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Li JM, Liu YZ, Lv XF, Zhou DH, Zhang H, Chen YJ, Li K. Construction of a novel aminofluorene-based ratiometric near-infrared fluorescence probe for detecting carboxylesterase activity in living cells. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3641-3645. [PMID: 38812419 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00501e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we constructed a novel aminofluorene-based fluorescence probe (FEN-CE) for the detection of carboxylesterase (CE) in living cells by a ratiometric near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence signal. FEN-CE with NIR emission (650 nm) could be hydrolyzed specifically by CE and transformed to FENH with the release of the self-immolative group, which exhibited a red-shifted emission peak of 680 nm. In addition, FEN-CE showed high selectivity for CE and was successfully used in the detection of CE activity in living cells through its ratiometric NIR fluorescence signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Yan-Zhao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Fang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Ding-Heng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Jin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
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Nagaoka M, Sakai Y, Nakajima M, Fukami T. Role of carboxylesterase and arylacetamide deacetylase in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116128. [PMID: 38492781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC), which are expressed primarily in the liver and/or gastrointestinal tract, hydrolyze drugs containing ester and amide bonds in their chemical structure. These enzymes often catalyze the conversion of prodrugs, including the COVID-19 drugs remdesivir and molnupiravir, to their pharmacologically active forms. Information on the substrate specificity and inhibitory properties of these enzymes, which would be useful for drug development and toxicity avoidance, has accumulated. Recently,in vitroandin vivostudies have shown that these enzymes are involved not only in drug hydrolysis but also in lipid metabolism. CES1 and CES2 are capable of hydrolyzing triacylglycerol, and the deletion of their orthologous genes in mice has been associated with impaired lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis. Adeno-associated virus-mediated human CES overexpression decreases hepatic triacylglycerol levels and increases fatty acid oxidation in mice. It has also been shown that overexpression of CES enzymes or AADAC in cultured cells suppresses the intracellular accumulation of triacylglycerol. Recent reports indicate that AADAC can be up- or downregulated in tumors of various organs, and its varied expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Thus, CES and AADAC not only determine drug efficacy and toxicity but are also involved in pathophysiology. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of CES and AADAC in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Nagaoka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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3
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Gautam J, Kumari D, Aggarwal H, Gupta SK, Kasarla SS, Sarkar S, Priya MRK, Kamboj P, Kumar Y, Dikshit M. Characterization of lipid signatures in the plasma and insulin-sensitive tissues of the C57BL/6J mice fed on obesogenic diets. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023:159348. [PMID: 37285928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity mouse models are widely utilized to investigate the underlying mechanisms of dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as well as for screening potential drug compounds. However, there is limited knowledge regarding specific signature lipids that accurately reflect dietary disorders. In this study, we aimed to identify key lipid signatures using LC/MS-based untargeted lipidomics in the plasma, liver, adipose tissue (AT), and skeletal muscle tissues (SKM) of male C57BL/6J mice that were fed chow, LFD, or obesogenic diets (HFD, HFHF, and HFCD) for a duration of 20 weeks. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive lipid analysis to assess similarities and differences with human lipid profiles. The mice fed obesogenic diets exhibited weight gain, glucose intolerance, elevated BMI, glucose and insulin levels, and a fatty liver, resembling characteristics of T2DM and obesity in humans. In total, we identified approximately 368 lipids in plasma, 433 in the liver, 493 in AT, and 624 in SKM. Glycerolipids displayed distinct patterns across the tissues, differing from human findings. However, changes in sphingolipids, phospholipids, and the expression of inflammatory and fibrotic genes showed similarities to reported human findings. Significantly modulated pathways in the obesogenic diet-fed groups included ceramide de novo synthesis, sphingolipid remodeling, and the carboxylesterase pathway, while lipoprotein-mediated pathways were minimally affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Gautam
- Non-communicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Deepika Kumari
- Non-communicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Hobby Aggarwal
- Non-communicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Sonu Kumar Gupta
- Non-communicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Siva Swapna Kasarla
- Non-communicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Soumalya Sarkar
- Non-communicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - M R Kamla Priya
- Non-communicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Parul Kamboj
- Non-communicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- Non-communicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India.
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Non-communicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India.
