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García-Saldaña EA, Cerqueda-García D, Ibarra-Laclette E, Aluja M. Insights into the differences related to the resistance mechanisms to the highly toxic fruit Hippomane mancinella (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae) between the larvae of the sister species Anastrepha acris and Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) through comparative transcriptomics. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1263475. [PMID: 38304114 PMCID: PMC10830740 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1263475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The Manchineel, Hippomane mancinella ("Death Apple Tree") is one of the most toxic fruits worldwide and nevertheless is the host plant of the monophagous fruit fly species Anastrepha acris (Diptera: Tephritidae). Here we aimed at elucidating the detoxification mechanisms in larvae of A. acris reared on a diet enriched with the toxic fruit (6% lyophilizate) through comparative transcriptomics. We compared the performance of A. acris larvae with that of the sister species A. ludens, a highly polyphagous pest species that is unable to infest H. mancinella in nature. The transcriptional alterations in A. ludens were significantly greater than in A. acris. We mainly found two resistance mechanisms in both species: structural, activating cuticle protein biosynthesis (chitin-binding proteins likely reducing permeability to toxic compounds in the intestine), and metabolic, triggering biosynthesis of serine proteases and xenobiotic metabolism activation by glutathione-S-transferases and cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. Some cuticle proteins and serine proteases were not orthologous between both species, suggesting that in A. acris, a structural resistance mechanism has been selected allowing specialization to the highly toxic host plant. Our results represent a nice example of how two phylogenetically close species diverged over recent evolutionary time related to resistance mechanisms to plant secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essicka A. García-Saldaña
- Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología, A C–INECOL, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cerqueda-García
- Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología, A C–INECOL, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología, A C–INECOL, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Martín Aluja
- Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología, A C–INECOL, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
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Shahen-Zoabi S, Smoum R, Beiser T, Nemirovski A, Mechoulam R, Yaka R. N-Oleoyl Glycine and Its Derivatives Attenuate the Acquisition and Expression of Cocaine-Induced Behaviors. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:812-823. [PMID: 35647907 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a key modulatory role during synaptic plasticity and homeostatic processes in the brain and plays an important role in the neurobiological processes underlying drug addiction. Impaired endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling contributes to dysregulated synaptic plasticity, increased stress responsivity, and craving that propel addiction. Therefore, we hypothesized that boosting the ECS by exogenous administration of selective eCBs will attenuate cocaine-induced behaviors. Materials and Methods: The behavioral paradigms included psychomotor sensitization (PS) and conditioned place preference (CPP). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was used for quantitative profiling of eCBs in mouse brain. Results: We first measured the levels of eCBs in different brain areas of the reward system following chronic cocaine treatment. We found that following daily administration of cocaine, the levels of N-oleoyl glycine (OlGly) were significantly elevated in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in a region-specific manner. We next tested whether administration of OlGly will attenuate cocaine-induced behaviors. We found that administration of OlGly during withdrawal, but not during acquisition of PS, attenuated the expression of cocaine sensitization. In addition, the administration of OlGly during the acquisition of cocaine CPP, but not during withdrawal, attenuated the expression of cocaine-conditioned reward. To enhance the stability of OlGly and its duration of action, two methylated derivatives of OlGly were synthesized, the monomethylated OlGly (HU-595) and dimethylated OlGly (HU-596). We found that the effect of administration of HU-595 or HU-596 during cocaine conditioning did not differ from the OlGly-induced decrease in the expression of CPP. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the ECS is involved in the common neurobiological mechanisms underlying the development and expression of cocaine reward and drug-seeking. Boosting the ECS exogenously has beneficial effects against cocaine-induced behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Shahen-Zoabi
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reem Smoum
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tehila Beiser
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alina Nemirovski
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rami Yaka
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Caselli A, Favaro R, Petacchi R, Valicenti M, Angeli S. The Cuticular Hydrocarbons of Dasineura Oleae Show Differences Between Sex, Adult Age and Mating Status. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:369-383. [PMID: 37093418 PMCID: PMC10611616 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
In insects, cuticular lipids prevent water loss and act as semiochemicals. Because of their ecological function, the profile change across the insects' sex and development offers insight into insect biology and possible tools for pest management. Here, the first work on cecidomyiid cuticular extracts is proposed considering Dasineura oleae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) males and females at different adult ages (0-12 h, 12-24 h, 24-36 h) and distinct sexual conditions (virgin and mated). A set of 49 compounds were recorded (12 alkanes, 1 monomethyl alkane, 11 fatty acids, 4 esters, 1 aldehyde, 1 allylbenzene, 1 amine, 1 flavonoid, 1 ketone, 1 phenol, 1 steradiene, 1 sterol, 1 terpene, 1 triterpene and 11 unknown compounds), and 18 of them showed significant differences between groups. Among alkanes, hexacosane (nC26) exhibited a decreasing trend from the youngest to the oldest females, while pentacosane (nC25) and nonacosane (nC29) showed a decreasing trend from 0 to 12 h to 12-24 h virgin females. In addition, nonadecane (nC19) was significantly more abundant in the youngest males compared to older males and females. The alkanes nC25, nC26 and nC29 have been reported to be age-related also in other dipterans, while nC19 has been described as gender-specific chemical cue for platygastrid parasitoids. Further behavioural trials and analyses are required to assign the specific ecological roles to the characterized compounds. Our results may contribute to develop new low-impact control strategies relying on the manipulation of D. oleae's chemical communication (e.g. disruption of mating or species recognition). HIGHLIGHTS: • Cuticular hydrocarbons are often involved in dipteran intraspecific communication. • We explored the cuticular profile of D. oleae at different age, sex, mating condition. • Five alkanes and one mono-methyl alkane showed differences among groups. • Linoleic acid is the most abundant compound in virgins, absent in mated insects. • Eleven compounds disappear in mated insects, but were present in all virgins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Caselli
- Center of Plant Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Favaro
- Center of Plant Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Ruggero Petacchi
- Center of Plant Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Marta Valicenti
- Center of Plant Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Sergio Angeli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
- Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
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Ratnayake OC, Chotiwan N, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Perera R. The buzz in the field: the interaction between viruses, mosquitoes, and metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1128577. [PMID: 37360524 PMCID: PMC10289420 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1128577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Among many medically important pathogens, arboviruses like dengue, Zika and chikungunya cause severe health and economic burdens especially in developing countries. These viruses are primarily vectored by mosquitoes. Having surmounted geographical barriers and threat of control strategies, these vectors continue to conquer many areas of the globe exposing more than half of the world's population to these viruses. Unfortunately, no medical interventions have been capable so far to produce successful vaccines or antivirals against many of these viruses. Thus, vector control remains the fundamental strategy to prevent disease transmission. The long-established understanding regarding the replication of these viruses is that they reshape both human and mosquito host cellular membranes upon infection for their replicative benefit. This leads to or is a result of significant alterations in lipid metabolism. Metabolism involves complex chemical reactions in the body that are essential for general physiological functions and survival of an organism. Finely tuned metabolic homeostases are maintained in healthy organisms. However, a simple stimulus like a viral infection can alter this homeostatic landscape driving considerable phenotypic change. Better comprehension of these mechanisms can serve as innovative control strategies against these vectors and viruses. Here, we review the metabolic basis of fundamental mosquito biology and virus-vector interactions. The cited work provides compelling evidence that targeting metabolism can be a paradigm shift and provide potent tools for vector control as well as tools to answer many unresolved questions and gaps in the field of arbovirology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshani C. Ratnayake
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Nunya Chotiwan
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Rushika Perera
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Afshar S, Abbasinazari M, Amin G, Farrokhian A, Sistanizad M, Afshar F, Khalili S. Endocannabinoids and related compounds as modulators of angiogenesis: Concepts and clinical significance. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:826-837. [PMID: 36317321 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vasculogenesis (the process of differentiation of angioblasts toward endothelial cells and de novo formation of crude vascular networks) and angiogenesis (the process of harmonized sprouting and dispersal of new capillaries from previously existing ones) are two fundamentally complementary processes, obligatory for maintaining physiological functioning of vascular system. In clinical practice, however, the later one is of more importance as it guarantees correct embryonic nourishment, accelerates wound healing processes, prevents uncontrolled cell growth and tumorigenesis, contributes in supplying nutritional demand following occlusion of coronary vessels and is in direct relation with development of diabetic retinopathy. Hence, discovery of novel molecules capable of modulating angiogenic events are of great clinical importance. Recent studies have demonstrated multiple angio-regulatory activities for endocannabinoid system modulators and endocannabinoid-like molecules, as well as their metabolizing enzymes. Hence, in present article, we reviewed the regulatory roles of these molecules on angiogenesis and described molecular mechanisms underlying them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Afshar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbasinazari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Amin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Farrokhian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sistanizad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Afshar
- Department of internal medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayesteh Khalili
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Cho W, York AG, Wang R, Wyche TP, Piizzi G, Flavell RA, Crawford JM. N-Acyl Amides from Neisseria meningitidis and Their Role in Sphingosine Receptor Signaling. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200490. [PMID: 36112057 PMCID: PMC9762135 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that is responsible for causing human diseases with high mortality, such as septicemia and meningitis. The molecular mechanisms N. meningitidis employ to manipulate the immune system, translocate the mucosal and blood-brain barriers, and exert virulence are largely unknown. Human-associated bacteria encode a variety of bioactive small molecules with growing evidence for N-acyl amides as being important signaling molecules. However, only a small fraction of these metabolites has been identified from the human microbiota thus far. Here, we heterologously expressed an N-acyltransferase encoded in the obligate human pathogen N. meningitidis and identified 30 N-acyl amides with representative members serving as agonists of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) S1PR4. During this process, we also characterized two mammalian N-acyl amides derived from the bovine medium. Both groups of metabolites suppress anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 signaling in human macrophage cell types, but they also suppress the pro-inflammatory interleukin-17A+ population in TH 17-differentiated CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooyoung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institute of Biomolecular Design & Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Autumn G. York
