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Wang X, Chen L, Zhang H, Liu P, Shang X, Wang F, Zhang Z, Zhao J, Sun M, Chen J, Zhang J. Insect herbivory on woody broadleaf seedlings along a subtropical elevational gradient supports the resource concentration hypothesis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024:e16355. [PMID: 38831659 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Theories of plant-herbivore interactions hold that seedlings are more vulnerable to herbivory in warmer and more stable climates at lower elevations. Hypotheses of plant apparency, resource concentration, and resource availability have been proposed to explain variability in leaf herbivory. However, seasonal differences in the effects of these hypotheses on leaf herbivory on seedlings remain unclear. METHODS We evaluated the three herbivory hypotheses by comparing the percentage and frequency of leaf herbivory in understory broadleaf seedlings in a subtropical forest in May (spring) and October (autumn) along an elevational gradient (290-1370 m a.s.l.). In total, we measured 2890 leaves across 696 seedlings belonging to 95 species and used beta regressions to test the effects of plant apparency (e.g., leaf area, seedling height), resource concentration (e.g., plant species diversity), and resource availability (e.g., canopy openness, soil available N and P) on leaf herbivory. RESULTS Seedlings exhibited unimodal patterns of leaf herbivory along elevation, with drivers of leaf herbivory varying by the month. Variation in the frequency of leaf herbivory was best explained by the resource concentration hypothesis (e.g., plant species diversity) in both months, and herbivory was lower on seedlings in sites with higher plant diversity. Plant apparency hypothesis (e.g., leaf area, seedling height) was weakly supported only in spring, and the evidence for resource availability hypothesis (e.g., canopy openness, soil nutrients) was mixed. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the resource concentration hypothesis and reveals the importance of seasonal difference on understanding leaf herbivory patterns and the drivers of plant diversity in subtropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Wang
- Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Administration of Guanshan National Nature Reserve, Yichun, 336300, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaofan Shang
- Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhaochen Zhang
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, 332900, China
| | - Jingchao Zhao
- Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mufan Sun
- Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Pastierovič F, Kalyniukova A, Hradecký J, Dvořák O, Vítámvás J, Mogilicherla K, Tomášková I. Biochemical Responses in Populus tremula: Defending against Sucking and Leaf-Chewing Insect Herbivores. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1243. [PMID: 38732458 PMCID: PMC11085190 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The main biochemical traits were estimated in poplar leaves under biotic attack (aphids and spongy moth infestation). Changes in the abundance of bioactive compounds in genetically uniform individuals of European aspen (Populus tremula), such as proline, polyphenolic compounds, chlorophylls a and b, and volatile compounds, were determined between leaves damaged by sucking insects (aphid-Chaitophorus nassonowi) and chewing insects (spongy moth-Lymantria dispar) compared to uninfected leaves. Among the nine analyzed phenolic compounds, only catechin and procyanidin showed significant differences between the control leaves and leaves affected by spongy moths or aphids. GC-TOF-MS volatile metabolome analysis showed the clear separation of the control versus aphids-infested and moth-infested leaves. In total, the compounds that proved to have the highest explanatory power for aphid-infested leaves were 3-hexenal and 5-methyl-2-furanone, and for moth-infested leaves, trans-α-farnesene and 4-cyanocyclohexane. The aphid-infested leaves contained around half the amount of chlorophylls and twice the amount of proline compared to uninfected leaves, and these results evidenced that aphids influence plant physiology more than chewing insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Pastierovič
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Praha, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (J.H.); (O.D.); (J.V.); or (K.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Alina Kalyniukova
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Praha, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (J.H.); (O.D.); (J.V.); or (K.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Jaromír Hradecký
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Praha, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (J.H.); (O.D.); (J.V.); or (K.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Ondřej Dvořák
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Praha, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (J.H.); (O.D.); (J.V.); or (K.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Jan Vítámvás
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Praha, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (J.H.); (O.D.); (J.V.); or (K.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Kanakachari Mogilicherla
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Praha, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (J.H.); (O.D.); (J.V.); or (K.M.); (I.T.)
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad 500030, Telangana, India
| | - Ivana Tomášková
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Praha, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (J.H.); (O.D.); (J.V.); or (K.M.); (I.T.)
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Peng Q, Tao W, Yu F, Xiong Q, Nong C, Zhang W, Fan J. Physiological and Biochemical Analysis Revealing the Key Factors Influencing 2-Phenylethanol and Benzyl Alcohol Production in Crabapple Flowers. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:631. [PMID: 38475477 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Floral scent (FS) plays a crucial role in the ecological functions and industrial applications of plants. However, the physiological and metabolic mechanisms underlying FS formation remain inadequately explored. Our investigation focused on elucidating the differential formation mechanisms of 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) and benzyl alcohol (BA) by examining seven related enzyme concentrations and the content of soluble sugar, soluble proteins, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), as well as the C/N ratio. The findings revealed that the peak content of 2-PE in M. 'Praire Rose' and BA in M. 'Lollipop' occurred during the end flowering stage (S4) and flowering stage (S3) periods, respectively. The enzyme concentration change trends of phenylpyruvate decarboxylase (PDL), phenylacetaldehyde reductase (PAR), soluble protein, C, N, and C/N ratio changes during the S3-S4 period in M. 'Praire Rose' and M. 'Lollipop' were entirely opposite. Correlation and PCA analysis demonstrated that the content of CYP79D73 (a P450) and N, and the C/N ratio were key factors in 2-PE production in M. 'Praire Rose'. The production of BA in M. 'Lollipop' was more influenced by the content of phenylacetaldehyde synthase (PAAS), CYP79D73, and soluble sugar. As CYP79D73 exits oppositely in correlation to 2-PE (M. 'Praire Rose') and BA (M. 'Lollipop'), it is hypothesized that CYP79D73 was postulated as the primary factor contributing to the observed differences of 2-PE (M. 'Praire Rose') and BA (M. 'Lollipop') formation. These results carry significant implications for crabapple aromatic flower breeding and the essential oil industry etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Peng
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenkai Tao
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Fangyuan Yu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qinqin Xiong
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chunshi Nong
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wangxiang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junjun Fan
- College of Horticulture, Jinling Institute of Technology, No. 99 Hongjing Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211169, China
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de Lima DP, Dos Santos Pinto Júnior E, de Menezes AV, de Souza DA, de São José VPB, da Silva BP, de Almeida AQ, de Carvalho IMM. Chemical composition, minerals concentration, total phenolic compounds, flavonoids content and antioxidant capacity in organic and conventional vegetables. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113684. [PMID: 38129028 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The demand for organic vegetables is increasing worldwide, which has led to the growth of organic agriculture. However, information on chemical composition and antioxidant activity in vegetables grown organically under controlled conditions remains uncertain. For this study, 3 vegetables widely consumed in Brazil were cultivated in controlled organic and conventional cultivation systems: lettuce, coriander and tomato. Their chemical composition, mineral concentration, phenolic compound content, flavonoids and antioxidant activity (AA) were evaluated. The analyses of chemical and mineral composition revealed differences between the cultivation systems. Organic lettuce presented higher content of ashes, calcium and potassium. A higher content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids was observed in most organic vegetables. Using the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the organic tomato exhibited higher AA compared to conventional, while the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method showed higher AA for organic coriander and tomato than theirs conventional version. The correlation between bioactive compounds and AA was positive, higher and stronger for organic vegetables, considering phenolic compounds (including flavonoids) and DPPH or FRAP antioxidant activity. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) disclosed that organic lettuce and coriander were grouped according bioactive components. In general, organic vegetables showed better results for bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Pinto de Lima
- Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | | | - Anely Vieira de Menezes
- Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Daniel Alves de Souza
- Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | | | | | - André Quintão de Almeida
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
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Dilena E, Close DC, Hunt I, Garland SM. Investigating how nitrogen nutrition and pruning impacts on CBD and THC concentration and plant biomass of Cannabis sativa. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19533. [PMID: 37945596 PMCID: PMC10636206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise crop fertilization requires an in-depth understanding of plant uptake and utilisation to optimise sustainable production. This study investigated the influence of nitrogen (N) nutrition and pruning on the cannabinoid concentrations and biomass of a commercial cannabis cultivar; the rationale for this study is how N supply and pruning affect cannabinoid yields and concentration in a commercial setting. Clones of a Cannabis sativa L. (CBD-type) were grown in a controlled-environment glasshouse in pots with coarse sand. After five weeks of vegetative growth under 210 mg/L N and an 18 h light regime, rates of 30, 60, 210, and 500 mg/L N were applied to plants for twelve weeks and a light regime set at 12 h. Double stem pruning was applied as an additional treatment to investigate efficacy on biomass increase. Biomass, N concentrations, and cannabinoid concentrations were measured after the final harvest. Pruning treatment did not increase cannabinoid concentrations or affect biomass. It was coincidentally found that plants on the glasshouse edge with higher exposure to sunlight developed more biomass and higher cannabinoid concentrations. Only biomass in leaves was increased significantly via higher nitrogen nutrition. Cannabinoid concentration, as well as cannabinoid yield per plant were decreased with the increase in N supply. High rates of fertilizer are not recommended because of reduced cannabinoid concentration and biomass yield: the ideal N supply is likely to be between 60 and 210 mg/L. This research will benefit growers and advisors in understanding the complexity of effects of nitrogen fertiliser and pruning practices on plant biomass and secondary metabolite production in medicinal cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Dilena
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), University of Tasmania, Life Sciences Building, Level 2, College Rd, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7005, Australia.
