentrations of the long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFA, including EPA and DHA, which are associated with the risk of several diet-related chronic diseases, including CVD. In addition to dietary intakes, which are low for many individuals, tissue EPA and DHA are also influenced by the rate of bioconversion from α-linolenic acid (αLNA). Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturase enzymes, encoded for by FADS1 and FADS2 genes, are key desaturation enzymes involved in the bioconversion of essential fatty acids (αLNA and linoleic acid (LA)) to longer chained PUFA. In general, carriers of FADS minor alleles tend to have higher habitual plasma and tissue levels of LA and αLNA, and lower levels of arachidonic acid, EPA and also to a lesser extent DHA. In conclusion, available research findings suggest that FADS minor alleles are also associated with reduced inflammation and CVD risk, and that dietary total fat and fatty acid intake have the potential to modify relationships between FADS gene variants and circulating fatty acid levels. However to date, neither the size-effects of FADS variants on fatty acid status, nor the functional SNP in FADS1 and 2 have been identified. Such information could contribute to the refinement and targeting of EPA and DHA recommendations, whereby additional LC n-3 PUFA intakes could be recommended for those carrying FADS minor alleles.
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32
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Hadley KB, Ryan AS, Forsyth S, Gautier S, Salem N. The Essentiality of Arachidonic Acid in Infant Development. Nutrients 2016; 8:216. [PMID: 27077882 PMCID: PMC4848685 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) is an n-6 polyunsaturated 20-carbon fatty acid formed by the biosynthesis from linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6). This review considers the essential role that ARA plays in infant development. ARA is always present in human milk at a relatively fixed level and is accumulated in tissues throughout the body where it serves several important functions. Without the provision of preformed ARA in human milk or infant formula the growing infant cannot maintain ARA levels from synthetic pathways alone that are sufficient to meet metabolic demand. During late infancy and early childhood the amount of dietary ARA provided by solid foods is low. ARA serves as a precursor to leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes, collectively known as eicosanoids which are important for immunity and immune response. There is strong evidence based on animal and human studies that ARA is critical for infant growth, brain development, and health. These studies also demonstrate the importance of balancing the amounts of ARA and DHA as too much DHA may suppress the benefits provided by ARA. Both ARA and DHA have been added to infant formulas and follow-on formulas for more than two decades. The amounts and ratios of ARA and DHA needed in infant formula are discussed based on an in depth review of the available scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Hadley
- DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
| | - Alan S Ryan
- Clinical Research Consulting, 9809 Halston Manor, Boynton Beach, FL 33473, USA.
| | - Stewart Forsyth
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
| | - Sheila Gautier
- DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
| | - Norman Salem
- DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
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Zhang JY, Kothapalli KS, Brenna JT. Desaturase and elongase-limiting endogenous long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2016; 19:103-10. [PMID: 26828581 PMCID: PMC4768719 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endogenous synthesis of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) is mediated by the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster (11q12-13.1) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acids 2 (ELOVL2) (6p24.2) and ELOVL5 (6p12.1). Although older biochemical work identified the product of one gene, FADS2, rate limiting for LCPUFA synthesis, recent studies suggest that polymorphisms in any of these genes can limit accumulation of product LCPUFA. RECENT FINDINGS Genome-wide association study (GWAS) of Greenland Inuit shows strong adaptation signals within FADS gene cluster, attributed to high omega-3 fatty acid intake, while GWAS found ELOVL2 associated with sleep duration, age and DNA methylation. ELOVL5 coding mutations cause spinocerebellar ataxia 38, and epigenetic marks were associated with depression and suicide risk. Two sterol response element binding sites were found on ELOVL5, a SREBP-1c target gene. Minor allele carriers of a 3 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotype in ELOVL2 have decreased 22 : 6n-3 levels. Unequivocal molecular evidence shows mammalian FADS2 catalyzes direct Δ4-desaturation to yield 22 : 6n-3 and 22 : 5n-6. An SNP near FADS1 influences the levels of 5-lipoxygenase products and epigenetic alteration. SUMMARY Genetic polymorphisms within FADS and ELOVL can limit LCPUFA product accumulation at any step of the biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Corresponding author: J. Thomas Brenna, voice (607) 255-9182, fax (607) 255-1033,
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34
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Kanu JS, Gu Y, Zhi S, Yu M, Lu Y, Cong Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Yu Y, Cheng Y, Liu Y. Single nucleotide polymorphism rs3774261 in the AdipoQ gene is associated with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Northeast Han Chinese population: a case-control study. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:6. [PMID: 26754433 PMCID: PMC4709904 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is one of the leading causes of death in the world with a projected global 82 million DALYs by 2020. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to CHD development. Here, the authors investigate the association between CHD risk and three Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the AdipoQ gene (rs3774261, rs1063537 and rs2082940); and the interaction of this association with environmental factors, in Northeast Han Chinese population. Methods Using a case–control study design, 1514 participants (754 cases and 760 controls) were investigated. Three variants in the AdipoQ gene (rs3774261, rs1063537 and rs2082940) were selected and genotyped. The online SNPstats program and SPSS 21.0 software were used for data analyses. Results The authors found that the rs3774261G allele is associated with the risk of CHD but that the rs2082940T allele protects against CHD. No significant association was found between rs1063537 and CHD risk. The study also found significant interactions between triglyceride levels and the SNPs studied (P < 0.0001 for rs3774261, P = 0.014 for rs1063537, and P = 0.031 for rs2082940). Conclusions Variations in AdipoQ gene can protect against CHD (as with rs2082940T) or associated with CHD risk (as with rs3774261G) in Northeast Han Chinese – findings that will help shed light on the reported conflicting roles of AdipoQ in cardiovascular diseases. Serum triglycerides levels also interact in the AdipoQ – CHD association, thus further highlighting the roles environmental factors play in the genetic aspect of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sam Kanu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yulu Gu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Sun Zhi