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rurun Wang
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas P. Wyche
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Grazia Piizzi
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason M. Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institute of Biomolecular Design & Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- correspondence,
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7
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Sokabe T, Bradshaw HB, Tominaga M, Leishman E, Chandel A, Montell C. Endocannabinoids produced in photoreceptor cells in response to light activate Drosophila TRP channels. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabl6179. [PMID: 36219683 PMCID: PMC9633101 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abl6179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila phototransduction is a model for signaling cascades that culminate in the activation of transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels. TRP and TRPL are the canonical TRP (TRPC) channels that are regulated by light stimulation of rhodopsin and engagement of Gαq and phospholipase Cβ (PLC). Lipid metabolite(s) generated downstream of PLC are essential for the activation of the TRPC channels in photoreceptor cells. We sought to identify the key lipids produced subsequent to PLC stimulation that contribute to channel activation. Here, using genetics, lipid analysis, and Ca2+ imaging, we found that light increased the amount of an abundant endocannabinoid, 2-linoleoyl glycerol (2-LG), in vivo. The increase in 2-LG amounts depended on the PLC and diacylglycerol lipase encoded by norpA and inaE, respectively. This endocannabinoid facilitated TRPC-dependent Ca2+ influx in a heterologous expression system and in dissociated ommatidia from compound eyes. Moreover, 2-LG and mechanical stimulation cooperatively activated TRPC channels in ommatidia. We propose that 2-LG is a physiologically relevant endocannabinoid that activates TRPC channels in photoreceptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Sokabe
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara; California 93106, USA
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, and Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences; Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI; Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Heather B. Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University; Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, and Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences; Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI; Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University; Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
| | - Avinash Chandel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara; California 93106, USA
| | - Craig Montell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara; California 93106, USA
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Bhandari S, Bisht KS, Merkler DJ. The Biosynthesis and Metabolism of the N-Acylated Aromatic Amino Acids: N-Acylphenylalanine, N-Acyltyrosine, N-Acyltryptophan, and N-Acylhistidine. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:801749. [PMID: 35047560 PMCID: PMC8762209 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.801749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid amides are a family of lipids composed of two chemical moieties, a fatty acid and a biogenic amine linked together in an amide bond. This lipid family is structurally related to the endocannabinoid anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine) and, thus, is frequently referred to as a family of endocannabinoid-related lipids. The fatty acid amide family is divided into different classes based on the conjugate amine; anandamide being a member of the N-acylethanolamine class (NAE). Another class within the fatty acid amide family is the N-acyl amino acids (NA-AAs). The focus of this review is a sub-class of the NA-AAs, the N-acyl aromatic amino acids (NA-ArAAs). The NA-ArAAs are not broadly recognized, even by those interested in the endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related lipids. Herein, the NA-ArAAs that have been identified from a biological source will be highlighted and pathways for their biosynthesis, degradation, enzymatic modification, and transport will be presented. Also, information about the cellular functions of the NA-ArAAs will be placed in context with the data regarding the identification and metabolism of these N-acylated amino acids. A review of the current state-of-knowledge about the NA-ArAAs is to stimulate future research about this underappreciated sub-class of the fatty acid amide family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzeeta Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Kirpal S Bisht
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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Abohalaka R, Bozkurt TE, Reçber T, Onder SC, Nemutlu E, Kır S, Sahin-Erdemli I. The effects of systemic and local fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor treatments on the metabolomic profile of lungs. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 36:e5231. [PMID: 34449902 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the endocannabinoid system to both physiology and pathological processes in the respiratory system makes it a promising target for inflammatory airway diseases. Previously, we have shown that increasing the tissue endocannabinoid levels by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors can prevent airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. In this study, the changes in the levels of major metabolites of endocannabinoids by systemic and local FAAH or MAGL inhibitor treatments were evaluated. Mice were treated with either the FAAH inhibitor URB597 or the MAGL inhibitor JZL184 by local (intranasal) or systemic (intraperitoneal) application. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids and lungs were isolated afterward in order to perform histopathological and metabolomic analyses. There were no significant histopathological changes in the lungs and neutrophil, and macrophage and lymphocyte numbers in BAL fluid were not altered after local and systemic treatments. However, GC-MS-based metabolomics profile allowed us to identify 102 metabolites in lung samples, among which levels of 75 metabolites were significantly different from the control. The metabolites whose levels were changed by treatments were mostly related to the endocannabinoid system and energy metabolism. Therefore, these changes may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of URB597 and JZL184 treatments in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshed Abohalaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Turgut Emrah Bozkurt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuba Reçber
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevgen Celik Onder
- Department of Medical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emirhan Nemutlu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sedef Kır
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Inci Sahin-Erdemli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Vitorović J, Joković N, Radulović N, Mihajilov-Krstev T, Cvetković VJ, Jovanović N, Mitrović T, Aleksić A, Stanković N, Bernstein N. Antioxidant Activity of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) Seed Oil in Drosophila melanogaster Larvae under Non-Stress and H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Stress Conditions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060830. [PMID: 34067432 PMCID: PMC8224776 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The oil extracted from hemp seeds has significant nutritional and biological properties due to the unique composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids and various antioxidant compounds. The potential of this oil for the prevention of oxidative stress and for the treatment of oxidative-stress-induced ailments is of increasing interest. Most studies of hemp seed oil were conducted in-vitro, meaning we lack information about effects and activity in vivo. In the present study, we evaluated the hypothesis that hemp seed oil at different concentrations improves the oxidative state of D. melanogaster, under non-stress as well as hydrogen-peroxide-induced stress. We analyzed the effects of hemp seed oil on oxidative stress markers and on the life cycle of D.melanogaster under non-stress and hydrogen-peroxide-induced stress conditions. D.melanogaster larvae were exposed to hemp seed oil concentrations ranging from 12.5 to 125 μL/mL. The results revealed that under non-stress conditions, oil concentrations up to 62.5 µL/mL did not induce negative effects on the life cycle of D. melanogaster and maintained the redox status of the larval cells at similar levels to the control level. Under oxidative stress conditions, biochemical parameters were significantly affected and only two oil concentrations, 18.7 and 31.2 µL/mL, provided protection against hydrogen peroxide stress effects. A higher oil concentration (125 μL/mL) exerted negative effects on the oxidative status and increased larval mortality. The tested oil was characterized chemically by NMR, transesterification, and silylation, followed by GC-MS analyses, and was shown to contain polyunsaturated fatty acid triglycerides and low levels of tocopherols. The high levels of linoleic and linolenic acids in the oil are suggested to be responsible for the observed in vivo antioxidant effects. Taken together, the results show that hemp seed oil is effective for reducing oxidative stress at the cellular level, thus supporting the hypothesis. The obtained results point to the potential of hemp seed oil for the prevention and treatment of conditions caused by the action of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Vitorović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (J.V.); (N.J.); (T.M.-K.); (V.J.C.); (N.J.); (T.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Nataša Joković
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (J.V.); (N.J.); (T.M.-K.); (V.J.C.); (N.J.); (T.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Niko Radulović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
| | - Tatjana Mihajilov-Krstev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (J.V.); (N.J.); (T.M.-K.); (V.J.C.); (N.J.); (T.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Vladimir J. Cvetković
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (J.V.); (N.J.); (T.M.-K.); (V.J.C.); (N.J.); (T.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Nikola Jovanović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (J.V.); (N.J.); (T.M.-K.); (V.J.C.); (N.J.); (T.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Tatjana Mitrović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (J.V.); (N.J.); (T.M.-K.); (V.J.C.); (N.J.); (T.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Ana Aleksić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (J.V.); (N.J.); (T.M.-K.); (V.J.C.); (N.J.); (T.M.); (A.A.)
| | | | - Nirit Bernstein
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 15159, Israel
- Correspondence:
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11
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Ni R, Bhandari S, Mitchell PR, Suarez G, Patel NB, Lamb K, Bisht KS, Merkler DJ. Synthesis, Quantification, and Characterization of Fatty Acid Amides from In Vitro and In Vivo Sources. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092543. [PMID: 33925418 PMCID: PMC8123904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amides are a diverse family of underappreciated, biologically occurring lipids. Herein, the methods for the chemical synthesis and subsequent characterization of specific members of the fatty acid amide family are described. The synthetically prepared fatty acid amides and those obtained commercially are used as standards for the characterization and quantification of the fatty acid amides produced by biological systems, a fatty acid amidome. The fatty acid amidomes from mouse N18TG2 cells, sheep choroid plexus cells, Drosophila melanogaster, Bombyx mori, Apis mellifera, and Tribolium castaneum are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kirpal S. Bisht
- Correspondence: (K.S.B.); (D.J.M.); Tel.: +1-813-974-0350 (K.S.B.); +1-813-974-3579 (D.J.M.)
| | - David J. Merkler
- Correspondence: (K.S.B.); (D.J.M.); Tel.: +1-813-974-0350 (K.S.B.); +1-813-974-3579 (D.J.M.)
