Curcumin Attenuates Iron Accumulation and Oxidative Stress in the Liver and Spleen of Chronic Iron-Overloaded Rats

Ferroptosis as an emerging target in sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited hemoglobin disorder marked by red blood cell sickling, resulting in severe anemia, painful episodes, extensive organ damage, and shortened life expectancy. In SCD, increased iron levels can trigger ferroptosis, a specific type of cell death characterized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxide accumulation, leading to damage and organ impairments. The intricate interplay between iron, ferroptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in SCD underscores the necessity of thoroughly understanding these processes for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. This review highlights the importance of balancing the complex interactions among various factors and exploitation of the knowledge in developing novel therapeutics for this devastating disease.

The Impact of the Combined Effect of Inhalation Anesthetics and Iron Dextran on Rats' Systemic Toxicity

Disruption of any stage of iron homeostasis, including uptake, utilization, efflux, and storage, can cause progressive damage to peripheral organs. The health hazards associated with occupational exposure to inhalation anesthetics (IA) in combination with chronic iron overload are not well documented. This study aimed to investigate changes in the concentration of essential metals in the peripheral organs of rats after iron overload in combination with IA. The aim was also to determine how iron overload in combination with IA affects tissue metal homeostasis, hepcidin-ferritin levels, and MMP levels according to physiological, functional, and tissue features. According to the obtained results, iron accumulation was most pronounced in the liver (19×), spleen (6.7×), lungs (3.1×), and kidneys (2.5×) compared to control. Iron accumulation is associated with elevated heavy metal levels and impaired essential metal concentrations due to oxidative stress (OS). Notably, the use of IA increases the iron overload toxicity, especially after Isoflurane exposure. The results show that the regulation of iron homeostasis is based on the interaction of hepcidin, ferritin, and other proteins regulated by inflammation, OS, free iron levels, erythropoiesis, and hypoxia. Long-term exposure to IA and iron leads to the development of numerous adaptation mechanisms in response to toxicity, OS, and inflammation. These adaptive mechanisms of iron regulation lead to the inhibition of MMP activity and reduction of oxidative stress, protecting the organism from possible damage.

Rosmarinic Acid Liposomes Downregulate Hepcidin Expression via BMP6-SMAD1/5/8 Pathway in Mice with Iron Overload

The objective of this study is to examine the potential protective effect of rosmarinic acid (RosA) encapsulated within nanoliposomes (RosA-LIP) on hepatic damage induced by iron overload. The characteristics, stability, and release of RosA-LIP in vitro were identified. The mice were randomly assigned to five groups: Control, Model, Model+DFO (DFO), Model+RosA (RosA), and Model+RosA-LIP (RosA-LIP). The iron overload model was induced by administering iron dextran (i.p.). The DFO, RosA, and RosA-LIP groups received iron dextran and were subsequently treated with DFO, RosA, and RosA-LIP for 14 days. We developed a novel formulation of RosA-LIP that exhibited stability and controlled release properties. Firstly, RosA-LIP improved liver function and ameliorated pathological changes in a mouse model of iron overload. Secondly, RosA-LIP demonstrated the ability to enhance the activities of T-SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT, while reducing the levels of MDA and 4-HNE, thereby effectively mitigating oxidative stress damage induced by iron overload. Thirdly, RosA-LIP reduced hepatic iron levels by downregulating FTL, FTH, and TfR1 levels. Additionally, RosA-LIP exerted a suppressive effect on hepcidin expression through the BMP6-SMAD1/5/8 signaling pathway. Furthermore, RosA-LIP upregulated FPN1 expression in both the liver and duodenum, thereby alleviating iron accumulation in these organs in mice with iron overload. Notably, RosA exhibited a comparable iron chelation effect, and RosA-LIP demonstrated superior efficacy in mitigating liver damage induced by excessive iron overload. RosA-LIP exhibited favorable sustained release properties, targeted delivery, and efficient protection against iron overload-induced liver damage. A schematic representation of the proposed protective mechanism of rosmarinic acid liposome during iron overload. Once RosA-LIP is transported into cells, RosA is released. On the one hand, RosA attenuates the BMP6-SMAD1/5/8-SMAD4 signaling pathway activation, leading to inhibiting hepcidin transcription. Then, the declined hepcidin contacted the inhibitory effect of FPN1 in hepatocytes and duodenum, increasing iron mobilization. On the other hand, RosA inhibits TfR1 and ferritin expression, which decreases excessive iron and oxidative damage.

Current evidence for non-pharmaceutical, non-surgical treatments of canine osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a progressive degenerative disease process that affects a significant proportion of the canine population, impacting these animals' quality of life. Currently, there is no cure and treatment consists of managing the clinical signs of pain and reduced mobility. There are many treatments for canine osteoarthritis and in this review we discuss the evidence base behind non-pharmaceutical, non-surgical treatments of this disease. These treatments include weight management, nutraceuticals, acupuncture, physiotherapies such as therapeutic exercise, hydrotherapy as well as other therapeutic modalities including photobiomodulation therapy, electromagnetic field therapy and others.

Neuroprotective responses of quercetin in regulation of biochemical, structural, and neurobehavioral effects in 28-day oral exposure of iron in rats

BACKGROUND

Iron is one of the essential metals that functions as a cofactor in various biological cascades in the brain. However, excessive iron accumulation in the brain may lead to neurodegeneration and may show toxic effects. Quercetin, a pigment flavonoid compound, has been proven to be a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory that can inhibit lipid peroxidation during metal-induced neurotoxicity. Although iron-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration have been reported in many studies, but the proof for its exact mechanisms needs to be explored.

PURPOSE

The key target of the study was to explore the neuroprotective effect of quercetin after oral exposure of iron in rats and explore its underlying molecular mechanisms.

RESULTS

The outcomes of the study have shown that oral exposure to ferrous sulfate may modulate behavioral paradigms such as locomotor activity, neuromuscular coordination, and increased anxiety level. The pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), apoptotic protein (caspase 3), beta-amyloid and phosphorylated tau were found to be increased on iron exposure. Also, the expressions of ferritin heavy and light chain, BACE-1 and GFAP expressions were altered. These behavioral, structural, and biochemical alterations in the brain were significantly and dose-dependently reversed by treatment with quercetin.

CONCLUSION

The current study provides a fundamental understanding of molecular signaling pathways, and structural proteins implicated in iron-induced neurotoxicity along with the ameliorative effects of quercetin.