| | - Dugald C Close
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), University of Tasmania, Life Sciences Building, Level 2, College Rd, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7005, Australia
| | - Ian Hunt
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), University of Tasmania, Life Sciences Building, Level 2, College Rd, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7005, Australia
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 1375, Prospect, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Sandra M Garland
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), University of Tasmania, Life Sciences Building, Level 2, College Rd, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7005, Australia
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Cadena-Zamudio JD, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Pérez-Torres CA, Alatorre-Cobos F, Guerrero-Analco JA, Ibarra-Laclette E. Non-Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh: Metabolic Adaptive Responses to Stress Caused by N Starvation. Metabolites 2023; 13:1021. [PMID: 37755301 PMCID: PMC10535036 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13091021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants develop the ability to respond and survive in changing environments. Such adaptive responses maximize phenotypic and metabolic fitness, allowing plants to adjust their growth and development. In this study, we analyzed the metabolic plasticity of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to nitrate deprivation by untargeted metabolomic analysis and using wild-type (WT) genotypes and the loss-of-function nia1/nia2 double mutant. Secondary metabolites were identified using seedlings grown on a hydroponic system supplemented with optimal or limiting concentrations of N (4 or 0.2 mM, respectively) and harvested at 15 and 30 days of age. Then, spectral libraries generated from shoots and roots in both ionization modes (ESI +/-) were compared. Totals of 3407 and 4521 spectral signals (m/z_rt) were obtained in the ESI+ and ESI- modes, respectively. Of these, approximately 50 and 65% were identified as differentially synthetized/accumulated. This led to the presumptive identification of 735 KEGG codes (metabolites) belonging to 79 metabolic pathways. The metabolic responses in the shoots and roots of WT genotypes at 4 mM of N favor the synthesis/accumulation of metabolites strongly related to growth. In contrast, for the nia1/nia2 double mutant (similar as the WT genotype at 0.2 mM N), metabolites identified as differentially synthetized/accumulated help cope with stress, regulating oxidative stress and preventing programmed cell death, meaning that metabolic responses under N starvation compromise growth to prioritize a defensive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge David Cadena-Zamudio
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.D.C.-Z.); (J.L.M.-V.); (C.-A.P.-T.); (J.A.G.-A.)
| | - Juan Luis Monribot-Villanueva
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.D.C.-Z.); (J.L.M.-V.); (C.-A.P.-T.); (J.A.G.-A.)
| | - Claudia-Anahí Pérez-Torres
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.D.C.-Z.); (J.L.M.-V.); (C.-A.P.-T.); (J.A.G.-A.)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Merida 97205, Yucatan, Mexico;
| | - Fulgencio Alatorre-Cobos
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Merida 97205, Yucatan, Mexico;
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Unidad de Biotecnología, Merida 97205, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - José Antonio Guerrero-Analco
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.D.C.-Z.); (J.L.M.-V.); (C.-A.P.-T.); (J.A.G.-A.)
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.D.C.-Z.); (J.L.M.-V.); (C.-A.P.-T.); (J.A.G.-A.)
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Glassmire AE, Carson WP, Smilanich AM, Richards LA, Jeffrey CS, Dodson CD, Philbin CS, Humberto GL, Dyer LA. Multiple and contrasting pressures determine intraspecific phytochemical variation in a tropical shrub. Oecologia 2023; 201:991-1003. [PMID: 37042994 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific phytochemical variation across a landscape can cascade up trophic levels, potentially mediating the composition of entire insect communities. Surprisingly, we have little understanding of the processes that regulate and maintain phytochemical variation within species, likely because these processes are complex and operate simultaneously both temporally and spatially. To assess how phytochemistry varies within species, we tested the degree to which resource availability, contrasting soil type, and herbivory generate intraspecific chemical variation in growth and defense of the tropical shrub, Piper imperiale (Piperaceae). We quantified changes in both growth (e.g., nutritional protein, above- and below-ground biomass) and defense (e.g., imide chemicals) of individual plants using a well-replicated fully factorial shade-house experiment in Costa Rica. We found that plants grown in high light, nutrient- and richer old alluvial soil had increased biomass. High light was also important for increasing foliar protein. Thus, investment into growth was determined by resource availability and soil composition. Surprisingly, we found that chemical defenses decreased in response to herbivory. We also found that changes in plant protein were more plastic compared to plant defense, indicating that constitutive defenses may be relatively fixed, and thus an adaptation to chronic herbivory that is common in tropical forests. We demonstrate that intraspecific phytochemical variation of P. imperiale is shaped by resource availability from light and soil type. Because environmental heterogeneity occurs over small spatial scales (tens of meters), herbivores may be faced with a complex phytochemical landscape that may regulate how much damage any individual plant sustains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Glassmire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Walter P Carson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Lora A Richards
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Christopher S Jeffrey
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Craig D Dodson
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Casey S Philbin
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Garcia L Humberto
- Organization for Tropical Studies, La Selva Research Station, Costa Rica, USA
| | - Lee A Dyer
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
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Hu S, Hu Y, Mei H, Li J, Xuan W, Jeyaraj A, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Han R, Chen X, Li X. Genome-wide analysis of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in tea plants ( Camellia sinensis) lateral roots in response to nitrogen application. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1080427. [PMID: 36909382 PMCID: PMC9998519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1080427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the significant cash crops in China. As a leaf crop, nitrogen supply can not only increase the number of new shoots and leaves but also improve the tenderness of the former. However, a conundrum remains in science, which is the molecular mechanism of nitrogen use efficiency, especially long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). In this study, a total of 16,452 lncRNAs were identified through high-throughput sequencing analysis of lateral roots under nitrogen stress and control conditions, of which 9,451 were differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE-lncRNAs). To figure out the potential function of nitrogen-responsive lncRNAs, co-expression clustering was employed between lncRNAs and coding genes. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed nitrogen-responsive lncRNAs may involve in many biological processes such as plant hormone signal transduction, nitrogen metabolism and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum. The expression abundance of 12 DE-lncRNAs were further verified by RT-PCR, and their expression trends were consistent with the results of RNA-seq. This study expands the research on lncRNAs in tea plants, provides a novel perspective for the potential regulation of lncRNAs on nitrogen stress, and valuable resources for further improving the nitrogen use efficiency of tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunkai Hu
- International Institute of Tea Industry Innovation for “One Belt, One Road”, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yimeng Hu
- International Institute of Tea Industry Innovation for “One Belt, One Road”, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiling Mei
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianjie Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anburaj Jeyaraj
- International Institute of Tea Industry Innovation for “One Belt, One Road”, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- International Institute of Tea Industry Innovation for “One Belt, One Road”, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- International Institute of Tea Industry Innovation for “One Belt, One Road”, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Han
- International Institute of Tea Industry Innovation for “One Belt, One Road”, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- International Institute of Tea Industry Innovation for “One Belt, One Road”, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinghui Li
- International Institute of Tea Industry Innovation for “One Belt, One Road”, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Watts S, Kaur S, Kariyat R. Revisiting plant defense-fitness trade-off hypotheses using Solanum as a model genus. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1094961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants possess physical and chemical defenses which have been found to deter herbivores that feed and oviposit on them. Despite having wide variety of defenses which can be constitutive or induced, plants are attacked and damaged by insects associated with different mouthparts and feeding habits. Since these defenses are costly, trade-offs for growth and defense traits play an important role in warding off the herbivores, with consequences for plant and herbivore growth, development and fitness. Solanum is a diverse and rich genus comprising of over 1,500 species with economic and ecological importance. Although a large number of studies on Solanum species with different herbivores have been carried out to understand plant defenses and herbivore counter defenses, they have primarily focused on pairwise interactions, and a few species of economic and ecological importance. Therefore, a detailed and updated understanding of the integrated defense system (sum of total defenses and trade-offs) is still lacking. Through this review, we take a closer look at the most common plant defense hypotheses, their assumptions and trade-offs and also a comprehensive evaluation of studies that use the genus Solanum as their host plant, and their generalist and specialist herbivores from different feeding guilds. Overall, review emphasizes on using ubiquitous Solanum genus and working toward building an integrated model which can predict defense-fitness-trade-offs in various systems with maximum accuracy and minimum deviations from realistic results.
