1
|
Ruswandi YAR, Lesmana R, Rosdianto AM, Gunadi JW, Goenawan H, Zulhendri F. Understanding the Roles of Selenium on Thyroid Hormone-Induced Thermogenesis in Adipose Tissue. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2419-2441. [PMID: 37758980 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) are known to regulate lipid metabolism. A lower amount of BAT compared to WAT, along with adipose tissue dysfunction, can result in obesity. Studies have shown that selenium supplementation protects against adipocyte dysfunction, decreases WAT triglycerides, and increases BAT triiodothyronine (T3). In this review, we discuss the relationship between selenium and lipid metabolism regulation through selenoprotein deiodinases and the role of deiodinases and thyroid hormones in the induction of adipose tissue thermogenesis. Upon 22 studies included in our review, we found that studies investigating the relationship between selenium and deiodinases demonstrated that selenium supplementation affects the iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (DIO2) protein and the expression of its associated gene, DIO2, proportionally. However, its effect on DIO1 is inconsistent while its effect on DIO3 activity is not detected. Studies have shown that the activity of deiodinases especially DIO2 protein and DIO2 gene expression is increased along with other browning markers upon white adipose tissue browning induction. Studies showed that thermogenesis is stimulated by the thyroid hormone T3 as its activity is correlated to the expression of other thermogenesis markers. A proposed mechanism of thermogenesis induction in selenium supplementation is by autophagy control. However, more studies are needed to establish the role of T3 and autophagy in adipose tissue thermogenesis, especially, since some studies have shown that thermogenesis can function even when T3 activity is lacking and studies related to autophagy in adipose tissue thermogenesis have contradictory results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Anissa R Ruswandi
- Graduate School of Master Program in Anti-Aging and Aesthetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ronny Lesmana
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang, KM.21, Hegarmanah, Kec. Jatinangor, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia.
| | - Aziiz Mardanarian Rosdianto
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang, KM.21, Hegarmanah, Kec. Jatinangor, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
- Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Julia Windi Gunadi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hanna Goenawan
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang, KM.21, Hegarmanah, Kec. Jatinangor, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Felix Zulhendri
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
- Kebun Efi, Kabanjahe, 22171, North Sumatra, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang L, Cai X, Ma F, Qiao X, Ji J, Ma JA, Vergnes L, Zhao Y, Yao Y, Wu X, Boström KI. Two-step regulation by matrix Gla protein in brown adipose cell differentiation. Mol Metab 2024; 80:101870. [PMID: 38184275 PMCID: PMC10832489 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is intricately involved in adipose tissue development. BMP7 together with BMP4 have been implicated in brown adipocyte differentiation but their roles during development remains poorly specified. Matrix Gla protein (MGP) inhibits BMP4 and BMP7 and is expressed in endothelial and progenitor cells. The objective was to determine the role of MGP in brown adipose tissue (BAT) development. METHODS The approach included global and cell-specific Mgp gene deletion in combination with RNA analysis, immunostaining, thermogenic activity, and in vitro studies. RESULTS The results revealed that MGP directs brown adipogenesis at two essential steps. Endothelial-derived MGP limits triggering of white adipogenic differentiation in the perivascular region, whereas MGP derived from adipose cells supports the transition of CD142-expressing progenitor cells to brown adipogenic maturity. Both steps were important to optimize the thermogenic function of BAT. Furthermore, MGP derived from both sources impacted vascular growth. Reduction of MGP in either endothelial or adipose cells expanded the endothelial cell population, suggesting that MGP is a factor in overall plasticity of adipose tissue. CONCLUSION MGP displays a dual and cell-specific function in BAT, essentially creating a "cellular shuttle" that coordinates brown adipogenic differentiation with vascular growth during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA.
| | - Xinjiang Cai
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaojing Qiao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA
| | - Jaden Ji
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA
| | - Jocelyn A Ma
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yan Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA
| | - Xiuju Wu
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA
| | - Kristina I Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Batrow PL, Mothe-Satney I, Amri EZ. [Thermoneutrality and animal study]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:937-944. [PMID: 38108724 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models remain important for the study of human pathologies. The most widely used model (mouse) is an endothermic mammal like humans, maintained at ambient temperatures (22 °C). Its energy metabolism is overactivated, a situation rarely observed in humans thanks to various adaptations (clothing, heating…). The thermoneutral zone is defined as a range of ambient temperatures that allows an organism to regulate body temperature without using additional thermoregulatory processes. There are many examples of divergent results between studies conducted at 22 °C or at 30 °C (thermoneutrality for mice). Therefore, it seems essential to take into account the housing temperature both for animal welfare and for the relevance of the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Batrow
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de biologie Valrose (iBV), 06107 Nice, France
| | - Isabelle Mothe-Satney
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de biologie Valrose (iBV), 06107 Nice, France
| | - Ez-Zoubir Amri
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de biologie Valrose (iBV), 06107 Nice, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ginting RP, Lee JM, Lee MW. The Influence of Ambient Temperature on Adipose Tissue Homeostasis, Metabolic Diseases and Cancers. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060881. [PMID: 36980222 PMCID: PMC10047443 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a recognized energy storage organ during excessive energy intake and an endocrine and thermoregulator, which interacts with other tissues to regulate systemic metabolism. Adipose tissue dysfunction is observed in most obese mouse models and humans. However, most studies using mouse models were conducted at room temperature (RT), where mice were chronically exposed to mild cold. In this condition, energy use is prioritized for thermogenesis to maintain body temperature in mice. It also leads to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, followed by the activation of β-adrenergic signaling. As humans live primarily in their thermoneutral (TN) zone, RT housing for mice limits the interpretation of disease studies from mouse models to humans. Therefore, housing mice in their TN zone (~28–30 °C) can be considered to mimic humans physiologically. However, factors such as temperature ranges and TN pre-acclimatization periods should be examined to obtain reliable results. In this review, we discuss how adipose tissue responds to housing temperature and the outcomes of the TN zone in metabolic disease studies. This review highlights the critical role of TN housing in mouse models for studying adipose tissue function and human metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehna Paula Ginting
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Woo Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-413-5029
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Casana E, Jimenez V, Jambrina C, Sacristan V, Muñoz S, Rodo J, Grass I, Garcia M, Mallol C, León X, Casellas A, Sánchez V, Franckhauser S, Ferré T, Marcó S, Bosch F. AAV-mediated BMP7 gene therapy counteracts insulin resistance and obesity. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 25:190-204. [PMID: 35434177 PMCID: PMC8983313 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and obesity are strongly associated and are a major health problem worldwide. Obesity largely results from a sustained imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Therapeutic approaches targeting metabolic rate may counteract body weight gain and insulin resistance. Bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7) has proven to enhance energy expenditure by inducing non-shivering thermogenesis in short-term studies in mice treated with the recombinant protein or adenoviral vectors encoding BMP7. To achieve long-term BMP7 effects, the use of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors would provide sustained production of the protein after a single administration. Here, we demonstrated that treatment of high-fat-diet-fed mice and ob/ob mice with liver-directed AAV-BMP7 vectors enabled a long-lasting increase in circulating levels of this factor. This rise in BMP7 concentration induced browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) and activation of brown adipose tissue, which enhanced energy expenditure, and reversed WAT hypertrophy, hepatic steatosis, and WAT and liver inflammation, ultimately resulting in normalization of body weight and insulin resistance. This study highlights the potential of AAV-BMP7-mediated gene therapy for the treatment of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Casana
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Jimenez
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Jambrina
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Sacristan
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Muñoz
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Rodo
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Grass
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Garcia
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Mallol
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier León
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Casellas
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Sánchez
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sylvie Franckhauser
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tura Ferré
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Marcó
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fatima Bosch