- Clinical laboratory of China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Mingxi Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yuping Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yetong Cong
- The General Hospital of Jilin Chemical Group Corporation, Jilin, 132022, China.
| | - Yunkai Liu
- The Cardiovascular Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yaqin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yi Cheng
- The Cardiovascular Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yawen Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Miller LR, Jorgensen MJ, Kaplan JR, Seeds MC, Rahbar E, Morgan TM, Welborn A, Chilton SM, Gillis J, Hester A, Rukstalis M, Sergeant S, Chilton FH. Alterations in levels and ratios of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the temporal cortex and liver of vervet monkeys from birth to early adulthood. Physiol Behav 2015; 156:71-8. [PMID: 26705667 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deficiencies in omega-3 (n-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and increases in the ratio of omega-6 (n-6) to n-3 LC-PUFAs in brain tissues and blood components have been associated with psychiatric and developmental disorders. Most studies have focused on n-3 LC-PUFA accumulation in the brain from birth until 2years of age, well before the symptomatic onset of such disorders. The current study addresses changes that occur in childhood and adolescence. Postmortem brain (cortical gray matter, inferior temporal lobe; n=50) and liver (n=60) from vervet monkeys fed a uniform diet from birth through young adulthood were collected from archived tissues. Lipids were extracted and fatty acid levels determined. There was a marked reduction in the ratio of n-6 LC-PUFAs, arachidonic acid (ARA) and adrenic acid (ADR), relative to the n-3 LC-PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in temporal cortex lipids from birth to puberty and then a more gradual decrease though adulthood. This decrease in ratio resulted from a 3-fold accumulation of DHA levels while concentrations of ARA remained constant. Early childhood through adolescence appears to be a critical period for DHA accretion in the cortex of vervet monkeys and may represent a vulnerable stage where lack of dietary n-3 LC-PUFAs impacts development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R Miller
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jay R Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Michael C Seeds
- The Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Elaheh Rahbar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Timothy M Morgan
- Department of Biostatistics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Andrea Welborn
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Sarah M Chilton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Julianne Gillis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Austin Hester
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Mae Rukstalis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Susan Sergeant
- The Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Floyd H Chilton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; The Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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36
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Wolters M, Schlenz H, Börnhorst C, Risé P, Galli C, Moreno LA, Pala V, Siani A, Veidebaum T, Tornaritis M, Fraterman A, de Henauw S, Marild S, Molnar D, Ahrens W. Desaturase Activity Is Associated With Weight Status and Metabolic Risk Markers in Young Children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:3760-9. [PMID: 26284759 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Activity of delta-9, delta-6, and delta-5 desaturases (D9D, D6D, D5D) are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of estimated desaturase activities with weight status, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in children, cross-sectionally and longitudinally. DESIGN The IDEFICS (Identification and Prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-Induced Health Effects in Children and Infants) cohort study was used, with examinations at baseline (T0) and after 2 years (T1). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Children aged 2 to less than 10 years from eight European countries were recruited in kindergartens/primary schools. Children with available data on fatty acids, outcome, and covariate information were included in the analyses. METHODS Whole blood fatty acids were analyzed in 2600 children at baseline. D9D (16:1n-7/16:0), D6D (20:3n-6/18:2n-6), and D5D (20:4n-6/20:3n-6) activities were estimated from product-precursor fatty acids ratios. Body mass index (BMI), Homeostatic Model Assessment index, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and triglycerides (TG) served as outcomes for weight status, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, respectively. Linear and logistic regression and repeated measures models were used to assess the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between desaturase activity and outcomes. RESULTS In the cross-sectional analysis, D9D and D6D were positively associated with BMI and TG z-scores and inversely with HDL z-scores. D5D was inversely associated with BMI and TG z-scores (ie, a D5D increase of 1 unit is associated with a BMI z-score decrease of 0.07 and a 28% lower odds ratio for TG ≥ 75th percentile). Longitudinally, similar associations were found for T0 desaturase activities with BMI and for T0 D6D with HDL at follow-up (T1). Baseline D6D and D5D were positively associated with the change of HDL z-score from T0 to T1, and D6D with the change of Homeostatic Model Assessment index z-score. CONCLUSION Desaturase activities are associated with metabolic risk markers already in young children and appear to predict the metabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Wolters
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS (M.W., H.S., C.B., W.A.), Bremen, Germany; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (P.R., C.G.), DiSFeB, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group (L.A.M.), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Epidemiology and Population Genetics (A.S.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy; National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), Tallinn, Estonia; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (M.T.), Strovolos, Cyprus; Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Eberhard und Partner Dortmund (A.F.), Laboratoriumsmedizin, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (S.H.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (S.M.), Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; National Institute of Health Promotion (D.M.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and Institute of Statistics (W.A.), Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Heike Schlenz
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS (M.W., H.S., C.B., W.A.), Bremen, Germany; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (P.R., C.G.), DiSFeB, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group (L.A.M.), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Epidemiology and Population Genetics (A.S.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy; National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), Tallinn, Estonia; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (M.T.), Strovolos, Cyprus; Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Eberhard und Partner Dortmund (A.F.), Laboratoriumsmedizin, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (S.H.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (S.M.), Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; National Institute of Health Promotion (D.M.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and Institute of Statistics (W.A.), Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Claudia Börnhorst