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Maynard LD, Moureau E, Bader MY, Salazar D, Zotz G, Whitehead SR. Effects of climate change on plant resource allocation and herbivore interactions in a Neotropical rainforest shrub. Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D. Maynard
- Department of Biological Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Elodie Moureau
- Faculty of Geography University of Marburg Marburg Germany
| | | | - Diego Salazar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environment Florida International University Miami Florida USA
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg Oldenburg Germany
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11
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Massad TJ, Richards LA, Philbin C, Fumiko Yamaguchi L, Kato MJ, Jeffrey CS, Oliveira C, Ochsenrider K, M de Moraes M, Tepe EJ, Cebrian Torrejon G, Sandivo M, Dyer LA. The chemical ecology of tropical forest diversity: Environmental variation, chemical similarity, herbivory, and richness. Ecology 2022; 103:e3762. [PMID: 35593436 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Species richness in tropical forests is correlated with other dimensions of diversity, including the diversity of plant-herbivore interactions and the phytochemical diversity that influences those interactions. Understanding the complexity of plant chemistry and the importance of phytochemical diversity for plant-insect interactions and overall forest richness has been enhanced significantly by the application of metabolomics to natural systems. The present work used proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-NMR) profiling of crude leaf extracts to study phytochemical similarity and diversity among Piper plants growing naturally in the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil. Spectral profile similarity and chemical diversity were quantified to examine the relationship between metrics of phytochemical diversity, specialist and generalist herbivory, and understory plant richness. Herbivory increased with understory species richness, while generalist herbivory increased and specialist herbivory decreased with the diversity of Piper leaf material available. Specialist herbivory increased when conspecific host plants were more spectroscopically dissimilar. Spectral similarity was lower among individuals of common species, and they were also more spectrally diverse, indicating phytochemical diversity is beneficial to plants. Canopy openness and soil nutrients also influenced chemistry and herbivory. The complex relationships uncovered in this study add information to our growing understanding of the importance of phytochemical diversity for plant-insect interactions and tropical plant species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Joy Massad
- Department of Scientific Services, Gorongosa National Park, Sofala, Mozambique.,Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Lora A Richards
- Department of Biology, Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.,Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Casey Philbin
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | | | - Massuo J Kato
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Christopher S Jeffrey
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Celso Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | | | - Marcílio M de Moraes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Eric J Tepe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Lee A Dyer
- Department of Biology, Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.,Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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12
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Bravo-Monzón ÁE, Montiel-González C, Benítez-Malvido J, Arena-Ortíz ML, Flores-Puerto JI, Chiappa-Carrara X, Avila-Cabadilla LD, Alvarez-Añorve MY. The Assembly of Tropical Dry Forest Tree Communities in Anthropogenic Landscapes: The Role of Chemical Defenses. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11040516. [PMID: 35214850 PMCID: PMC8877018 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of anthropogenic disturbance on plant community traits and tradeoffs remains poorly explored in tropical forests. In this study, we aimed to identify tradeoffs between defense and other plant functions related to growth processes in order to detect potential aboveground and edaphic environmental conditions modulating traits variation on plant communities, and to find potential assembly rules underlying species coexistence in secondary (SEF) and old-growth forests (OGF). We measured the foliar content of defense phytochemicals and leaf traits related to fundamental functions on 77 species found in SEF and OGF sites in the Jalisco dry forest ecoregion, Mexico, and we explored (1) the trait-trait and trait-habitat associations, (2) the intra and interspecies trait variation, and (3) the traits-environment associations. We found that phytochemical content was associated with high leaf density and leaf fresh mass, resulting in leaves resistant to drought and high radiation, with chemical and physical defenses against herbivore/pathogen attack. The phytochemicals and chlorophyll concentrations were negatively related, matching the predictions of the Protein Competition Model. The phylogenetic signal in functional traits, suggests that abundant clades share the ability to resist the harsh biotic and abiotic conditions and face similar tradeoffs between productive and defensive functions. Environmental filters could modulate the enhanced expression of defensive phytochemicals in SEF, while, in OGFs, we found a stronger filtering effect driving community assembly. This could allow for the coexistence of different defensive strategies in OGFs, where a greater species richness could dilute the prevalence of pathogens/herbivores. Consequently, anthropogenic disturbance could alter TDF ecosystem properties/services and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel E. Bravo-Monzón
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Ecosistemas Terrestres, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Yucatán, Mexico; (Á.E.B.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (J.I.F.-P.)
| | - Cristina Montiel-González
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Ecosistemas Terrestres, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Yucatán, Mexico; (Á.E.B.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (J.I.F.-P.)
| | - Julieta Benítez-Malvido
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Hábitats Alterados, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58190, Michoacán, Mexico;
| | - María Leticia Arena-Ortíz
- Laboratorio de Ecogenómica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Parque Científico y Tecnológico, Mérida 97302, Yucatán, Mexico;
| | - José Israel Flores-Puerto
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Ecosistemas Terrestres, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Yucatán, Mexico; (Á.E.B.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (J.I.F.-P.)
| | - Xavier Chiappa-Carrara
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Yucatán, Mexico;
| | - Luis Daniel Avila-Cabadilla
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Ecosistemas Terrestres, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Yucatán, Mexico; (Á.E.B.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (J.I.F.-P.)
- Correspondence: (L.D.A.-C.); (M.Y.A.-A.)
| | - Mariana Yolotl Alvarez-Añorve
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Ecosistemas Terrestres, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Yucatán, Mexico; (Á.E.B.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (J.I.F.-P.)
- Correspondence: (L.D.A.-C.); (M.Y.A.-A.)
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13
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Klem K, Oravec M, Holub P, Šimor J, Findurová H, Surá K, Veselá B, Hodaňová P, Jansen MAK, Urban O. Interactive effects of nitrogen, UV and PAR on barley morphology and biochemistry are associated with the leaf C:N balance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 172:111-124. [PMID: 35063862 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental conditions to which plants acclimate prior exposure to abiotic or biotic stressors can greatly affect their subsequent resilience. This may have a significant impact on the response to ongoing climate change and can be useful for increasing the food security under adverse weather conditions associated with climate change.Within this study, we tested the hypothesis that plant morphological and biochemical acclimation to radiation conditions and nitrogen (N) availability is closely linked with carbon (C) and N balance. Four barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties, differing in their morphological characteristics and sensitivity to photooxidative stress, were grown at two levels of N supply and four radiation regimes combining distinct levels of ultraviolet (UV) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Changes in root and shoot morphology, accumulation of phenolic compounds, amino acids, and sugars were studied together with the analysis of C and N content in leaves. Both UV and PAR reduced leaf length and increased root-to-shoot ratio (R:S). Such effect was more pronounced under high N availability. High N supply reduced R:S, but this effect showed significant interactions with UV and PAR, and also with barley variety. Changes in R:S were positively related to C:N ratio in leaves that varied in response to both N availability and radiation treatments. UV radiation, particularly in combination with high PAR intensity, led to increases in most phenolic compounds (particularly flavones such as saponarin, homoorientin and isovitexin) which was also closely associated with changes in C:N ratio, while specifically phenolic acids (vanillic and syringic acids) decreased under high levels of UV and PAR, and hydroxycinnamic acids responded positively mainly to PAR. Although high N availability generally reduced the accumulation of phenolic compounds, this effect was genotype-specific and modulated by the radiation regime. A similar antagonistic effect of radiation treatment and N availability was also found for the accumulation of sugars (pentoses), resulting in a close relationship between the accumulation of pentoses and C:N ratio. The accumulation of most amino acids, in contrary to phenolic compounds, increases at high N and is also stimulated by high PAR and UV intensities. We conclude that radiation conditions and N availability have opposite effects on plant morphology and accumulation of most phenolic compounds and modulate the amino acid and sugar metabolism. Strong associations of these responses with changes in C:N ratio indicates that plant stoichiometry integrates acclimation processes and induction of relevant defence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Klem
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Mendel University on Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - M Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Holub
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Šimor
- Mendel University on Brno, Czech Republic
| | - H Findurová
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Mendel University on Brno, Czech Republic
| | - K Surá
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B Veselá
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Hodaňová
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M A K Jansen
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic; University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - O Urban
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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Saloner A, Bernstein N. Nitrogen Source Matters: High NH 4/NO 3 Ratio Reduces Cannabinoids, Terpenoids, and Yield in Medical Cannabis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:830224. [PMID: 35720524 PMCID: PMC9198551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.830224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The N form supplied to the plant, ammonium (NH4 +) or nitrate (NO3 -), is a major factor determining the impact of N nutrition on plant function and metabolic responses. We have hypothesized that the ratio of NH4/NO3 supplied to cannabis plants affects the physiological function and the biosynthesis of cannabinoids and terpenoids, which are major factors in the cannabis industry. To evaluate the hypothesis we examined the impact of five supply ratios of NH4/NO3 (0, 10, 30, 50, and 100% N-NH4 +, under a uniform level of 200 mg L-1 N) on plant response. The plants were grown in pots, under controlled environment conditions. The results revealed high sensitivity of cannabinoid and terpenoid concentrations and plant function to NH4/NO3 ratio, thus supporting the hypothesis. The increase in NH4 supply generally caused an adverse response: Secondary metabolite production, inflorescence yield, plant height, inflorescence length, transpiration and photosynthesis rates, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll content, were highest under NO3 nutrition when no NH4 was supplied. Ratios of 10-30% NH4 did not substantially impair secondary metabolism and plant function, but produced smaller inflorescences and lower inflorescence yield compared with only NO3 nutrition. Under a level of 50% NH4, the plants demonstrated toxicity symptoms, which appeared only at late stages of plant maturation, and 100% NH4 induced substantial plant damage, resulting in plant death. This study demonstrates a dramatic impact of N form on cannabis plant function and production, with a 46% decrease in inflorescence yield with the increase in NH4 supply from 0 to 50%. Yet, moderate levels of 10-30% NH4 are suitable for medical cannabis cultivation, as they do not damage plant function and show only little adverse influence on yield and cannabinoid production. Higher NH4/NO3 ratios, containing above 30% NH4, are not recommended since they increase the potential for a severe and fatal NH4 toxicity damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avia Saloner
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nirit Bernstein
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel
- *Correspondence: Nirit Bernstein,
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15
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Hu L, Wu Z, Robert CAM, Ouyang X, Züst T, Mestrot A, Xu J, Erb M. Soil chemistry determines whether defensive plant secondary metabolites promote or suppress herbivore growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2109602118. [PMID: 34675080 PMCID: PMC8639379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109602118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant secondary (or specialized) metabolites mediate important interactions in both the rhizosphere and the phyllosphere. If and how such compartmentalized functions interact to determine plant-environment interactions is not well understood. Here, we investigated how the dual role of maize benzoxazinoids as leaf defenses and root siderophores shapes the interaction between maize and a major global insect pest, the fall armyworm. We find that benzoxazinoids suppress fall armyworm growth when plants are grown in soils with very low available iron but enhance growth in soils with higher available iron. Manipulation experiments confirm that benzoxazinoids suppress herbivore growth under iron-deficient conditions and in the presence of chelated iron but enhance herbivore growth in the presence of free iron in the growth medium. This reversal of the protective effect of benzoxazinoids is not associated with major changes in plant primary metabolism. Plant defense activation is modulated by the interplay between soil iron and benzoxazinoids but does not explain fall armyworm performance. Instead, increased iron supply to the fall armyworm by benzoxazinoids in the presence of free iron enhances larval performance. This work identifies soil chemistry as a decisive factor for the impact of plant secondary metabolites on herbivore growth. It also demonstrates how the multifunctionality of plant secondary metabolites drives interactions between abiotic and biotic factors, with potential consequences for plant resistance in variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Hu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zhenwei Wu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | - Xiao Ouyang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tobias Züst
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrien Mestrot
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland;
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16
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Sun Y, Xu X, Zhang T, Yang Y, Tong H, Yuan H. Comparative transcriptome analysis provides insights into steviol glycoside synthesis in stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) leaves under nitrogen deficiency. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1709-1722. [PMID: 34129077 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome analysis revealed the potential mechanism of nitrogen regulating steviol glycosides synthesis via shifting of leaf carbon metabolic flux or inducing certain transcription factors. Nitrogen (N) plays key regulatory roles in both stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) growth and the synthesis of its functional metabolite steviol glycosides (SGs), but the mechanism by which this nutrient regulates SGs synthesis remains to be elucidated. To address this question, a pot experiment was performed in a greenhouse where stevia plants fertilized with N (the control as CK plants) and compared with plants without the supply of N. Physiological and biochemical analyses were conducted to test the growth and metabolic responses of plants to N regimes. Our results showed that N deficiency significantly inhibited plant growth and leaf photosynthesis, while increased leaf SGs contents in stevia (49.97, 46.64 and 84.80% respectively for rebaudioside A, stevioside, and rebaudioside C), which may be partly due to "concentration effect". Then, transcriptome analysis was conducted to understand the underlying mechanisms. A total of 535 differentially expressed genes were identified, and carbon metabolism-related events were highlighted by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Many of these genes were significantly upregulated by N-deficiency, including those involved in "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis", "flavonoid biosynthesis" and "starch and sucrose metabolism". Our study also analyzed the expression patterns of SGs synthesis-related genes under two N regimes and the potential transcription factors linking N nutrition and SG metabolism. N-deficiency may promote SGs synthesis by changing the carbon metabolism flux or inducing certain transcription factors. Our results provide deeper insight into the relationship between N nutrition and SGs synthesis in stevia plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Qianhuhoucun Village, Zhongshan Gate, Nanjing, 210014, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Qianhuhoucun Village, Zhongshan Gate, Nanjing, 210014, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Qianhuhoucun Village, Zhongshan Gate, Nanjing, 210014, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongheng Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Qianhuhoucun Village, Zhongshan Gate, Nanjing, 210014, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiying Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Qianhuhoucun Village, Zhongshan Gate, Nanjing, 210014, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Qianhuhoucun Village, Zhongshan Gate, Nanjing, 210014, China.