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12
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Tortoriello G, Beiersdorf J, Romani S, Williams G, Cameron GA, Mackie K, Williams MJ, Di Marzo V, Keimpema E, Doherty P, Harkany T. Genetic Manipulation of sn-1-Diacylglycerol Lipase and CB 1 Cannabinoid Receptor Gain-of-Function Uncover Neuronal 2-Linoleoyl Glycerol Signaling in Drosophila melanogaster. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021; 6:119-136. [PMID: 33912677 DOI: 10.1089/can.2020.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In mammals, sn-1-diacylglycerol lipases (DAGL) generate 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) that, as the major endocannabinoid, modulates synaptic neurotransmission by acting on CB1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1R). Even though the insect genome codes for inaE, which is a DAGL ortholog (dDAGL), its products and their functions remain unknown particularly because insects lack chordate-type cannabinoid receptors. Materials and Methods: Gain-of-function and loss-of-function genetic manipulations were carried out in Drosophila melanogaster, including the generation of both dDAGL-deficient and mammalian CB1R-overexpressing flies. Neuroanatomy, dietary manipulations coupled with targeted mass spectrometry determination of arachidonic acid and 2-linoleoyl glycerol (2-LG) production, behavioral assays, and signal transduction profiling for Akt and Erk kinases were employed. Findings from Drosophilae were validated by a CB1R-binding assay for 2-LG in mammalian cortical homogenates with functionality confirmed in neurons using high-throughput real-time imaging in vitro. Results: In this study, we show that dDAGL is primarily expressed in the brain and nerve cord of Drosophila during larval development and in adult with 2-LG being its chief product as defined by dietary precursor availability. Overexpression of the human CB1R in the ventral nerve cord compromised the mobility of adult Drosophilae. The causality of 2-LG signaling to CB1R-induced behavioral impairments was shown by inaE inactivation normalizing defunct motor coordination. The 2-LG-induced activation of transgenic CB1Rs affected both Akt and Erk kinase cascades by paradoxical signaling. Data from Drosophila models were substantiated by showing 2-LG-mediated displacement of [3H]CP 55,940 in mouse cortical homogenates and reduced neurite extension and growth cone collapsing responses in cultured mouse neurons. Conclusions: Overall, these results suggest that 2-LG is an endocannabinoid-like signal lipid produced by dDAGL in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tortoriello
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Beiersdorf
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susana Romani
- Wolfson Center for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Williams
- Wolfson Center for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gary A Cameron
- School of Applied Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Canada Excellence Research Chair, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec and Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Erik Keimpema
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Doherty
- Wolfson Center for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Yao L, Hu Q, Zhang C, Ghonaim AH, Cheng Y, Ma H, Yu X, Wang J, Fan X, He Q. Untargeted LC-MS based metabolomic profiling of iPAMs to investigate lipid metabolic pathways alternations induced by different Pseudorabies virus strains. Vet Microbiol 2021; 256:109041. [PMID: 33813308 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Owing to viral recombination, interspecies transmission, and evolution, variant pseudorabies virus (PRV) strains exhibit different biological characteristics and pathogenicity. To improve the understanding of common and specific metabolic changes that occur upon infection by different PRV strains, we herein describe the comprehensive analysis of metabolites of PRV vaccine strain (Bartha K61), classical strain (EA) and variant strain (HNX) infection in immortalized porcine alveolar macrophage cells. Compared with uninfected cells, cells infected with Bartha K61, EA and HNX had 246, 225, and 272 differing metabolites, respectively. In the three types of PRV-strain-infected cells, lipids and lipid-like molecules accounted for over 50 % of the altered metabolites. As these viruses are enveloped, viral replication, assembly and release occur on cellular membranes primed through the manipulation of the host metabolism. We analyzed the potential relationship between virus replication and the virus-mediated host metabolism. Our study resulted in the first reconstruction of the major lipid metabolic pathways involved in PRV infection, including those of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, glycerolipids, and fatty acyls. In addition, the metabolic perturbations caused by different PRV strain infections are consistent across many species, however, our results also revealed many specific metabolic alterations during HNX infection, such as the enrichment of phosphatidylinositol and 15R-PGE2 methyl ester 15-acetate, and the diminishment of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, and ceramides. These strain-specific altered metabolites may be linked to the unique biological characteristics and pathogenicity of the HNX strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Qiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Chengjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Ahmed H Ghonaim
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; Desert Research Center, Cairo, 11435, Egypt
| | - Yufang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Hailong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Xuexiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Xiansheng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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14
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Rani B, Santangelo A, Romano A, Koczwara JB, Friuli M, Provensi G, Blandina P, Casarrubea M, Gaetani S, Passani MB, Costa A. Brain histamine and oleoylethanolamide restore behavioral deficits induced by chronic social defeat stress in mice. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100317. [PMID: 33869681 PMCID: PMC8039856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological mechanisms underlying the complex interplay between life stressors and metabolic factors is receiving growing interest and is being analyzed as one of the many factors contributing to depressive illness. The brain histaminergic system modulates neuronal activity extensively and we demonstrated that its integrity is necessary for peripheral signals such as the bioactive lipid mediator oleoylethanolamide (OEA) to exert its central actions. Here, we investigated the role of brain histamine and its interaction with OEA in response to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), a preclinical protocol widely used to study physio-pathological mechanisms underlying symptoms observed in depression. Both histidine decarboxylase null (HDC-/-) and HDC+/+ mice were subjected to CSDS for 21 days and treated with either OEA or vehicle daily, starting 10 days after CSDS initiation, until sacrifice. Undisturbed mice served as controls. To test the hypothesis of a histamine-OEA interplay on behavioral responses affected by chronic stress, tests encompassing the social, ethological and memory domains were used. CSDS caused cognitive and social behavior impairments in both genotypes, however, only stressed HDC+/+ mice responded to the beneficial effects of OEA. To detect subtle behavioral features, an advanced multivariate approach known as T-pattern analysis was used. It revealed unexpected differences of the organization of behavioral sequences during mice social interaction between the two genotypes. These data confirm the centrality of the neurotransmitter histamine as a modulator of complex behavioral responses and directly implicate OEA as a protective agent against social stress consequences in a histamine dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Firenze (I), Italy
| | - Andrea Santangelo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Firenze (I), Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia 'V. Erspamer', Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Justyna Barbara Koczwara
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia 'V. Erspamer', Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Marzia Friuli
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia 'V. Erspamer', Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Gustavo Provensi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del bambino (Neurofarba) Università di Firenze Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Firenze Italy
| | - Patrizio Blandina
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del bambino (Neurofarba) Università di Firenze Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Firenze Italy
| | - Maurizio Casarrubea
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata (Bi.N.D.), Sezione di Fisiologia Umana "Giuseppe Pagano", Università degli Studi di Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia 'V. Erspamer', Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Firenze (I), Italy
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15
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He J, Tan AMX, Ng SY, Rui M, Yu F. Cannabinoids modulate food preference and consumption in Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4709. [PMID: 33633260 PMCID: PMC7907270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids have an important role in regulating feeding behaviors via cannabinoid receptors in mammals. Cannabinoids also exhibit potential therapeutic functions in Drosophila melanogaster, or fruit fly that lacks cannabinoid receptors. However, it remains unclear whether cannabinoids affect food consumption and metabolism in a cannabinoid receptors-independent manner in flies. In this study, we systematically investigated pharmacological functions of various cannabinoids in modulating food preference and consumption in flies. We show that flies display preferences for consuming cannabinoids, independent of two important sensory regulators Poxn and Orco. Interestingly, phyto- and endo- cannabinoids exhibit an inhibitory effect on food intake. Unexpectedly, the non-selective CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 attenuates the suppression of food intake by endocannabinoids. Moreover, the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) and its metabolite inhibit food intake and promote resistance to starvation, possibly through reduced lipid metabolism. Thus, this study has provided insights into a pharmacological role of cannabinoids in feeding behaviors using an adult Drosophila model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzheng He
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore.
| | - Alice Mei Xien Tan
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Si Yun Ng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Menglong Rui
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Fengwei Yu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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16
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Bashashati M, Leishman E, Bradshaw H, Sigaroodi S, Tatro E, Bright T, McCallum R, Sarosiek I. Plasma endocannabinoids and cannabimimetic fatty acid derivatives are altered in gastroparesis: A sex- and subtype-dependent observation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e13961. [PMID: 32779297 PMCID: PMC8018519 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroparesis (GP) is a motility disorder of the stomach presenting with upper gastrointestinal symptoms in the setting of delayed gastric emptying. Endocannabinoids are involved in the regulation of GI function including motility. However, their role in the pathophysiology of GP has not been sufficiently investigated. Our goal was to compare the circulating levels of endocannabinoids and cannabimimetic fatty acid derivatives in GP versus control subjects. METHODS The study compared plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids and their lipoamine and 2-acyl glycerol congeners, measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS), in adult patients with diabetic gastroparesis (DM-GP; n = 24; n = 16 female), idiopathic gastroparesis (ID-GP; n = 19; n = 11 female), diabetic patients without GP (DM; n = 19; n = 10 female), and healthy controls (HC; n = 18; n = 10 female). Data, presented as mean ± SEM, were analyzed with ANOVA (Sidak post hoc). KEY RESULTS Endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA: 0.5 ± 0.1 nMol/L) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG: 2.6 ± 0.7 nMol/L) were significantly lower in female DM-GP patients vs. DM females (AEA: 2.5 ± 0.7 nMol/L and 2-AG: 9.4 ± 3.3 nMol/L). Other monoacylglycerols including 2-palmitoyl glycerol and 2-oleoyl glycerol were also lower in female DM-GP patients compared to DM females. No changes were observed in men. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Endocannabinoids and other fatty acid derivatives with cannabimimetic properties are reduced in female DM-GP patients. Since GP, particularly with diabetic etiology, is more prevalent among women and since cannabinoids are antiemetic, this decrease in levels may contribute to symptom development in these subjects. Targeting the endocannabinoid system may be a future therapeutic option in DM-GP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bashashati
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Heather Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Solmaz Sigaroodi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA,Department of Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Eric Tatro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Tamis Bright
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Richard McCallum
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Irene Sarosiek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
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17
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Gumiel M, de Mattos DP, Vieira CS, Moraes CS, Moreira CJDC, Gonzalez MS, Teixeira-Ferreira A, Waghabi M, Azambuja P, Carels N. Proteome of the Triatomine Digestive Tract: From Catalytic to Immune Pathways; Focusing on Annexin Expression. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:589435. [PMID: 33363206 PMCID: PMC7755933 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.589435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodnius prolixus, Panstrongylus megistus, Triatoma infestans, and Dipetalogaster maxima are all triatomines and potential vectors of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi responsible for human Chagas' disease. Considering that the T. cruzi's cycle occurs inside the triatomine digestive tract (TDT), the analysis of the TDT protein profile is an essential step to understand TDT physiology during T. cruzi infection. To characterize the protein profile of TDT of D. maxima, P. megistus, R. prolixus, and T. infestans, a shotgun liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach was applied in this report. Most proteins were found to be closely related to metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis/glycolysis, citrate cycle, fatty acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, but also to the immune system. We annotated this new proteome contribution gathering it with those previously published in accordance with Gene Ontology and KEGG. Enzymes were classified in terms of class, acceptor, and function, while the proteins from the immune system were annotated by reference to the pathways of humoral response, cell cycle regulation, Toll, IMD, JNK, Jak-STAT, and MAPK, as available from the Insect Innate Immunity Database (IIID). These pathways were further subclassified in recognition, signaling, response, coagulation, melanization and none. Finally, phylogenetic affinities and gene expression of annexins were investigated for understanding their role in the protection and homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cells against the inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Gumiel