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS (M.W., H.S., C.B., W.A.), Bremen, Germany; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (P.R., C.G.), DiSFeB, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group (L.A.M.), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Epidemiology and Population Genetics (A.S.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy; National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), Tallinn, Estonia; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (M.T.), Strovolos, Cyprus; Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Eberhard und Partner Dortmund (A.F.), Laboratoriumsmedizin, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (S.H.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (S.M.), Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; National Institute of Health Promotion (D.M.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and Institute of Statistics (W.A.), Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Patrizia Risé
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS (M.W., H.S., C.B., W.A.), Bremen, Germany; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (P.R., C.G.), DiSFeB, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group (L.A.M.), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Epidemiology and Population Genetics (A.S.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy; National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), Tallinn, Estonia; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (M.T.), Strovolos, Cyprus; Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Eberhard und Partner Dortmund (A.F.), Laboratoriumsmedizin, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (S.H.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (S.M.), Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; National Institute of Health Promotion (D.M.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and Institute of Statistics (W.A.), Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Claudio Galli
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS (M.W., H.S., C.B., W.A.), Bremen, Germany; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (P.R., C.G.), DiSFeB, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group (L.A.M.), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Epidemiology and Population Genetics (A.S.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy; National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), Tallinn, Estonia; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (M.T.), Strovolos, Cyprus; Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Eberhard und Partner Dortmund (A.F.), Laboratoriumsmedizin, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (S.H.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (S.M.), Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; National Institute of Health Promotion (D.M.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and Institute of Statistics (W.A.), Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Luis A Moreno
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS (M.W., H.S., C.B., W.A.), Bremen, Germany; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (P.R., C.G.), DiSFeB, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group (L.A.M.), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Epidemiology and Population Genetics (A.S.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy; National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), Tallinn, Estonia; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (M.T.), Strovolos, Cyprus; Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Eberhard und Partner Dortmund (A.F.), Laboratoriumsmedizin, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (S.H.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (S.M.), Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; National Institute of Health Promotion (D.M.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and Institute of Statistics (W.A.), Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Valeria Pala
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS (M.W., H.S., C.B., W.A.), Bremen, Germany; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (P.R., C.G.), DiSFeB, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group (L.A.M.), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Epidemiology and Population Genetics (A.S.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy; National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), Tallinn, Estonia; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (M.T.), Strovolos, Cyprus; Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Eberhard und Partner Dortmund (A.F.), Laboratoriumsmedizin, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (S.H.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (S.M.), Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; National Institute of Health Promotion (D.M.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and Institute of Statistics (W.A.), Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alfonso Siani
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS (M.W., H.S., C.B., W.A.), Bremen, Germany; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (P.R., C.G.), DiSFeB, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group (L.A.M.), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Epidemiology and Population Genetics (A.S.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy; National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), Tallinn, Estonia; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (M.T.), Strovolos, Cyprus; Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Eberhard und Partner Dortmund (A.F.), Laboratoriumsmedizin, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (S.H.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (S.M.), Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; National Institute of Health Promotion (D.M.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and Institute of Statistics (W.A.), Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS (M.W., H.S., C.B., W.A.), Bremen, Germany; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (P.R., C.G.), DiSFeB, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group (L.A.M.), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Epidemiology and Population Genetics (A.S.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy; National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), Tallinn, Estonia; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (M.T.), Strovolos, Cyprus; Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Eberhard und Partner Dortmund (A.F.), Laboratoriumsmedizin, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (S.H.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (S.M.), Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; National Institute of Health Promotion (D.M.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and Institute of Statistics (W.A.), Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Michael Tornaritis