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Townsend KL, Pritchard E, Coburn JM, Kwon YM, Blaszkiewicz M, Lynes MD, Kaplan DL, Tseng YH. Silk Hydrogel-Mediated Delivery of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 Directly to Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue Increases Browning and Energy Expenditure. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:884601. [PMID: 35646839 PMCID: PMC9135469 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.884601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Increasing the mass and/or activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is one promising avenue for treating obesity and related metabolic conditions, given that BAT has a high potential for energy expenditure and is capable of improving glucose and lipid homeostasis. BAT occurs either in discrete "classical" depots, or interspersed in white adipose tissue (WAT), termed "inducible/recruitable" BAT, or 'beige/brite' adipocytes. We and others have demonstrated that bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) induces brown adipogenesis in committed and uncommitted progenitor cells, resulting in increased energy expenditure and reduced weight gain in mice. BMP7 is therefore a reliable growth factor to induce browning of WAT. Methods: In this study, we sought to deliver BMP7 specifically to subcutaneous (sc)WAT in order to induce tissue-resident progenitor cells to differentiate into energy-expending recruitable brown adipocytes, without off-target effects like bone formation, which can occur when BMPs are in the presence of bone progenitor cells (outside of WAT). BMP7 delivery directly to WAT may also promote tissue innervation, or directly activate mitochondrial activity in brown adipocytes, as we have demonstrated previously. We utilized silk protein in the form of an injectable hydrogel carrying BMP7. Silk scaffolds are useful for in vivo delivery of substances due to favorable material properties, including controlled release of therapeutic proteins in an active form, biocompatibility with minimal immunogenic response, and prior FDA approval for some medical materials. For this study, the silk was engineered to meet desirable release kinetics for BMP7 in order to mimic our prior in vitro brown adipocyte differentiation studies. Fluorescently-labeled silk hydrogel loaded with BMP7 was directly injected into WAT through the skin and monitored by non-invasive in vivo whole body imaging, including in UCP1-luciferase reporter mice, thereby enabling an approach that is translatable to humans. Results: Injection of the BMP7-loaded silk hydrogels into the subcutaneous WAT of mice resulted in "browning", including the development of multilocular, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-positive brown adipocytes, and an increase in whole-body energy expenditure and skin temperature. In diet-induced obese mice, BMP7-loaded silk delivery to subcutaneous WAT resulted in less weight gain, reduced circulating glucose and lower respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Conclusions: In summary, BMP7 delivery via silk scaffolds directly into scWAT is a novel translational approach to increase browning and energy expenditure, and represents a potential therapeutic avenue for delivering substances directly to adipose depots in pursuit of metabolic treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristy L. Townsend
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Kristy L. Townsend, ; Yu-Hua Tseng,
| | - Eleanor Pritchard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Jeannine M. Coburn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Young Mi Kwon
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Magdalena Blaszkiewicz
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Matthew D. Lynes
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Kristy L. Townsend, ; Yu-Hua Tseng,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo Y, Wan Z, Zhao P, Wei M, Liu Y, Bu T, Sun W, Li Z, Yuan L. Ultrasound triggered topical delivery of Bmp7 mRNA for white fat browning induction via engineered smart exosomes. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:402. [PMID: 34863187 PMCID: PMC8645082 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efficient and topical delivery of drugs is essential for maximized efficacy and minimized toxicity. In this study, we aimed to design an exosome-based drug delivery platform endowed with the ability of escaping from phagocytosis at non-target organs and controllably releasing drugs at targeted location. Results The swtichable stealth coat CP05-TK-mPEG was synthesized and anchored onto exosomes through the interaction between peptide CP05 and exosomal surface marker CD63. Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was loaded into exosomes by direct incubation. Controllable removal of PEG could be achieved by breaking thioketal (TK) through reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was produced by Ce6 under ultrasound irradiation. The whole platform was called SmartExo. The stealth effects were analyzed in RAW264.7 cells and C57BL/6 mice via tracing the exosomes. To confirm the efficacy of the engineered smart exosomes, Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (Bmp7) mRNA was encapsulated into exosomes by transfection of overexpressing plasmid, followed by stealth coating, with the exosomes designated as SmartExo@Bmp7. Therapeutic advantages of SmartExo@Bmp7 were proved by targeted delivering Bmp7 mRNA to omental adipose tissue (OAT) of obese C57BL/6 mice for browning induction. SmartExo platform was successfully constructed without changing the basic characteristics of exosomes. The engineered exosomes effectively escaped from the phagocytosis by RAW264.7 and non-target organs. In addition, the SmartExo could be uptaken locally on-demand by ultrasound mediated removal of the stealth coat. Compared with control exosomes, SmartExo@Bmp7 effectively delivered Bmp7 mRNA into OAT upon ultrasound irradiation, and induced OAT browning, as evidenced by the histology of OAT and increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1). Conclusions The proposed SmartExo-based delivery platform, which minimizes side effects and maximizing drug efficacy, offers a novel safe and efficient approach for targeted drug delivery. As a proof, the SmartExo@Bmp7 induced local white adipose tissue browning, and it would be a promising strategy for anti-obesity therapy. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-01145-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Guo
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Zhuo Wan
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Mengying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yunnan Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Te Bu
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Wenqi Sun
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Zhelong Li
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Lijun Yuan
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Conceição Furber EPS, Mota CMD, Veytsman E, Morrison SF, Madden CJ. Dopaminergic input from the posterior hypothalamus to the raphe pallidus area inhibits brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R938-R950. [PMID: 34704845 PMCID: PMC8714813 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00149.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic administration of dopamine (DA) receptor agonists leads to falls in body temperature. However, the central thermoregulatory pathways modulated by DA have not been fully elucidated. Here we identified a source and site of action contributing to DA's hypothermic action by inhibition of brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. Nanoinjection of the type 2 and type 3 DA receptor (D2R/D3R) agonist, 7-hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-2-aminotetralin (7-OH-DPAT), in the rostral raphe pallidus area (rRPa) inhibits the sympathetic activation of BAT evoked by cold exposure or by direct activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the rRPa. Blockade of D2R/D3R in the rRPa with nanoinjection of SB-277011A increases BAT thermogenesis, consistent with a tonic release of DA in the rRPa contributing to inhibition of BAT thermogenesis. Accordingly, D2Rs are expressed in cold-activated and serotonergic neurons in the rRPa, and anatomical tracing studies revealed that neurons in the posterior hypothalamus (PH) are a source of dopaminergic input to the rRPa. Disinhibitory activation of PH neurons with nanoinjection of gabazine inhibits BAT thermogenesis, which is reduced by pretreatment of the rRPa with SB-277011A. In conclusion, the rRPa, the site of sympathetic premotor neurons for BAT, receives a tonically active, dopaminergic input from the PH that suppresses BAT thermogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clarissa M D Mota
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Edward Veytsman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Shaun F Morrison
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Christopher J Madden
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Grabner GF, Xie H, Schweiger M, Zechner R. Lipolysis: cellular mechanisms for lipid mobilization from fat stores. Nat Metab 2021; 3:1445-1465. [PMID: 34799702 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The perception that intracellular lipolysis is a straightforward process that releases fatty acids from fat stores in adipose tissue to generate energy has experienced major revisions over the last two decades. The discovery of new lipolytic enzymes and coregulators, the demonstration that lipophagy and lysosomal lipolysis contribute to the degradation of cellular lipid stores and the characterization of numerous factors and signalling pathways that regulate lipid hydrolysis on transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels have revolutionized our understanding of lipolysis. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that facilitate intracellular fatty-acid mobilization, drawing on canonical and noncanonical enzymatic pathways. We summarize how intracellular lipolysis affects lipid-mediated signalling, metabolic regulation and energy homeostasis in multiple organs. Finally, we examine how these processes affect pathogenesis and how lipolysis may be targeted to potentially prevent or treat various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hao Xie
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jensen GS, Leon-Palmer NE, Townsend KL. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in the central regulation of energy balance and adult neural plasticity. Metabolism 2021; 123:154837. [PMID: 34331962 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current worldwide obesity pandemic highlights a need to better understand the regulation of energy balance and metabolism, including the role of the nervous system in controlling energy intake and energy expenditure. Neural plasticity in the hypothalamus of the adult brain has been implicated in full-body metabolic health, however, the mechanisms surrounding hypothalamic plasticity are incompletely understood. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) control metabolic health through actions in the brain as well as in peripheral tissues such as adipose, together regulating both energy intake and energy expenditure. BMP ligands, receptors, and inhibitors are found throughout plastic adult brain regions and have been demonstrated to modulate neurogenesis and gliogenesis, as well as synaptic and dendritic plasticity. This role for BMPs in adult neural plasticity is distinct from their roles in brain development. Existing evidence suggests that BMPs induce weight loss through hypothalamic pathways, and part of the mechanism of action may be through inducing neural plasticity. In this review, we summarize the data regarding how BMPs affect neural plasticity in the adult mammalian brain, as well as the relationship between central BMP signaling and metabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Jensen
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America; Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Noelle E Leon-Palmer
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
| | - Kristy L Townsend