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China.
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17
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Martinez DA, Loening UE, Graham MC, Gathorne-Hardy A. When the Medicine Feeds the Problem; Do Nitrogen Fertilisers and Pesticides Enhance the Nutritional Quality of Crops for Their Pests and Pathogens? FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.701310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenge of maximising agricultural productivity encourages growers to apply high volumes of nitrogen (N) fertilisers and pesticides in order to promote and protect yields. Despite these inputs, pests and pathogens (P&Ps) continue to cause economic losses and challenge food security at local, national, and global scales. P&Ps are a particular problem in industrial agricultural environments, where large-scale monocultures facilitate rapid growth of crop-adapted P&P populations. P&P population growth is strongly dependent upon acquisition of N-resources (e.g., amino acids) from crop tissues, and concentrations of these compounds depend on the metabolic state of the crop which, in turn, is influenced by its growth stage, by environmental conditions, and by agrochemical inputs. In this study we demonstrate that routine applications of pesticides and/or N-fertilisers may inadvertently reinforce the problem of P&P damage in agriculture by enhancing the nutritional quality of crops for these organisms. N-fertilisation has diverse influences on crops' susceptibility to P&P damage; N-fertilisers enhance the nutritional quality and “attractiveness” of crops for P&Ps, and they can also alter crops' expression of the defensive traits (both morphological and chemical) that serve to protect them against these organisms. Exposure of crops to pesticides (including commonly used insecticide, fungicide, and herbicide products) can result in significant metabolic disruption and, consequently, in accumulation of nutritionally valuable amino acids within crop tissues. Importantly, these metabolic changes may not cause visible signs of stress or toxicity in the crop, and may represent an “invisible” mechanism underlying persistent P&P pressure in the field. Given the intensity of their use worldwide, their far-reaching and destructive consequences for wildlife and overall ecosystem health, and the continued prevalence of P&P-associated crop damage in agriculture, we recommend that the impacts of these cornerstone agricultural inputs on the nutritional relationship between crops and their P&Ps are closely examined in order to inform appropriate management for a more secure and sustainable food system.
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Jovičić-Petrović J, Karličić V, Petrović I, Ćirković S, Ristić-Djurović JL, Raičević V. Biomagnetic Priming-Possible Strategy to Revitalize Old Mustard Seeds. Bioelectromagnetics 2021; 42:238-249. [PMID: 33544924 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Different priming methods were developed to improve seed germination and the early growth of seedlings. This study aimed to examine the combined effect of bacterial inoculation and static magnetic field on white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) germination. A plant growth-promoting bacterial strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D5 ARV was used for biopriming. The static magnetic field of 90 mT was applied for 5 and 15 min. Analyses of abscisic acid, chlorophyll, anthocyanins, flavonoids content, nitrogen balance index, and bacterial indole-3-acetic acid were used to explain observed effects. Bacterial inoculation improved seed germination, whereas exposure to 90 mT for 15 min suppressed germination. Such an unfavorable effect was neutralized when the treatment with the static magnetic field was combined with bacterial inoculation. The highest germination percentage was a result of synergistic action of B. amyloliquefaciens D5 ARV and 15 min long exposure to 90 mT, which induced an increase of 53.20% in the number of germinated seeds. The static magnetic field induced the increase of bacterial indole-3-acetic acid production threefold times. Biomagnetic priming caused a metabolic shift from primary to secondary metabolism in the white mustard seedlings. An adequate combination of biological priming and static magnetic field treatment can be successfully used in old seed revitalization and germination improvements. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera Karličić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Petrović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Ćirković
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Vera Raičević
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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19
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Kajarekar KV, Parulekar Berde CV, Salvi SP, Berde VB. Alleviation of Diverse Abiotic Stress in Plants Through the Fungal Communities. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60659-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Valim H, Dalton H, Joo Y, McGale E, Halitschke R, Gaquerel E, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC. TOC1 in Nicotiana attenuata regulates efficient allocation of nitrogen to defense metabolites under herbivory stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1227-1242. [PMID: 32608045 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock contextualizes plant responses to environmental signals. Plants use temporal information to respond to herbivory, but many of the functional roles of circadian clock components in these responses, and their contribution to fitness, remain unknown. We investigate the role of the central clock regulator TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1) in Nicotiana attenuata's defense responses to the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta under both field and glasshouse conditions. We utilize 15 N pulse-labeling to quantify nitrogen incorporation into pools of three defense compounds: caffeoylputrescine (CP), dicaffeoyl spermidine (DCS) and nicotine. Nitrogen incorporation was decreased in CP and DCS and increased in nicotine pools in irTOC1 plants compared to empty vector (EV) under control conditions, but these differences were abolished after simulated herbivory. Differences between EV and irTOC1 plants in nicotine, but not phenolamide production, were abolished by treatment with the ethylene agonist 1-methylcyclopropene. Using micrografting, TOC1's effect on nicotine was isolated to the root and did not affect the fitness of heterografts under field conditions. These results suggest that the circadian clock contributes to plant fitness by balancing production of metabolically expensive nitrogen-rich defense compounds and mediating the allocation of resources between vegetative biomass and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Valim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Heidi Dalton
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Strasbourg, 12 Rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg, 67084, France
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
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Fatima A, Safdar N, Moin B, Yasmin A. Alkenes, fatty acids and phenols augment bioactivities of organic crops. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bustamante MÁ, Michelozzi M, Barra Caracciolo A, Grenni P, Verbokkem J, Geerdink P, Safi C, Nogues I. Effects of Soil Fertilization on Terpenoids and Other Carbon-Based Secondary Metabolites in Rosmarinus officinalis Plants: A Comparative Study. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070830. [PMID: 32630705 PMCID: PMC7411580 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rosmarinus officinalis is an evergreen aromatic plant with important commercial interest as it contains numerous essential oils (composed of terpenoid compounds) and phenolic constituents (natural antioxidant compounds). This work aims at evaluating the concomitant effects of different inorganic and organic fertilization treatments and the subsequent increases in soil nutrient availability on terpenoids and other carbon-based secondary metabolites, e.g., flavonoids and phenolic compounds, in Rosmarinus officinalis leaves. The results showed that, as expected, the structural carbohydrate content (lignocellulosic compounds) in stems was higher in fertilized plants than in controls. Additionally, positive correlations were observed of the absolute amounts of total terpenoids and some single terpenoid compounds with N or P contents in leaves. On the contrary, the phenolic and flavonoid concentrations in all the rosemary plant parts were lower with the fertilization treatments. Indeed, negative correlations between the phenolic compounds (and flavonoids) and N in rosemary leaves were also found. Overall, the results suggest that the terpenoid production's response to fertilization was due to N, which is essential for protein synthesis and terpene synthase activity, and to P, which is necessary for the synthesis of both terpenoid precursors and ATP and NADPH, also needed for terpenoid synthesis. On the other hand, the basis for the fertilization's effects on the production of phenolic compounds is the direct nitrogen trade-off between growth and the shikimic acid pathway by which phenolics compounds are synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ángeles Bustamante
- Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, Miguel Hernandez University, EPS-Orihuela, ctra. Beniel km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain;
| | - Marco Michelozzi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy;
| | - Anna Barra Caracciolo
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy; (A.B.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Paola Grenni
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy; (A.B.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Janine Verbokkem
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (J.V.); (P.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Peter Geerdink
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (J.V.); (P.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Carl Safi
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (J.V.); (P.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Isabel Nogues
- Research Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-9067-2227
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Sun Y, Guo J, Li Y, Luo G, Li L, Yuan H, Mur LAJ, Guo S. Negative effects of the simulated nitrogen deposition on plant phenolic metabolism: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137442. [PMID: 32114232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds constitute probably the largest group of plant secondary metabolites and have key roles in plant metabolism. Simulated nitrogen (N) deposition is important to agriculture and has considerable impacts on plant phenolic metabolism but a systematic understanding of such effects is lacking. We here synthesized results from 123 articles and evaluated the responses of plant biomass, in vivo N status, soluble sugar concentrations, carbon (C)/N ratios and multiple phenolic compounds to the simulated N deposition. This meta-analysis showed that the simulated N deposition significantly increased plant biomass and N content but reduced the concentrations of phenolic compounds in a dose-depended manner. This was linked to the suppression of phenolic generating phenylalanine ammonia_lyase activity and key associated gene expression by the simulated N deposition. Total phenolic concentrations were negatively related to biomass but were positively correlated with C/N and soluble sugar contents. Overall, our results indicated adverse effects of simulated N deposition on phenolic metabolism which could compromise key aspects of crop quality and are apparently hidden by positive effects on plant biomass. Our findings have significant ecological and biological implications for plant phenolic metabolism facing global N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Junjie Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yingrui Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Gongwen Luo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ling Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Luis Alejandro Jose Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK.