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS (M.W., H.S., C.B., W.A.), Bremen, Germany; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (P.R., C.G.), DiSFeB, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group (L.A.M.), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Epidemiology and Population Genetics (A.S.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy; National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), Tallinn, Estonia; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (M.T.), Strovolos, Cyprus; Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Eberhard und Partner Dortmund (A.F.), Laboratoriumsmedizin, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (S.H.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (S.M.), Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; National Institute of Health Promotion (D.M.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and Institute of Statistics (W.A.), Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Arno Fraterman
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS (M.W., H.S., C.B., W.A.), Bremen, Germany; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (P.R., C.G.), DiSFeB, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group (L.A.M.), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Epidemiology and Population Genetics (A.S.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy; National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), Tallinn, Estonia; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (M.T.), Strovolos, Cyprus; Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Eberhard und Partner Dortmund (A.F.), Laboratoriumsmedizin, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (S.H.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (S.M.), Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; National Institute of Health Promotion (D.M.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and Institute of Statistics (W.A.), Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefaan de Henauw
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS (M.W., H.S., C.B., W.A.), Bremen, Germany; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (P.R., C.G.), DiSFeB, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group (L.A.M.), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Epidemiology and Population Genetics (A.S.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy; National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), Tallinn, Estonia; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (M.T.), Strovolos, Cyprus; Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Eberhard und Partner Dortmund (A.F.), Laboratoriumsmedizin, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (S.H.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (S.M.), Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; National Institute of Health Promotion (D.M.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and Institute of Statistics (W.A.), Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Staffan Marild
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS (M.W., H.S., C.B., W.A.), Bremen, Germany; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (P.R., C.G.), DiSFeB, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group (L.A.M.), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Epidemiology and Population Genetics (A.S.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy; National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), Tallinn, Estonia; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (M.T.), Strovolos, Cyprus; Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Eberhard und Partner Dortmund (A.F.), Laboratoriumsmedizin, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (S.H.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (S.M.), Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; National Institute of Health Promotion (D.M.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and Institute of Statistics (W.A.), Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Denes Molnar
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS (M.W., H.S., C.B., W.A.), Bremen, Germany; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (P.R., C.G.), DiSFeB, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group (L.A.M.), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Epidemiology and Population Genetics (A.S.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy; National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), Tallinn, Estonia; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (M.T.), Strovolos, Cyprus; Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Eberhard und Partner Dortmund (A.F.), Laboratoriumsmedizin, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (S.H.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (S.M.), Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; National Institute of Health Promotion (D.M.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and Institute of Statistics (W.A.), Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS (M.W., H.S., C.B., W.A.), Bremen, Germany; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (P.R., C.G.), DiSFeB, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group (L.A.M.), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Epidemiology and Population Genetics (A.S.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy; National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), Tallinn, Estonia; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (M.T.), Strovolos, Cyprus; Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Eberhard und Partner Dortmund (A.F.), Laboratoriumsmedizin, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (S.H.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (S.M.), Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; National Institute of Health Promotion (D.M.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and Institute of Statistics (W.A.), Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Genetic Contribution of Variants near SORT1 and APOE on LDL Cholesterol Independent of Obesity in Children. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138064. [PMID: 26375028 PMCID: PMC4573320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess potential effects of variants in six lipid modulating genes (SORT1, HMGCR, MLXIPL, FADS2, APOE and MAFB) on early development of dyslipidemia independent of the degree of obesity in children, we investigated their association with total (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels in 594 children. Furthermore, we evaluated the expression profile of the candidate genes during human adipocyte differentiation. Results Expression of selected genes increased 101 to >104 fold during human adipocyte differentiation, suggesting a potential link with adipogenesis. In genetic association studies adjusted for age, BMI SDS and sex, we identified significant associations for rs599839 near SORT1 with TC and LDL-C and for rs4420638 near APOE with TC and LDL-C. We performed Bayesian modelling of the combined lipid phenotype of HDL-C, LDL-C and TG to identify potentially causal polygenic effects on this multi-dimensional phenotype and considering obesity, age and sex as a-priori modulating factors. This analysis confirmed that rs599839 and rs4420638 affect LDL-C. Conclusion We show that lipid modulating genes are dynamically regulated during adipogenesis and that variants near SORT1 and APOE influence lipid levels independent of obesity in children. Bayesian modelling suggests causal effects of these variants.