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America; Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America; School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li BH, Zhang M, Duan YN, Shuai L, Jiang HW, Li J, Nan FJ, Li JY. Pyrazolone derivative C29 protects against HFD-induced obesity in mice via activation of AMPK in adipose tissue. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:964-974. [PMID: 32934347 PMCID: PMC8149820 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Beige adipocytes have been considered as a potential strategy in anti-obesity therapy because of its thermogenic capacity. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays important roles in regulating adipose tissue function. C29 is a novel pyrazolone derivative with AMPK activity. In the current study, we investigated the role of C29 in the regulation of thermogenesis using differentiated adipocytes and diet-induced obese mice, and explored the mechanisms that might be involved in energy expenditure via adipocyte AMPK activation. We showed that treatment with C29 (2.5-10 μM) concentration-dependently increased thermogenesis in differentiated preadipocytes separated from inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), evidenced by increased expression levels of thermogenesis markers such as Ucp1, Pgc-1α, Dio2, Prdm16, Cox7a1, Cox8b, Elovl3, and Cidea, fatty acid oxidation (FAO) genes including Cpt1a, Lcad and Pparα, as well as beige-selective genes such as Cd137, Tmem26, Slc27a1, and Tbx1. In high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, oral administration of C29 (30 mg·kg-1·day-1) for 9 weeks alleviated HFD-induced obesity, promoted energy expenditure and modulated iWAT browning. However, these effects were not observed in adipose-specific AMPKα1/α2 knockout (AKO) mice following C29 administration. Together, this study demonstrates that C29 regulates energy balance via adipocyte AMPK. Our findings show that the discovery of AMPK activators that specifically target adipose tissue may have therapeutic potential for treating obesity-related metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Drug Screening Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Drug Screening Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ya-Nan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Drug Screening Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lin Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Drug Screening Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hao-Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Drug Screening Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Drug Screening Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fa-Jun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Drug Screening Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jing-Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Drug Screening Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
McNeill BT, Suchacki KJ, Stimson RH. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Human brown adipose tissue as a therapeutic target: warming up or cooling down? Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 184:R243-R259. [PMID: 33729178 PMCID: PMC8111330 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of white adipose tissue leads to obesity and its associated metabolic health consequences such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Several approaches to treat or prevent obesity including public health interventions, surgical weight loss, and pharmacological approaches to reduce caloric intake have failed to substantially modify the increasing prevalence of obesity. The (re-)discovery of active brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans approximately 15 years ago led to a resurgence in research into whether BAT activation could be a novel therapy for the treatment of obesity. Upon cold stimulus, BAT activates and generates heat to maintain body temperature, thus increasing energy expenditure. Activation of BAT may provide a unique opportunity to increase energy expenditure without the need for exercise. However, much of the underlying mechanisms surrounding BAT activation are still being elucidated and the effectiveness of BAT as a therapeutic target has not been realised. Research is ongoing to determine how best to expand BAT mass and activate existing BAT; approaches include cold exposure, pharmacological stimulation using sympathomimetics, browning agents that induce formation of thermogenic beige adipocytes in white adipose depots, and the identification of factors secreted by BAT with therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss the caloric capacity and other metabolic benefits from BAT activation in humans and the role of metabolic tissues such as skeletal muscle in increasing energy expenditure. We discuss the potential of current approaches and the challenges of BAT activation as a novel strategy to treat obesity and metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben T McNeill
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karla J Suchacki
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roland H Stimson
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to R H Stimson Email
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Qian S, Tang Y, Tang QQ. Adipose tissue plasticity and the pleiotropic roles of BMP signaling. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100678. [PMID: 33872596 PMCID: PMC8131923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissues, including white, beige, and brown adipose tissue, have evolved to be highly dynamic organs. Adipose tissues undergo profound changes during development and regeneration and readily undergo remodeling to meet the demands of an everchanging metabolic landscape. The dynamics are determined by the high plasticity of adipose tissues, which contain various cell types: adipocytes, immune cells, endothelial cells, nerves, and fibroblasts. There are numerous proteins that participate in regulating the plasticity of adipose tissues. Among these, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were initially found to regulate the differentiation of adipocytes, and they are being reported to have pleiotropic functions by emerging studies. Here, in the first half of the article, we summarize the plasticity of adipocytes and macrophages, which are two groups of cells targeted by BMP signaling in adipose tissues. We then review how BMPs regulate the differentiation, death, and lipid metabolism of adipocytes. In addition, the potential role of BMPs in regulating adipose tissue macrophages is considered. Finally, the expression of BMPs in adipose tissues and their metabolic relevance are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Qian
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Qun Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Obesity, an excess accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT), has become a global epidemic and is associated with complex diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Presently, there are no safe and effective therapeutic agents to treat obesity. In contrast to white adipocytes that store energy as triglycerides in unilocular lipid droplet, brown and brown-like or beige adipocytes utilize fatty acids (FAs) and glucose at a high rate mainly by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) action to uncouple mitochondrial proton gradient from ATP synthesis, dissipating energy as heat. Recent studies on the presence of brown or brown-like adipocytes in adult humans have revealed their potential as therapeutic targets in combating obesity. Classically, the main signaling pathway known to activate thermogenesis in adipocytes is β3-adrenergic signaling, which is activated by norepinephrine in response to cold, leading to activation of the thermogenic program and browning. In addition to the β3-adrenergic signaling, numerous other hormones and secreted factors have been reported to affect thermogenesis. In this review, we discuss several major pathways, β3-adrenergic, insulin/IGF1, thyroid hormone and TGFβ family, which regulate thermogenesis and browning of WAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hei Sook Sul
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hong H, Baatar D, Hwang SG. The difference of castration timing of Korean Hanwoo bulls does not significantly affect the carcass characteristics. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:426-439. [PMID: 33987616 PMCID: PMC8071752 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is already well known that castration improves marbling quality but exact timing of castration is still highly debated in beef cattle production industry. After castration, blood hormonal changes occur in steer and objective of this study was to investigate the effects of growth hormone (GH) levels on adipocyte differentiation in stromal vascular cells (SVCs) and transdifferentiation into adipocytes in C2C12 myoblasts. Total GH concentrations were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 24 male calves and 4 female calves. Cell proliferation, cellular triglyceride (TG) accumulation, and the cell's lipolytic capability were measured in C2C12 myoblasts and SVCs. Myogenic, adipogenic, and brown adipocyte-specific gene expression was measured via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using SYBR green. Serum GH levels were the highest in late-castrated calves. Treatment with 5 ng/mL GH resulted in greater TG accumulation as well as increased CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ expression compared to that after treatment with 15 ng/mL GH. Treatment with 5 ng/mL GH also resulted in lower myogenin (myo)G and myoD expression compared to that after treatment with 15 ng/mL GH. The expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 7 after treatment with 5 ng/mL GH was higher than that after treatment with 15 ng/mL GH. But carcass characteristics data showed no significant difference between early and late castrated steers. Therefore, our results indicate that castration timing does not seem to be inevitable determinate of carcass qualities, particularly carcass weight and marbling score in Hanwoo beef cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heeok Hong
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Delgerzul Baatar
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of
Biology, Peace Avenue, Bayanzurkh District, Ulaanbaatar 13330,
Mongolia
- School of Animal Life Convergence Science,
Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Seong-Gu Hwang
- School of Animal Life Convergence Science,
Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gender differences in brown adipose tissue-related brain functional networks: an 18F-FDG-PET study. Nucl Med Commun 2021; 41:526-532. [PMID: 32282630 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is controlled by central modulating mechanisms, although changes in brain metabolism of BAT-positive subjects with different genders are still unclear. We hypothesized that changes in regional cerebral glucose metabolic activity were associated with BAT activities, and this association differed in different genders. METHODS Brain glucose metabolism of 26 BAT-positive and 26 BAT-negative healthy subjects was compared using a brain fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET scan, and gender differences in BAT-related brain functional networks and effect of sex hormones were assessed by comparing the brain PET images of BAT-positive and BAT-negative subjects of different genders and postmenopausal female subjects. RESULTS Compared with controls, BAT-positive male subjects had a significant hypermetabolic area in the right extranuclear and significant hypometabolic areas in the right inferior parietal lobule and right inferior frontal gyrus; while at the same threshold, BAT-positive female subjects had richer hypermetabolic regions, including bilateral limbic lobes, bilateral frontal lobes, right cerebellum, left sublobar, and right parietal lobe. However, BAT-positive postmenopause female subjects only showed significant hypometabolic regions in left lingual gyrus. CONCLUSIONS BAT-related brain functional networks are different between male and female subjects. Female networks are more significant and more concentrated while male networks are smaller and more dispersed, and these gender differences may be related to sex hormones.