Vanillin serves as a potential substitute for chemical chelator desferal in iron-overloaded mice

PURPOSE

Iron toxicity occurs under iron-overloaded settings, such as a high iron diet and blood transfusion, and damages important organs. Vanillin has been proven to have potential iron chelation capability. Given the negative effects of commonly used iron chelators like deferoxamine (DFO), we sought to examine the iron chelation potency of vanillin and evaluate its potential effect in the treatment of iron overload-related disorders.

METHODS

42 male NMRI mice were prepared for this purpose, and except for the negative control group, iron overload conditions were generated in them by injecting iron. Then normal saline (as a control), vanillin, and DFO (n = 7) were subsequently given to iron-overloaded mice. In the following, the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase were measured in the blood serum, brain, kidney, spleen, lung, and liver tissues of mice. Furthermore, the level of lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring the amount of malondialdehyde. Also, Perl's and H&E staining were used to examine the physiopathology changes of tissues.

FINDINGS

Vanillin, a natural antioxidant compound, outperformed deferoxamine, a chemical iron chelator. Along with a decrease in iron content, the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enhanced in the iron-overloaded groups that were treated with vanillin. The level of lipid peroxidation was also declined in the iron-overloaded mice receiving vanillin.

CONCLUSION

Vanillin can be used as a suitable substitute for chemical chelators with fewer side effects and equivalent efficiency. We encourage the use of this compound as a natural iron chelator following performing additional safety and efficacy studies.

Iron in multiple sclerosis - Neuropathology, immunology, and real-world considerations

Iron is an essential element involved in a multitude of bodily processes. It is tightly regulated, as elevated deposition in tissues is associated with diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Iron accumulation in the central nervous system (CNS) of MS patients is linked to neurotoxicity through mechanisms including oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, misfolding of proteins, and ferroptosis. In the past decade, the combination of MRI and histopathology has enhanced our understanding of iron deposition in MS pathophysiology, including in the pro-inflammatory and neurotoxicity of iron-laden rims of chronic active lesions. In this regard, iron accumulation may not only have an impact on different CNS-resident cells but may also promote the innate and adaptive immune dysfunctions in MS. Although there are discordant results, most studies indicate lower levels of iron but higher amounts of the iron storage molecule ferritin in the circulation of people with MS. Considering the importance of iron, there is a need for evidence-guided recommendation for dietary intake in people living with MS. Potential novel therapeutic approaches include the regulation of iron levels using next generation iron chelators, as well as therapies to interfere with toxic consequences of iron overload including antioxidants in MS.

Effects of nickel supplementation on nutrient utilization, mineral balance, haematology and antioxidant status of crossbred dairy calves

BACKGROUND

Nickel has been identified as an important newer trace mineral playing essential role in animals however, its precise mechanism of action in the body is yet to be determined. Interaction of Ni with other essential minerals is suggested in reports limited to lab animals and needs to be explored further in large animals.

AIM

This study was conducted to study the influence of Ni supplementation at different levels, on minerals and health status of crossbred dairy calves.

METHOD

Twenty-four Karan Fries crossbred (Tharparkar × Holstein Friesian) male dairy calves were selected based on body weight (137.09 ± 5.68) and age (10.78 ± 0.61) and were divided into 4 treatment groups (n = 6) given basal diet supplemented with 0 (Ni0), 5 (Ni5), 7.5 (Ni7.5) and 10 (Ni10) ppm Ni/kg of DM. Nickel was supplemented in the form of nickel sulphate hexahydrate (NiSO₄.6 H₂O) solution. To ensure the intake of the required amount of nickel by each animal, the calculated quantity of solution was mixed with 250 g concentrate mixture and offered individually to the calves. The calves were fed total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of green fodder, wheat straw and concentrate mixture in the ratio of 40:20:40 and the nutritional requirements were met according to NRC (2001) guidelines. Growth performance was recorded at fortnightly interval whereas, plasma minerals, haematology, antioxidant and immunity parameters were studied at monthly interval during the 150-day experimental period. Nutrient utilization and mineral balances were estimated with the help of a metabolism trial conducted at the end of feeding trial.

RESULTS

Supplementation of Ni exhibited no influence on dry matter intake (DMI), body weight, average daily gain (ADG) and nutrient digestibility of dairy calves. However, the absorption and balance of minerals such as Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn and their respective plasma concentration increased (P < 0.05) with Ni supplementation and highest values were observed in calves fed 10 mg Ni/kg DM. The red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, haematocrit (HCT) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase antioxidant enzymes showed highest increase (P < 0.05) in calves supplemented with Ni at level of 10 mg/kg DM as compared to other treatment groups. However, white blood cell (WBC) count, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant status (TAS), total immunoglobulins and IgG plasma concentration remained unaltered with addition of different levels of Ni in the diet of calves.

CONCLUSIONS

The supplementation of Ni at level of 10 mg/kg DM shows a positive effect on status of trace minerals such as Fe, Cu, Zn and improves the physiological conditions and health status of crossbred dairy calves indicated by improved haematology and antioxidant parameters.

Ellagic Acid Exerts Dual Action to Curb the Pathophysiological Manifestations of Sickle Cell Disease and Attenuate the Hydroxyurea-Induced Myelosuppression in Berkeley Mice

The use of adjuvant therapy is an attractive approach to manage sickle cell disease (SCD) symptomatically. The present study aimed to investigate the potential of ellagic acid as an adjuvant therapy with hydroxyurea (HU), a key drug for SCD with myelosuppressive toxic effects. A panel of experiments was performed using SCD patient's blood (ex vivo) and transgenic mice model of SCD (in vivo). Ellagic acid exhibited the following beneficial pharmacological actions: (a) potent anti-sickling, polymerization inhibitory, and inherent non-hemolytic activity; (b) pronounced action to abrogate HU-induced neutropenia and to improve key hematological parameters during SCD (RBC, Hb, platelet levels); (c) considerable action to foster vascular tone (L-proline); (d) marked attenuating effect against oxidative stress (nitrotyrosine, hypoxanthine, MDA, GSH); (e) substantial inhibitory role against inflammation (analgesic activity and regulation of hemin, TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB/IκBα); (f) remarkable outcome of declining vaso-occlusive crisis (P-selectin, ERK1/2); (g) notable shielding deed against elevated biochemical marker for organ toxicity (creatinine); (h) noticeably prevented histopathological alterations of the spleen. Additionally, the pharmacokinetic study results of HU in the presence and absence of ellagic acid using a mouse model demonstrate that ellagic acid could be safely co-administered with HU. Overall findings suggest that ellagic acid is a promising candidate for adjuvant therapy in SCD based on its own significant ability against SCD and potentiating capability of HU action via targeting improvement at the various stages of pathophysiological complications during SCD and minimizing HU-induced toxicological manifestations.