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Maternal fatty acid desaturase genotype correlates with infant immune responses at 6 months. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:891-8. [PMID: 26283408 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515002561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) have been associated with changes in early life immune responses and may modulate T-cell function in infancy. We studied the effect of maternal fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genotype and breast milk LCPUFA levels on infants' blood T-cell profiles and ex vivo-produced cytokines after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 6-month-old infants from the Copenhagen Prospective Study of Asthma in Childhood birth cohort. LCPUFA concentrations of breast milk were assessed at 4 weeks of age, and FADS SNP were determined in both mothers and infants (n 109). In general, breast milk arachidonic acid (AA) levels were inversely correlated with the production of IL-10 (r -0.25; P=0.004), IL-17 (r -0.24; P=0.005), IL-5 (r -0.21; P=0.014) and IL-13 (r -0.17; P=0.047), whereas EPA was positively correlated with the counts of blood regulatory T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells and decreased T-helper cell counts. The minor FADS alleles were associated with lower breast milk AA and EPA, and infants of mothers carrying the minor allele of FADS SNP rs174556 had higher production of IL-10 (r -0.23; P=0.018), IL-17 (r -0.25; P=0.009) and IL-5 (r -0.21; P=0.038) from ex vivo-activated immune cells. We observed no association between T-cell distribution and maternal or infant FADS gene variants. We conclude that increased maternal LCPUFA synthesis and breast milk AA are associated with decreased levels of IL-5, IL-13 (type-2 related), IL-17 (type-17 related) and IL-10 (regulatory immune responses), but not with interferon-γ and TNF-α, which could be due to an effect of the maternal FADS variants on the offspring immune response transferred via breast milk LCPUFA.
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Lee HJ, Jang HB, Kim HJ, Ahn Y, Hong KW, Cho SB, Kang JH, Park SI. The dietary monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio modulates the genetic effects of GCKR on serum lipid levels in children. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 450:155-61. [PMID: 26291577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucokinase regulator (GCKR) plays important roles in the regulation of glucokinase (GK) activity and the metabolism of glucose and lipids. We investigated whether the association between GCKR genetic variants with serum lipids in Korean adults is replicated in children, and whether these genetic influences might be modulated by dietary monounsaturated fatty acid relative to saturated fatty acid (MUFA:SFA) ratio. METHODS We genotyped 711 children for GCKR variants, used 7495 adults in KARE database, and analyzed anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary measurements. RESULTS The major allele carriers of rs780094 and rs780092 in adults had significantly higher serum total cholesterol and triglycerides levels compared to noncarriers. Five variants in children, including rs780094 and rs780092, correlated similarly with high total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. When the dietary MUFA:SFA ratio was dichotomized (MUFA:SFA≥1 or <1), the aggravating effects of the major allele on total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were only evident in the group in which MUFA:SFA ratio was <1. Additionally, we observed that the GCKR haplotype with a functional variant, rs1260326, influenced lower total and LDL cholesterol in children whose MUFA:SFA ratio was <1. CONCLUSION We replicated the genetic association effect of GCKR on total cholesterol in children, and found that the interaction effects between GCKR genetic variants and the dietary MUFA:SFA ratio on lipid levels, were commonly observed in Korean adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ja Lee
- Center for Biomedical Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheong Ju, Chungbuk 363-951, South Korea.