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Research Department, Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo (UNIFRANZ), La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Debora Passos de Mattos
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Cecília Stahl Vieira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Entomologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Silva Moraes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Salabert Gonzalez
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Departamento de Entomologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Waghabi
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Azambuja
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Departamento de Entomologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Carels
- Laboratório de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation in Neglected Diseases (INCT-IDN), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Ayoub SM, Smoum R, Farag M, Atwal H, Collins SA, Rock EM, Limebeer CL, Piscitelli F, Iannotti FA, Lichtman AH, Leri F, Di Marzo V, Mechoulam R, Parker LA. Oleoyl alanine (HU595): a stable monomethylated oleoyl glycine interferes with acute naloxone precipitated morphine withdrawal in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2753-2765. [PMID: 32556401 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Oleoyl glycine, a little studied fatty acid amide similar in structure to anandamide, interferes with nicotine addiction in mice and acute naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal (MWD) in rats. Because endogenous oleoyl glycine is subject to rapid enzymatic deactivation, we evaluated the potential of more stable analogs to interfere with opiate withdrawal. OBJECTIVES The potential of monomethylated oleoyl glycine (oleoyl alanine, HU595) to interfere with somatic and aversive effects of acute naloxone-precipitated MWD, its duration, and mechanism of action was assessed in male Sprague Dawley rats. The potential of dimethylated oleoyl glycine (HU596) to interfere with the aversive effects of naloxone-precipitated MWD was also investigated. RESULTS Oleoyl alanine (HU595) interfered with somatic and aversive effects produced by naloxone-precipitated MWD at equivalent doses (1 and 5 mg/kg, i.p.) as we have reported for oleoyl glycine; however, oleoyl alanine produced a longer lasting (60 min) interference, yet did not produce rewarding or aversive effects on its own and did not modify locomotor activity. HU596 was not effective. The interference with aversive effects of naloxone-precipitated MWD by oleoyl alanine was prevented by both a PPARα antagonist and a CB1 receptor antagonist. Accordingly, the compound was found to inhibit FAAH and activate PPARα in vitro. Finally, oleoyl alanine also reduced acute naloxone-precipitated MWD anhedonia, as measured by decreased saccharin preference. CONCLUSIONS Oleoyl alanine (also an endogenous fatty acid) may be a more stable and effective treatment for opiate withdrawal than oleoyl glycine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Ayoub
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Reem Smoum
- Institute of Drug Research, Medical Faculty, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mathew Farag
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Harkirat Atwal
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Stephen A Collins
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Erin M Rock
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Limebeer
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Francesco Leri
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome/Endocannabinoid Axis in Metabolomic Health, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute of Drug Research, Medical Faculty, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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19
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Jacobs JA, Sehgal A. Anandamide Metabolites Protect against Seizures through the TRP Channel Water Witch in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107710. [PMID: 32492422 PMCID: PMC9161705 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids protect against seizures, but their mechanism of action is still unclear, as they can have effects independent of known cannabinoid receptors. Using Drosophila melanogaster, which lacks canonical cannabinoid receptors, we report that the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol protect against seizures in multiple fly seizure models. Surprisingly, inhibition of anandamide catabolism renders flies insensitive to protection by anandamide, indicating that anandamide metabolites are responsible for seizure protection. Consistent with this finding, arachidonic acid, a direct metabolite of anandamide, protects against seizures. To identify downstream effectors, we test for a role of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and find that the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine blocks the protective effect of anandamide. Also, a targeted genetic screen of TRP channels identifies water witch as a mediator of protection by anandamide. Using a Drosophila model, we reveal the role of arachidonic acid in seizure protection and identify a cannabinoid-receptor-1/2-independent mechanism of endocannabinoid seizure protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Jacobs
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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20
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Tuthill BF, Searcy LA, Yost RA, Musselman LP. Tissue-specific analysis of lipid species in Drosophila during overnutrition by UHPLC-MS/MS and MALDI-MSI. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:275-290. [PMID: 31900315 PMCID: PMC7053833 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets high in calories can be used to model metabolic diseases, including obesity and its associated comorbidities, in animals. Drosophila melanogaster fed high-sugar diets (HSDs) exhibit complications of human obesity including hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, cardiomyopathy, increased susceptibility to infection, and reduced longevity. We hypothesize that lipid storage in the high-sugar-fed fly's fat body (FB) reaches a maximum capacity, resulting in the accumulation of toxic lipids in other tissues or lipotoxicity. We took two approaches to characterize tissue-specific lipotoxicity. Ultra-HPLC-MS/MS and MALDI-MS imaging enabled spatial and temporal localization of lipid species in the FB, heart, and hemolymph. Substituent chain length was diet dependent, with fewer odd chain esterified FAs on HSDs in all sample types. By contrast, dietary effects on double bond content differed among organs, consistent with a model where some substituent pools are shared and others are spatially restricted. Both di- and triglycerides increased on HSDs in all sample types, similar to observations in obese humans. Interestingly, there were dramatic effects of sugar feeding on lipid ethers, which have not been previously associated with lipotoxicity. Taken together, we have identified candidate endocrine mechanisms and molecular targets that may be involved in metabolic disease and lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryon F. Tuthill
- Department of Biological Sciences,Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY
| | - Louis A. Searcy
- Department of Chemistry,University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Richard A. Yost
- Department of Chemistry,University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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21
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Battista N, Bari M, Bisogno T. N-Acyl Amino Acids: Metabolism, Molecular Targets, and Role in Biological Processes. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120822. [PMID: 31817019 PMCID: PMC6995544 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid signal is becoming increasingly crowded as increasingly fatty acid amide derivatives are being identified and considered relevant therapeutic targets. The identification of N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine as endogenous ligand of cannabinoid type-1 and type-2 receptors as well as the development of different–omics technologies have the merit to have led to the discovery of a huge number of naturally occurring N-acyl-amines. Among those mediators, N-acyl amino acids, chemically related to the endocannabinoids and belonging to the complex lipid signaling system now known as endocannabinoidome, have been rapidly growing for their therapeutic potential. Here, we review the current knowledge of the mechanisms for the biosynthesis and inactivation of the N-acyl amino acids, as well as the various molecular targets for some of the N-acyl amino acids described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Battista
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.B.)
| | - Monica Bari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.B.)
| | - Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.B.)
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22
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Anderson RL, Wallis DJ, Aguirre A, Holliday D, Merkler DJ. Knockdown of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase-like 2 in Drosophila melanogaster. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 102:e21608. [PMID: 31385627 PMCID: PMC6834884 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster produces fatty acid amides, and thus, provides a model to unravel the pathways for their biosynthesis. We previously demonstrated that arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase-like 2 (AANATL2) from D. melanogaster will catalyze the formation of long-chain N-acylserotonins and N-acyldopamines in vitro. Generating silencing RNA via the UAS/GAL4 bipartite approach for targeted gene expression effectively decreased the endogenous levels of the AANATL2 transcripts in D. melanogaster, as shown by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Consistent with these data, western blot analysis of the offspring of the AANATL2 knockdown flies using an anti-AANATL2 antibody revealed a significant reduction in the expression of the AANATL2 protein. Reduced expression of AANATL2 decreased the cellular levels of N-palmitoyldopamine (PALDA), providing strong evidence that AANATL2 is responsible for the biosynthesis of PALDA in vivo. This is the first time that the expression of an AANAT has been reduced in D. melanogaster to link one of these enzymes to the in vivo production of an N-acylarylalkylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Dylan J Wallis
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Alexander Aguirre
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Dean Holliday
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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23
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Dunbar CA, Rayaprolu V, Wang JCY, Brown CJ, Leishman E, Jones-Burrage S, Trinidad JC, Bradshaw HB, Clemmer DE, Mukhopadhyay S, Jarrold MF. Dissecting the Components of Sindbis Virus from Arthropod and Vertebrate Hosts: Implications for Infectivity Differences. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:892-902. [PMID: 30986033 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sindbis virus (SINV) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus, which is transmitted via mosquitos to a wide range of vertebrate hosts. SINV produced by vertebrate, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells is more than an order of magnitude less infectious than SINV produced from mosquito (C6/36) cells. The cause of this difference is poorly understood. In this study, charge detection mass spectrometry was used to determine the masses of intact SINV particles isolated from BHK and C6/36 cells. The measured masses are substantially different: 52.88 MDa for BHK derived SINV and 50.69 MDa for C6/36 derived. Further analysis using several mass spectrometry-based methods and biophysical approaches indicates that BHK derived SINV has a substantially higher mass than C6/36 derived because in the lipid bilayer, there is a higher portion of lipids containing long chain fatty acids. The difference in lipid composition could influence the organization of the lipid bilayer. As a result, multiple stages of the viral lifecycle may be affected including assembly and budding, particle stability during transmission, and fusion events, all of which could contribute to the differences in infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen A. Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Vamseedhar Rayaprolu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Joseph C.-Y. Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Simon Hall, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christopher J. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Sara Jones-Burrage
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jonathan C. Trinidad
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Heather B. Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - David E. Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Suchetana Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Martin F. Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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24
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Sinha S, Ray A, Abhilash L, Kumar M, Sreenivasamurthy SK, Keshava Prasad TS, Inamdar MS. Proteomics of Asrij Perturbation in Drosophila Lymph Glands for Identification of New Regulators of Hematopoiesis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1171-1182. [PMID: 30923041 PMCID: PMC6553936 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the process of differentiation of precursor blood cells into mature blood cells that is controlled by a complex set of molecular interactions. Understanding hematopoiesis is important for the study of hematological disorders. However, a comprehensive understanding of how physiological and genetic mechanisms regulate blood cell precursor maintenance and differentiation is lacking. Owing to simplicity and ease of genetic analysis, the Drosophila melanogaster lymph gland (LG) is an excellent model to study hematopoiesis. Here, we quantitatively analyzed the LG proteome under genetic conditions that either maintain precursors or promote their differentiation in vivo, by perturbing expression of Asrij, a conserved endosomal regulator of hematopoiesis. Using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics, we determined the relative expression levels of proteins in Asrij-knockout and overexpressing LGs from 1500 larval dissections compared with wild type. Our data showed that at least 6.5% of the Drosophila proteome is expressed in wild type LGs. Of the 2133 proteins identified, 780 and 208 proteins were common to previously reported cardiac tube and hemolymph proteomes, respectively, resulting in the identification of 1238 proteins exclusive to the LG. Perturbation of Asrij levels led to differential expression of 619 proteins, of which 27% have human homologs implicated in various diseases. Proteins regulating metabolism, immune system, signal transduction and vesicle-mediated transport were significantly enriched. Immunostaining of representative candidates from the enriched categories and previous reports confirmed 73% of our results, indicating the validity of our LG proteome. Our study provides, for the first time, an in vivo proteomics resource for identifying novel regulators of hematopoiesis that will also be applicable to understanding vertebrate blood cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Sinha