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Lo Scalzo R, Campanelli G, Paolo D, Fibiani M, Bianchi G. Influence of organic cultivation and sampling year on quality indexes of sweet pepper during 3 years of production. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Kruger EL, Keefover-Ring K, Holeski LM, Lindroth RL. To compete or defend: linking functional trait variation with life-history tradeoffs in a foundation tree species. Oecologia 2020; 192:893-907. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Unravelling the Roles of Nitrogen Nutrition in Plant Disease Defences. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020572. [PMID: 31963138 PMCID: PMC7014335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important elements that has a central impact on plant growth and yield. N is also widely involved in plant stress responses, but its roles in host-pathogen interactions are complex as each affects the other. In this review, we summarize the relationship between N nutrition and plant disease and stress its importance for both host and pathogen. From the perspective of the pathogen, we describe how N can affect the pathogen’s infection strategy, whether necrotrophic or biotrophic. N can influence the deployment of virulence factors such as type III secretion systems in bacterial pathogen or contribute nutrients such as gamma-aminobutyric acid to the invader. Considering the host, the association between N nutrition and plant defence is considered in terms of physical, biochemical and genetic mechanisms. Generally, N has negative effects on physical defences and the production of anti-microbial phytoalexins but positive effects on defence-related enzymes and proteins to affect local defence as well as systemic resistance. N nutrition can also influence defence via amino acid metabolism and hormone production to affect downstream defence-related gene expression via transcriptional regulation and nitric oxide (NO) production, which represents a direct link with N. Although the critical role of N nutrition in plant defences is stressed in this review, further work is urgently needed to provide a comprehensive understanding of how opposing virulence and defence mechanisms are influenced by interacting networks.
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Wallis CM, Galarneau ERA. Phenolic Compound Induction in Plant-Microbe and Plant-Insect Interactions: A Meta-Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:580753. [PMID: 33384701 PMCID: PMC7769804 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.580753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants rely on a variety of ways to protect themselves from being fed upon, including de novo production of specific compounds such as those termed as phenolics. Phenolics are often described as important in plant health and numerous studies have concluded they increase as a result of insect feeding, pathogen infection, or beneficial microorganism colonization. However, there are some studies reaching differing conclusions. Therefore, meta-analyses were conducted to observe whether common trends in phenolic induction in plants can be made when they become hosts to insects or microorganisms. Four hypotheses were tested. The first was that total phenolics increase as a generic response, and meta-analyses confirmed that this occurs when plants are infested with insects or colonized by bacterial or fungal microorganisms, but not for oomycetes. The second hypothesis was that phenolic induction is different when a beneficial microorganism colonizes a plant vs. when a plant is infected by a pathogen. Beneficial bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, and beneficial fungi produced increased phenolic levels in plant hosts, but fungal pathogens did not. The third hypothesis was that insect feeding method on plant hosts determines if phenolics are induced. Chewing induced phenolics but piercing-sucking and wood-boring did not. Lastly, we used meta-analyses to determine if annual or perennials rely on phenolic induction in different amounts, and even though annuals had significantly increased phenolic levels but perennials did not, it was observed that phenolic induction was not statistically different when plant type was considered. These results demonstrate that phenolic induction is a common response in plant hosts exposed to feeding or colonization, with specific exceptions such a pathogenic fungi and piercing-sucking insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Wallis
- Crop Diseases Pest and Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Christopher M. Wallis
| | - Erin R.-A. Galarneau
- Viticulture and Enology Department, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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28
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Gely C, Laurance SGW, Stork NE. How do herbivorous insects respond to drought stress in trees? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 95:434-448. [PMID: 31750622 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased frequency and severity of drought, as a result of climate change, is expected to drive critical changes in plant-insect interactions that may elevate rates of tree mortality. The mechanisms that link water stress in plants to insect performance are not well understood. Here, we build on previous reviews and develop a framework that incorporates the severity and longevity of drought and captures the plant physiological adjustments that follow moderate and severe drought. Using this framework, we investigate in greater depth how insect performance responds to increasing drought severity for: (i) different feeding guilds; (ii) flush feeders and senescence feeders; (iii) specialist and generalist insect herbivores; and (iv) temperate versus tropical forest communities. We outline how intermittent and moderate drought can result in increases of carbon-based and nitrogen-based chemical defences, whereas long and severe drought events can result in decreases in plant secondary defence compounds. We predict that different herbivore feeding guilds will show different but predictable responses to drought events, with most feeding guilds being negatively affected by water stress, with the exception of wood borers and bark beetles during severe drought and sap-sucking insects and leaf miners during moderate and intermittent drought. Time of feeding and host specificity are important considerations. Some insects, regardless of feeding guild, prefer to feed on younger tissues from leaf flush, whereas others are adapted to feed on senescing tissues of severely stressed trees. We argue that moderate water stress could benefit specialist insect herbivores, while generalists might prefer severe drought conditions. Current evidence suggests that insect outbreaks are shorter and more spatially restricted in tropical than in temperate forests. We suggest that future research on the impact of drought on insect communities should include (i) assessing how drought-induced changes in various plant traits, such as secondary compound concentrations and leaf water potential, affect herbivores; (ii) food web implications for other insects and those that feed on them; and (iii) interactions between the effects on insects of increasing drought and other forms of environmental change including rising temperatures and CO2 levels. There is a need for larger, temperate and tropical forest-scale drought experiments to look at herbivorous insect responses and their role in tree death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gely
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia
| | - Susan G W Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, 4878, Australia
| | - Nigel E Stork
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia
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29
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Sun Y, Hou M, Mur LAJ, Yang Y, Zhang T, Xu X, Huang S, Tong H. Nitrogen drives plant growth to the detriment of leaf sugar and steviol glycosides metabolisms in Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:240-249. [PMID: 31195254 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Steviol glycosides (SGs) in Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) leaves are important due to their high sweetness and low calorific value. The yield of SGs is dependent on fertilization regimes, but the relationship between nitrogen (N) administration and SGs synthesis is still unclear. In this study, we investigate the effects of N rates on SGs production through hydroponic and plot experiments. The SGs yield was not significantly changed by N fertilization, but leaf SGs concentrations were significantly reduced due to the "dilution effect". Additionally, N addition decreased leaf carbon (C)/N ratio and soluble sugar concentration, accompanied with the inhibited phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and L-phenylalanine ammonia_lyase activities. A significant positive correlation between leaf SGs concentrations, C/N ratio and soluble sugar concentration was observed. Overall, we suggest that N-driven Stevia growth negatively affects SGs concentrations. The leaf C/N ratio and soluble sugar changes indicated the occurrence of metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Sun
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Menglan Hou
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Yongheng Yang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Suzhen Huang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Haiying Tong
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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30
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Shah K, Amin NU, Ahmad I, Ara G, Rahman MU, Zuo X, Xing L, Ren X. Cement dust induce stress and attenuates photosynthesis in Arachis hypogaea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:19490-19501. [PMID: 31077052 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the changes in leaf physiological parameters to abiotic stress induced by different levels of cement dust. On day 15, Arachis hypogaea L. plants (sowing day was considered as day 0) were divided into six groups, and cement was sprinkled over plants with the help of hand pump, twice a week at T1 (5 g pot-1), T2 (8 g pot-1), T3 (10 g pot-1), T4 (15 g pot-1), T5 (20 g pot-1), and T0/control (0 g pot-1), until fruit maturity. Morphometric parameters such as root and shoot length, leaf area, and seed weight were significantly higher in T0, while the minimum was recorded in T5. Physiological analyses of leaves and roots revealed a remarkable reduction (p < 0.05) in sugar, amino acid, and protein contents, while the concentration of enzymatic antioxidants was increased in cement-treated plants. The concentration of abscisic acid in leaves was significantly higher in treatment groups as compared with control, while gibberellic acid concentration was low. Strikingly, cement dust decreases the level of leaf photosynthetic pigments, reduces stomatal conductance, and adversely affects photosynthesis. Leaf histological analysis revealed confirmatory evidence of stomatal closure, cell damage, reduced cell area, and abridged leaf thickness. Salient features of the present study provide useful evidence to estimate cement dust as a critical abiotic stress factor, which has adverse effects on photosynthesis, leaf anatomical features, stomatal functioning, and productivity. Our work opens new avenues for a deep portfolio of cement-based stress mediating pathophysiology in Arachis hypogaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Shah
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Noor Ul Amin
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Gulshan Ara
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mati Ur Rahman
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiya Zuo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Libo Xing
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaolin Ren
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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31