Collapse
|
17
|
Pham HG, Mukherjee S, Choi MJ, Yun JW. BMP11 regulates thermogenesis in white and brown adipocytes. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:496-510. [PMID: 33527439 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-11 (BMP11), also known as growth differentiation factor-11 (GDF11), is implicated in skeletal development and joint morphogenesis in mammals. However, its functions in adipogenesis and energy homeostasis are mostly unknown. The present study investigates crucial roles of BMP11 in cultured 3T3-L1 white and HIB1B brown adipocytes, using Bmp11 gene depletion and pharmacological inhibition of BMP11. The silencing of Bmp11 markedly decreases the expression levels of brown-fat signature proteins and beige-specific genes in white adipocytes and significantly down-regulates the expression levels of brown fat-specific genes in brown adipocytes. The deficiency of Bmp11 reduces the expressions of lipolytic protein markers in white and brown adipocytes. Moreover, BMP11 induces browning of 3T3-L1 adipocytes via coordination of multiple signalling pathways, including mTORC1-COX2 and p38MAPK-PGC-1α as non-canonical pathways, as well as Smad1/5/8 as a canonical pathway. We believe this study is the first to provide evidence of the potential roles of BMP11 for improvement of lipid catabolism in both cultured white and brown adipocytes, as well as the effect on browning of white adipocytes. Taken together, these results demonstrate the therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huong Giang Pham
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Sulagna Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Min Ji Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Jong Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen Y, Ma B, Wang X, Zha X, Sheng C, Yang P, Qu S. Potential Functions of the BMP Family in Bone, Obesity, and Glucose Metabolism. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:6707464. [PMID: 34258293 PMCID: PMC8249130 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6707464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Characteristic bone metabolism was observed in obesity and diabetes with controversial conclusions. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity may manifest increased bone mineral density. Also, obesity is more easily to occur in T2DM. Therefore, we infer that some factors may be linked to bone and obesity as well as glucose metabolism, which regulate all of them. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), belonging to the transforming growth factor- (TGF-) beta superfamily, regulate a diverse array of cellular functions during development and in the adult. More and more studies revealed that there exists a relationship between bone metabolism and obesity as well as glucose metabolism. BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, BMP7, and BMP9 have been shown to affect the pathophysiological process of obesity and glucose metabolism beyond bone metabolism. They may exert functions in adipogenesis and differentiation as well as insulin resistance. In the review, we summarize the literature on these BMPs and their association with metabolic diseases including obesity and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Bingwei Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingchun Wang
- Thyroid Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zha
- Thyroid Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Chunjun Sheng
- Thyroid Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Thyroid Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Thyroid Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hou J, He C, He W, Yang M, Luo X, Li C. Obesity and Bone Health: A Complex Link. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:600181. [PMID: 33409277 PMCID: PMC7779553 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.600181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, the connections between obesity and skeleton have been extensively explored, but the results are inconsistent. Obesity is thought to affect bone health through a variety of mechanisms, including body weight, fat volume, bone formation/resorption, proinflammatory cytokines together with bone marrow microenvironment. In this review, we will mainly describe the effects of adipokines secreted by white adipose tissue on bone cells, as well as the interaction between brown adipose tissue, bone marrow adipose tissue, and bone metabolism. Meanwhile, this review also reviews the evidence for the effects of adipose tissue and its distribution on bone mass and bone-related diseases, along with the correlation between different populations with obesity and bone health. And we describe changes in bone metabolism in patients with anorexia nervosa or type 2 diabetes. In summary, all of these findings show that the response of skeleton to obesity is complex and depends on diversified factors, such as mechanical loading, obesity type, the location of adipose tissue, gender, age, bone sites, and secreted cytokines, and that these factors may exert a primary function in bone health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chen He
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenzhen He
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Xianghang Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Changjun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sampath TK, Vukicevic S. Biology of bone morphogenetic protein in bone repair and regeneration: A role for autologous blood coagulum as carrier. Bone 2020; 141:115602. [PMID: 32841742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BMPs were purified from demineralized bone matrix based on their ability to induce new bone in vivo and they represent a large member of the TGF-β superfamily of proteins. BMPs serve as morphogenic signals for mesenchymal stem cell migration, proliferation and subsequently differentiation into cartilage and bone during embryonic development. A BMP when implanted with a collagenous carrier in a rat subcutaneous site is capable of inducing new bone by mimicking the cellular events of embryonic bone formation. Based on this biological principle, BMP2 and BMP7 containing collagenous matrix as carrier have been developed as bone graft substitutes for spine fusion and long bone fractures. Here, we describe a novel autologous bone graft substitute that contains BMP6 delivered within an autologous blood coagulum as carrier and summarize the biology of osteogenic BMPs in the context of bone repair and regeneration specifically the critical role that carrier plays to support osteogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kuber Sampath
- perForm Biologics Inc., Holliston, MA 01746, United States of America.
| | - Slobodan Vukicevic
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The Effect of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of Nigella sativa on Bmp7 and Bmp8b Expression in Rats Fed with a High-Fat Diet. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.65662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bone morphogenetic protein7 (BMP7) and bone morphogenetic protein 8b (BMP8b) can induce browning of white adipose tissue. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidative effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa on the repair of oxidative damage caused by a high-fat diet. Also, Bmp7 and Bmp8b gene expressions were investigated on white adipose tissue of the rats and then compared with metformin effects. Methods: Eighty rats were divided into two groups of prevention and treatment; then each set was divided into four sub-groups based on the administered diet (i.e., ordinary, fat, metformin, and extract of Nigella sativa). Lipid profile, paraoxonase1, malondialdehyde (MDA), HDL, and antioxidant capacity were measured in serum samples, and relative Bmp7 and Bmp8b gene expressions were calculated in white adipose tissue. Results: For both prevention and treatment sets, the weight of rats who received a high-fat diet decreased more compared to those in the normal diet group. The weight of rats who received metformin or nigella extract was also decreased compared to the high-fat diet group. MDA was also increased, but total antioxidant capacity and catalase were decreased in rats of the high-fat diet group compared to the normal diet group. MDA was also declined in nigella receiving rats, but liver PON1 activity, total antioxidant capacity, and catalase were increased, compared to the second group (P < 0.05). In the prevention and treatment set, Bmp8b gene expression was increased in the metformin and Nigella sativa groups, whereas it was decreased among those who received a high-fat diet. Bmp7 gene expression was decreased in the high-fat diet set, but metformin and Nigella sativa extract didn’t influence Bmp7 gene expression. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that Nigella sativa extract has a protective role against oxidative stress in a high-fat diet.
Collapse
|
22
|
Vialard F, Olivier M. Thermoneutrality and Immunity: How Does Cold Stress Affect Disease? Front Immunol 2020; 11:588387. [PMID: 33329571 PMCID: PMC7714907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges the scientific community faces today is the lack of translational data generated from mouse trials for human health application. Housing temperature-dependent chronic cold stress in laboratory rodents is one of the key factors contributing to lack of translatability because it reveals major metabolic differences between humans and rodents. While humans tend to operate at temperatures within their thermoneutral zone, most laboratory rodents are housed at temperatures below this zone and have an increased energy demand to generate heat. This has an impact on the immune system of mice and thus affects results obtained using murine models of human diseases. A limited number of studies and reviews have shown that results obtained on mice housed at thermoneutrality were different from those obtained from mice housed in traditional housing conditions. Most of those studies, focused on obesity and cancer, found that housing mice at thermoneutrality changed the outcomes of the diseases negatively and positively, respectively. In this review, we describe how thermoneutrality impacts the immune system of rodents generally and in the context of different disease models. We show that thermoneutrality exacerbates cardiovascular and auto-immune diseases; alleviates asthma and Alzheimer’s disease; and, changes gut microbiome populations. We also show that thermoneutrality can have exacerbating or alleviating effects on the outcome of infectious diseases. Thus, we join the call of others in this field to urge researchers to refine murine models of disease and increase their translational capacity by considering housing at thermoneutrality for trials involving rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Vialard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu F, Yang X, Hu M, Shao Q, Fang K, Li J, Zhao Y, Xu L, Zou X, Lu F, Chen G. Wu-Mei-Wan prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity by reducing white adipose tissue and enhancing brown adipose tissue function. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 76:153258. [PMID: 32563018 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wu-Mei-Wan, a classic traditional Chinese herb medicine, is one of the most important formulations to treat digestive diseases from ancient times to the present. Our previous study showed that WMW treatment can prevent T2DM in db/db mice, which motivating the application of WMW on metabolic disorders. PURPOSE Obesity and its comorbid diseases have increased dramatically and are now a worldwide health problem. There is still a lack of satisfactory treatment strategies for obesity. This work was designed to assess the effect and related mechanism of WMW on high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice model. METHODS Obese mice were induced by HFD. Thetherapeutic effect of WMW were analyzed by examining body and adipose tissue weight, metabolic profile and energy expenditure. Adipose tissue phenotype was determined by histological staining and the mitochondrial content was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining, RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate expression of key molecules in adipose tissue. RESULTS WMW treatment significantly protects HFD-induced obesity. Here we showed that WMW limits weight gain, improves metabolic profile and increases energy expenditure. WMW inhibits the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of white adipocytes, the mechanism involving the inhibition of TLR3/IL-6/JAK1/STAT3 pathway. In brown adipose tissue (BAT), WMW promotes thermogenicprogramme without affecting cell proliferation. The activated BMP7/ Smad1/5/9 pathway is considered to be one of the explanations for the effect of WMW on BAT. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that WMW can prevent obesity and its underlying mechanisms are associated with reducing white adipose tissue and enhancing brown adipose tissue function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Xueping Yang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Meilin Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Qingqing Shao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Ke Fang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Jingbin Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Lijun Xu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Xin Zou