| | - Han Byul Jang
- Center for Biomedical Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheong Ju, Chungbuk 363-951, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Kim
- Center for Biomedical Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheong Ju, Chungbuk 363-951, South Korea
| | - Younjhin Ahn
- Center for Biomedical Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheong Ju, Chungbuk 363-951, South Korea; Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheong Ju, Chungbuk 363-951, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Won Hong
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheong Ju, Chungbuk 363-951, South Korea; TheragenEtex Bio Institute Inc., Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seong Beom Cho
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheong Ju, Chungbuk 363-951, South Korea
| | - Jae Heon Kang
- Department of Family Medicine, Obesity Research Institute, Seoul-Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul 100-032, South Korea
| | - Sang Ick Park
- Center for Biomedical Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheong Ju, Chungbuk 363-951, South Korea
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Dietary arachidonic acid in perinatal nutrition: a commentary. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:263-9. [PMID: 25314584 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is supplied together with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in infant formulas, but we have limited knowledge about the effects of supplementation with either of these long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) on growth and developmental outcomes. AA is present in similar levels in breast milk throughout the world, whereas the level of DHA is highly diet dependent. Autopsy studies show similar diet-dependent variation in brain DHA, whereas AA is little affected by intake. Early intake of DHA has been shown to affect visual development, but the effect of LCPUFA on neurodevelopment remains to be established. Few studies have found any functional difference between infants supplemented with DHA alone compared to DHA+AA, but some studies show neurodevelopmental advantages in breast-fed infants of mothers supplemented with n-3 LCPUFA alone. It also remains to be established whether the AA/DHA balance could affect allergic and inflammatory outcomes later in life. Disentangling effects of genetic variability and dietary intake on AA and DHA-status and on functional outcomes may be an important step in the process of determining whether AA-intake is of any physiological or clinical importance. However, based on the current evidence we hypothesize that dietary AA plays a minor role on growth and development relative to the impact of dietary DHA.
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Jang HB, Hwang JY, Park JE, Oh JH, Ahn Y, Kang JH, Park KH, Han BG, Kim BJ, Park SI, Lee HJ. Intake levels of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids modify the association between the genetic variation inPCSK5and HDL cholesterol. J Med Genet 2014; 51:782-8. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Genetic predisposition scores for dyslipidaemia influence plasma lipid concentrations at baseline, but not the changes after controlled intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. GENES AND NUTRITION 2014; 9:412. [PMID: 24890013 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inconsistent effects of fish oil supplementation on plasma lipids may be influenced by genetic variation. We investigated 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with dyslipidaemia in genome-wide association studies, in 310 participants randomised to treatment with placebo or 0.45, 0.9 and 1.8 g/day eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) (1.51:1) in a 12-month parallel controlled trial. Effects of risk alleles were assessed as trait-specific genetic predisposition scores (GPS) and singly. GPS were positively associated with baseline concentrations of plasma total cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) and negatively with high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. The TG-GPS was associated with 0.210 mmol/L higher TG per risk allele (P < 0.0001), but no effects of single TG SNPs were significant at baseline. After treatment with EPA and DHA, TG-GPS was associated with 0.023 mmol/L lower TG per risk allele (P = 0.72). No interactions between GPS and treatment were significant; however, FADS1 SNP rs174546 C/T interaction with treatment was a significant determinant of plasma TG concentration (P = 0.047, n = 267). Concentration differed between genotype groups after the 1.8 g/day dose (P = 0.026), decreasing by 3.5 (95 % CI -15.1 to 8.2) % in non-carriers of the risk T-allele (n = 30) and by 21.6 (95 % CI -32.1 to -11.2) % in carriers (n = 37), who showed a highly significant difference between treatments (P = 0.007). Carriers of the FADS1 rs174546 risk allele could benefit from a high intake of EPA and DHA in normalising plasma TG.