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Eo J, Park KC. Effect of vermicompost application on root growth and ginsenoside content of Panax ginseng. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 234:458-463. [PMID: 30641356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vermicomposts are valuable by-products of organic wastes and can be used to improve soil environments in ginseng production. We compared the effects of food waste vermicompost (FWV), cow manure vermicompost (CMV) and paper sludge vermicompost (PSV) on several ginseng root production variables. Interactions between soil chemical properties, root growth, ginsenoside content and plant mineral content were also investigated. In the PSV treatment, the root yield increased by 40 t ha-1 compared to the untreated control. Nitrate concentration correlated negatively with root yield, and none of the vermicompost treatments differed significantly from the control in terms of root loss. Soil pH correlated positively with root weight, and total ginsenoside content did not vary among treatments, although some individual ginsenosides did differ among treatments. Root iron content correlated strongly with total ginsenoside content, and total ginsenoside content correlated negatively with root yield. Overall, our results showed that the root yield increase was not due to nutrient increase. Vermicompost was safe to use in relation to root rot disease, and it favourably elevated the pH of fields converted from rice paddies to ginseng production. Ginsenoside was not involved in defence mechanisms against root rot disease. Root iron content may have been involved in the metabolism of ginsenoside, and there was an apparent trade-off between ginsenoside content and root yield. Finally, vermicompost application altered resource allocation and soil chemical properties, which led to novel interactions between root parameters and components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinu Eo
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kee-Choon Park
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
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32
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Mason CJ, Keefover-Ring K, Villari C, Klutsch JG, Cook S, Bonello P, Erbilgin N, Raffa KF, Townsend PA. Anatomical defences against bark beetles relate to degree of historical exposure between species and are allocated independently of chemical defences within trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:633-646. [PMID: 30474119 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conifers possess chemical and anatomical defences against tree-killing bark beetles that feed in their phloem. Resins accumulating at attack sites can delay and entomb beetles while toxins reach lethal levels. Trees with high concentrations of metabolites active against bark beetle-microbial complexes, and more extensive resin ducts, achieve greater survival. It is unknown if and how conifers integrate chemical and anatomical components of defence or how these capabilities vary with historical exposure. We compared linkages between phloem chemistry and tree ring anatomy of two mountain pine beetle hosts. Lodgepole pine, a mid-elevation species, has had extensive, continual contact with this herbivore, whereas high-elevation whitebark pines have historically had intermittent exposure that is increasing with warming climate. Lodgepole pine had more and larger resin ducts. In both species, anatomical defences were positively related to tree growth and nutrients. Within-tree constitutive and induced concentrations of compounds bioactive against bark beetles and symbionts were largely unrelated to resin duct abundance and size. Fewer anatomical defences in the semi-naïve compared with the continually exposed host concurs with directional differences in chemical defences. Partially uncoupling chemical and morphological antiherbivore traits may enable trees to confront beetles with more diverse defence permutations that interact to resist attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Mason
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Ken Keefover-Ring
- Departments of Botany and Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Caterina Villari
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jennifer G Klutsch
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen Cook
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Pierluigi Bonello
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kenneth F Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Philip A Townsend
- Departments of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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de Souza VF, Niinemets Ü, Rasulov B, Vickers CE, Duvoisin Júnior S, Araújo WL, Gonçalves JFDC. Alternative Carbon Sources for Isoprene Emission. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:1081-1101. [PMID: 30472998 PMCID: PMC6354897 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene and other plastidial isoprenoids are produced primarily from recently assimilated photosynthates via the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. However, when environmental conditions limit photosynthesis, a fraction of carbon for MEP pathway can come from extrachloroplastic sources. The flow of extrachloroplastic carbon depends on the species and on leaf developmental and environmental conditions. The exchange of common phosphorylated intermediates between the MEP pathway and other metabolic pathways can occur via plastidic phosphate translocators. C1 and C2 carbon intermediates can contribute to chloroplastic metabolism, including photosynthesis and isoprenoid synthesis. Integration of these metabolic processes provide an example of metabolic flexibility, and results in the synthesis of primary metabolites for plant growth and secondary metabolites for plant defense, allowing effective use of environmental resources under multiple stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Fernandes de Souza
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil; University of Amazonas State, Manaus, AM 69050-010, Brazil
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Department of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Bahtijor Rasulov
- Department of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Claudia E Vickers
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, EcoSciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | | | - Wagner L Araújo
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Lelis D, Rennó L, Chizzotti M, Pereira C, Silva J, Moreira L, Carvalho F, Chizzotti F. Photosensitization in naïve sheep grazing signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) under full sunlight or a silvopastoral system. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Nitrogen Limitation Alters the Response of Specific Genes to Biotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113364. [PMID: 30373239 PMCID: PMC6275003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In their natural environment, plants are generally confronted with multiple co-occurring stresses. However, the interaction between stresses is not well known and transcriptomic data in response to combined stresses remain scarce. This study aims at characterizing the interaction between transcriptomic responses to biotic stress and nitrogen (N) limitation. Plants were grown in low or full N, infected or not with Erwinia amylovora (Ea) and plant gene expression was analyzed through microarray and qRT-PCR. Most Ea-responsive genes had the same profile (induced/repressed) in response to Ea in low and full N. In response to stress combination, one third of modulated transcripts responded in a manner that could not be deduced from their response to each individual stress. Many defense-related genes showed a prioritization of their response to biotic stress over their response to N limitation, which was also observed using Pseudomonas syringae as a second pathosystem. Our results indicate an interaction between transcriptomic responses to N and biotic stress. A small fraction of transcripts was prioritized between antagonistic responses, reflecting a preservation of the plant defense program under N limitation. Furthermore, this interaction also led to a complex and specific response in terms of metabolism and cellular homeostasis-associated genes.
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Dyer LA, Philbin CS, Ochsenrider KM, Richards LA, Massad TJ, Smilanich AM, Forister ML, Parchman TL, Galland LM, Hurtado PJ, Espeset AE, Glassmire AE, Harrison JG, Mo C, Yoon S, Pardikes NA, Muchoney ND, Jahner JP, Slinn HL, Shelef O, Dodson CD, Kato MJ, Yamaguchi LF, Jeffrey CS. Modern approaches to study plant–insect interactions in chemical ecology. Nat Rev Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hallmann E, Kazimierczak R, Marszałek K, Drela N, Kiernozek E, Toomik P, Matt D, Luik A, Rembiałkowska E. The Nutritive Value of Organic and Conventional White Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea L. Var. Capitata) and Anti-Apoptotic Activity in Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells of Sauerkraut Juice Produced Therof. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8171-8183. [PMID: 28838245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
White cabbage is one of the most important vegetables grown both in Poland and worldwide. Cabbage contains considerable amounts of bioactive compounds such as glucosinolates, vitamin C, carotenoids, and polyphenols. Some experiments indicate that vegetables from organic production contain more bioactive compounds than those from conventional production, however, only a few studies have been conducted on cruciferous plants. The presented study has proved that organic fresh cabbage, compared to the conventional one, contained significantly less total flavonoids in both years of experiments (3.95 ± 0.21 mg/100 g FW and 3.71 ± 0.33 mg/100 g FW), several flavonoid compounds, total chlorophylls (1.51 ± 0.17 mg/100 g FW and 1.30 ± 0.22 mg/100 g FW) carotenoids, nitrites (0.55 ± 0.04 mg/kg FW and 0.45 ± 0.02 mg/kg FW), and nitrates (0.50 ± 0.13 g/kg FW and 0.47 ± 0.11 g/kg FW). The organic sauerkraut juice, compared to the conventional one, contained significantly more total polyphenols (5.39 ± 0.22 mg/100 g FW and 9.05 ± 1.10 mg/100 g FW) as well as several flavonoids. Only CONV sauerkraut juice produced with the highest N level of fertilization induced a statistical significant increase of the level of necrosis of human stomach gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Hallmann
- Department of Functional, Organic Food and Commodities, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, WULS-SGGW , Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Kazimierczak
- Department of Functional, Organic Food and Commodities, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, WULS-SGGW , Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystian Marszałek
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology , Rakowiecka 36, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nadzieja Drela
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Kiernozek
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peeter Toomik
- Department of Food Sciences and Hygiene, Estonian University of Life Sciences , Kreutzwaldi 58A, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Darja Matt
- Department of Plant Protection, Estonian University of Life Sciences , Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anne Luik
- Department of Plant Protection, Estonian University of Life Sciences , Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ewa Rembiałkowska
- Department of Functional, Organic Food and Commodities, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, WULS-SGGW , Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Ren F, Reilly K, Gaffney M, Kerry JP, Hossain M, Rai DK. Evaluation of polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity in two onion varieties grown under organic and conventional production systems. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2982-2990. [PMID: 27859352 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Onions contain a number of bioactive compounds, in particular polyphenols. They are rich sources of such compounds in the human diet and offer significant health benefits to the consumer. Demand for organic crops is steadily increasing partly based on the expected health benefits of organic food consumption. The current study examines the influence of organic and conventional crop management practices on bioactive polyphenolic content of onion. RESULTS We examined the effect of conventional, organic, and mixed cultivation practices on the content of total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity in two varieties of onion grown over 4 years in a split-plot factorial systems comparison trial. Levels of total phenolics and total flavonoids showed a significant year-on-year variation and were significantly different between organic and conventional production systems. The levels of total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity in general were significantly higher (P < 0.05) under fully organic compared to fully conventional management. CONCLUSION Organic cultivation practices resulted in significantly higher levels of potential bioactive compounds in onion. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyue Ren