Recent Advances in Anticancer Activity of Novel Plant Extracts and Compounds from Curcuma longa in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

PURPOSE

Among all forms of cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. There are several treatment options for HCC ranging from loco-regional therapy to surgical treatment. Yet, there is high morbidity and mortality. Recent research focus has shifted towards more effective and less toxic cancer treatment options. Curcumin, the active ingredient in the Curcuma longa plant, has gained widespread attention in recent years because of its multifunctional properties as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer agent.

METHODS

A systematic search of PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar was performed for studies reporting incidence of HCC, risk factors associated with cirrhosis and experimental use of curcumin as an anti-cancer agent.

RESULTS

This review exclusively encompasses the anti-cancer properties of curcumin in HCC globally and it's postulated molecular targets of curcumin when used against liver cancers.

CONCLUSIONS

This review is concluded by presenting the current challenges and future perspectives of novel plant extracts derived from C. longa and the treatment options against cancers.

Antioxidant and Lipid-Lowering Effects of Buriti Oil (Mauritia flexuosa L.) Administered to Iron-Overloaded Rats

The indiscriminate use of oral ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) doses induces significant oxidative damage to health. However, carotene-rich foods such as buriti oil can help the endogenous antioxidant defense and still maintain other body functions. This study aimed to assess the effects of buriti oil intake in iron-overloaded rats by FeSO4 administration. Buriti oil has β-carotene (787.05 mg/kg), α-tocopherol (689.02 mg/kg), and a predominance of monounsaturated fatty acids (91.30 g/100 g). Wistar rats (n = 32) were subdivided into two control groups that were fed a diet containing either soybean or buriti oil; and two groups which received a high daily oral dose of FeSO4 (60 mg/kg body weight) and fed a diet containing either soybean (SFe) or buriti oil (Bfe). The somatic and hematological parameters, serum lipids, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined after 17 days of iron overload. Somatic parameters were similar among groups. BFe showed a decrease in low-density lipoprotein (38.43%) and hemoglobin (7.51%); an increase in monocytes (50.98%), SOD activity in serum (87.16%), and liver (645.50%) hepatic GPx (1017.82%); and maintained serum GPx compared to SFe. Buriti oil showed systemic and hepatic antioxidant protection in iron-overloaded rats, which may be related to its high carotenoid, tocopherol, and fatty acid profile.

The Chelating Ability of Plant Polyphenols Can Affect Iron Homeostasis and Gut Microbiota

In the past decades, many studies have widely examined the effects of dietary polyphenols on human health. Polyphenols are well known for their antioxidant properties and for their chelating abilities, by which they can be potentially employed in cases of pathological conditions, such as iron overload. In this review, we have highlighted the chelating abilities of polyphenols, which are due to their structural specific sites, and the differences for each class of polyphenols. We have also explored how the dietary polyphenols and their iron-binding abilities can be important in inflammatory/immunomodulatory responses, with a special focus on the involvement of macrophages and dendritic cells, and how they might contribute to reshape the gut microbiota into a healthy profile. This review also provides evidence that the axes “polyphenol–iron metabolism–inflammatory responses” and “polyphenol–iron availability–gut microbiota” have not been very well explored so far, and the need for further investigation to exploit such a potential to prevent or counteract pathological conditions.

Hepatic Response to the Interaction Between Thymoquinone and Iron-Dextran: an In Vitro and In Vivo Study

Iron is one of the most important essential elements for cell function. However, iron overload can exert destructive effects on various tissues, especially the liver. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of thymoquinone (TQ) on hepatotoxicity induced by iron-overload in in vitro and mouse model. After in vitro studies, thirty mice were divided into five groups, six each. Group 1 received normal saline. Group 2 received five doses of iron dextran (i.p; 100 mg/kg, one dose every 2 days). Group 3 received TQ (orally, 2 mg/kg/day). Groups 4 and 5 were administrated iron dextran saline (i.p; 100 mg/kg, one dose every 2 days) following treatment with 0.5 and 2 mg/kg/day of TQ, respectively. Based on the findings of the DPPH experiment, although TQ has significant anti-radical potential, at a safe dose of 15 × 10⁺³ nM, it reduced the IC₅₀ of iron dextran on HepG2 cells by about 25%, in in vitro. Following administration of low-dose TQ (0.5 mg/kg), a significant improvement was observed in serum hepatic enzymes activity and hepatic lipid peroxidation compared to iron dextran. However, administration of TQ-high dose (2 mg/kg) led to decrease antioxidant defense alongside increased serum hepatic enzymes and pathological damages in iron dextran-treated animals. Due to the different efficacy of TQ in treatment groups, it seems that the TQ therapeutic index is low and does not have significant safety in the iron overload status.

The evaluation of liver dysfunction and oxidative stress due to urban environmental pollution in Mexican population related to Madin Dam, State of Mexico: a pilot study

One of the most important causes of disease and premature death in the world is environmental pollution. The presence of pollutants in both water and air contributes to the deterioration of the health of human populations. The Mexico City Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous and affected by air pollution worldwide; in addition, in recent years there has been a growing demand for water, so urban reservoirs such as the Madin dam are vital to meet the demand. However, this reservoir is highly polluted due to the urban settlements around it. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate oxidative stress in clinically healthy subjects by means of the degree of lipoperoxidation, as well as the modification of serum enzyme levels, such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase associated with air and drinking water pollutants from three zones of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, two of them related to Madin Dam. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2019 and September 2021 in 142 healthy participants (age range 18-65 years). Healthy subjects were confirmed by their medical history. The results showed that chronic exposure to air (SO₂) and water pollutants (Al and Fe) was significantly associated with elevated levels of lipoperoxidation. There was evidence that contamination from the Madín dam can generate oxidative stress and affect the health status of people who receive water from this reservoir or who consume fish that inhabit it.