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Blot F, Marchix J, Ejarque M, Jimenez S, Meunier A, Keime C, Trottier C, Croyal M, Lapp C, Mahe MM, De Arcangelis A, Gradwohl G. Gut Microbiota Remodeling and Intestinal Adaptation to Lipid Malabsorption After Enteroendocrine Cell Loss in Adult Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:1443-1461. [PMID: 36858136 PMCID: PMC10149283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) and their hormones are essential regulators of whole-body energy homeostasis. EECs sense luminal nutrients and microbial metabolites and subsequently secrete various hormones acting locally or at a distance. Impaired development of EECs during embryogenesis is life-threatening in newborn mice and humans due to compromised nutrient absorption. However, the physiological importance of the EEC system in adult mice has yet to be directedly studied. Herein, we aimed to determine the long-term consequences of a total loss of EECs in healthy adults on energy metabolism, intestinal transcriptome, and microbiota. METHODS We depleted intestinal EECs by tamoxifen treatment of adult Neurog3fl/fl; Villin-CreERT2 male mice. We studied intestinal cell differentiation, food efficiency, lipid absorption, microbiota composition, fecal metabolites, and transcriptomic responses in the proximal and distal small intestines of mice lacking EECs. We also determined the high-fat diet-induced transcriptomic changes in sorted Neurog3eYFP/+ EECs. RESULTS Induction of EEC deficiency in adults is not life-threatening unless fed with a high-fat diet. Under a standard chow diet, mice lose 10% of weight due to impaired food efficiency. Blood concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids are reduced, and lipid absorption is impaired and delayed in the distal small intestine. Genes controlling lipogenesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and neoglucogenesis are upregulated. Microbiota composition is rapidly altered after EECs depletion and is characterized by decreased a-diversity. Bacteroides and Lactobacillus were progressively enriched, whereas Lachnospiraceae declined without impacting fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations. CONCLUSIONS EECs are dispensable for survival in adult male mice under a standard chow diet. The absence of EECs impairs intestinal lipid absorption, leading to transcriptomic and metabolic adaptations and remodeling of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Blot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Justine Marchix
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Miriam Ejarque
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Sara Jimenez
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Aline Meunier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Céline Keime
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Camille Trottier
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Mikaël Croyal
- L'Institut du Thorax, INSERM UMR_S1087, CNRS UMR_6291, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; CRNH-Ouest Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, Nantes, France
| | - Céline Lapp
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Maxime M Mahe
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France; Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Adèle De Arcangelis
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Gérard Gradwohl
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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5
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Aurrekoetxea I, Gomez-Santos B, Apodaka-Biguri M, Ruiz de Gauna M, Gonzalez-Romero F, Buqué X, Aspichueta P. In Vivo Tissue Lipid Uptake in Antisense Oligonucleotide (ASO)-Treated Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2675:1-13. [PMID: 37258751 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3247-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has increased to pandemic levels over the past years. Associated comorbidities linked with the accumulation of lipids in different tissues and blood are responsible for the high mortality in these patients. The increased dietary lipid uptake contributes to these metabolic diseases. Identifying which pathways might be dysregulated in these patients will contribute to find new therapeutic targets. Thus, here, a protocol to follow up the distribution of dietary lipids in blood and tissues is provided. For this, radiolabeled triglyceride in olive oil is administered by oral gavage. To ascertain more precisely the capacity of each tissue for fatty acid uptake, not considering the intestinal barrier, the intravenous (IV) administration of radiolabeled lipids is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Aurrekoetxea
- Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gomez-Santos
- Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Maider Apodaka-Biguri
- Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Mikel Ruiz de Gauna
- Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Francisco Gonzalez-Romero
- Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Xabier Buqué
- Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Patricia Aspichueta
- Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain.
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Wen X, Li F. Fluorescent Determination of Esterase in Living Cells by A Low-Dosage, Ultra-Sensitive Probe Based on Aggregation Induced Emission (AIE). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2151613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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7
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Liu J, Yao B, Gao L, Zhang Y, Huang S, Wang X. Emerging role of carboxylesterases in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115250. [PMID: 36130649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly recognized as a global public health problem. Carboxylesterases (CESs), as potential influencing factors of NAFLD, are very important to improve clinical outcomes. This review aims to deeply understand the role of CESs in the progression of NAFLD and proposes that CESs can be used as potential targets for NAFLD treatment. We first introduced CESs and analyzed the relationship between CESs and hepatic lipid metabolism and inflammation. Then, we further reviewed the regulation of nuclear receptors on CESs, including PXR, CAR, PPARα, HNF4α and FXR, which may influence the progression of NAFLD. Finally, we evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of existing NAFLD animal models and summarized the application of CES-related animal models in NAFLD research. In general, this review provides an overview of the relationship between CESs and NAFLD and discusses the role and potential value of CESs in the treatment and prevention of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingyi Yao
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangcai Gao