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, 15, Ireland
- University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kim Reilly
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, 15, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Dilip K Rai
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, 15, Ireland
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Ren F, Reilly K, Kerry JP, Gaffney M, Hossain M, Rai DK. Higher Antioxidant Activity, Total Flavonols, and Specific Quercetin Glucosides in Two Different Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties Grown under Organic Production: Results from a 6-Year Field Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5122-5132. [PMID: 28612608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We carried out a 6-year study to assess the effect of conventional, organic, and mixed cultivation practices on bioactive compounds (flavonoids, anthocyanins) and antioxidant capacity in onion. Total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, individual flavonols, individual anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity were measured in two varieties ('Hyskin' and 'Red Baron') grown in a long-term split-plot factorial systems comparison trial. This is the first report of repeated measurements of bioactive content over an extensive time period in a single crop type within the same trial. Antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP), total flavonol content, and levels of Q 3,4' D and Q 3 G were higher in both varieties under fully organic compared to fully conventional management. Total flavonoids were higher in 'Red Baron' and when onions were grown under organic soil treatment. Differences were primarily due to different soil management practices used in organic agriculture rather than pesticide/ herbicide application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyue Ren
- Teagasc Food Research Centre , Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland
- University College Cork , Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kim Reilly
- Teagasc Food Research Centre , Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland
| | | | - Michael Gaffney
- Teagasc Food Research Centre , Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland
| | - Mohammad Hossain
- Teagasc Food Research Centre , Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland
| | - Dilip K Rai
- Teagasc Food Research Centre , Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland
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Meena KK, Sorty AM, Bitla UM, Choudhary K, Gupta P, Pareek A, Singh DP, Prabha R, Sahu PK, Gupta VK, Singh HB, Krishanani KK, Minhas PS. Abiotic Stress Responses and Microbe-Mediated Mitigation in Plants: The Omics Strategies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:172. [PMID: 28232845 PMCID: PMC5299014 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses are the foremost limiting factors for agricultural productivity. Crop plants need to cope up adverse external pressure created by environmental and edaphic conditions with their intrinsic biological mechanisms, failing which their growth, development, and productivity suffer. Microorganisms, the most natural inhabitants of diverse environments exhibit enormous metabolic capabilities to mitigate abiotic stresses. Since microbial interactions with plants are an integral part of the living ecosystem, they are believed to be the natural partners that modulate local and systemic mechanisms in plants to offer defense under adverse external conditions. Plant-microbe interactions comprise complex mechanisms within the plant cellular system. Biochemical, molecular and physiological studies are paving the way in understanding the complex but integrated cellular processes. Under the continuous pressure of increasing climatic alterations, it now becomes more imperative to define and interpret plant-microbe relationships in terms of protection against abiotic stresses. At the same time, it also becomes essential to generate deeper insights into the stress-mitigating mechanisms in crop plants for their translation in higher productivity. Multi-omics approaches comprising genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and phenomics integrate studies on the interaction of plants with microbes and their external environment and generate multi-layered information that can answer what is happening in real-time within the cells. Integration, analysis and decipherization of the big-data can lead to a massive outcome that has significant chance for implementation in the fields. This review summarizes abiotic stresses responses in plants in-terms of biochemical and molecular mechanisms followed by the microbe-mediated stress mitigation phenomenon. We describe the role of multi-omics approaches in generating multi-pronged information to provide a better understanding of plant-microbe interactions that modulate cellular mechanisms in plants under extreme external conditions and help to optimize abiotic stresses. Vigilant amalgamation of these high-throughput approaches supports a higher level of knowledge generation about root-level mechanisms involved in the alleviation of abiotic stresses in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh K. Meena
- Department of Microbiology, School of Edaphic Stress Management, National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchBaramati, India
| | - Ajay M. Sorty
- Department of Microbiology, School of Edaphic Stress Management, National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchBaramati, India
| | - Utkarsh M. Bitla
- Department of Microbiology, School of Edaphic Stress Management, National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchBaramati, India
| | - Khushboo Choudhary
- Department of Microbiology, School of Edaphic Stress Management, National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchBaramati, India
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi, India
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi, India
| | - Dhananjaya P. Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchKushmaur, India
| | - Ratna Prabha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchKushmaur, India
| | - Pramod K. Sahu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchKushmaur, India
| | - Vijai K. Gupta
- Molecular Glyco-Biotechnology Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland GalwayGalway, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, School of Science, Tallinn University of TechnologyTallinn, Estonia
| | - Harikesh B. Singh
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
| | - Kishor K. Krishanani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Edaphic Stress Management, National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchBaramati, India
| | - Paramjit S. Minhas
- Department of Microbiology, School of Edaphic Stress Management, National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchBaramati, India
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Lama AD, Kim J, Martiskainen O, Klemola T, Salminen JP, Tyystjärvi E, Niemelä P, Vuorisalo T. Impacts of simulated drought stress and artificial damage on concentrations of flavonoids in Jatropha curcas (L.), a biofuel shrub. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:1141-1150. [PMID: 27417098 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the possible roles of flavonoids in the antioxidant and antiherbivore chemistry in Jatropha curcas (L.), a Latin American shrub that holds great potential as a source of biofuel. Changes in flavonoid concentrations in the leaves of J. curcas seedlings exposed to artificial damage and to different rainfall patterns were assessed by applying a 32-factorial experiment in a greenhouse. The concentrations of different flavonoids in the leaves of seedlings were significantly affected by interaction effects of artificial damage, drought stress and age of the seedling. The highest flavonoid concentrations were obtained in seedlings imposed to the highest percentage of artificial damage (50 %) and grown under extreme drought stress (200 mm year-1). In this treatment combination, flavonoid concentrations were three-fold as compared to seedlings exposed to the same level of artificial damage but grown in 1900 mm year-1 rainfall application. Without artificial damage, the concentration of flavonoids in the seedlings grown in 200 mm year-1 rainfall application was still two-fold compared to seedlings grown in higher (>800 mm year-1) rainfall applications. Thus, the observed flavonoid concentration patterns in the leaves of J. curcas seedlings were primarily triggered by drought stress and light rather than by artificial damage, suggesting that drought causes oxidative stress in J. curcas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Dawa Lama
- Section of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Jorma Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Martiskainen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Klemola
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Niemelä
- Section of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Timo Vuorisalo
- Section of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
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Larbat R, Robin C, Lillo C, Drengstig T, Ruoff P. Modeling the diversion of primary carbon flux into secondary metabolism under variable nitrate and light/dark conditions. J Theor Biol 2016; 402:144-57. [PMID: 27164436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the partitioning of carbon resources between growth and defense is detrimental for their development. From a metabolic viewpoint, growth is mainly related to primary metabolism including protein, amino acid and lipid synthesis, whereas defense is based notably on the biosynthesis of a myriad of secondary metabolites. Environmental factors, such as nitrate fertilization, impact the partitioning of carbon resources between growth and defense. Indeed, experimental data showed that a shortage in the nitrate fertilization resulted in a reduction of the plant growth, whereas some secondary metabolites involved in plant defense, such as phenolic compounds, accumulated. Interestingly, sucrose, a key molecule involved in the transport and partitioning of carbon resources, appeared to be under homeostatic control. Based on the inflow/outflow properties of sucrose homeostatic regulation we propose a global model on how the diversion of the primary carbon flux into the secondary phenolic pathways occurs at low nitrate concentrations. The model can account for the accumulation of starch during the light phase and the sucrose remobilization by starch degradation during the night. Day-length sensing mechanisms for variable light-dark regimes are discussed, showing that growth is proportional to the length of the light phase. The model can describe the complete starch consumption during the night for plants adapted to a certain light/dark regime when grown on sufficient nitrate and can account for an increased accumulation of starch observed under nitrate limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Larbat
- INRA UMR 1121, Agronomie & Environnement Nancy-Colmar, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France; Université de Lorraine UMR 1121, Agronomie & Environnement Nancy-Colmar, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
| | - Christophe Robin
- INRA UMR 1121, Agronomie & Environnement Nancy-Colmar, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France; Université de Lorraine UMR 1121, Agronomie & Environnement Nancy-Colmar, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France
| | - Cathrine Lillo
- Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger Innovation Park, Måltidets Hus, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Tormod Drengstig
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Peter Ruoff
- Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger Innovation Park, Måltidets Hus, 4021 Stavanger, Norway.