Iron Restriction Alleviates Atherosclerosis in ApoE KO Mice: An iTRAQ Proteomic Analysis

The "iron hypothesis" of atherosclerosis has long been controversial. Several studies have shown that dietary iron restriction or low-iron diets can effectively alleviate atherosclerosis in rabbits and mice. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of these phenomena remain to be elucidated. In this study, we further evaluated possible correlations between a low-iron diet and atherosclerosis alleviation by using a quantitative proteomic approach. For this purpose, apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice were divided into three groups and fed a normal diet (ND), a high-fat diet (HFD), or a high-fat +low-iron diet (HFD + LI). Our results showed that the HFD-LI improved atherosclerosis by decreasing en face lesions of the aorta and reducing the accumulation of macrophages and disordered smooth muscle cells. HFD-LI also decreased iron levels, serum hepcidin levels and the serum concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The use of the isobaric tag for absolute quantification (iTRAQ) proteomic method and subsequent multi-technique molecular validation indicated that many of the proteins involved in atherosclerotic inflammation, vascular remodeling, and focal adhesion had significant changes in their expression among the diet groups. Importantly, the proteins Gal-3 and VCAM1, which are key participants of atherosclerosis pathogenesis, revealed lower expression after a low-iron diet. The present findings widely support the "iron hypothesis" of atherosclerosis. Further studies are suggested to fully understand the implications of these results.

The natural iron chelators' ferulic acid and caffeic acid rescue mice's brains from side effects of iron overload

Studies have shown that iron accumulation in the brain leads to neurogenic disorders. Novel iron chelating agents such as natural remedies are useful to decrease the side effects of iron in the brain. In addition, flavones and polyphenols are capable of chelating metals. In the current study, we evaluated the iron chelating capacity of ferulic acid and caffeic acid in the brain tissues of iron-overloaded mice. The mice received iron dextran intraperitoneally four times a week for 6 weeks. Next, blood samples were taken from the mice. In addition, brain tissues were excised for tissue staining as well as total iron and catalase (CAT) activity assessment. Ferulic acid and caffeic acid significantly decreased iron content in both brain and serum samples. Ferulic acid decreased iron by 50 and 51% more than the iron dextran-treated mice and by 43 and 2% more than desferal (DFO)-treated mice in serum and brain, respectively. In addition, caffeic acid reduced iron 57% more than the iron-treated group and 49 and 2% more than the desferal-treated group in the serum and brain, respectively. The catalase activity decreased with the increase in iron. By administering natural compounds, the catalase activity was increased equal to that of the control group. Thus, ferulic acid and caffeic acid might be possible natural iron chelators for brain iron overload therapy.

Reduction of iron toxicity in the heart of iron-overloaded mice with natural compounds

BACKGROUND

Iron-overload is one of the risk factors in susceptible individuals. Iron-overload causes complications such as diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmias, ventricular dilation, and systolic dysfunction in the heart. Therefore, particular care is needed for those who need blood transfusions or patients with underlying heart diseases.

PURPOSE

In this study, we examined the ability of six compounds, hesperidin, coumarin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and vanillin, to reduce the effects of iron-overdose in the heart of iron-overloaded mice.

METHODS

For this purpose, 84 mice were prepared and except for the control group, iron-overload conditions were created in them by injecting iron. The hearts of mice were then harvested and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase were evaluated. Additionally, the amount of lipid peroxidation was measured by assessing the quantity of malondialdehyde. The physiopathology of cardiac tissue was considered by Perl's and H&E staining.

RESULTS

According to the results, almost all natural compounds showed better performance than desferal, as an iron chelator chemical. Meanwhile, hesperidin, vanillin, and ferulic acid were the best antioxidant compounds and were able to improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes by reducing the amount of deposited iron.

CONCLUSION

We recommend the use of the above compounds as natural iron chelators after completing additional studies.

Berberine Is a Promising Alkaloid to Attenuate Iron Toxicity Efficiently in Iron-Overloaded Mice

Iron toxicity in iron-overloaded conditions, including high iron diet and blood transfusion, causes deleterious effects on vital organs. There currently are a number of chemical chelators in clinics to reduce iron concentration, for example , deferoxamine and deferiprone, but these produce diverse side effects. Hence, the need for a safe and effective iron chelator is demanded. To evaluate rigorously the potential of berberine on iron chelation and its anti-oxidant effect, 30 mice were divided into 5 groups of 6. Except for the control group, other groups received iron sucrose 5 times a week for 4 successive weeks as an i.p injection. Afterward, either berberine or deferoxamine was injected for 1 month. The mice were then euthanized and liver, kidney and lungs were carefully removed for biochemical and pathological analysis. In comparison with the iron group with an extraordinary amount of iron deposits, berberine (20 mg/kg/day) dramatically reduced iron sedimentation in all tissues ( P < 0.01). Moreover, berberine lowered clinical symptoms of iron overdose, including inflammation, fibrosis and tissue degeneration. In terms of the activity of antioxidant enzymes, catalase and superoxide dismutase, iron overdose greatly reduced their activity compared to the control group. Berberine progressively increased their activity in comparison with the controls by lowering oxidative conditions ( P < 0.05). Iron overdose similarly increased lipid peroxidation by increasing the level of malondialdehyde. Berberine promptly suppressed lipid peroxidation in an efficient manner and reduced the level of malondialdehyde, a marker of lipid peroxidation in the tissues. Accordingly, berberine, as a natural antioxidant compound, could adequately serve as a substitute for chemical chelators with fewer side effects and comparable effectiveness.

Milk Supplemented with Organic Iron Improves Performance, Blood Hematology, Iron Metabolism Parameters, Biochemical and Immunological Parameters in Suckling Dalagh Lambs

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of milk supplemented with organic iron on performance, blood hematology, iron metabolism parameters, biochemical and immunological parameters in suckling lambs. Thirty-six newborn Dalagh lambs were randomly divided into three groups with 12 replications. The control group was fed with milk without organic iron. The other two groups were fed milk supplemented with 25 and 50 mg/d organic iron, respectively. During the experiment, increased daily weight gain and total body weight were observed in the iron-supplemented groups. An increase in the levels of red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular concentration in iron supplemented groups was indicated. Consumption of organic iron caused a significant decrease in plasma copper concentration. Total antioxidant status level was lower, but levels of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were higher in iron supplemented groups. In organic iron supplemented groups, insulin and thyroid hormones levels were significantly increased, and glucose level was significantly decreased. In organic iron supplemented groups, alkaline phosphatase level significantly increased, and aminotransferase level significantly decreased. Overall, the use of organic iron in the milk improved the performance and health in suckling lambs, and since a lower level of supplementation is naturally preferable, supplementation of milk with 25 mg/d organic iron is recommended.