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Fuer Lu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mesri Alamdari N, Irandoost P, Roshanravan N, Vafa M, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Alipour S, Roshangar L, Alivand M, Farsi F, Shidfar F. Effects of Royal Jelly and Tocotrienol Rich Fraction in obesity treatment of calorie-restricted obese rats: a focus on white fat browning properties and thermogenic capacity. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:42. [PMID: 32508963 PMCID: PMC7266117 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity has reached an alarming rate worldwide. Promoting thermogenesis via increasing the function of brown adipose tissue (BAT) or white adipose tissue (WAT) browning has been proposed as a new protective approach against obesity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of Royal Jelly (RJ) and tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) on BAT activation and WAT browning during calorie restriction diet (CRD) in obesity model. Methods In this experimental study, 50 obese Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups and then received one of the following treatments for a period of 8-week: High-fat diet (HFD), CRD, RJ + CRD, TRF + CRD, and RJ + TRF + CRD. Effects of RJ and TRF, individually and in combination on body weight and the expression of key thermoregulatory genes in WAT and BAT were examined by quantitative real-time (qRT-PCR). Also, morphological alterations were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results RJ (- 67.21 g ±4.84 g) and RJ + TRF (- 73.29 g ±4.51 g) significantly reduced weight gain relative to the CRD group (- 40.70 g ±6.50 g, P < 0.001). In comparison with the CRD group, RJ and RJ + TRF remarkably enhanced the uncoupling protein1 (UCP1) expression in WAT (5.81, 4.72 fold, P < 0.001) and BAT (4.99, 4.75 fold, P < 0.001). The expression of PR domain containing 16(PRDM 16), cAMP response element-binding protein1 (CREB1), P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (P38MAPK), and Bone morphogenetic protein8B (BMP8B) have significantly increased following RJ and RJ + TRF treatments (P < 0.001). However, the expression levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (CEBPβ) and Bone morphogenetic protein7 ( BMP7) did not remarkably change. Multilocular beige cells in WAT and compacted dense adipocytes were also observed in BAT of RJ and RJ + TRF received groups. TRF showed no substantial effects on the expression of the mentioned thermoregulatory genes and brown fat-like phenotype. Conclusion Our results suggest that, Royal Jelly promotes thermogenesis and browning of WAT, contributing to an increase in energy expenditure. Thus, Royal Jelly may give rise to a novel dietary choice to attenuate obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naimeh Mesri Alamdari
- Department of Nutrition,Student research committee, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pardis Irandoost
- Department of Nutrition,Student research committee, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Roshanravan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Road Traffic Injury Prevention Research Center, School of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Shahriar Alipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Farnaz Farsi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- Road Traffic Injury Prevention Research Center, School of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rodríguez A, Catalán V, Ramírez B, Unamuno X, Portincasa P, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Frühbeck G, Becerril S. Impact of adipokines and myokines on fat browning. J Physiol Biochem 2020; 76:227-240. [PMID: 32236810 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of leptin in 1994, the adipose tissue (AT) is not just considered a passive fat storage organ but also an extremely active secretory and endocrine organ that secretes a large variety of hormones, called adipokines, involved in energy metabolism. Adipokines may not only contribute to AT dysfunction and obesity, but also in fat browning, a process that induces a phenotypic switch from energy-storing white adipocytes to thermogenic brown fat-like cells. The fat browning process and, consequently, thermogenesis can also be stimulated by physical exercise. Contracting skeletal muscle is a metabolically active tissue that participates in several endocrine functions through the production of bioactive factors, collectively termed myokines, proposed as the mediators of physical activity-induced health benefits. Myokines affect muscle mass, have profound effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, and promote browning and thermogenesis of white AT in an endocrine and/or paracrine manner. The present review focuses on the role of different myokines and adipokines in the regulation of fat browning, as well as in the potential cross-talk between AT and skeletal muscle, in order to control body weight, energy expenditure and thermogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - V Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - B Ramírez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - X Unamuno
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Medical Engineering Laboratory, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - P Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Policlinico Hospital, University of Bari Medical School, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - J Gómez-Ambrosi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - G Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain. .,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen YC, Yu YH. The potential of brown adipogenesis and browning in porcine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells1. J Anim Sci 2020; 96:3635-3644. [PMID: 29878130 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipocyte lineage commitment and differentiation are under complex regulation. Brown adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Whether porcine bone marrow-derived MSC (BM-MSC) possess the potential to differentiate into brown adipocytes remains unclear. In the current study, we evaluated the ability of porcine BM-MSC to differentiate into brown adipocytes and browning of differentiated adipocytes. We found that similar to rodent models, bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) was able to trigger the commitment of BM-MSC to the brown adipocyte lineage by elevating expression of marker genes, nrf-1, tfam, zic1, and pgc-1α (P < 0.05). The expression of brown adipocyte-specific genes, prdm16, dio2, and cidea, was significantly induced (P < 0.05) in BMP7-treated porcine BM-MSC after hormonal induction of adipogenesis. The UCP2 and UCP3 protein levels in BMP7-treated porcine BM-MSC were higher than the control group after hormonal induction of adipogenesis, accompanied by increased mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondria-specific gene expression (P < 0.05). Furthermore, acute norepinephrine stimulation potentiated brown adipocyte-specific mRNA expression (P < 0.05) in differentiated adipocytes. Similarly, UCP2 and UCP3 protein levels were increased in differentiated adipocytes upon acute norepinephrine stimulation. In addition, mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondria-specific gene expression were also significantly increased (P < 0.05) in differentiated adipocytes after acute norepinephrine exposure. Taken together, these results demonstrate for the first time that porcine BM-MSC are able to commit to the brown adipocyte lineage and differentiate into brown adipocytes. Differentiated adipocytes derived from porcine BM-MSC have the developmental potential to transdifferentiate into brown-like adipocytes upon norepinephrine stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chu Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan City, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Yu
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan City, Yilan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Funcke JB, Scherer PE. Beyond adiponectin and leptin: adipose tissue-derived mediators of inter-organ communication. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1648-1684. [PMID: 31209153 PMCID: PMC6795086 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r094060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The breakthrough discoveries of leptin and adiponectin more than two decades ago led to a widespread recognition of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Many more adipose tissue-secreted signaling mediators (adipokines) have been identified since then, and much has been learned about how adipose tissue communicates with other organs of the body to maintain systemic homeostasis. Beyond proteins, additional factors, such as lipids, metabolites, noncoding RNAs, and extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by adipose tissue participate in this process. Here, we review the diverse signaling mediators and mechanisms adipose tissue utilizes to relay information to other organs. We discuss recently identified adipokines (proteins, lipids, and metabolites) and briefly outline the contributions of noncoding RNAs and EVs to the ever-increasing complexities of adipose tissue inter-organ communication. We conclude by reflecting on central aspects of adipokine biology, namely, the contribution of distinct adipose tissue depots and cell types to adipokine secretion, the phenomenon of adipokine resistance, and the capacity of adipose tissue to act both as a source and sink of signaling mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Bernd Funcke
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang W, Wu X, Pei Z, Kiess W, Yang Y, Xu Y, Chang Z, Wu J, Sun C, Luo F. GDF5 Promotes White Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis via p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:1303-1312. [PMID: 31553232 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) was reported to regulate brown adipogenesis; however, its effects on insulin sensitivity, full metabolic syndrome spectrum, and the thermogenesis in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) have not been elucidated yet. We thus generated fatty acid-binding protein 4 (Fabp4)-GDF5 transgenic (TG) mice and showed that GDF5 TG mice developed a relative lean phenotype on a high-fat diet (HFD) and showed increased insulin sensitivity. Over expression of GDF5 in adipose tissues greatly promoted the thermogenic process in sWAT after cold or β3-agonist treatment. In TG mice, sWAT showed an important thermogenic effect as the thermogenic gene expression was markedly increased, which was consistent with the typical features of beige adipocytes. Moreover, knockdown of the protein GDF5 impaired browning program in sWAT after thermogenic stimuli. Enhanced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) signaling was also identified in sWAT of HFD-fed GDF5 mice, and thermogenesis in mature adipocytes induced by GDF5 protein could be partly blocked by a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Taken together, our data suggest that GDF5 could improve insulin sensitivity and prevent metabolic syndrome, the adaptive thermogenesis in sWAT could mediate the obesity resistance effects of GDF5 in mice and partially resulted in the activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou Pei
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescent, University Hospitals, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Xu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhuo Chang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feihong Luo
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Muller S, Ader I, Creff J, Leménager H, Achard P, Casteilla L, Sensebé L, Carrière A, Deschaseaux F. Human adipose stromal-vascular fraction self-organizes to form vascularized adipose tissue in 3D cultures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7250. [PMID: 31076601 PMCID: PMC6510792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43624-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Native human subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) is well organized into unilocular adipocytes interspersed within dense vascularization. This structure is completely lost under standard culture conditions and may impair the comparison with native tissue. Here, we developed a 3-D model of human white AT reminiscent of the cellular architecture found in vivo. Starting with adipose progenitors derived from the stromal-vascular fraction of human subcutaneous white AT, we generated spheroids in which endogenous endothelial cells self-assembled to form highly organized endothelial networks among stromal cells. Using an optimized adipogenic differentiation medium to preserve endothelial cells, we obtained densely vascularized spheroids containing mature adipocytes with unilocular lipid vacuoles. In vivo study showed that when differentiated spheroids were transplanted in immune-deficient mice, endothelial cells within the spheroids connected to the recipient circulatory system, forming chimeric vessels. In addition, adipocytes of human origin were still observed in transplanted mice. We therefore have developed an in vitro model of vascularized human AT-like organoids that constitute an excellent tool and model for any study of human AT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Muller
- STROMALab, Etablissement Français du Sang-Occitanie (EFS), Inserm 1031, University of Toulouse, National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), ERL5311 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Ader
- STROMALab, Etablissement Français du Sang-Occitanie (EFS), Inserm 1031, University of Toulouse, National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), ERL5311 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Justine Creff
- STROMALab, Etablissement Français du Sang-Occitanie (EFS), Inserm 1031, University of Toulouse, National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), ERL5311 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI) CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,LAAS-CNRS University of Toulouse CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Leménager
- STROMALab, Etablissement Français du Sang-Occitanie (EFS), Inserm 1031, University of Toulouse, National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), ERL5311 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Achard
- STROMALab, Etablissement Français du Sang-Occitanie (EFS), Inserm 1031, University of Toulouse, National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), ERL5311 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Louis Casteilla
- STROMALab, Etablissement Français du Sang-Occitanie (EFS), Inserm 1031, University of Toulouse, National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), ERL5311 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Luc Sensebé
- STROMALab, Etablissement Français du Sang-Occitanie (EFS), Inserm 1031, University of Toulouse, National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), ERL5311 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Carrière
- STROMALab, Etablissement Français du Sang-Occitanie (EFS), Inserm 1031, University of Toulouse, National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), ERL5311 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Deschaseaux