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengbo Huang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Yin Y, Kong X, Li M, Wang J, Dai X, Zhang Y, Lin W. Development of an esterase fluorescent probe based on naphthalimide-benzothiazole conjugation and its applications for qualitative detection of esterase in orlistat-treated biosamples. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1190:339248. [PMID: 34857133 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Esterase is a large hydrolysis family, and widely distributed in many kinds of cells. It is responsible for multiple physiological and pathological functions including metabolism, gene expression. While abnormality of esterase is associated with many pathological activities in obesity, Wolman's disease, and cancer. Thereby, it is essential to design an effective tool for esterase in situ detection in biological systems. Herein, a novel fluorescent probe Y-1 for monitoring esterase in living cells was rationally designed. Probe Y-1 was synthesized by the conjugation between an acetylation of 4-hydroxy naphthalimide and benzothiazole group. Benzothiazole moiety is a typical Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) controller. Acetate group was selected as the responsive site and ESIPT initiator. As the acetate group could block the ESIPT effect, the probe emits no fluorescence under the excitation of 455 nm. When binding with esterase, Y-1 shows distinct fluorescence with the peak at 560 nm with short time when ESIPT is on. Y-1 displays high sensitivity (LOD is 0.216 × 10-3 U/mL), fast response (within 5 min), high selectivity and photostability towards esterase. Furthermore, the %RSD (relative standard deviation) of within-day and day-to-day precision was no more than 13.0% and the accuracy ranged from -6.5 to -12.3%. Kinetics performance of Y-1 indicates that esterase has high affinity and hydrolysis to Y-1. For biological applications, our probe is a time-dependent visualizing esterase in living HepG2 and CoLo205 cells within 15 min. After the treatment of orlistat (1 and 5 μM) for inhibiting the activity of esterase, the bright fluorescence has also been detected using our probe. Furthermore, it has been successful in monitoring the esterase in zebrafish, the data were consistent with cellular phenomena. Therefore, all these findings indicate that the robust probe Y-1 is a useful qualitative tool for detecting esterase in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Yin
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Xiuqi Kong
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Jingchao Wang
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Dai
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Yunyan Zhang
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China.
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9
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Zembroski AS, D’Aquila T, Buhman KK. Characterization of cytoplasmic lipid droplets in each region of the small intestine of lean and diet-induced obese mice in response to dietary fat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G75-G86. [PMID: 34009042 PMCID: PMC8321799 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00084.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The absorptive cells of the small intestine, namely, enterocytes, contribute to postprandial blood lipid levels by secreting dietary triacylglycerol in chylomicrons. The rate and amount of dietary triacylglycerol absorbed vary along the length of the small intestine. Excess dietary triacylglycerol not immediately secreted in chylomicrons can be temporarily stored in cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs) and repackaged in chylomicrons at later times. The characteristics of CLDs, including their size, number per cell, and associated proteins, may influence CLD metabolism and reflect differences in lipid processing or storage in each intestinal region. However, it is unknown whether the characteristics or proteomes of CLDs differ in enterocytes of each intestine region in response to dietary fat. Furthermore, it is unclear if obesity influences the characteristics or proteomes of CLDs in each intestine region. To address this, we used transmission electron microscopy and shotgun liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis to assess the characteristics and proteome of CLDs in the proximal, middle, and distal regions of the small intestine of lean and diet-induced obese (DIO) mice 2 h after an oil gavage. We identified differences in lipid storage along the length of the small intestine and between lean and DIO mice, as well as distinct CLD proteomes reflecting potentially unique roles of CLDs in each region. This study reveals differences in lipid processing along the length of the small intestine in response to dietary fat in lean and DIO mice and reflects distinct features of the proximal, middle, distal region of the small intestine.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study reflects the dynamics of fat absorption along the length of the small intestine in lean and obese mice in the physiological response to dietary fat. We identified unique features of cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs) in the proximal, middle, and distal regions of the small intestine of lean and obese mice that may contribute to regional differences in dietary fat processing, absorption, or CLD metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa D’Aquila
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Kimberly K. Buhman
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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10
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Schittmayer M, Vujic N, Darnhofer B, Korbelius M, Honeder S, Kratky D, Birner-Gruenberger R. Spatially Resolved Activity-based Proteomic Profiles of the Murine Small Intestinal Lipases. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:2104-2115. [PMID: 33023980 PMCID: PMC7710144 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the crucial function of the small intestine in nutrient uptake our understanding of the molecular events underlying the digestive function is still rudimentary. Recent studies demonstrated that enterocytes do not direct the entire dietary triacylglycerol toward immediate chylomicron synthesis. Especially after high-fat challenges, parts of the resynthesized triacylglycerol are packaged into cytosolic lipid droplets for transient storage in the endothelial layer of the small intestine. The reason for this temporary storage of triacylglycerol is not completely understood. To utilize lipids from cytosolic lipid droplets for chylomicron synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum, stored triacylglycerol has to be hydrolyzed either by cytosolic lipolysis or lipophagy. Interestingly, triacylglycerol storage and chylomicron secretion rates are unevenly distributed along the small intestine, with the proximal jejunum exhibiting the highest intermittent storage capacity. We hypothesize that correlating hydrolytic enzyme activities with the reported distribution of triacylglycerol storage and chylomicron secretion in different sections of the small intestine is a promising strategy to determine key enzymes in triacylglycerol remobilization. We employed a serine hydrolase specific activity-based labeling approach in combination with quantitative proteomics to identify and rank hydrolases based on their relative activity in 11 sections of the small intestine. Moreover, we identified several clusters of enzymes showing similar activity distribution along the small intestine. Merging our activity-based results with substrate specificity and subcellular localization known from previous studies, carboxylesterase 2e and arylacetamide deacetylase emerge as promising candidates for triacylglycerol mobilization from cytosolic lipid droplets in enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schittmayer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria; Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Nemanja Vujic