Comparison Between Hesperidin, Coumarin, and Deferoxamine Iron Chelation and Antioxidant Activity Against Excessive Iron in the Iron Overloaded Mice

OBJECTIVE

Iron accumulation in the brain leads to the development of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Nowadays, iron chelation therapy is the best way to decrease the side effects of iron and amyloid plaques accumulation. Iron chelators are commonly used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Previous studies have shown that natural products such as phenol and flavonoid compounds could chelate heavy metals. In the current study, we examined the iron chelation activity of hesperidin and coumarin on the brain tissue of iron-overloaded mice.

METHODS

48 NMRI male mice were divided into eight groups (n = 6). Six groups were treated with iron dextran (100 mg/kg/day) four times a week for 6 weeks. After stopping the injections for a month, five groups of iron-overloaded mice were treated with hesperidin, coumarin, and desferal four times a week subsequent for four subsequent weeks. Finally, the mice were anesthetized, and blood samples were collected from the ventricle of the heart for subsequent examination. The brain tissues were isolated and fixed in the 4% paraformaldehyde solution for Perl's staining.

RESULTS

The results show that hesperidin and coumarin could strongly chelate excessive iron from the serum and deposit iron from the brain tissue compared to desferal group. Catalase and super oxidase activity were decreased in the iron-overloaded group, but in the treated group by hesperidin and coumarin, the enzyme's activity was increased significantly.

CONCLUSION

Hesperidin and coumarin, as natural products, are powerful options to chelate iron ions and increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes.

Modifications on porous absorbable Fe-based scaffolds for bone applications: A review from corrosion and biocompatibility viewpoints

Iron (Fe) and Fe-based scaffolds have become a research frontier in absorbable materials which is inherent to their promising mechanical properties including fatigue strength and ductility. Nevertheless, their slow corrosion rate and low biocompatibility have been their major obstacles to be applied in clinical applications. Over the last decade, various modifications on porous Fe-based scaffolds have been performed to ameliorate both properties encompassing surface coating, microstructural alteration via alloying, and advanced topologically order structural design produced by additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. The recent advent of AM produces topologically ordered porous Fe-based structures with an optimized architecture having controllable pore size and strut thickness, intricate internal design, and larger exposed surface area. This undoubtedly opens up new options for controlling Fe corrosion and its structural strengths. However, the in vitro biocompatibility of the AM porous Fe still needs to be addressed considering its higher corrosion rate due to the larger exposed surface area. This review summarizes the latest progress of the modifications on porous Fe-based scaffolds with a specific focus on their responses on the corrosion behavior and biocompatibility.

Curcumin, a potent therapeutic nutraceutical and its enhanced delivery and bioaccessibility by pickering emulsions

Curcumin is a biomolecule with functional moieties, which contribute to its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. It has shown several therapeutic effects on treating inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases and contributes to the reduction of oxidative stress and damage to body tissues. However, its low solubility and fast metabolism limit its absorption in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and lead to its low bioavailability. Preparation of Pickering emulsions stabilized with mineral or biopolymer-based nanoparticles can be an effective strategy for enhancing the stability of curcumin against degradation, increasing its bioaccessibility in the GI tract, and achieving its controlled release at various locations based on changes in environmental conditions. Various nanoparticles prepared from minerals, proteins, and polysaccharides show potential for stabilizing the curcumin-loaded emulsions, and their wettability can be altered through complexation and formation of hybrid nanoparticles. Stabilization of Pickering emulsions with polysaccharide-based nanoparticles and their complexes can enhance the stability of the curcumin against degradation. Moreover, various protein-based nanoparticles and their conjugated forms with other proteins or polysaccharides can enable the preparation of high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPEs) with concomitant higher loading and bioaccessibility of the curcumin molecule. In light of the several therapeutic properties of curcumin, this review article aims to highlight recent studies and the strategies used for the preparation of curcumin Pickering emulsions stabilized by various nanoparticles for enhancing its bioaccessibility during metabolism. These may be useful in pharmaceutical and food industries for drug development and delivery and fortification of food products with this nutraceutical component.

High-dose ferric citrate supplementation attenuates omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis via downregulating delta 5 and 6 desaturases in rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of an iron deficiency; however, a synergistic relationship between iron and lipid homeostasis was also observed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pharmacological doses of iron supplementation on omega 3 (n-3) and omega 6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed a normal diet or a 50% high-fat diet (HFD) without or with pharmacological doses of ferric citrate (0.25, 1, or 2 g ferric iron per kg diet) for 12 weeks, and erythrocyte profiles of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs were quantitated. Ferric citrate supplementation showed dose-related effects on liver inflammation, liver iron accumulation, and increasing circulating levels of iron, erythrocyte degradation biomarkers LVV-hemorphin-7, malondialdehyde (MDA), and insulin. Obese rats supplemented with 2 g ferric iron per kg diet also had decreased levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and total n-3 PUFAs compared to rats fed a normal diet or HFD alone. A western blotting analysis revealed that iron-mediated downregulation of n-3 PUFA-converting enzymes (Δ5 and Δ6 desaturases) only occurred at high dosages (≥1 g ferric iron per kg diet). A Spearman correlation analysis showed that total liver iron and serum LVV-hemorphin-7 and MDA were negatively correlated with n-3 PUFAs and their converting enzymes (Δ5 and Δ6 desaturases) (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, obese rats that received high-dose ferric citrate supplementation (>1 g of ferric iron per kg diet) exhibited decreased n-3 PUFA levels via downregulation of expressions of Δ5 and Δ6 desaturase enzymes.

Lipidomics reveals perturbations in the liver lipid profile of iron-overloaded mice

Iron overload is an important contributor to disease. The liver, the major site of iron storage in the body, is a key organ impacted by iron overload. While several studies have reported perturbations in liver lipids in iron overload, it is not clear, on a global scale, how individual liver lipid ions are altered. Here, we used lipidomics to study the changes in hepatic lipid ions in iron-overloaded mice. Iron overload was induced by daily intraperitoneal injections of 100 mg/kg body weight iron dextran for 1 week. Iron overload was verified by serum markers of iron status, liver iron quantitation, and Perls stain. Compared with the control group, the serum of iron-overload mice exhibited low levels of urea nitrogen and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and high concentrations of total bile acid, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), suggestive of liver injury. Moreover, iron overload disrupted liver morphology, induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, caused lipid peroxidation, and led to DNA fragmentation. Iron overload altered the overall composition of lipid ions in the liver, with significant changes in over 100 unique lipid ions. Notably, iron overload selectively increased the overall abundance of glycerolipids and changed the composition of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. This study, one of the first to report iron-overload induced lipid alterations on a global lipidomics scale, provides early insight into lipid ions that may be involved in iron overload-induced pathology.