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Luo J, Zhou J, Li H, Shi W, Polle A, Lu M, Sun X, Luo ZB. Global poplar root and leaf transcriptomes reveal links between growth and stress responses under nitrogen starvation and excess. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1283-302. [PMID: 26420789 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) starvation and excess have distinct effects on N uptake and metabolism in poplars, but the global transcriptomic changes underlying morphological and physiological acclimation to altered N availability are unknown. We found that N starvation stimulated the fine root length and surface area by 54 and 49%, respectively, decreased the net photosynthetic rate by 15% and reduced the concentrations of NH4+, NO3(-) and total free amino acids in the roots and leaves of Populus simonii Carr. in comparison with normal N supply, whereas N excess had the opposite effect in most cases. Global transcriptome analysis of roots and leaves elucidated the specific molecular responses to N starvation and excess. Under N starvation and excess, gene ontology (GO) terms related to ion transport and response to auxin stimulus were enriched in roots, whereas the GO term for response to abscisic acid stimulus was overrepresented in leaves. Common GO terms for all N treatments in roots and leaves were related to development, N metabolism, response to stress and hormone stimulus. Approximately 30-40% of the differentially expressed genes formed a transcriptomic regulatory network under each condition. These results suggest that global transcriptomic reprogramming plays a key role in the morphological and physiological acclimation of poplar roots and leaves to N starvation and excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenguang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Andrea Polle
- Büsgen-Institute, Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August University, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Vega A, Canessa P, Hoppe G, Retamal I, Moyano TC, Canales J, Gutiérrez RA, Rubilar J. Transcriptome analysis reveals regulatory networks underlying differential susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea in response to nitrogen availability in Solanum lycopersicum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:911. [PMID: 26583019 PMCID: PMC4631835 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the main limiting nutrients for plant growth and crop yield. It is well documented that changes in nitrate availability, the main N source found in agricultural soils, influences a myriad of developmental programs and processes including the plant defense response. Indeed, many agronomical reports indicate that the plant N nutritional status influences their ability to respond effectively when challenged by different pathogens. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in N-modulation of plant susceptibility to pathogens are poorly characterized. In this work, we show that Solanum lycopersicum defense response to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is affected by plant N availability, with higher susceptibility in nitrate-limiting conditions. Global gene expression responses of tomato against B. cinerea under contrasting nitrate conditions reveals that plant primary metabolism is affected by the fungal infection regardless of N regimes. This result suggests that differential susceptibility to pathogen attack under contrasting N conditions is not only explained by a metabolic alteration. We used a systems biology approach to identify the transcriptional regulatory network implicated in plant response to the fungus infection under contrasting nitrate conditions. Interestingly, hub genes in this network are known key transcription factors involved in ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling. This result positions these hormones as key integrators of nitrate and defense against B. cinerea in tomato plants. Our results provide insights into potential crosstalk mechanisms between necrotrophic defense response and N status in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vega
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic BiologySantiago, Chile
| | - Paulo Canessa
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for Fungal Integrative and Synthetic BiologySantiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo Hoppe
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Retamal
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Tomas C. Moyano
- Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic BiologySantiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Javier Canales
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A. Gutiérrez
- Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic BiologySantiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Joselyn Rubilar
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
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Barbet-Massin C, Giuliano S, Alletto L, Daydé J, Berger M. Nitrogen Limitation Alters Biomass Production but Enhances Steviol Glycoside Concentration in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133067. [PMID: 26192921 PMCID: PMC4508054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for medicinal and aromatic plants for industrial uses creates an opportunity for farmers to produce alternative crops. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a perennial shrub originating from Paraguay, is of increasing interest as a source of zero-calorie natural sweeteners: the steviol glycosides (SVglys). The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of nitrogen (N) supply for leaf yield and for SVgly concentrations in leaves, which are the two major components of S. rebaudiana productivity. In this regard, the relationship between leaf N concentration, CO2 assimilation, leaf production and SVgly accumulation was investigated. The experiments were conducted consecutively in growth-chamber (CC: controlled conditions), in greenhouse (SCC: semi-controlled conditions) and in field conditions (FC) on two genotypes. In CC and SCC, three levels of N fertilization were applied. Plants were grown on four locations in the FC experiment. Both N supply (CC and SCC) and location (FC) had a significant effect on N content in leaves. When light was not limiting (SCC and FC) N content in leaves was positively correlated with CO2 assimilation rate and biomass accumulation. Irrespective of the growth conditions, N content in leaves was negatively correlated with SVgly content. However, increased SVgly content was correlated with a decreased ratio of rebaudioside A over stevioside. The evidence that the increased SVgly accumulation compensates for the negative effect on biomass production suggests that adequate SVgly productivity per plant may be achieved with relatively low fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Barbet-Massin
- Université de Toulouse, INP, EI Purpan, Département des Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaires, 75 voie du TOEC, BP 57611, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Giuliano
- Université de Toulouse, INP, EI Purpan, UMR1248 AGIR, Département des Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaires, 75 voie du TOEC, BP 57611, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Alletto
- Université de Toulouse, INP, EI Purpan, UMR1248 AGIR, Département des Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaires, 75 voie du TOEC, BP 57611, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Daydé
- Université de Toulouse, INP, EI Purpan, Département des Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaires, 75 voie du TOEC, BP 57611, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Monique Berger
- Université de Toulouse, INP, EI Purpan, Département des Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaires, 75 voie du TOEC, BP 57611, F-31076, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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46
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Katz E, Nisani S, Yadav BS, Woldemariam MG, Shai B, Obolski U, Ehrlich M, Shani E, Jander G, Chamovitz DA. The glucosinolate breakdown product indole-3-carbinol acts as an auxin antagonist in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:547-55. [PMID: 25758811 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The glucosinolate breakdown product indole-3-carbinol functions in cruciferous vegetables as a protective agent against foraging insects. While the toxic and deterrent effects of glucosinolate breakdown on herbivores and pathogens have been studied extensively, the secondary responses that are induced in the plant by indole-3-carbinol remain relatively uninvestigated. Here we examined the hypothesis that indole-3-carbinol plays a role in influencing plant growth and development by manipulating auxin signaling. We show that indole-3-carbinol rapidly and reversibly inhibits root elongation in a dose-dependent manner, and that this inhibition is accompanied by a loss of auxin activity in the root meristem. A direct interaction between indole-3-carbinol and the auxin perception machinery was suggested, as application of indole-3-carbinol rescues auxin-induced root phenotypes. In vitro and yeast-based protein interaction studies showed that indole-3-carbinol perturbs the auxin-dependent interaction of Transport Inhibitor Response (TIR1) with auxin/3-indoleacetic acid (Aux/IAAs) proteins, further supporting the possibility that indole-3-carbinol acts as an auxin antagonist. The results indicate that chemicals whose production is induced by herbivory, such as indole-3-carbinol, function not only to repel herbivores, but also as signaling molecules that directly compete with auxin to fine tune plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Katz
- Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Sophia Nisani
- Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Brijesh S Yadav
- Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | | | - Ben Shai
- Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Uri Obolski
- Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Marcelo Ehrlich
- Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Eilon Shani
- Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Daniel A Chamovitz
- Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Rejeb IB, Pastor V, Mauch-Mani B. Plant Responses to Simultaneous Biotic and Abiotic Stress: Molecular Mechanisms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 3:458-75. [PMID: 27135514 PMCID: PMC4844285 DOI: 10.3390/plants3040458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly confronted to both abiotic and biotic stresses that seriously reduce their productivity. Plant responses to these stresses are complex and involve numerous physiological, molecular, and cellular adaptations. Recent evidence shows that a combination of abiotic and biotic stress can have a positive effect on plant performance by reducing the susceptibility to biotic stress. Such an interaction between both types of stress points to a crosstalk between their respective signaling pathways. This crosstalk may be synergistic and/or antagonistic and include among others the involvement of phytohormones, transcription factors, kinase cascades, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In certain cases, such crosstalk can lead to a cross-tolerance and enhancement of a plant's resistance against pathogens. This review aims at giving an insight into cross-tolerance between abiotic and biotic stress, focusing on the molecular level and regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Ben Rejeb
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Victoria Pastor
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Brigitte Mauch-Mani
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Fagard M, Launay A, Clément G, Courtial J, Dellagi A, Farjad M, Krapp A, Soulié MC, Masclaux-Daubresse C. Nitrogen metabolism meets phytopathology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5643-56. [PMID: 25080088 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is essential for life and is a major limiting factor of plant growth. Because soils frequently lack sufficient N, large quantities of inorganic N fertilizers are added to soils for crop production. However, nitrate, urea, and ammonium are a major source of global pollution, because much of the N that is not taken up by plants enters streams, groundwater, and lakes, where it affects algal production and causes an imbalance in aquatic food webs. Many agronomical data indicate that the higher use of N fertilizers during the green revolution had an impact on the incidence of crop diseases. In contrast, examples in which a decrease in N fertilization increases disease severity are also reported, indicating that there is a complex relationship linking N uptake and metabolism and the disease infection processes. Thus, although it is clear that N availability affects disease, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this review is to describe current knowledge of the mechanisms that link plant N status to the plant's response to pathogen infection and to the virulence and nutritional status of phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Fagard
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Alban Launay
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Gilles Clément
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Julia Courtial
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Alia Dellagi
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Mahsa Farjad
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Anne Krapp
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Marie-Christine Soulié
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
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Pezet J, Elkinton JS. Hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) induces twig volatiles of eastern hemlock in a forest setting. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:1275-1285. [PMID: 25259691 DOI: 10.1603/en13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) is an invasive species causing high mortality of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L) Carriere) in the forests of eastern North America. Recent findings revealed that sapling eastern hemlocks artificially infested with hemlock woolly adelgid in a plantation setting responded to the insect with an array of induced resin volatile changes. Here we determine if eastern hemlocks growing beneath a forest canopy respond to hemlock woolly adelgid infestation with the same patterns of constitutive and inducible volatile resin production as those plantation specimens. We inoculated previously uninfested branches of mature and immature hemlocks in a central New England forest with hemlock woolly adelgid. We then sampled twig tissue of infested and uninfested trees in late spring, early summer, and mid-autumn, after known intervals of adelgid activity when an induced response might be expected. We identified and quantified resin volatiles by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Constitutive levels of total monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and combined resin volatiles were all several-fold more abundant in forest trees than those previously measured in a plantation setting, pointing to further study of the influence of site factors on hemlock volatile production. Hemlock woolly adelgid infestation induced an array of changes in eastern hemlock's volatile profile, including many-fold increases in benzyl alcohol and methyl salicylate accumulation. Despite differences in constitutive concentrations of volatiles between the two sites, our findings verify that hemlock woolly adelgid elicits patterns of resin volatile induction in forest-grown eastern hemlocks quite similar to those previously observed in plantation grown trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Pezet
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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50
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Ballhorn DJ, Godschalx AL, Smart SM, Kautz S, Schädler M. Chemical defense lowers plant competitiveness. Oecologia 2014; 176:811-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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