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Darnhofer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Korbelius
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sophie Honeder
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria; Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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11
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Korbelius M, Vujic N, Sachdev V, Obrowsky S, Rainer S, Gottschalk B, Graier WF, Kratky D. ATGL/CGI-58-Dependent Hydrolysis of a Lipid Storage Pool in Murine Enterocytes. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1923-1934.e4. [PMID: 31412256 PMCID: PMC6713565 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As circulating lipid levels are balanced by the rate of lipoprotein release and clearance from the plasma, lipid absorption in the small intestine critically contributes to the maintenance of whole-body lipid homeostasis. Within enterocytes, excessive triglycerides are transiently stored as cytosolic lipid droplets (cLDs), and their mobilization sustains lipid supply during interprandial periods. Using mice lacking adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and its coactivator comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) exclusively in the intestine (intestine-specific double KO [iDKO]), we show that ATGL/CGI-58 are not involved in providing substrates for chylomicron synthesis. Massive intestinal cLD accumulation in iDKO mice independent of dietary lipids together with inefficient lipid incorporation into cLDs in the early absorption phase demonstrate the existence of a secretion/re-uptake cycle, corroborating the availability of two diverse cLD pools. This study identified ATGL/CGI-58 as critical players in the catabolism of basolaterally (blood) derived lipids and highlights the necessity to modify the current model of intestinal lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Korbelius
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Nemanja Vujic
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Vinay Sachdev
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Sascha Obrowsky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Silvia Rainer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Benjamin Gottschalk
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Wolfgang F Graier
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria.
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12
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Lan L, Ren X, Yang J, Liu D, Zhang C. Detection techniques of carboxylesterase activity: An update review. Bioorg Chem 2020; 94:103388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Kaddurah-Daouk R, Hankemeier T, Scholl EH, Baillie R, Harms A, Stage C, Dalhoff KP, Jűrgens G, Taboureau O, Nzabonimpa GS, Motsinger-Reif AA, Thomsen R, Linnet K, Rasmussen HB. Pharmacometabolomics Informs About Pharmacokinetic Profile of Methylphenidate. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 7:525-533. [PMID: 30169917 PMCID: PMC6118295 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) metabolizes methylphenidate and other drugs. CES1 gene variation only partially explains pharmacokinetic (PK) variability. Biomarkers predicting the PKs of drugs metabolized by CES1 are needed. We identified lipids in plasma from 44 healthy subjects that correlated with CES1 activity as determined by PK parameters of methylphenidate including a ceramide (q value = 0.001) and a phosphatidylcholine (q value = 0.005). Carriers of the CES1 143E allele had decreased methylphenidate metabolism and altered concentration of this phosphatidylcholine (q value = 0.040) and several high polyunsaturated fatty acid lipids (PUFAs). The half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of chenodeoxycholate and taurocholate were 13.55 and 19.51 μM, respectively, consistent with a physiological significance. In silico analysis suggested that bile acid inhibition of CES1 involved both binding to the active and superficial sites of the enzyme. We initiated identification of metabolites predicting PKs of drugs metabolized by CES1 and suggest lipids to regulate or be regulated by this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Duke Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth H Scholl
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Amy Harms
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claus Stage
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kim P Dalhoff
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Gesche Jűrgens
- Clinical Pharmacological Unit, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Olivier Taboureau
- INSERM, UMRS 973, MTi, Université Paris Diderot, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Grace S Nzabonimpa
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alison A Motsinger-Reif
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ragnar Thomsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik B Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
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14
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Meng Z, Gwag T, Sui Y, Park SH, Zhou X, Zhou C. The atypical antipsychotic quetiapine induces hyperlipidemia by activating intestinal PXR signaling. JCI Insight 2019; 4:125657. [PMID: 30728326 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Quetiapine, one of the most prescribed atypical antipsychotics, has been associated with hyperlipidemia and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease in patients, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we identified quetiapine as a potent and selective agonist for pregnane X receptor (PXR), a key nuclear receptor that regulates xenobiotic metabolism in the liver and intestine. Recent studies have indicated that PXR also plays an important role in lipid homeostasis. We generated potentially novel tissue-specific PXR-KO mice and demonstrated that quetiapine induced hyperlipidemia by activating intestinal PXR signaling. Quetiapine-mediated PXR activation stimulated the intestinal expression of cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), leading to increased intestinal lipid absorption. While NPC1L1 is a known PXR target gene, we identified a DR-1-type PXR-response element in the MTP promoter and established MTP as a potentially novel transcriptional target of PXR. Quetiapine's effects on PXR-mediated gene expression and cholesterol uptake were also confirmed in cultured murine enteroids and human intestinal cells. Our findings suggest a potential role of PXR in mediating adverse effects of quetiapine in humans and provide mechanistic insights for certain atypical antipsychotic-associated dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojie Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Taesik Gwag