In silico and in vivo protective effect of Morus nigra leaves on oxidative damage induced by iron overload

Morus nigra L. is a plant popularly known as 'amoreira preta', very used in folk medicine. Iron overload (hemochromatosis) is a clinical condition that causes damage to various tissues due to oxidative stress. Therapy to control iron overload is still unsatisfactory. The protective effect on oxidative stress induced by iron overload was verified. Phytochemical characterization was evaluated by UHPLC-MS/MS. The in silico toxicity predictions of the main phytochemicals were performed via computer simulation. To induce iron overload, the animals received iron dextran (50 mg/kg/day). The test groups received doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg of M. nigra extract for six weeks. Body weight, organosomatic index, serum iron, hepatic markers, cytokines, interfering factors in iron metabolism, enzymatic and histopathological evaluations were analyzed. Vanillic acid, caffeic acid, 6-hydroxycoumarin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin, quercitrin, resveratrol, apigenin and kaempferol were identified in the extract. In addition, in silico toxic predictions showed that the main compounds presented a low probability of toxic risk. The extract of M. nigra showed to control the mediators of inflammation and to reduce iron overload in several tissues. Our findings illustrate a novel therapeutic action of M. nigra leaves on hemochromatosis caused by iron overload.

Evaluation of the protective effect of curcumin on encephalopathy caused by intrahepatic and extrahepatic damage in male rats

Objective(s):

Along with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and brain damage, brain edema is the most common cause of death in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Curcumin can pass the blood-brain barrier and possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. This study focuses on the curcumin protective effect on intrahepatic and extrahepatic damage in the brain.

Materials and Methods:

One hundred and forty-four male Albino N-Mary rats were randomly divided into 2 main groups: intrahepatic injury group and extrahepatic cholestasis group. In intra-hepatic injury group intrahepatic damage was induced by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of acetaminophen (500 mg/kg) [19] and included four subgroups: 1. Sham, 2. Acetaminophen (APAP), 3. Normal saline (Veh) which was used as curcumin solvent, and 4. Curcumin (CMN). In extrahepatic cholestasis group intrahepatic damage was caused by common bile duct litigation (BDL) and included four subgroups: 1. Sham, 2. BDL, 3. Vehicle (Veh), and 4. Curcumin (CMN). In both groups, 72 hr after induction of cholestasis, brain water content, blood-brain barrier permeability, serum ammonia, and histopathological indicators were examined and ICP was measured every 24 hr for three days.

Results:

The results showed that curcumin reduced brain edema, ICP, serum ammonia, and blood-brain barrier permeability after extrahepatic and intrahepatic damage. The maximum effect of curcumin on ICP was observed 72 hr after the injection.

Conclusion:

According to our findings, it seems that curcumin is an effective therapeutic intervention for treating encephalopathy caused by extrahepatic and intrahepatic damage.

Protective effects of curcumin against iron-induced toxicity

Iron is an essential element in cellular metabolism that participates in many biochemical reactions. Nevertheless, iron overload in the body is the cause of damage in some organs including liver, glands, brain, heart, gastrointestinal tract and lung. Iron chelation therapy could be considered as an effective approach for removing excess iron. Deferoxamine, deferiprone and deferasirox are three common iron chelators in clinical practice but cause several side effects. In this context, the use of curcumin, a dietary phytochemical derived from turmeric, as a natural and safe antioxidant with iron-chelating activity may be a useful strategy for the management of iron overload. This review focuses on the deleterious effect of iron accumulation in different organs of the body as well as the therapeutic potential of curcumin against iron-induced toxicity.

Acute Administration of Bioavailable Curcumin Alongside Ferrous Sulphate Supplements Does Not Impair Iron Absorption in Healthy Adults in a Randomised Trial

Ferrous sulphate (FS) is a cost effective, readily available iron supplement for iron deficiency (ID). The pro-oxidant effect of oral ferrous iron is known to induce inflammation, causing gastric side-effects and resulting in poor compliance. Curcumin is a potent antioxidant and has also been shown to exhibit iron chelation in-vitro, although it is not established whether these effects are retained in-vivo. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the influence of a formulated bioavailable form of curcumin (HydroCurc^TM; 500 mg) on acute iron absorption and status in a double blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial recruiting 155 healthy participants (79 males; 26.42 years ± 0.55 and 76 females; 25.82 years ± 0.54). Participants were randomly allocated to five different treatment groups: iron and curcumin placebo (FS0_Plac), low dose (18 mg) iron and curcumin placebo (FS18_Plac), low dose iron and curcumin (FS18_Curc), high dose (65 mg) iron and curcumin placebo (FS65_Plac), and high dose iron and curcumin (FS65_Curc). Participants were provided with the supplements according to their relevant treatment groups at baseline (0 min), and blood collection was carried out at 0 min and at 180 min following supplementation. In the treatment groups, significant difference was observed in mean serum iron between baseline (0 min) and at end-point (180 min) (F (1, 144) = 331.9, p < 0.0001) with statistically significant intra-group increases after 180 min (p < 0.0001) in the FS18_Plac (8.79 µmol/L), FS18_Curc (11.41 µmol/L), FS65_Plac (19.09 µmol/L), and FS65_Curc (16.39 µmol/L) groups. A significant difference was also observed between the two time points in serum TIBC levels and in whole blood haemoglobin (HGB) in the treatment groups, with a significant increase (1.55%/2.04 g/L) in HGB levels from baseline to end-point observed in the FS65_Curc group (p < 0.05). All groups receiving iron demonstrated an increase in transferrin saturation (TS%) in a dose-related manner, demonstrating that increases in serum iron are translated into increases in physiological iron transportation. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that regardless of ferrous dose, formulated curcumin in the form of HydroCurc™ does not negatively influence acute iron absorption in healthy humans.