- From the ‡Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Arindam Ray
- From the ‡Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Lakshman Abhilash
- From the ‡Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- §Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
- ¶Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Sreelakshmi K Sreenivasamurthy
- §Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
- ‖NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- §Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
- **Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore-575018, India
| | - Maneesha S Inamdar
- From the ‡Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India;
- ‡‡Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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25
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Leishman E, Mackie K, Bradshaw HB. Elevated Levels of Arachidonic Acid-Derived Lipids Including Prostaglandins and Endocannabinoids Are Present Throughout ABHD12 Knockout Brains: Novel Insights Into the Neurodegenerative Phenotype. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:142. [PMID: 31213981 PMCID: PMC6555221 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Derived from arachidonic acid (AA), the endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) is a substrate for α/β hydrolase domain-12 (ABHD12). Loss-of-function mutations of ABHD12 are associated with the neurodegenerative disorder polyneuropathy, hearing loss, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and cataract (PHARC). ABHD12 knockout (KO) mice show PHARC-like behaviors in older adulthood. Here, we test the hypothesis that ABHD12 deletion age-dependently regulates bioactive lipids in the CNS. Lipidomics analysis of the brainstem, cerebellum, cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, midbrain, striatum and thalamus from male young (3–4 months) and older (7 months) adult ABHD12 KO and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice was performed on over 80 lipids via HPLC/MS/MS, including eCBs, lipoamines, 2-acyl glycerols, free fatty acids, and prostaglandins (PGs). Aging and ABHD12 deletion drove widespread changes in the CNS lipidome; however, the effects of ABHD12 deletion were similar between old and young mice, meaning that many alterations in the lipidome precede PHARC-like symptoms. AA-derived lipids were particularly sensitive to ABHD12 deletion. 2-AG increased in the striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum, thalamus, midbrain, and brainstem, whereas the eCB N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA) increased in all 8 brain regions, along with at least 2-PGs. Aging also had a widespread effect on the lipidome and more age-related changes in bioactive lipids were found in ABHD12 KO mice than WT suggesting that ABHD12 deletion exacerbates the effects of age. The most robust effects of aging (independent of genotype) across the CNS were decreases in N-acyl GABAs and N-acyl glycines. In conclusion, levels of bioactive lipids are dynamic throughout adulthood and deleting ABHD12 disrupts the wider lipidome, modulating multiple AA-derived lipids with potential consequences for neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leishman
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
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26
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Leishman E, Kunkler PE, Hurley JH, Miller S, Bradshaw HB. Bioactive Lipids in Cancer, Inflammation and Related Diseases : Acute and Chronic Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Differentially Changes Levels of Bioactive Lipids in the CNS Associated with Headache. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1161:193-217. [PMID: 31562631 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21735-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Headache is a common complaint after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Changes in the CNS lipidome were previously associated with acrolein-induced headache in rodents. mTBI caused similar headache-like symptoms in rats; therefore, we tested the hypothesis that mTBI might likewise alter the lipidome. Using a stereotaxic impactor, rats were given either a single mTBI or a series of 4 mTBIs 48 h apart. 72 h later for single mTBI and 7 days later for repeated mTBI, the trigeminal ganglia (TG), trigeminal nucleus (TNC), and cerebellum (CER) were isolated. Using HPLC/MS/MS, ~80 lipids were measured in each tissue and compared to sham controls. mTBI drove widespread alterations in lipid levels. Single mTBI increased arachidonic acid and repeated mTBI increased prostaglandins in all 3 tissue types. mTBI affected multiple TRPV agonists, including N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA), which increased in the TNC and CER after single mTBI. After repeated mTBI, AEA increased in the TG, but decreased in the TNC. Common to all tissue types in single and repeated mTBI was an increase the AEA metabolite, N-arachidonoyl glycine, a potent activator of microglial migration. Changes in the CNS lipidome associated with mTBI likely play a role in headache and in long-term neurodegenerative effects of repeated mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Phillip E Kunkler
- Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Joyce H Hurley
- Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sally Miller
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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27
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Leishman E, Manchanda M, Thelen R, Miller S, Mackie K, Bradshaw HB. Cannabidiol's Upregulation of N-acyl Ethanolamines in the Central Nervous System Requires N-acyl Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine-Specific Phospholipase D. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2018; 3:228-241. [PMID: 30515459 PMCID: PMC6277981 DOI: 10.1089/can.2018.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are bioactive cannabinoids. We recently showed that acute THC administration drives region-dependent changes in the mouse brain lipidome. This study tested the hypothesis that cell lines representing cell types present in the central nervous system (CNS), neurons (N18 cells), astrocytes (C6 glioma cells), and microglia (BV2 cells) would respond differently to THC, CBD, or their combination. This experimental strategy also allowed us to test the hypothesis that THC and CBD are metabolized differently if presented in combination and to test the hypothesis that responses to CBD are not like the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that CBD's CNS effects would differ in the N-acyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine-specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) knockout (KO) compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Methods: N18, C6, and BV2 cells were stimulated with 1 μM THC, 1 μM CBD, 1 μM THC:CBD, 1 μM URB597, or vehicle for 2 h and lipids extracted. Adult female WT and NAPE-PLD KO mice were injected with 3 mg/kg CBD or vehicle i.p., brains collected 2 h later, eight brain regions dissected, and lipids extracted. Extracted lipids were characterized and quantified using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). Results: Lipid levels in each cell type were differentially affected by THC, CBD, or THC:CBD with a few exceptions. In all cell lines, THC increased levels of arachidonic acid and CBD increased levels of N-acyl ethanolamines (NAEs), including N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine. More THC remained when cells were coincubated with CBD; however, levels of THC metabolites were cell-type dependent. CBD and URB597 caused very different lipid profiles in the cell-based assays with the primary similarity being increases in NAEs. CBD increased levels of NAEs in the WT hippocampus, cerebellum, thalamus, cortex, midbrain, and brainstem; however, NAEs did not increase in any brain region after CBD in NAPE-PLD KO mice. Conclusions: CBD and THC differentially modify the lipidome of the brain and CNS-type cell lines. Increases in NAEs observed after CBD treatment had previously been attributed to FAAH inhibition; however, data here suggest the alternative hypothesis that CBD is activating NAPE-PLD to increase NAE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leishman
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Meera Manchanda
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Rachel Thelen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Sally Miller
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Ken Mackie
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana.,Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
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28
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Leishman E, Murphy MN, Murphy MI, Mackie K, Bradshaw HB. Broad and Region-Specific Impacts of the Synthetic Cannabinoid CP 55,940 in Adolescent and Adult Female Mouse Brains. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:436. [PMID: 30542263 PMCID: PMC6277767 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Relative to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the synthetic cannabinoid CP 55,940 (CP) is significantly more potent and efficacious at cannabinoid receptors, the primary targets for endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs). eCBs belong to a large, interconnected lipidome of bioactive signaling molecules with a myriad of effects in optimal and pathological function. Recreational use of highly potent and efficacious synthetic cannabinoids is common amongst adolescents, potentially impacting brain development. Knowledge of the molecular outcomes of synthetic cannabinoid use will be important to develop more targeted therapies for synthetic cannabinoid intoxication and to prevent long-term disruption to the CNS. Here, we test the hypothesis that CP has age and region-dependent effects on the brain lipidome. Adolescent [post-natal day (PND) 35 and PND 50] and young adult female mice were given either an acute dose of CP or vehicle and brains were collected 2 h later. Eight brain regions were dissected and levels of ∼80 lipids were screened from each region using HPLC/MS/MS. CP had widespread effects on the brain lipidome in all age groups. Interestingly, more changes were observed in the PND 35 mice and more were reductions in a lipid’s concentration, including region-dependent lowering of eCB levels. CP levels were highest in the cortex at PND 35, the hippocampus at PND 50, and in the cerebellum in the adult. These data provide novel insights into how high-potency, synthetic cannabinoids drive different, age-dependent, cellular signaling effects in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leishman
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Michelle N Murphy
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Michelle I Murphy
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
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29
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Abstract
Fatty acid amides represent a diverse and underappreciated family of lipids found in vertebrates and invertebrates. The most recognized, most studied, and best understood members of the fatty acid amide family are N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and oleamide. Over 70 other fatty acid amides have been identified from biological systems and these non-anandamide and non-oleamide fatty acid amides are not well understood: their cellular functions, transport, biosynthesis, and degradation are, at best, partially elucidated. Most of the fatty acid amides are “orphan” ligands for “orphan” or unknown receptors. Interest in the fatty acid amides will wane without a more complete understanding of their function in vivo and most of these lipids will be mentioned in a few sentences in reviews on ananamide and/or olemide. In this commentary, we suggest that one strategy to dramatically increase our understanding of any member of the fatty acid amide family is the design, synthesis, and proper use of binding-based profiling probes (BBPPs) based on the structure of a specific fatty acid amide. A BBPP is an analog of a fatty acid amide that enables the controlled covalent attachment of the probe to a fatty acid amide-binding protein and, also, possesses a chemical moiety that will allow the purification and/or detection of the BBPP-labeled proteins. The identification of the proteins that specifically bind a fatty acid amide will foster a better understanding of the function, transport, and metabolism of a fatty acid amide.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - James W Leahy
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
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Anderson RL, Battistini MR, Wallis DJ, Shoji C, O'Flynn BG, Dillashaw JE, Merkler DJ. Bm-iAANAT and its potential role in fatty acid amide biosynthesis in Bombyx mori. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 135:10-17. [PMID: 30103920 PMCID: PMC6093294 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to unravel the substrate specificity and kinetic properties of an insect arylalkylamine N-acyltransferase from Bombyx mori (Bm-iAANAT) and to determine if this enzyme will catalyze the formation of long chain N-acylarylalkylamides in vitro. However, the determination of substrates and products for Bm-iAANAT in vitro is no guarantee that these same molecules are substrates and products for the enzyme in the organism. Therefore, RT-PCR was performed to detect the Bm-iAANAT transcripts and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) analysis was performed on purified lipid extracts from B. mori larvae (fourth instar, Bmi4) to determine if long chain fatty acid amides are produced in B. mori. Ultimately, we found that recombinant Bm-iAANAT will utilize long-chain acyl-CoA thioesters as substrates and identified Bm-iAANAT transcripts and long-chain fatty acid amides in Bmi4. Together, these data show Bm-iAANAT will catalyze the formation of long-chain N-acylarylalkylamides in vitro and provide evidence demonstrating that Bm-iAANAT has a role in fatty acid amide biosynthesis in B. mori, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Dylan J Wallis
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Christopher Shoji