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Yipeng Sui
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Se-Hyung Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Xiangping Zhou
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical College, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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15
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Maresch LK, Benedikt P, Feiler U, Eder S, Zierler KA, Taschler U, Kolleritsch S, Eichmann TO, Schoiswohl G, Leopold C, Wieser BI, Lackner C, Rülicke T, van Klinken J, Kratky D, Moustafa T, Hoefler G, Haemmerle G. Intestine-Specific Overexpression of Carboxylesterase 2c Protects Mice From Diet-Induced Liver Steatosis and Obesity. Hepatol Commun 2018; 3:227-245. [PMID: 30766961 PMCID: PMC6357831 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine hepatic carboxylesterase 2c (Ces2c) and the presumed human ortholog carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) have been implicated in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice and obese humans. These studies demonstrated that Ces2c hydrolyzes triglycerides (TGs) in hepatocytes. Interestingly, Ces2c/CES2 is most abundantly expressed in the intestine, indicating a role of Ces2c/CES2 in intestinal TG metabolism. Here we show that Ces2c is an important enzyme in intestinal lipid metabolism in mice. Intestine-specific Ces2c overexpression (Ces2cint) provoked increased fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in the small intestine accompanied by enhanced chylomicron clearance from the circulation. As a consequence, high-fat diet-fed Ces2cint mice were resistant to excessive diet-induced weight gain and adipose tissue expansion. Notably, intestinal Ces2c overexpression increased hepatic insulin sensitivity and protected mice from NAFLD development. Although lipid absorption was not affected in Ces2cint mice, fecal energy content was significantly increased. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Ces2c is a potent neutral lipase, which efficiently hydrolyzes TGs and diglycerides (DGs) in the small intestine, thereby generating fatty acids (FAs) for FAO and monoglycerides (MGs) and DGs for potential re-esterification. Consequently, the increased availability of MGs and DGs for re-esterification and primordial apolipoprotein B48 particle lipidation may increase chylomicron size, ultimately mediating more efficient chylomicron clearance from the circulation. Conclusion: This study suggests a critical role for Ces2c in intestinal lipid metabolism and highlights the importance of intestinal lipolysis to protect mice from the development of hepatic insulin resistance, NAFLD, and excessive diet-induced weight gain during metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pia Benedikt
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Ursula Feiler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Sandra Eder
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz Graz Austria
| | | | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz Graz Austria
| | | | | | | | - Christina Leopold
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Beatrix I Wieser
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine Institute of Pathology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Caroline Lackner
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine Institute of Pathology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science University of Veterinary Medicine Wien Austria
| | - Jan van Klinken
- Department of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Tarek Moustafa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Medical University Graz Graz Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine Institute of Pathology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
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16
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Cunarro J, Buque X, Casado S, Lugilde J, Vidal A, Mora A, Sabio G, Nogueiras R, Aspichueta P, Diéguez C, Tovar S. p107 Deficiency Increases Energy Expenditure by Inducing Brown-Fat Thermogenesis and Browning of White Adipose Tissue. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 63:e1801096. [PMID: 30383332 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The tumor suppressor p107, a pocket protein member of the retinoblastoma susceptibility protein family, plays an important role in the cell cycle and cellular adipocyte differentiation. Nonetheless, the mechanism by which it influences whole body Energy homeostasis is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS The phenotype of p107 knockout (KO) mixed-background C57BL6/129 mice phenotype is studied by focusing on the involvement of white and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT) in energy metabolism. It is shown that p107 KO mice are leaner and have high-fat diet resistence. This phenomenon is explained by an increase of energy expenditure. The higher energy expenditure is caused by the activation of thermogenesis and may be mediated by both BAT and the browning of WAT. Consequently, it leads to the resistance of p107 KO mice to high-fat diet effects, prevention of liver steatosis, and improvement of the lipid profile and glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSION These data allowed the unmasking of a mechanism by which a KO of p107 prevents diet-induced obesity by increasing energy expenditure via increased thermogenesis in BAT and browning of WAT, indicating the relevance of p107 as a modulator of metabolic activity of both brown and white adipocytes. Therefore, it can be targeted for the development of new therapies to ameliorate the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cunarro
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela and Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología, de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Xabier Buque
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Sabela Casado
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela and Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología, de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Javier Lugilde
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela and Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anxo Vidal