Naringin Chelates Excessive Iron and Prevents the Formation of Amyloid-Beta Plaques in the Hippocampus of Iron-Overloaded Mice

Metal chelating agents are antioxidant agents, which decrease the reductive potential and stabilize the oxidized metal ion form. In this study, we evaluated the naringin capacity in chelating iron and preventing amyloid-beta plaque formation in the hippocampus of iron-overloaded mice. Thirty-five NMRI male mice (8-10 weeks old) were provided. The mice were classified into five groups. Iron dextran was administered as i.p. injection (100 mg/kg/day) four times a week for four subsequent weeks. The treated groups received 30 and 60 mg/kg/day naringin for a month. After histological processing, the brain sections were stained with Perls' stain kit for iron spots, and Congo red was used to stain the brain and hippocampus for amyloid-beta plaques. 30 mg/kg/day of naringin was shown to decrease nonheme iron in an efficient manner; iron content in this group decreased to 16.83 ± 0.57 μg/g wet weight, a quantity as low as that observed in the normal saline-receiving group. The nonheme iron content in the mice receiving 60 mg/kg/day of naringin was 20.73 ± 0.65 μg/g wet weight. In addition, Aβ plaque numbers in CA1, CA3, and DG areas of the hippocampus decreased significantly following treatment with 30 or 60 mg/kg/day naringin. Naringin has a strong iron chelation capacity and is able to reduce the formation of amyloid plaques. So it can be useful for neuroprotection and prevention of Alzheimer's disease.

Effect of Concomitant Hydroxyurea Therapy with Rutin and Gallic Acid: Integration of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Approaches

Hydroxyurea (HU) is the first-ever approved drug by USFDA for sickle cell anemia (SCA). However, its treatment is associated with severe side effects like myelosuppression. Current studies are focused on the supplementation therapy for symptomatic management of SCA. In the present study, we aimed to explore rutin's and gallic acid's potential individually, for concomitant therapy with HU using pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches since there is no such precedent till date. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies of HU in rats showed that rutin could be safely co-administered with HU, while gallic acid significantly raised the plasma concentration of HU. Both the phytochemicals did not have any marked inhibitory effect on urease but have considerable effects on horseradish peroxidase enzyme. The experimental phytoconstituents displayed a very low propensity to cause in vitro hemolysis. Gallic acid markedly enhanced the HU-induced decrease in lymphocyte proliferation. A substantial improvement by rutin or gallic acid was observed in HU-induced reduction of the main hematological parameters in rats. Combined treatment of HU with rutin and gallic acid reduced serum levels of both IL-6 and IL-17A. Overall, both rutin and gallic acid are found to have promising phytotherapy potential with HU. Further exploration needs to be done on both candidates for use as phytotherapeutics for SCA.

Iron biodistribution profile changes in the rat spleen after administration of high-fat diet or iron supplementation and the role of curcumin

Curcumin as active metal chelating and antioxidant agent has a potential role in metal reduction and free radicals' neutralization in tissues. Of note, long-term administration of high fat diet (HFD) is considered as a main factor of blood serum iron deficiency. This study aimed to investigate the biodistribution profiles of iron in the spleen after long-term administration of HFD along with iron supplementation. Furthermore, the ameliorative role of curcumin to reduce iron accumulation level and improve the histological abnormalities produced by iron in spleen will be evaluated in the rats. Treated albino rats of this experiment were divided into six groups. Group I was a control group where group II was treated with HFD. Group III and group IV were treated with combination of HFD and curcumin or HFD and iron supplement respectively. Additionally, group V and group VI were treated with combination of HFD, iron supplement and curcumin or curcumin only respectively. Mainly histological analysis was used to investigate iron biodistribution and induced abnormalities in spleen under light microscope. The histochemical specific staining of iron in the spleen showed different biodistribution profiles of iron in the spleen. Administration of the HFD or HFD and iron supplementation increased the iron accumulation in the spleen. Where, curcumin administration with HFD (Group III) or with HFD and iron supplementation (Group V) significantly reduced the iron levels in the spleen. The splenic tissue inflammation, cellular apoptosis and fibrosis produced by higher iron accumulation was ameliorated after administration of curcumin supplementation as shown in the animals treated with HFD/curcumin (Group III) or HFD/iron supplement/curcumin (Group V). This study recommended that, it is preferable to use iron supplementation along with curcumin supplement for less than 4 months to avoid additional iron accumulation in the healthy organs.

Role of Iron Chelation and Protease Inhibition of Natural Products on COVID-19 Infection

Although the epidemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 callings for international attention to develop new effective therapeutics, no specific protocol is yet available, leaving patients to rely on general and supportive therapies. A range of respiratory diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, have been associated with higher iron levels that may promote the course of viral infection. Recent studies have demonstrated that some natural components could act as the first barrier against viral injury by affecting iron metabolism. Moreover, a few recent studies have proposed the combination of protease inhibitors for therapeutic use against SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting the role of viral protease in virus infectivity. In this regard, this review focuses on the analysis, through literature and docking studies, of a number of natural products able to counteract SARS-CoV-2 infection, acting both as iron chelators and protease inhibitors.

Turmeric and vitamin C mitigate testicular atrophy induced by lead diacetate via regulation of GRP-78/17β-HSD pathways in rat's model

Occupational and ecological contacts to lead persist as a universal concern. Lead alters most of the physiological processes via enhancing oxidative stress. Thus, this study was purposed to assess the influence of turmeric (TMRC) and/or vitamin C (VIT-C) on Lead diacetate (Lead diAC)-induced testicular atrophy with an emphasis on oxidative stress, inflammation, BAX/STAR and GRP-78/17β-HSD signalling. Rats were injected with Lead diAC and then treated with TMRC and/or VIT-C orally for 1 week. Lead diAC decreased serum testosterone and testicular glutathione levels. It also decreased superoxide dismutase activity. On the contrary, levels of malondialdehyde, tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-1β and caspase-3 were increased. mRNA levels and protein expressions of GRP-78 and BAX were upregulated, while the expression of both steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and 17β-HSD were downregulated. DNA fragmentation was increased as well. These changes were further confirmed by histopathological findings. Supplementation with TMRC and/or VIT-C ameliorated all of the above parameters. In Conclusion: TMRC or VIT-C specially in combination group prevents Lead diAC testicular damage via reduction of oxidative injury as well as inflammation, downregulation of GRP-78/BAX and upregulation of 17β-HSD and STAR expression as well as improvement in the histological architecture of the testis.