- STROMALab, Etablissement Français du Sang-Occitanie (EFS), Inserm 1031, University of Toulouse, National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), ERL5311 CNRS, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Blázquez-Medela AM, Jumabay M, Boström KI. Beyond the bone: Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in adipose tissue. Obes Rev 2019; 20:648-658. [PMID: 30609449 PMCID: PMC6447448 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the same superfamily as related to transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), and activins. They were initially described as inducers of bone formation but are now known to be involved in morphogenetic activities and cell differentiation throughout the body, including the development of adipose tissue and adipogenic differentiation. BMP4 and BMP7 are the most studied BMPs in adipose tissue, with major roles in white adipogenesis and brown adipogenesis, respectively, but other BMPs such as BMP2, BMP6, and BMP8b as well as some inhibitors and modulators have been shown to also affect adipogenesis. It has become ever more important to understand adipose regulation, including the BMP pathways, in light of the strong links between obesity and metabolic and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize the available information on BMP signaling in adipose tissue using preferentially articles that have appeared in the last decade, which together demonstrate the importance of BMP signaling in adipose biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Blázquez-Medela
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Medet Jumabay
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Kristina I Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Qi XY, Qu SL, Xiong WH, Rom O, Chang L, Jiang ZS. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:134. [PMID: 30305178 PMCID: PMC6180425 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), the adipose tissue that surrounds most of the vasculature, has emerged as an active component of the blood vessel wall regulating vascular homeostasis and affecting the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although PVAT characteristics resemble both brown and white adipose tissues, recent evidence suggests that PVAT develops from its own distinct precursors implying a closer link between PVAT and vascular system. Under physiological conditions, PVAT has potent anti-atherogenic properties mediated by its ability to secrete various biologically active factors that induce non-shivering thermogenesis and metabolize fatty acids. In contrast, under pathological conditions (mainly obesity), PVAT becomes dysfunctional, loses its thermogenic capacity and secretes pro-inflammatory adipokines that induce endothelial dysfunction and infiltration of inflammatory cells, promoting atherosclerosis development. Since PVAT plays crucial roles in regulating key steps of atherosclerosis development, it may constitute a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Here, we review the current literature regarding the roles of PVAT in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Qi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Shun-Lin Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Wen-Hao Xiong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Oren Rom
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ballak DB, Li S, Cavalli G, Stahl JL, Tengesdal IW, van Diepen JA, Klück V, Swartzwelter B, Azam T, Tack CJ, Stienstra R, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Seals DR, Dinarello CA. Interleukin-37 treatment of mice with metabolic syndrome improves insulin sensitivity and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production in adipose tissue. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14224-14236. [PMID: 30006351 PMCID: PMC6139546 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and the metabolic syndrome are characterized by chronic, low-grade inflammation mainly originating from expanding adipose tissue and resulting in inhibition of insulin signaling and disruption of glycemic control. Transgenic mice expressing human interleukin 37 (IL-37), an anti-inflammatory cytokine of the IL-1 family, are protected against metabolic syndrome when fed a high-fat diet (HFD) containing 45% fat. Here, we examined whether treatment with recombinant IL-37 ameliorates established insulin resistance and obesity-induced inflammation. WT mice were fed a HFD for 22 weeks and then treated daily with IL-37 (1 μg/mouse) during the last 2 weeks. Compared with vehicle only-treated mice, IL-37-treated mice exhibited reduced insulin in the plasma and had significant improvements in glucose tolerance and in insulin content of the islets. The IL-37 treatment also increased the levels of circulating IL-1 receptor antagonist. Cultured adipose tissues revealed that IL-37 treatment significantly decreases spontaneous secretions of IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and CXC motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL-1). We also fed mice a 60% fat diet with concomitant daily IL-37 for 2 weeks and observed decreased secretion of IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6 and reduced intracellular levels of IL-1α in the liver and adipose tissue, along with improved plasma glucose clearance. Compared with vehicle treatment, these IL-37-treated mice had no apparent weight gain. In human adipose tissue cultures, the presence of 50 pm IL-37 reduced spontaneous release of TNFα and 50% of lipopolysaccharide-induced TNFα. These findings indicate that IL-37's anti-inflammatory effects can ameliorate established metabolic disturbances during obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dov B. Ballak
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, ,the Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Suzhao Li
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Giulio Cavalli
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Jonathan L. Stahl
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isak W. Tengesdal
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Janna A. van Diepen
- the Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and
| | - Viola Klück
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Benjamin Swartzwelter
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Tania Azam
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Cees J. Tack
- the Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and
| | - Rinke Stienstra
- the Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and ,the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6525 Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Douglas R. Seals
- the Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, ,the Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and , To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Dept. of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045. Tel.:
303-724-6174; Fax:
303-724-6178; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mahmoudi A, Ghatreh Samani K, Farrokhi E, Heidarian E. Effects of Nigella sativa Extracts on the Lipid Profile and Uncoupling Protein-1 Gene Expression in Brown Adipose Tissue of Mice. Adv Biomed Res 2018; 7:121. [PMID: 30211134 PMCID: PMC6124217 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_91_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) is the index protein of the brown adipose tissue (BAT), used in the obesity studies. We evaluated the effects of thymoquinone (TQ), hydroalcoholic, and hexane extracts of Nigella sativa, on the UCP-1 gene expression in BAT, and also on the recovery from oxidative stress, due to a high-fat diet. Materials and Methods: Fifty mice were divided into five groups: the first group was fed with a usual diet and the second, third, fourth, and fifth groups with a high-fat diet, hydroalcoholic extract, hexane extract, and TQ, respectively. After completing the course, the lipid profile, paraoxonase 1 (PON1), serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. UCP-1 expression in BAT was evaluated at the gene and protein level. Results: The weight of mice, receiving TQ, hydroalcoholic, and hexane extracts, was decreased (P < 0.05), compared to the second group (P < 0.05). MDA was increased in the second group, compared to the first group (P < 0.05); however, TAC, liver catalase enzyme, and PON1 were decreased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, MDA of the third, fourth, and fifth groups had decreased, and the activity of PON1, liver catalase enzyme, and the amount of TAC was increased (P < 0.05). UCP-1 expression of the third and fourth groups was increased, compared to the second group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results suggest that TQ, hydroalcoholic, and hexane extracts of N. sativa have a protective and therapeutic role in the oxidative stress, caused by high-fat diets. The hydroalcoholic and hexane extracts can induce weight loss, by positively affecting UCP-1, at the gene and protein level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Keihan Ghatreh Samani
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Effat Farrokhi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Esfandiar Heidarian
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Soler-Vázquez MC, Mera P, Zagmutt S, Serra D, Herrero L. New approaches targeting brown adipose tissue transplantation as a therapy in obesity. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:346-355. [PMID: 30030977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is raising high expectations as a potential target in the fight against metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. BAT utilizes fuels such as fatty acids to maintain body temperature by uncoupling mitochondrial electron transport to produce heat instead of ATP. This process is called thermogenesis. BAT was considered to be exclusive to rodents and human neonates. However, in the last decade several studies have demonstrated that BAT is not only present but also active in adult humans and that its activity is reduced in several pathological conditions, such as aging, obesity, and diabetes. Thus, tremendous efforts are being made by the scientific community to enhance either BAT mass or activity. Several activators of thermogenesis have been described, such as natriuretic peptides, bone morphogenic proteins, or fibroblast growth factor 21. Furthermore, recent studies have tested a therapeutic approach to directly increase BAT mass by the implantation of either adipocytes or fat tissue. This approach might have an important future in regenerative medicine and in the fight against metabolic disorders. Here, we review the emerging field of BAT transplantation including the various sources of mesenchymal stem cell isolation in rodents and humans and the described metabolic outcomes of adipocyte cell transplantation and BAT transplantation in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Soler-Vázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Mera
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián Zagmutt
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) constitute the largest subdivision of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family of ligands and exert most of their effects through the canonical effectors Smad1, 5, and 8. Appropriate regulation of BMP signaling is critical for the development and homeostasis of numerous human organ systems. Aberrations in BMP pathways or their regulation are increasingly associated with diverse human pathologies, and there is an urgent and growing need to develop effective approaches to modulate BMP signaling in the clinic. In this review, we provide a wide perspective on diseases and/or conditions associated with dysregulated BMP signal transduction, outline the current strategies available to modulate BMP pathways, highlight emerging second-generation technologies, and postulate prospective avenues for future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46222
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shin S, Ajuwon KM. Divergent Response of Murine and Porcine Adipocytes to Stimulation of Browning Genes by 18-Carbon Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Beta-Receptor Agonists. Lipids 2018; 53:65-75. [PMID: 29424439 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunhye Shin
- Interdepartmental Nutrition Program; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Kolapo M. Ajuwon
- Interdepartmental Nutrition Program; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Department of Animal Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Targeting white, brown and perivascular adipose tissue in atherosclerosis development. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:82-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
38
|
Increased inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiration in brown adipose tissue from obese mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16082. [PMID: 29167565 PMCID: PMC5700117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with severe metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease and some forms of cancer. The pathophysiology of obesity-induced metabolic diseases has been strongly related to white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction through several mechanisms such as fibrosis, apoptosis, inflammation, ER and oxidative stress. However, little is known of whether these processes are also present in brown adipose tissue (BAT) during obesity, and the potential consequences on mitochondrial activity. Here we characterized the BAT of obese and hyperglycemic mice treated with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks. The hypertrophic BAT from obese mice showed no signs of fibrosis nor apoptosis, but higher levels of inflammation, ER stress, ROS generation and antioxidant enzyme activity than the lean counterparts. The response was attenuated compared with obesity-induced WAT derangements, which suggests that BAT is more resistant to the obesity-induced insult. In fact, mitochondrial respiration in BAT from obese mice was enhanced, with a 2-fold increase in basal oxygen consumption, through the upregulation of complex III of the electron transport chain and UCP1. Altogether, our results show that obesity is accompanied by an increase in BAT mitochondrial activity, inflammation and oxidative damage.