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela and Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alfonso Mora
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela and Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología, de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Patricia Aspichueta
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela and Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología, de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Sulay Tovar
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela and Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología, de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
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17
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Doonan LM, Fisher EA, Brodsky JL. Can modulators of apolipoproteinB biogenesis serve as an alternate target for cholesterol-lowering drugs? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:762-771. [PMID: 29627384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular defects underlying cardiovascular disease is necessary for the development of therapeutics. The most common method to lower circulating lipids, which reduces the incidence of cardiovascular disease, is statins, but other drugs are now entering the clinic, some of which have been approved. Nevertheless, patients cannot tolerate some of these therapeutics, the drugs are costly, and/or the treatments are approved for only rare forms of disease. Efforts to find alternative treatments have focused on other factors, such as apolipoproteinB (apoB), which transports cholesterol in the blood stream. The levels of apoB are regulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associated degradation as well as by a post ER degradation pathway in model systems, and we suggest that these events provide novel therapeutic targets. We discuss first how cardiovascular disease arises and how cholesterol is regulated, and then summarize the mechanisms of action of existing treatments for cardiovascular disease. We then review the apoB biosynthetic pathway, focusing on steps that might be amenable to therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynley M Doonan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology and the Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
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18
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Xiao C, Stahel P, Carreiro AL, Buhman KK, Lewis GF. Recent Advances in Triacylglycerol Mobilization by the Gut. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:151-163. [PMID: 29306629 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dietary lipid absorption and lipoprotein secretion by the gut are important in maintaining whole-body energy homeostasis and have significant implications for health and disease. The processing of dietary lipids, including storage within and subsequent mobilization and transport from enterocyte cytoplasmic lipid droplets or other intestinal lipid storage pools (including the secretary pathway, lamina propria and lymphatics) and secretion of chylomicrons, involves coordinated steps that are subject to various controls. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie lipid storage and mobilization by small intestinal enterocytes and the intestinal lymphatic vasculature. Therapeutic targeting of lipid processing by the gut may provide opportunities for the treatment and prevention of dyslipidemia, and for improving health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changting Xiao
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Priska Stahel
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alicia L Carreiro
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kimberly K Buhman
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Gary F Lewis
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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19
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de Boer JF, Kuipers F, Groen AK. Cholesterol Transport Revisited: A New Turbo Mechanism to Drive Cholesterol Excretion. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:123-133. [PMID: 29276134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A fine-tuned balance between cholesterol uptake and excretion by the body is pivotal to maintain health and to remain free from the deleterious consequences of cholesterol accumulation such as cardiovascular disease. The pathways involved in intracellular and extracellular cholesterol transport are a subject of intense investigation and are being unraveled in increasing detail. In addition, insight into the complex interactions between cholesterol and bile acid metabolism has increased considerably in the last couple of years. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms involved in cholesterol uptake and excretion, with a particular emphasis on the most recent progress in this field. Special attention is given to the transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) pathway, which was recently demonstrated to have a remarkably high transport capacity and to be sensitive to pharmacological modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Xu J, Xu Y, Xu Y, Yin L, Zhang Y. Global inactivation of carboxylesterase 1 (Ces1/Ces1g) protects against atherosclerosis in Ldlr -/- mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17845. [PMID: 29259301 PMCID: PMC5736751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in the western world. Increased plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels are major risk factors for this disease. Carboxylesterase 1 (Ces1/Ces1g) has been shown to play a role in metabolic control. So far, the role of mouse Ces1/Ces1g deficiency in atherosclerosis is not elucidated. We generated Ces1/Ces1g−/− mice. Compared to wild-type mice, Ces1/Ces1g−/− mice had reduced plasma cholesterol levels. We then generated Ces1g−/−Ldlr−/− double knockout (DKO) mice, which were fed a Western diet for 16 weeks. Compared to Ldlr−/− mice, DKO mice displayed decreased plasma cholesterol and TG levels and reduced atherosclerotic lesions. Interestingly, knockdown of hepatic Ces1/Ces1g in Apoe−/− mice resulted in hyperlipidemia and exacerbated Western diet-induced atherogenesis. Mechanistically, global inactivation of Ces1/Ces1g inhibited intestinal cholesterol and fat absorption and Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 expression, and increased macrophage cholesterol efflux by inducing ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) and ABCG1. Ces1/Ces1g ablation also promoted M2 macrophage polarization and induced hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and sterol 12α-hydroxylase expression. In conclusion, global loss of Ces1/Ces1g protects against the development of atherosclerosis by inhibiting intestinal cholesterol and triglyceride absorption and promoting macrophage cholesterol efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiesi Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA.