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Brian G O'Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - John E Dillashaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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O'Flynn BG, Suarez G, Hawley AJ, Merkler DJ. Insect Arylalkylamine N-Acyltransferases: Mechanism and Role in Fatty Acid Amide Biosynthesis. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:66. [PMID: 30094237 PMCID: PMC6070697 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Arylalkylamine N-acyltransferases (AANATs) catalyze the formation of an N-acylamide from an acyl-CoA thioester and an amine. One well known example is the production of N-acetylserotonin from acetyl-CoA and serotonin, a reaction in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway from tryptophan. AANATs have been identified from a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates. Considerable efforts have been devoted to the mammalian AANAT because a cell-permeable inhibitor specifically targeted against this enzyme could prove useful to treat diseases related to dysfunction in melatonin production. Insects are an interesting model for the study of AANATs because more than one isoform is typically expressed by a specific insect and the different insect AANATs (iAANATs) serve different roles in the insect cell. In contrast, mammals express only one AANAT. The major role of iAANATs seem to be in the production of N-acetyldopamine, a reaction important in the tanning and sclerotization of the cuticle. Metabolites identified in insects including N-acetylserotonin and long-chain N-fatty acyl derivatives of dopamine, histidine, phenylalanine, serotonin, tyrosine, and tryptophan are likely produced by an iAANAT. In vitro studies of specific iAANATs are consistent with this hypothesis. In this review, we highlight the current metabolomic knowledge of the N-acylated aromatic amino acids and N-acylated derivatives of the aromatic amino acids, the current mechanistic understanding of the iAANATs, and explore the possibility that iAANATs serve as insect "rhymezymes" regulating photoperiodism and other rhythmic processes in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David J. Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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Leishman E, Murphy M, Mackie K, Bradshaw HB. Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol changes the brain lipidome and transcriptome differentially in the adolescent and the adult. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:479-492. [PMID: 29408467 PMCID: PMC5987162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposing the adolescent brain to drugs of abuse is associated with increased risk for adult onset psychopathologies. Cannabis use peaks during adolescence, with largely unknown effects on the developing brain. Cannabis' major psychoactive component, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) alters neuronal, astrocytic, and microglial signaling. Therefore, multiple cellular and signaling pathways are affected with a single dose of THC. The endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs), N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) are members of an interconnected lipidome that includes an emerging class of AEA structural analogs, the lipoamines, additional 2-acyl glycerols, free fatty acids, and prostaglandins (PGs). Lipids in this lipidome share many biosynthetic and metabolic pathways, yet have diverse signaling properties. Here, we show that acute THC drives age-dependent changes in this lipidome across 8 regions of the female mouse brain. Interestingly, most changes are observed in the adult, with eCBs and related lipids predominately decreasing. Analysis of THC and metabolites reveals an unequal distribution across these brain areas; however, the highest levels of THC were measured in the hippocampus (HIPP) in all age groups. Transcriptomic analysis of the HIPP after acute THC showed that like the lipidome, the adult transcriptome demonstrated significantly more changes than the adolescent. Importantly, the regulation of 31 genes overlapped between the adolescent and the adult, suggesting a conserved transcriptomic response in the HIPP to THC exposure independent of age. Taken together these data illustrate that the first exposure to a single dose of THC has profound effects on signaling in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leishman
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Michelle Murphy
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States; Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States; Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States; Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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ANDERSON RYANL, MERKLER DAVIDJ. N-FATTY ACYLGLYCINES: UNDERAPPRECIATED ENDOCANNABINOID-LIKE FATTY ACID AMIDES? JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND NATURE 2018; 8:156-165. [PMID: 29607420 PMCID: PMC5878051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain N-fatty acylglycines, R-CO-NH-CH2-COOH (where "R" refers to an unsaturated or saturated alkyl chain of at least 14 carbons) are found in mammals and insects and are structurally related to the cell-signaling, lipid-like, N-fatty acylethanolamines, R-CO-NH-CH2-CH2-OH (where "R" refers to an alkyl chain of at least 14 carbons). Accumulating evidence demonstrates that the N-fatty acylglycines have important cellular functions, but much work remains in order to fully appreciate and understand these biomolecules including: (a) more work on their functions in vivo, (b) measuring their concentrations in the cell, (c) defining the pathways for the biosynthesis and degradation, and (d) understanding the metabolic interconversion(s) between the N-fatty acylglycines and other fatty acid amides. The purpose of reviewing the current state-of-knowledge about the N-fatty acylglycines is to stimulate future research about this intriguing family of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- RYAN L. ANDERSON
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa FL33620, USA
| | - DAVID J. MERKLER
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa FL33620, USA
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Chotiwan N, Andre BG, Sanchez-Vargas I, Islam MN, Grabowski JM, Hopf-Jannasch A, Gough E, Nakayasu E, Blair CD, Belisle JT, Hill CA, Kuhn RJ, Perera R. Dynamic remodeling of lipids coincides with dengue virus replication in the midgut of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006853. [PMID: 29447265 PMCID: PMC5814098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the first comprehensive analysis of the midgut metabolome of Aedes aegypti, the primary mosquito vector for arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses. Transmission of these viruses depends on their ability to infect, replicate and disseminate from several tissues in the mosquito vector. The metabolic environments within these tissues play crucial roles in these processes. Since these viruses are enveloped, viral replication, assembly and release occur on cellular membranes primed through the manipulation of host metabolism. Interference with this virus infection-induced metabolic environment is detrimental to viral replication in human and mosquito cell culture models. Here we present the first insight into the metabolic environment induced during arbovirus replication in Aedes aegypti. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, we have analyzed the temporal metabolic perturbations that occur following dengue virus infection of the midgut tissue. This is the primary site of infection and replication, preceding systemic viral dissemination and transmission. We identified metabolites that exhibited a dynamic-profile across early-, mid- and late-infection time points. We observed a marked increase in the lipid content. An increase in glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and fatty acyls was coincident with the kinetics of viral replication. Elevation of glycerolipid levels suggested a diversion of resources during infection from energy storage to synthetic pathways. Elevated levels of acyl-carnitines were observed, signaling disruptions in mitochondrial function and possible diversion of energy production. A central hub in the sphingolipid pathway that influenced dihydroceramide to ceramide ratios was identified as critical for the virus life cycle. This study also resulted in the first reconstruction of the sphingolipid pathway in Aedes aegypti. Given conservation in the replication mechanisms of several flaviviruses transmitted by this vector, our results highlight biochemical choke points that could be targeted to disrupt transmission of multiple pathogens by these mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunya Chotiwan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Barbara G. Andre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Irma Sanchez-Vargas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - M. Nurul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Grabowski
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Entomology Department Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Amber Hopf-Jannasch
- Metabolite Profiling Facility (MPF), Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Erik Gough
- Computational Life Sciences Core, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ernesto Nakayasu
- Metabolite Profiling Facility (MPF), Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Carol D. Blair
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John T. Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Hill
- Entomology Department Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Kuhn
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Rushika Perera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Dempsey DR, Nichols DA, Battistini MR, Pemberton O, Ospina SR, Zhang X, Carpenter AM, O'Flynn BG, Leahy JW, Kanwar A, Lewandowski EM, Chen Y, Merkler DJ. Structural and Mechanistic Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster Agmatine N-Acetyltransferase, an Enzyme that Catalyzes the Formation of N-Acetylagmatine. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13432. [PMID: 29044148 PMCID: PMC5647378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Agmatine N-acetyltransferase (AgmNAT) catalyzes the formation of N-acetylagmatine from acetyl-CoA and agmatine. Herein, we provide evidence that Drosophila melanogaster AgmNAT (CG15766) catalyzes the formation of N-acetylagmatine using an ordered sequential mechanism; acetyl-CoA binds prior to agmatine to generate an AgmNAT•acetyl-CoA•agmatine ternary complex prior to catalysis. Additionally, we solved a crystal structure for the apo form of AgmNAT with an atomic resolution of 2.3 Å, which points towards specific amino acids that may function in catalysis or active site formation. Using the crystal structure, primary sequence alignment, pH-activity profiles, and site-directed mutagenesis, we evaluated a series of active site amino acids in order to assign their functional roles in AgmNAT. More specifically, pH-activity profiles identified at least one catalytically important, ionizable group with an apparent pKa of ~7.5, which corresponds to the general base in catalysis, Glu-34. Moreover, these data led to a proposed chemical mechanism, which is consistent with the structure and our biochemical analysis of AgmNAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, United States.,Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Derek A Nichols
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States.,Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Matthew R Battistini
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, United States
| | - Orville Pemberton
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States
| | | | - Xiujun Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, United States.,University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0216, United States
| | - Brian G O'Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, United States
| | - James W Leahy
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States.,Florida Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery and Innovation, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 305, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Ankush Kanwar
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, United States
| | - Eric M Lewandowski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States.
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, United States.
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Abstract
Classifications and characterizations of specific proteins, such as enzymes, not only allow us to understand biosynthetic and metabolic pathways but they also help to drive our understanding of protein structure and function. How those characterizations are evaluated, however, may change our interpretations and lead us into broader and novel directions in research. Here, we will make the argument that using lipidomics as a tool for characterizing enzymatic function over more traditional toolkit options allows for these types of revelations. Using lipidomics techniques on specific brain regions with a series of enzyme knockout and disease models, we have generated a novel set of analyses from which to view protein function. Through these data, we have demonstrated that NAPE-PLD, MAG lipase, and FAAH all have broader roles throughout the brain than previously thought. Much like the data on how the extinction of specific species within an ecosystem has unpredicted outcomes, so too does the elimination of these enzymes affect the brain lipidome. From a purely biochemical standpoint, it is a fascinating story of how one change in a system can have exponential effects; however, from a drug-target standpoint, it may prove to be a cautionary tale.
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Piscitelli F, Bradshaw HB. Endocannabinoid Analytical Methodologies: Techniques That Drive Discoveries That Drive Techniques. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 80:1-30. [PMID: 28826532 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the two major endogenous cannabinoid ligands, known as endocannabinoids, N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine (anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), opened the way for the identification and isolation of other lipid congeners, all derivatives of fatty acids and related to the Endocannabinoid System. The nomenclature of this anandamide-type class of lipids is evolving as new species are discovered all the time. However, they each fall under the larger umbrella of lipids that are a conjugation of a fatty acid with an amine through and amide bond, which we will refer to as lipoamines. Specific subspecies of lipoamines that have been discovered are the N-acyl-ethanolamides (including AEA), N-acyl-dopamines, N-acyl-serotonins, N-acyl-GABA, N-acyl-taurines, and a growing number of N-acyl amino acids. Emerging data from multiple labs also show that monoacylglycerols (including 2-AG), COX-2 metabolites, and fatty acid esters of hydroxyl fatty acids are interconnected with these lipoamines at both the biosynthetic and metabolic levels. Understanding the molecular relatedness of these lipids is important for studying how they act as signaling molecules; however, a first step in this process hinges on advances in being able to accurately measure them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ICB-CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy.