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Norris JM, Kroehl M, Fingerlin TE, Frederiksen BN, Seifert J, Wong R, Clare-Salzler M, Rewers M. Erythrocyte membrane docosapentaenoic acid levels are associated with islet autoimmunity: the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young. Diabetologia 2014; 57:295-304. [PMID: 24240437 PMCID: PMC3947295 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESES We previously reported that lower n-3 fatty acid intake and levels in erythrocyte membranes were associated with increased risk of islet autoimmunity (IA) but not progression to type 1 diabetes in children at increased risk for diabetes. We hypothesise that specific n-3 fatty acids and genetic markers contribute synergistically to this increased risk of IA in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY). METHODS DAISY is following 2,547 children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes for the development of IA, defined as being positive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65, IA-2 or insulin autoantibodies on two consecutive visits. Using a case-cohort design, erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and dietary intake were measured prospectively in 58 IA-positive children and 299 IA-negative children. RESULTS Lower membrane levels of the n-3 fatty acid, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), were predictive of IA (HR 0.23; 95% CI 0.09, 0.55), while α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were not, adjusting for HLA and diabetes family history. We examined whether the effect of dietary intake of the n-3 fatty acid ALA on IA risk was modified by fatty acid elongation and desaturation genes. Adjusting for HLA, diabetes family history, ethnicity, energy intake and questionnaire type, ALA intake was significantly more protective for IA in the presence of an increasing number of minor alleles at FADS1 rs174556 (pinteraction = 0.017), at FADS2 rs174570 (pinteraction = 0.016) and at FADS2 rs174583 (pinteraction = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The putative protective effect of n-3 fatty acids on IA may result from a complex interaction between intake and genetically controlled fatty acid desaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Place, Campus Box B119, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,
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Park JY, Lee HJ, Jang HB, Hwang JY, Kang JH, Han BG, Lee JY, Song J. Interactions between ADIPOQ gene variants and dietary monounsaturated: saturated fatty acid ratio on serum lipid levels in Korean children. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:83-90. [PMID: 23806739 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Adiponectin plays important roles in the regulation of insulin action and metabolism of glucose and lipids. We investigated whether ADIPOQ genetic variants are associated with serum lipid levels in Korean children and whether those influences might be modulated by dietary factors such as dietary monounsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid ratio (MUFA:SFA). METHOD AND RESULTS The study included a population-based sample of 687 children aged 7-11 years in Gwacheon city, Kyunggi Province, Korea. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements and ADIPOQ genotype (-11377 C/G, +45 T/G, and +276 G/T) were determined. Dietary intake was estimated with a self reported 3-day food diary. The -11377 G allele carriers had significantly higher serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol compared to non-carriers. When dietary MUFA:SFA ratio was dichotomized (MUFA:SFA ≥ 1 or <1), the aggravating effects of the minor allele on serum total and LDL cholesterol were only present when the MUFA:SFA ratio was <1. Additionally, we observed that the ADIPOQ haplotype influenced serum total and LDL cholesterol levels. G-T-G haplotype carriers had higher total and LDL cholesterol levels than non-G-T-G carriers. The deleterious effect of ADIPOQ G-T-G haplotype to increase serum total and LDL cholesterol could be seen only when the MUFA:SFA ratio was <1. CONCLUSION In this present study, we found interaction effects between ADIPOQ genetic variants and dietary MUFA:SFA ratio on serum lipid levels in Korean children. These results suggest that individual genetic information and dietary fatty acid intake information should be assessed together to achieve an effective outcome for reducing the atherogenic lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Park
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - H-J Lee
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - H B Jang
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - J-Y Hwang
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - J H Kang
- Department of Family Medicine, Obesity Research Institute, Seoul Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - B-G Han
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - J-Y Lee
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - J Song
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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Pollin TI, Quartuccio M. What We Know About Diet, Genes, and Dyslipidemia: Is There Potential for Translation? Curr Nutr Rep 2013; 2:236-242. [PMID: 24524012 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-013-0065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary artery disease (CAD), is the leading cause of death in the United States. Dyslipidemia, including elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), is a well-established risk factor for CAD and is influenced by both genetic and lifestyle factors, including the diet and dietary fat in particular. Major strides in elucidating the genetic basis for dyslipidemia have been made in recent years, and the quest to clarify how genetic differences influence lipid response to dietary intervention continues. Some monogenic conditions such as famililal hypercholesterolemia and sitosterolemia already have customized dietary recommendations. Some promising associations have emerged for more polygenic dyslipidemia, but further studies are needed in large dietary intervention studies capturing increasing amounts of explainable genetic variation before recommendations can be made for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni I Pollin
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland ; Program in Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Quartuccio
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Porenta SR, Ko YA, Gruber SB, Mukherjee B, Baylin A, Ren J, Djuric Z. Interaction of fatty acid genotype and diet on changes in colonic fatty acids in a Mediterranean diet intervention study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:1212-21. [PMID: 24022589 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A Mediterranean diet increases intakes of n-3 and n-9 fatty acids and lowers intake of n-6 fatty acids. This can impact colon cancer risk as n-6 fatty acids are metabolized to proinflammatory eicosanoids. The purpose of this study was to evaluate interactions of polymorphisms in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes, FADS1 and FADS2, and changes in diet on fatty acid concentrations in serum and colon. A total of 108 individuals at increased risk of colon cancer were randomized to either a Mediterranean or a Healthy Eating diet. Fatty acids were measured in both serum and colonic mucosa at baseline and after six months. Each individual was genotyped for four single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the FADS gene cluster. Linear regression was used to evaluate the effects of diet, genotype, and the diet by genotype interaction on fatty acid concentrations in serum and colon. Genetic variation in the FADS genes was strongly associated with baseline serum arachidonic acid (n-6) but serum eicosapentaenoic acid (n-3) and colonic fatty acid concentrations were not significantly associated with genotype. After intervention, there was a significant diet by genotype interaction for arachidonic acid concentrations in colon. Subjects who had all major alleles for FADS1/2 and were following a Mediterranean diet had 16% lower arachidonic acid concentrations in the colon after six months of intervention than subjects following the Healthy Eating diet. These results indicate that FADS genotype could modify the effects of changes in dietary fat intakes on arachidonic acid concentrations in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Porenta
- University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Room 2150 Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5930.