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21
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Pati S, Krishna S, Lee JH, Ross MK, de La Serre CB, Harn DA, Wagner JJ, Filipov NM, Cummings BS. Effects of high-fat diet and age on the blood lipidome and circulating endocannabinoids of female C57BL/6 mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1863:26-39. [PMID: 28986283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in lipid metabolism play a significant role in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated disorders, and dysregulation of the lipidome across multiple diseases has prompted research to identify novel lipids indicative of disease progression. To address the significant gap in knowledge regarding the effect of age and diet on the blood lipidome, we used shotgun lipidomics with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). We analyzed blood lipid profiles of female C57BL/6 mice following high-fat diet (HFD) and low-fat diet (LFD) consumption for short (6weeks), long (22weeks), and prolonged (36weeks) periods. We examined endocannabinoid levels, plasma esterase activity, liver homeostasis, and indices of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity to compare lipid alterations with metabolic dysregulation. Multivariate analysis indicated differences in dietary blood lipid profiles with the most notable differences after 6weeks along with robust alterations due to age. HFD altered phospholipids, fatty acyls, and glycerolipids. Endocannabinoid levels were affected in an age-dependent manner, while HFD increased plasma esterase activity at all time points, with the most pronounced effect at 6weeks. HFD-consumption also altered liver mRNA levels of PPARα, PPARγ, and CD36. These findings indicate an interaction between dietary fat consumption and aging with widespread effects on the lipidome, which may provide a basis for identification of female-specific obesity- and age-related lipid biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra Pati
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Saritha Krishna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Jung Hwa Lee
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, United States
| | - Matthew K Ross
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, United States
| | - Claire B de La Serre
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Donald A Harn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - John J Wagner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States; Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of, Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Nikolay M Filipov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States; Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of, Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
| | - Brian S Cummings
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States; Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of, Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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22
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Lian J, Nelson R, Lehner R. Carboxylesterases in lipid metabolism: from mouse to human. Protein Cell 2017; 9:178-195. [PMID: 28677105 PMCID: PMC5818367 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian carboxylesterases hydrolyze a wide range of xenobiotic and endogenous compounds, including lipid esters. Physiological functions of carboxylesterases in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis in vivo have been demonstrated by genetic manipulations and chemical inhibition in mice, and in vitro through (over)expression, knockdown of expression, and chemical inhibition in a variety of cells. Recent research advances have revealed the relevance of carboxylesterases to metabolic diseases such as obesity and fatty liver disease, suggesting these enzymes might be potential targets for treatment of metabolic disorders. In order to translate pre-clinical studies in cellular and mouse models to humans, differences and similarities of carboxylesterases between mice and human need to be elucidated. This review presents and discusses the research progress in structure and function of mouse and human carboxylesterases, and the role of these enzymes in lipid metabolism and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Lian
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Randal Nelson
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Lehner
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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23
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Quiroga AD, Ceballos MP, Parody JP, Comanzo CG, Lorenzetti F, Pisani GB, Ronco MT, Alvarez MDL, Carrillo MC. Hepatic carboxylesterase 3 (Ces3/Tgh) is downregulated in the early stages of liver cancer development in the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:2043-2053. [PMID: 27523631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is accepted that cancer development is associated with metabolic changes. Previously, we established a model of hepatic preneoplasia in which adult rats were subjected to a 2-phase model of hepatocarcinogenesis (initiated-promoted, IP) for 6weeks until they develop altered hepatic foci (AHF). Here, we found that a whole metabolic shift occurs in order to favor cancer development. IP animals presented with increased plasma lipids due to increased VLDL secretion as well as increased liver lipid accretion due to stimulated transacetylase activity rather than lipogenesis, compared to control rats. We found that carboxylesterase 3/triacylglycerol hydrolase (Ces3/Tgh) presented with a perilobular distribution surrounding lipid droplets in normal livers. However, it is downregulated both at the protein and mRNA level in liver homogenates and is almost undetectable inside the AHF with no changes in the surrounding tissue. Ces3/Tgh expression is regulated by ω-3 fatty acids, thus, supplementation of diet with fish oil, allowed the restoration of Ces3/Tgh expression inside the foci and, more interestingly, led to the decrease in number and volume of the AHF. These studies show a preventive role of Ces3/Tgh in liver cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel D Quiroga
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Rosario, Argentina; Área Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - María P Ceballos
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Juan P Parody
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Carla G Comanzo
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Florencia Lorenzetti
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Gerardo B Pisani
- Área Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - María T Ronco
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - María de L Alvarez
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Rosario, Argentina; Área Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - María C Carrillo
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Rosario, Argentina; Área Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Rosario, Argentina.