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Miller S, Leishman E, Hu SS, Elghouche A, Daily L, Murataeva N, Bradshaw H, Straiker A. Harnessing the Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol to Lower Intraocular Pressure in a Murine Model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:3287-96. [PMID: 27333182 PMCID: PMC4961057 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cannabinoids, such as Δ9-THC, act through an endogenous signaling system in the vertebrate eye that reduces IOP via CB1 receptors. Endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) ligand, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), likewise activates CB1 and is metabolized by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). We investigated ocular 2-AG and its regulation by MAGL and the therapeutic potential of harnessing eCBs to lower IOP. Methods We tested the effect of topical application of 2-AG and MAGL blockers in normotensive mice and examined changes in eCB-related lipid species in the eyes and spinal cord of MAGL knockout (MAGL−/−) mice using high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). We also examined the protein distribution of MAGL in the mouse anterior chamber. Results 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol reliably lowered IOP in a CB1- and concentration-dependent manner. Monoacylglycerol lipase is expressed prominently in nonpigmented ciliary epithelium. The MAGL blocker KML29, but not JZL184, lowered IOP. The ability of CB1 to lower IOP is not desensitized in MAGL−/− mice. Ocular monoacylglycerols, including 2-AG, are elevated in MAGL−/− mice but, in contrast to the spinal cord, arachidonic acid and prostaglandins are not changed. Conclusions Our data confirm a central role for MAGL in metabolism of ocular 2-AG and related lipid species, and that endogenous 2-AG can be harnessed to reduce IOP. The MAGL blocker KML29 has promise as a therapeutic agent, while JZL184 may have difficulty crossing the cornea. These data, combined with the relative specificity of MAGL for ocular monoacylglycerols and the lack of desensitization in MAGL−/− mice, suggest that the development of an optimized MAGL blocker offers therapeutic potential for treatment of elevated IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Miller
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Sherry Shujung Hu
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Alhasan Elghouche
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Laura Daily
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Natalia Murataeva
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Heather Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Alex Straiker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
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Fowler CJ, Doherty P, Alexander SPH. Endocannabinoid Turnover. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 80:31-66. [PMID: 28826539 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we consider the biosynthetic, hydrolytic, and oxidative metabolism of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. We describe the enzymes associated with these events and their characterization. We identify the inhibitor profile for these enzymes and the status of therapeutic exploitation, which to date has been limited to clinical trials for fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. To bring the review to a close, we consider whether point block of a single enzyme is likely to be the most successful approach for therapeutic exploitation of the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Doherty
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Leishman E, Kunkler PE, Manchanda M, Sangani K, Stuart JM, Oxford GS, Hurley JH, Bradshaw HB. Environmental Toxin Acrolein Alters Levels of Endogenous Lipids, Including TRP Agonists: A Potential Mechanism for Headache Driven by TRPA1 Activation. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2017; 1:28-36. [PMID: 29430557 PMCID: PMC5802349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne toxins can trigger headaches, but the mechanisms are not well understood. Some environmental toxins, such as acrolein, activate transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a receptor involved in pain sensation that is highly expressed in the trigeminovascular system. It has been shown in rat models that repeated exposure to acrolein induces trigeminovascular sensitization to both TRPA1 and TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) agonists, a phenomenon linked to headache. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the sensitization of trigeminovascular responses in rats after acrolein exposure via inhalation is associated with changes in levels of endogenous lipids, including TRPV1 agonists, in the trigeminal ganglia, trigeminal nucleus, and cerebellum. Lipidomics analysis of 80 lipids was performed on each tissue after acute acrolein, chronic acrolein, or room air control. Both acute and chronic acrolein exposure drove widespread alterations in lipid levels. After chronic acrolein exposure, levels of all 6 N-acyl ethanolamines in the screening library, including the endogenous cannabinoid and TRPV1 agonist, N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine, were elevated in trigeminal tissue and in the cerebellum. This increase in TRPV1 ligands by acrolein exposure may indicate further downstream signaling, in that we also show here that a combination of these TRPV1 endogenous agonists increases the potency of the individual ligands in TRPV1-HEK cells. In addition to these TRPV1 agonists, 3 TRPV3 antagonists, 4 TRPV4 agonists, and 25 orphan lipids were up and down regulated after acrolein exposure. These data support the hypothesis that lipid signaling may represent a mechanism by which repeated exposure to the TRPA1 agonist and environmental toxin, acrolein, drives trigeminovascular sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10 Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Phillip E. Kunkler
- Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 West 15 Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Meera Manchanda
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10 Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kishan Sangani
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10 Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jordyn M. Stuart
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10 Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Gerry S. Oxford
- Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 West 15 Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joyce H. Hurley
- Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 West 15 Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Heather B. Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10 Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Yang K, Dilthey BG, Gross RW. Shotgun Lipidomics Approach to Stabilize the Regiospecificity of Monoglycerides Using a Facile Low-Temperature Derivatization Enabling Their Definitive Identification and Quantitation. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9459-9468. [PMID: 27532157 PMCID: PMC5538723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoglycerides play a central role in lipid metabolism and are important signaling metabolites. Quantitative analysis of monoglyceride molecular species has remained challenging due to rapid isomerization via α-hydroxy acyl migration. Herein, we describe a shotgun lipidomics approach that utilizes a single-phase methyl tert-butyl ether extraction to minimize acyl migration, a facile low temperature diacetyl derivatization to stabilize regiospecificity, and tandem mass spectrometric analysis to identify and quantify regioisomers of monoglycerides in biological samples. The rapid and robust diacetyl derivatization at low temperatures (e.g., -20 °C, 30 min) prevents postextraction acyl migration and preserves regiospecificity of monoglyceride structural isomers. Furthermore, ionization of ammonium adducts of diacetyl monoglyceride derivatives in positive-ion mode markedly increases analytic sensitivity (low fmol/μL). Critically, diacetyl derivatization enables the differentiation of discrete monoglyceride regioisomers without chromatography through their distinct signature fragmentation patterns during collision induced dissociation. The application of this approach in the analysis of monoglycerides in multiple biologic tissues demonstrated diverse profiles of molecular species. Remarkably, the regiospecificity of individual monoglyceride molecular species is also diverse from tissue to tissue. Collectively, this developed approach enables the profiling, identification and quantitation of monoglyceride regioisomers directly from tissue extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Yang
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Beverly G. Dilthey
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Richard W. Gross
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Yuan D, Wu Z, Wang Y. Evolution of the diacylglycerol lipases. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:85-97. [PMID: 27568643 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipases (DGLs) mainly catalyze "on-demand" biosynthesis of bioactive monoacylglycerols (MAGs) with different long fatty acyl chains, including 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), 2-linoleoylglycerol (2-LG), 2-oleoylglycerol (2-OG) and 2-palmitoylglycerol (2-PG). Enzymatic characterization of DGLs, their expression and distribution, and functional features has been elucidated from microorganisms to mammals in some extent. In mammals, biosynthesis, degradation and metabolism of these bioactive lipids intertwine and form a complicated biochemical pathway to affect the mammal neuromodulation of central nervous system and also other physiological processes in most peripheral organs and non-nervous tissue cells, and yet we still do not know if the neuromodulatory role of mammal DGL and MAGs is similar to invertebrates. Tracing the evolutionary history of DGLs from microorganisms to vertebrates will be an essential method to infer DGL and MAG research in organisms. In this review, we give an exhaustive explanation of the ancestral origin, divergence and evolutionary pattern through systemic searching of DGL orthologs in different species. Finally, we also summarize our recent work on the structural and functional studies of DGL in order to explore usage of DGLs in industry and the development of inhibitors for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjuan Yuan
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China; College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.
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Bilgin M, Born P, Fezza F, Heimes M, Mastrangelo N, Wagner N, Schultz C, Maccarrone M, Eaton S, Nadler A, Wilm M, Shevchenko A. Lipid Discovery by Combinatorial Screening and Untargeted LC-MS/MS. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27920. [PMID: 27312775 PMCID: PMC4911551 DOI: 10.1038/srep27920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a method for the systematic identification of picogram quantities of new lipids in total extracts of tissues and fluids. It relies on the modularity of lipid structures and applies all-ions fragmentation LC-MS/MS and Arcadiate software to recognize individual modules originating from the same lipid precursor of known or assumed structure. In this way it alleviates the need to recognize and fragment very low abundant precursors of novel molecules in complex lipid extracts. In a single analysis of rat kidney extract the method identified 58 known and discovered 74 novel endogenous endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related molecules, including a novel class of N-acylaspartates that inhibit Hedgehog signaling while having no impact on endocannabinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Bilgin
- Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraβe 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Born
- Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraβe 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Filomena Fezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research/Fondazione Santa Lucia, via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Heimes
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolina Mastrangelo
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome
| | - Nicolai Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraβe 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/Fondazione Santa Lucia, via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraβe 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - André Nadler
- Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraβe 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wilm
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraβe 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Carey LM, Slivicki RA, Leishman E, Cornett B, Mackie K, Bradshaw H, Hohmann AG. A pro-nociceptive phenotype unmasked in mice lacking fatty-acid amide hydrolase. Mol Pain 2016; 12:12/0/1744806916649192. [PMID: 27178246 PMCID: PMC4956176 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916649192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is the major enzyme responsible for degradation of anandamide, an endocannabinoid. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of FAAH (FAAH KO) produces antinociception in preclinical pain models that is largely attributed to anandamide-induced activation of cannabinoid receptors. However, FAAH metabolizes a wide range of structurally related, biologically active lipid signaling molecules whose functions remain largely unknown. Some of these endogenous lipids, including anandamide itself, may exert pro-nociceptive effects under certain conditions. In our study, FAAH KO mice exhibited a characteristic analgesic phenotype in the tail flick test and in both formalin and carrageenan models of inflammatory nociception. Nonetheless, intradermal injection of the transient receptor potential channel V1 (TRPV1) agonist capsaicin increased nocifensive behavior as well as mechanical and heat hypersensitivity in FAAH KO relative to wild-type mice. This pro-nociceptive phenotype was accompanied by increases in capsaicin-evoked Fos-like immunoreactive (FLI) cells in spinal dorsal horn regions implicated in nociceptive processing and was attenuated by CB1 (AM251) and TRPV1 (AMG9810) antagonists. When central sensitization was established, FAAH KO mice displayed elevated levels of anandamide, other fatty-acid amides, and endogenous TRPV1 agonists in both paw skin and lumbar spinal cord relative to wild-type mice. Capsaicin decreased spinal cord 2-AG levels and increased arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 levels in both spinal cord and paw skin irrespective of genotype. Our studies identify a previously unrecognized pro-nociceptive phenotype in FAAH KO mice that was unmasked by capsaicin challenge. The heightened nociceptive response was mediated by CB1 and TRPV1 receptors and accompanied by enhanced spinal neuronal activation. Moreover, genetic deletion of FAAH has a profound impact on the peripheral and central lipidome. Thus, genetic deletion of FAAH may predispose animals to increased sensitivity to certain types of pain. More work is necessary to determine whether such changes could explain the lack of efficacy of FAAH inhibitors in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Carey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Richard A Slivicki