Collapse
|
39
|
Brun J, Berthou F, Trajkovski M, Maechler P, Foti M, Bonnet N. Bone Regulates Browning and Energy Metabolism Through Mature Osteoblast/Osteocyte PPARγ Expression. Diabetes 2017; 66:2541-2554. [PMID: 28687706 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a master regulator of energy metabolism. In bone, it is known to regulate osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast activity. Whether PPARγ expression in bone cells, particularly osteocytes, regulates energy metabolism remains unknown. Here, we show that mature osteoblast/osteocyte-specific ablation of PPARγ in mice (Ocy-PPARγ-/-) alters body composition with age, namely, to produce less fat and more lean mass, and enhances insulin sensitivity and energy expenditure compared with wild-type mice. In addition, Ocy-PPARγ-/- mice exhibit more bone density, structure, and strength by uncoupling bone formation from resorption. When challenged with a high-fat diet, Ocy-PPARγ-/- mice retain glycemic control, with increased browning of the adipose tissue, decreased gluconeogenesis, and less hepatic steatosis. Moreover, these metabolic effects, particularly an increase in fatty acid oxidation, cannot be explained by decarboxylated osteocalcin changes, suggesting existence of other osteokines that are under the control of PPARγ. We further identify bone morphogenetic protein 7 as one of them. Hence, osteocytes coregulate bone and glucose homeostasis through a PPARγ regulatory pathway, and its inhibition could be clinically relevant for the prevention of glucose metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brun
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Flavien Berthou
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, and Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Trajkovski
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, and Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Maechler
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, and Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michanlegelo Foti
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, and Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bonnet
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bone morphogenic protein BMP7 induces adipocyte differentiation and uncoupling protein UCP1 expression in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-017-0643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
41
|
Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes arise from distinct developmental origins. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) develops embryonically from precursors that also give to skeletal muscle. Beige fat develops postnatally and is highly inducible. Beige fat recruitment is mediated by multiple mechanisms, including de novo beige adipogenesis and white-to-brown adipocyte transdifferentiaiton. Beige precursors reside around vasculatures, and proliferate and differentiate into beige adipocytes. PDGFRα+Ebf2+ precursors are restricted to beige lineage cells, while another PDGFRα+ subset gives rise to beige adipocytes, white adipocytes, or fibrogenic cells. White adipocytes can be reprogramed and transdifferentiated into beige adipocytes. Brown and beige adipocytes display many similar properties, including multilocular lipid droplets, dense mitochondria, and expression of UCP1. UCP1-mediated thermogenesis is a hallmark of brown/beige adipocytes, albeit UCP1-independent thermogenesis also occurs. Development, maintenance, and activation of BAT/beige fat are guided by genetic and epigenetic programs. Numerous transcriptional factors and coactivators act coordinately to promote BAT/beige fat thermogenesis. Epigenetic reprograming influences expression of brown/beige adipocyte-selective genes. BAT/beige fat is regulated by neuronal, hormonal, and immune mechanisms. Hypothalamic thermal circuits define the temperature setpoint that guides BAT/beige fat activity. Metabolic hormones, paracrine/autocrine factors, and various immune cells also play a critical role in regulating BAT/beige fat functions. BAT and beige fat defend temperature homeostasis, and regulate body weight and glucose and lipid metabolism. Obesity is associated with brown/beige fat deficiency, and reactivation of brown/beige fat provides metabolic health benefits in some patients. Pharmacological activation of BAT/beige fat may hold promise for combating metabolic diseases. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1281-1306, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Imran KM, Rahman N, Yoon D, Jeon M, Lee BT, Kim YS. Cryptotanshinone promotes commitment to the brown adipocyte lineage and mitochondrial biogenesis in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells via AMPK and p38-MAPK signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1110-1120. [PMID: 28807877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although white adipose tissue (WAT) stores triglycerides and contributes to obesity, brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy as heat. Therefore, browning of WAT is regarded as an attractive way to counteract obesity. Our previous studies have revealed that treatment with cryptotanshinone (CT) during adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells inhibits their differentiation. Here, we found that pretreatment of C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells with CT before exposure to adipogenic hormonal stimuli promotes the commitment of these mesenchymal stem cells to the adipocyte lineage as confirmed by increased triglyceride accumulation. Furthermore, CT treatment induced the expression of early B-cell factor 2 (Ebf2) and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (Bmp7), which are known to drive differentiation of C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells toward preadipocytes and to the commitment to brown adipocytes. Consequently, CT treatment yielded brown-adipocyte-like features as evidenced by elevated expression of brown-fat signature genes including Ucp1, Prdm16, Pgc-1α, Cidea, Zic1, and beige-cell-specific genes such as CD137, Hspb7, Cox2, and Tmem26. Additionally, CT treatment induced mitochondrial biogenesis through upregulation of Sirt1, Tfam, Nrf1, and Cox7a and increased mitochondrial mass and DNA content. Our data also showed that cotreatment with CT and BMP4 was more effective at activating brown-adipocyte-specific genes. Mechanistic experiments revealed that treatment with CT activated AMPKα and p38-MAPK via their phosphorylation: the two major signaling pathways regulating energy metabolism. Thus, these findings suggest that CT is a candidate therapeutic agent against obesity working via activation of browning and mitochondrial biogenesis in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khan Mohammad Imran
- Dept. of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Korea
| | - Naimur Rahman
- Dept. of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Korea
| | - Dahyeon Yoon
- Dept. of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Korea
| | - Miso Jeon
- Dept. of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Korea
| | - Byong-Taek Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Korea; Dept. of Tissue Engineering, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Korea
| | - Yong-Sik Kim
- Dept. of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
The induction of brown-like adipocyte development in white adipose tissue (WAT) confers numerous metabolic benefits by decreasing adiposity and increasing energy expenditure. Therefore, WAT browning has gained considerable attention for its potential to reverse obesity and its associated co-morbidities. However, this perspective has been tainted by recent studies identifying the detrimental effects of inducing WAT browning. This review aims to highlight the adverse outcomes of both overactive and underactive browning activity, the harmful side effects of browning agents, as well as the molecular brake-switch system that has been proposed to regulate this process. Developing novel strategies that both sustain the metabolic improvements of WAT browning and attenuate the related adverse side effects is therefore essential for unlocking the therapeutic potential of browning agents in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
|
44
|
Chu DT, Tao Y. A homologous stem cell therapy for obesity and its related metabolic disorders. Med Hypotheses 2017; 103:26-28. [PMID: 28571802 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and overweight have become a leading health problem in the world. But we have not yet had any optimal therapy to prevent this health issue. Accumulating evidence suggests that there is existence of functional brown/brite adipocytes in both infants and adult humans, and the activated brown/brite can burn energy by generating heat. These adipocytes can be differentiated from stem cells and transplantation of pre-activated human thermogenic adipocytes in vitro benefits to glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity and reduces body fat in normal or obese immunodeficient mice. These investigations lead us to hypothesize a homologous stem cell therapy to treat obesity and its related disorders. The therapy bases on functional brown/brite adipocytes which are differentiated from homologous stem cells isolated from fat depot of an obese person, and those adipocytes are activated to have a full thermogenic program before being transplanted back to that patient to improve glucose homeostasis and reduce fat content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Toi Chu
- Institute for Research and Development, Duy Tan University, K7/25 Quang Trung, Danang, Viet Nam; Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Yang Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 8 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chu DT, Tao Y, Taskén K. OPA1 in Lipid Metabolism: Function of OPA1 in Lipolysis and Thermogenesis of Adipocytes. Horm Metab Res 2017; 49:276-285. [PMID: 28427098 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OPA1 (Optic Atrophy 1) is a mitochondrial GTPase known to regulate fission of mitochondria. It was recently also shown to locate on lipid droplets in adipocytes where it functions as an A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) that mediates adrenergic control of lipolysis by facilitating PKA phosphorylation of perilipin (Plin1). In brown adipocytes indirect evidence support the notion that OPA1 regulation of fission serves to increase thermogenesis, which thereby contributes to dissipation of energy. In white adipocytes, OPA1 located on lipid droplets serves as a gatekeeper to control lipolysis induced by adrenergic agonists. However, the function of OPA1 in lipolysis and thermogenesis in inducible brown adipocytes (brite/beige cells) remains elusive. Here we discuss the role of OPA1 in lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Toi Chu