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24
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Xu J, Xu Y, Li Y, Jadhav K, You M, Yin L, Zhang Y. Carboxylesterase 1 Is Regulated by Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α and Protects Against Alcohol- and MCD diet-induced Liver Injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24277. [PMID: 27075303 PMCID: PMC4831009 DOI: 10.1038/srep24277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a major organ that controls hepatic and systemic homeostasis. Dysregulation of liver metabolism may cause liver injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) regulates hepatic triglyceride metabolism and protects against liver steatosis. In the present study, we investigated whether CES1 played a role in the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced liver injury. Both hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and CES1 were markedly reduced in patients with alcoholic steatohepatitis. Alcohol repressed both HNF4α and CES1 expression in primary hepatocytes. HNF4α regulated CES1 expression by directly binding to the proximal promoter of CES1. Global inactivation of CES1 aggravated alcohol- or MCD diet-induced liver inflammation and liver injury, likely as a result of increased production of acetaldehyde and reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunctions. Knockdown of hepatic CES1 exacerbated ethanol-induced steatohepatitis. These data indicate that CES1 plays a crucial role in protection against alcohol- or MCD diet-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiesi Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Kavita Jadhav
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Min You
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
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25
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Bahitham W, Watts R, Nelson R, Lian J, Lehner R. Liver-specific expression of carboxylesterase 1g/esterase-x reduces hepatic steatosis, counteracts dyslipidemia and improves insulin signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:482-90. [PMID: 26976727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ces1g/Es-x deficiency in mice results in weight gain, insulin resistance, fatty liver and hyperlipidemia through upregulation of de novo lipogenesis and oversecretion of triacylglycerol (TG)-rich lipoproteins. Here, we show that restoration of Ces1g/Es-x expression only in the liver significantly reduced hepatic TG concentration accompanied by decreased size of lipid droplets, reduced secretion of very low-density lipoproteins and improved insulin-mediated signal transduction in the liver. Collectively, these results demonstrate that hepatic Ces1g/Es-x plays a critical role in limiting hepatic steatosis, very low-density lipoprotein assembly and in augmenting insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam Bahitham
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Russell Watts
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Randal Nelson
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Jihong Lian
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Richard Lehner
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada; Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada.
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26
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Proteomic Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Released by Adipocytes of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) Rats. Protein J 2015; 34:220-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-015-9616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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27
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Xu J, Yin L, Xu Y, Li Y, Zalzala M, Cheng G, Zhang Y. Hepatic carboxylesterase 1 is induced by glucose and regulates postprandial glucose levels. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109663. [PMID: 25285996 PMCID: PMC4186840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome, characterized by obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension, increases the risks for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and stroke. Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides and cholesterol esters, and is important for lipid metabolism. Our previous data show that over-expression of mouse hepatic CES1 lowers plasma glucose levels and improves insulin sensitivity in diabetic ob/ob mice. In the present study, we determined the physiological role of hepatic CES1 in glucose homeostasis. Hepatic CES1 expression was reduced by fasting but increased in diabetic mice. Treatment of mice with glucose induced hepatic CES1 expression. Consistent with the in vivo study, glucose stimulated CES1 promoter activity and increased acetylation of histone 3 and histone 4 in the CES1 chromatin. Knockdown of ATP-citrate lyase (ACL), an enzyme that regulates histone acetylation, abolished glucose-mediated histone acetylation in the CES1 chromatin and glucose-induced hepatic CES1 expression. Finally, knockdown of hepatic CES1 significantly increased postprandial blood glucose levels. In conclusion, the present study uncovers a novel glucose-CES1-glucose pathway which may play an important role in regulating postprandial blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiesi Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Munaf Zalzala
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Xu J, Li Y, Chen WD, Xu Y, Yin L, Ge X, Jadhav K, Adorini L, Zhang Y. Hepatic carboxylesterase 1 is essential for both normal and farnesoid X receptor-controlled lipid homeostasis. Hepatology 2014; 59:1761-1771. [PMID: 24038130 PMCID: PMC3938573 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the major health concerns worldwide. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is considered a therapeutic target for treatment of NAFLD. However, the mechanism by which activation of FXR lowers hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels remains unknown. Here we investigated the role of hepatic carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) in regulating both normal and FXR-controlled lipid homeostasis. Overexpression of hepatic CES1 lowered hepatic TG and plasma glucose levels in both wild-type and diabetic mice. In contrast, knockdown of hepatic CES1 increased hepatic TG and plasma cholesterol levels. These effects likely resulted from the TG hydrolase activity of CES1, with subsequent changes in fatty acid oxidation and/or de novo lipogenesis. Activation of FXR induced hepatic CES1, and reduced the levels of hepatic and plasma TG as well as plasma cholesterol in a CES1-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Hepatic CES1 plays a critical role in regulating both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and FXR-controlled lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiesi Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA,Key laboratory of receptor-mediated gene regulation and drug discovery, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Xuemei Ge
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Kavita Jadhav
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Luciano Adorini
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, 18 Desbrosses Street, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
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29
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Stephens ML. Re: Pickett, The Botulinum Toxin LD50 Potency Assay —Another Chapter, Another Mystery. Altern Lab Anim 2012; 40:346-7; author reply 347-8. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291204000609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L. Stephens
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing Johns Hopkins University 615 N. Wolfe Street, W7026/W7032 Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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