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Ben Cornett
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Heather Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Andrea G Hohmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Bradshaw HB, Leishman E. Levels of bioactive lipids in cooking oils: olive oil is the richest source of oleoyl serine. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:247-252. [PMID: 26565552 PMCID: PMC4959147 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of osteoporosis are significantly lower in regions of the world where olive oil consumption is a dietary cornerstone. Olive oil may represent a source of oleoyl serine (OS), which showed efficacy in animal models of osteoporosis. Here, we tested the hypothesis that OS as well as structurally analogous N-acyl amide and 2-acyl glycerol lipids are present in the following cooking oils: olive, walnut, canola, high heat canola, peanut, safflower, sesame, toasted sesame, grape seed, and smart balance omega. METHODS Methanolic lipid extracts from each of the cooking oils were partially purified on C-18 solid-phase extraction columns. Extracts were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and 33 lipids were measured in each sample, including OS and bioactive analogs. RESULTS Of the oils screened here, walnut oil had the highest number of lipids detected (22/33). Olive oil had the second highest number of lipids detected (20/33), whereas grape-seed and high-heat canola oil were tied for lowest number of detected lipids (6/33). OS was detected in 8 of the 10 oils tested and the levels were highest in olive oil, suggesting that there is something about the olive plant that enriches this lipid. CONCLUSIONS Cooking oils contain varying levels of bioactive lipids from the N-acyl amide and 2-acyl glycerol families. Olive oil is a dietary source of OS, which may contribute to lowered prevalence of osteoporosis in countries with high consumption of this oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather B. Bradshaw
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA,
| | - Emma Leishman
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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46
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Murataeva N, Dhopeshwarkar A, Yin D, Mitjavila J, Bradshaw H, Straiker A, Mackie K. Where's my entourage? The curious case of 2-oleoylglycerol, 2-linolenoylglycerol, and 2-palmitoylglycerol. Pharmacol Res 2016; 110:173-180. [PMID: 27117667 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endogenous cannabinoid in the brain and an agonist at two cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). The synthesis, degradation and signaling of 2-AG have been investigated in detail but its relationship to other endogenous monoacylglycerols has not been fully explored. Three congeners that have been isolated from the CNS are 2-linoleoylglycerol (2-LG), 2-oleoylglycerol (2-OG), and 2-palmitoylglycerol (2-PG). These lipids do not orthosterically bind to cannabinoid receptors but are reported to potentiate the activity of 2-AG, possibly through inhibition of 2-AG degradation. This phenomenon has been dubbed the 'entourage effect' and has been proposed to regulate synaptic activity of 2-AG. To clarify the activity of these congeners of 2-AG we tested them in neuronal and cell-based signaling assays. The signaling profile for these compounds is inconsistent with an entourage effect. None of the compounds inhibited neurotransmission via CB1 in autaptic neurons. Interestingly, each failed to potentiate 2-AG-mediated depolarization-induced suppression of excitation (DSE), behaving instead as antagonists. Examining other signaling pathways we found that 2-OG interferes with agonist-induced CB1 internalization while 2-PG modestly internalizes CB1 receptors. However in tests of pERK, cAMP and arrestin recruitment, none of the acylglycerols altered CB1 signaling. Our results suggest 1) that these compounds do not serve as entourage compounds under the conditions examined, and 2) that they may instead serve as functional antagonists. Our results suggest that the relationship between 2-AG and its congeners is more nuanced than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Murataeva
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Amey Dhopeshwarkar
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Danielle Yin
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - José Mitjavila
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Heather Bradshaw
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Alex Straiker
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Ken Mackie
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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47
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Leishman E, Cornett B, Spork K, Straiker A, Mackie K, Bradshaw HB. Broad impact of deleting endogenous cannabinoid hydrolyzing enzymes and the CB1 cannabinoid receptor on the endogenous cannabinoid-related lipidome in eight regions of the mouse brain. Pharmacol Res 2016; 110:159-172. [PMID: 27109320 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) hydrolyze endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs), N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), respectively. These enzymes also metabolize eCB analogs such as lipoamines and 2-acyl glycerols, most of which are not ligands at CB1. To test the hypothesis that deleting eCB hydrolyzing enzymes and CB1 shifts lipid metabolism more broadly and impacts more families of eCB structural analogs, targeted lipidomics analyses were performed on FAAH KO, MAGL KO, and CB1 KO mice and compared to WT controls in 8 brain regions. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Methanolic extracts of discrete brain regions (brainstem, cerebellum, cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, midbrain, striatum and thalamus) were partially purified on C-18 solid-phase extraction columns. Over 70 lipids per sample were then analyzed with HPLC/MS/MS. KEY RESULTS AEA and 2-AG were unaffected throughout the brain in CB1 KO mice; however, there was an increase in the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolite, PGE2 in the majority of brain areas. By contrast, PGE2 and AA levels were significantly reduced throughout the brain in the MAGL KO corresponding to significant increases in 2-AG. No changes in AA or PGE2 were seen throughout in the FAAH KO brain, despite significant increases in AEA, suggesting AA liberated by FAAH does not contribute to steady state levels of AA or PGE2. Changes in the lipidome were not confined to the AA derivatives and showed regional variation in each of the eCB KO models. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS AEA and 2-AG hydrolyzing enzymes and the CB1 receptor link the eCB system to broader lipid signaling networks in contrasting ways, potentially altering neurotransmission and behavior independently of cannabinoid receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Ben Cornett
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, 702 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Karl Spork
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, 702 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Alex Straiker
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, 702 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA; Gill Center for Biomolecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, 702 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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48
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Impellizzeri D, Cordaro M, Bruschetta G, Crupi R, Pascali J, Alfonsi D, Marcolongo G, Cuzzocrea S. 2-pentadecyl-2-oxazoline: Identification in coffee, synthesis and activity in a rat model of carrageenan-induced hindpaw inflammation. Pharmacol Res 2016; 108:23-30. [PMID: 27083308 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) comprise a family of bioactive lipid molecules present in animal and plant tissues, with N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) having received much attention owing to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and neuroprotective activities. 2-Pentadecyl-2-oxazoline (PEA-OXA), the oxazoline of PEA, reportedly modulates activity of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA), which catabolizes PEA. Because PEA is produced on demand and exerts pleiotropic effects on non-neuronal cells implicated in neuroinflammation, modulating the specific amidases for NAEs (NAAA in particular) could be a way to preserve PEA role in maintaining cellular homeostasis through its rapid on-demand synthesis and equally rapid degradation. This study provides the first description of PEA-OXA in both green and roasted coffee beans and Moka infusions, and its synthesis. In an established model of carrageenan (CAR)-induced rat paw inflammation, PEA-OXA was orally active in limiting histological damage and thermal hyperalgesia 6h after CAR intraplantar injection in the right hindpaw and the accumulation of infiltrating inflammatory cells. PEA-OXA appeared to be more potent compared to ultramicronized PEA given orally at the same dose (10mg/kg). PEA-OXA markedly reduced also the increase in hindpaw myeloperoxidase activity, an index of polymorphonuclear cell accumulation in inflammatory tissues. NAAA modulators like PEA-OXA may serve to maximize availability of NAEs (e.g. PEA) while providing for recycling of the NAE components for further resynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Jennifer Pascali
- dto Labs Analytical Excellence Center, Agilent Technologies, Via Fratta 25, 31023, Resana (TV), Italy
| | | | | | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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49
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Jeffries KA, Dempsey DR, Farrell EK, Anderson RL, Garbade GJ, Gurina TS, Gruhonjic I, Gunderson CA, Merkler DJ. Glycine N-acyltransferase-like 3 is responsible for long-chain N-acylglycine formation in N18TG2 cells. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:781-90. [PMID: 27016726 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m062042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acid amides are signaling lipids found in mammals and other organisms; however, details of the metabolic pathways for the N-acylglycines and primary fatty acid amides (PFAMs) have remained elusive. Heavy-labeled precursor and subtraction lipidomic experiments in mouse neuroblastoma N18TG2 cells, a model cell line for the study of fatty acid amide metabolism, establish the biosynthetic pathways for the N-acylglycines and the PFAMs. We provide evidence that the N-acylglycines are formed by a long-chain specific glycine-conjugating enzyme, glycine N-acyltransferase-like 3 (GLYATL3). siRNA knockdown of GLYATL3 in the N18TG2 cells resulted in a decrease in the levels of the N-acylglycines and the PFAMs. This is the first report of an enzyme responsible for long-chain N-acylglycine production in cellula. The production of the PFAMs in N18TG2 cells was reported to occur by the oxidative cleavage of the N-acylglycines, as catalyzed by peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM). siRNA knockdown of PAM resulted in an accumulation of [(13)C18]N-oleoylglycine and decreased levels of [(13)C18]oleamide when the N18TG2 cells were grown in the presence of [(13)C18]oleic acid. The addition of [1-(13)C]palmitate to the N18TG2 cell growth media led to the production of a family of [1-(13)C]palmitoylated fatty acid amides, consistent with the biosynthetic pathways detailed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel R Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Emma K Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Ryan L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | | | - Tatyana S Gurina
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Imran Gruhonjic
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Carly A Gunderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
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50
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Leishman E, Mackie K, Luquet S, Bradshaw HB. Lipidomics profile of a NAPE-PLD KO mouse provides evidence of a broader role of this enzyme in lipid metabolism in the brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:491-500. [PMID: 26956082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A leading hypothesis of N-acyl ethanolamine (NAE) biosynthesis, including the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide (AEA), is that it depends on hydrolysis of N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines (NAPE) by a NAPE-specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). Thus, deletion of NAPE-PLD should attenuate NAE levels. Previous analyses of two different NAPE-PLD knockout (KO) strains produced contradictory data on the importance of NAPE-PLD to AEA biosynthesis. Here, we examine this hypothesis with a strain of NAPE-PLD KO mice whose lipidome is uncharacterized. Using HPLC/MS/MS, over 70 lipids, including the AEA metabolite, N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly), the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG) and prostaglandins (PGE(2) and PGF(2α)), and over 60 lipoamines were analyzed in 8 brain regions of KO and wild-type (WT) mice. Lipidomics analysis of this third NAPE-PLD KO strain shows a broad range of lipids that were differentially affected by lipid species and brain region. Importantly, all 6 NAEs measured were significantly reduced, though the magnitude of the effect varied by fatty acid saturation length and brain region. 2-AG levels were only impacted in the brainstem, where levels were significantly increased in KO mice. Correspondingly, levels of arachidonic acid were significantly decreased exclusively in brainstem. NAGly levels were significantly increased in 4 brain regions and levels of PGE(2) increased in 6 of 8 brain regions in KO mice. These data indicate that deletion of NAPE-PLD has far broader effects on the lipidome than previously recognized. Therefore, behavioral characteristics of suppressing NAPE-PLD activity may be due to a myriad of effects on lipids and not simply due to reduced AEA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Gill Center for Biomolecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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