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Moltó-Puigmartí C, Jansen E, Heinrich J, Standl M, Mensink RP, Plat J, Penders J, Mommers M, Koppelman GH, Postma DS, Thijs C. Genetic variation in FADS genes and plasma cholesterol levels in 2-year-old infants: KOALA Birth Cohort Study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61671. [PMID: 23667444 PMCID: PMC3648514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in fatty acid metabolism (FADS1 FADS2 gene cluster) are associated with plasma lipid levels. We aimed to investigate whether these associations are already present early in life and compare the relative contribution of FADS SNPs vs traditional (non-genetic) factors as determinants of plasma lipid levels. Methods Information on infants’ plasma total cholesterol levels, genotypes of five FADS SNPs (rs174545, rs174546, rs174556, rs174561, and rs3834458), anthropometric data, maternal characteristics, and breastfeeding history was available for 521 2-year-old children from the KOALA Birth Cohort Study. For 295 of these 521 children, plasma HDLc and non-HDLc levels were also known. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to study the associations of genetic and non-genetic determinants with cholesterol levels. Results All FADS SNPs were significantly associated with total cholesterol levels. Heterozygous and homozygous for the minor allele children had about 4% and 8% lower total cholesterol levels than major allele homozygotes. In addition, homozygous for the minor allele children had about 7% lower HDLc levels. This difference reached significance for the SNPs rs174546 and rs3834458. The associations went in the same direction for non-HDLc, but statistical significance was not reached. The percentage of total variance of total cholesterol levels explained by FADS SNPs was relatively low (lower than 3%) but of the same order as that explained by gender and the non-genetic determinants together. Conclusions FADS SNPs are associated with plasma total cholesterol and HDLc levels in preschool children. This brings a new piece of evidence to explain how blood lipid levels may track from childhood to adulthood. Moreover, the finding that these SNPs explain a similar amount of variance in total cholesterol levels as the non-genetic determinants studied reveals the potential importance of investigating the effects of genetic variations in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Moltó-Puigmartí
- Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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A case-control study between gene polymorphisms of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolic rate-limiting enzymes and acute coronary syndrome in Chinese Han population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:928178. [PMID: 23555103 PMCID: PMC3600233 DOI: 10.1155/2013/928178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the polymorphisms of fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), and elongation of very long-chain fatty acids-like 2 (ELOVL2) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in Chinese Han population. Therefore, we selected three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from these candidate genes and genotyped them using PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in 249 ACS patients and 240 non-ACS subjects, as were Han Chinese ancestry. The results showed that rs174556 in the FADS1 gene is found to be in allelic association (P = 0.003 ) and genotypic association (P = 0.036) with ACS. The frequencies of rs174556 minor allele (T) in case group were obviously higher than in control group. The trans-phase gene-gene interaction analysis showed that the combined genotype of rs174556 (T/T) and rs3756963 (T/T) was associated with ACS (P = 0.031). And the results suggest that, for rs174556 C>T, the CT/TT genotypes were more likely to lead in ACS in subjects with hypertension after correction of all risk factors (OR = 4.236, 95% CI, 2.216-7.126). These findings suggest that the polymorphisms of rs174556 in the FADS1 gene are very likely to be associated with ACS in Chinese Han population, especially in subjects with hypertension.
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