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yang Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chattopadhyay T, Singh RR, Gupta S, Surolia A. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) augments insulin sensitivity in mice with type II diabetes mellitus by potentiating PI3K/AKT pathway. Biofactors 2017; 43:195-209. [PMID: 28186649 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A direct link between development of insulin resistance and the presence of chronic inflammation, in case of obesity exists, with cytokines playing an important role in glucose metabolism. Members of TGF-β superfamily, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), have been shown to be involved in islet morphogenesis, establishment of β-cell mass and adipose cell fate determination. Here, we demonstrate a novel and direct role of BMP-4 and -7 in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. An age-dependent increase in serum BMP-4 and decrease in serum BMP-7 levels was observed in animal models of type II diabetes. In this study, BMP-7 and -4 have been demonstrated to have antagonistic effects on insulin signaling and thereby on glucose homeostasis. BMP-7 augmented glucose uptake in the insulin sensitive tissues such as the adipose and muscle by increasing Glut4 translocation to the plasma membrane through phosphorylation and activation of PDK1 and Akt, and phosphorylation and translocation of FoxO1 to the cytoplasm in liver/HepG2 cells. Restoration of BMP-7 levels in serum of diabetic animals resulted in decreased blood glucose levels in contrast to age matched untreated control groups, opening up a new therapeutic avenue for diabetes. On the contrary, BMP-4 inhibited insulin signaling through activation of PKC-θ isoform, and resulted in insulin resistance through the attenuation of insulin signaling. BMP-7 therefore is an attractive candidate for tackling a multifaceted disease such as diabetes, since it not only reduces body fat, but also strengthens insulin signaling, causing improved glucose uptake and ameliorating peripheral insulin resistance. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(2):195-209, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarika Gupta
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
van den Berg SM, van Dam AD, Rensen PCN, de Winther MPJ, Lutgens E. Immune Modulation of Brown(ing) Adipose Tissue in Obesity. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:46-68. [PMID: 27849358 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a variety of medical conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases and is therefore responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates. Increasing energy expenditure by brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a current novel strategy to reduce the excessive energy stores in obesity. Brown adipocytes burn energy to generate heat and are mainly activated upon cold exposure. As prolonged cold exposure is not a realistic therapy, researchers worldwide are searching for novel ways to activate BAT and/or induce beiging of white adipose tissue. Recently, the contribution of immune cells in the regulation of brown adipocyte activity and beiging of white adipose tissue has gained increased attention, with a prominent role for eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages. This review discusses the rediscovery of BAT, presents an overview of modes of activation and differentiation of beige and brown adipocytes, and describes the recently discovered immunological pathways that are key in mediating brown/beige adipocyte development and function. Interventions in immunological pathways harbor the potential to provide novel strategies to increase beige and brown adipose tissue activity as a therapeutic target for obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M van den Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ The Netherlands
| | - Andrea D van Dam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cavalera M, Axling U, Berger K, Holm C. Rose hip supplementation increases energy expenditure and induces browning of white adipose tissue. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:91. [PMID: 27980600 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity are widespread chronic disorders defined as excessive fat accumulation, and are major risk factors for several chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure and fatty liver. Changes in lifestyle such as increased physical activity and a healthy diet can be crucial tools for treating obesity. Intake of rose hip, the fruit of several plants belonging to the Rosaceae family, has been shown to reduce body fat mass and prevent body weight gain. Thus, the aim of the study was to elucidate potential mechanisms through which rose hip inhibit diet-induced obesity. METHODS C57BL/6 J mice were fed a high fat diet with (RH) or without (CTR) rose hip supplementation for three months. In vivo indirect calorimetry was monitored, as well as gene expression and protein levels of different adipose depots. RESULTS Although no differences in energy intake were found compared to the CTR group, RH prevented body weight gain and lowered blood glucose, insulin and cholesterol levels. Indirect calorimetry showed that RH-fed mice have significantly higher EE during the dark phase, despite comparable voluntary activity. Moreover, when challenged with treadmill running, RH-fed mice exhibited higher metabolic rate. Therefore, we hypothesized that RH could stimulate the brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic capacity or may induce browning of the white adipose tissue (WAT). Compared to the CTR group, gene expression and protein levels of some brown and "brite" markers, together with genes able to promote brown adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis (such as ucp1, tbx15, bmp7, and cidea), as well as phosphorylation of AMPK, was increased in WAT (but not in BAT) of RH-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS Taken together these results indicate that dietary rose hip prevents body weight gain by increasing whole body EE and inducing browning of WAT. Thus, it has potential therapeutic implication for treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Cavalera
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Axling
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Berger
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Holm
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bargut TCL, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Brown adipose tissue: Updates in cellular and molecular biology. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:452-60. [PMID: 27561621 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is mainly composed of adipocytes, it is highly vascularized and innervated, and can be activated in adult humans. Brown adipocytes are responsible for performing non-shivering thermogenesis, which is exclusively mediated by uncoupling protein (UCP) -1 (a protein found in the inner mitochondrial membrane), the hallmark of BAT, responsible for the uncoupling of the proton leakage from the ATP production, therefore, generating heat (i.e. thermogenesis). Besides UCP1, other compounds are essential not only to thermogenesis, but also to the proliferation and differentiation of BAT, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family, PPARgamma coactivator 1 (PGC1)-alpha, and PRD1-BF-1-RIZ1 homologous domain protein containing protein (PRDM) -16. The sympathetic nervous system centrally regulates thermogenesis through norepinephrine, which acts on the adrenergic receptors of BAT. This bound leads to the initialization of the many pathways that may activate thermogenesis in acute and/or chronic ways. In summary, this mini-review aims to demonstrate the latest advances in the knowledge of BAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thereza Cristina Lonzetti Bargut
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, for which hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Western society, and new therapeutic strategies are highly warranted. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is metabolically active in human adults. Although positron emission tomography-computed tomography using a glucose tracer is the golden standard to visualize and quantify the volume and activity of BAT, it has become clear that activated BAT combusts fatty acids rather than glucose. Here, we review the role of brown and beige adipocytes in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis, with evidence derived from both animal and human studies. On the basis of mainly data from animal models, we propose a model in which activated brown adipocytes use their intracellular triglyceride stores to generate fatty acids for combustion. BAT rapidly replenishes these stores by internalizing primarily lipoprotein triglyceride-derived fatty acids, generated by lipoprotein lipase-mediated hydrolysis of triglycerides, rather than by holoparticle uptake. As a consequence, BAT activation leads to the generation of lipoprotein remnants that are subsequently cleared via the liver provided that an intact apoE-low-density lipoprotein receptor pathway is present. Through these mechanisms, BAT activation reduces plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels and attenuates diet-induced atherosclerosis development. Initial studies suggest that BAT activation in humans may also reduce triglyceride and cholesterol levels, but potential antiatherogenic effects should be assessed in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geerte Hoeke
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|