Sickle Cell Disease: Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Therapy

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common hereditary disorder of hemoglobin (Hb), which affects approximately a million people worldwide. It is characterized by a single nucleotide substitution in the β-globin gene, leading to the production of abnormal sickle hemoglobin (HbS) with multi-system consequences. HbS polymerization is the primary event in SCD. Repeated polymerization and depolymerization of Hb causes oxidative stress that plays a key role in the pathophysiology of hemolysis, vessel occlusion and the following organ damage in sickle cell patients. For this reason, reactive oxidizing species and the (end)-products of their oxidative reactions have been proposed as markers of both tissue pro-oxidant status and disease severity. Although more studies are needed to clarify their role, antioxidant agents have been shown to be effective in reducing pathological consequences of the disease by preventing oxidative damage in SCD, i.e., by decreasing the oxidant formation or repairing the induced damage. An improved understanding of oxidative stress will lead to targeted antioxidant therapies that should prevent or delay the development of organ complications in this patient population.

The iron chelating activity of Gundelia tournefortii in iron overloaded experimental rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Gundelia tournefortii is a member of the Asteraceae (Compositae) family which is widely consumed as edible plant in the Eastern Mediterranean. In folkloric medicine, it is used for the treatment of various diseases and conditions, including pain, liver diseases, kidney stones and inflammations.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Recently, many commoners use this plant as adjuvant therapy for treating symptoms associated with liver diseases and thalassemia. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate, biochemically, the iron chelating activity of G. tournefortii methanolic extract in iron overloaded rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fifty Wister male rats were divided into five groups: one group was a healthy control, while iron overload was induced in the other four groups by 100 mg/kg iron-dextran. Of these, one group was left untreated as a control, while the other three groups were treated with 50 mg/kg deferoxamine, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of G. tournefortii methanolic extract, respectively. The total flavonoid and phenolic contents of the methanolic extract were estimated. The biochemical assessment was performed by measuring blood levels of iron, ferritin, liver biomarkers (ALT, ALP and AST), cardiac biomarkers (CPK and LDH) and lipid profile.

RESULTS

Not only the blood levels of iron, ferritin, liver biomarkers and cardiac biomarkers were reduced significantly by G. tournefortii methanolic extract, but also the lipid profile was improved. This clearly supports the chelating activity of G. tournefortii and its hepatoprotective and cardioprotective effects in iron overloaded rats.

CONCLUSIONS

This highlights the value of medicinal plants as alternative therapies for iron overload conditions such as thalassemia.

Selenium or ozone: Effects on liver injury caused by experimental iron overload

AIMS

Iron is an important metal ion as a biocatalyst on the other hand iron overload causes various diseases. Iron overload can result in fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma with various pathophysiological mechanisms, including oxidative damage in the liver. Therefore; in this study the effects of ozone and selenium -whose antioxidant properties are known- were evaluated in liver injury induced by iron overload.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Iron overload model was provided by intraperitoneal administration of 88 mg/kg iron dextrate for 4 weeks. After iron dextran administration, ozone and selenium administrations were made for 3 weeks. From the obtained blood and tissue samples total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were determined and histopathological examination was performed in liver tissue samples.

KEY FINDINGS

In rats with iron overload, the lowest mean serum TOS was observed in the selenium administration group. The highest tissue TOS means and the lowest tissue TAS means were determined in the group in which ozone and selenium were administrated together. When histopathological data were evaluated, the presence of increased apoptosis in the ozone group compared to the iron group (p = 0.019) and selenium group (p = 0.019) was noted. Similarly, increased periportal inflammation (p = 0.001) and fibrosis (p = 0.005) were observed in the ozone group compared to the selenium group.

SIGNIFICANCE

In iron-induced liver damage, ozone was thought to be effective by decreasing ROS, but contrary to expectations, it was observed that it may negatively affect the picture by showing synergistic effect. However, the effects of selenium on both serum and tissue levels are promising.

Turmeric and Its Major Compound Curcumin on Health: Bioactive Effects and Safety Profiles for Food, Pharmaceutical, Biotechnological and Medicinal Applications

Curcumin, a yellow polyphenolic pigment from the Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) rhizome, has been used for centuries for culinary and food coloring purposes, and as an ingredient for various medicinal preparations, widely used in Ayurveda and Chinese medicine. In recent decades, their biological activities have been extensively studied. Thus, this review aims to offer an in-depth discussion of curcumin applications for food and biotechnological industries, and on health promotion and disease prevention, with particular emphasis on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective effects. Bioavailability, bioefficacy and safety features, side effects, and quality parameters of curcumin are also addressed. Finally, curcumin's multidimensional applications, food attractiveness optimization, agro-industrial procedures to offset its instability and low bioavailability, health concerns, and upcoming strategies for clinical application are also covered.

A highly sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for hydroxyurea to assess pharmacokinetic intervention by phytotherapeutics in rats

Hydroxyurea (HU) is the first-ever approved drug by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) for the management of sickle cell anemia (SCA). However, its treatment is associated with severe liabilities like myelosuppression. Therefore, the aim of the present investigation was to identify phytotherapeutics through assessment of the pharmacokinetic interaction of HU with dietary bioflavonoids followed by elucidation of the same phytoconstituents for their ability to protect HU-induced toxicity in hematological profile. In this direction, we developed a sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method to estimate HU in rat plasma at first and then validated as per USFDA guidelines as there is no such precedent in the literature. A simple plasma protein precipitation method was employed for plasma sample processing. The separation was achieved in gradient mode using Syncronis HILIC column (100 × 4.6 mm, 3 μm) with a mobile phase composition of water containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid and acetonitrile. Ionization was carried out in positive heated-electrospray ionization (H-ESI) mode. Detection was done in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode with m/z 77.1 > 44.4 and m/z 75.1 > 58.2 for HU and methylurea (internal standard), respectively. All the validation parameters were within the acceptable criteria. This bioanalytical method was found to be useful in assessing the preclinical pharmacokinetic interaction of HU. Concomitant administration of chrysin or quercetin with HU in rats significantly enhanced the oral exposure of HU. Lowering of total red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin (Hb) level by HU in rats was significantly improved in the presence of chrysin, quercetin, and naringenin. Overall, both chrysin and quercetin showed potential to be a promising phytotherapeutics for concomitant therapy with HU to combat its dose-dependent side effects.

Combating iron overload: a case for deferoxamine-based nanochelators

While iron is a nutrient metal, iron overload can result in multiple organ failures. Iron chelators, such as deferoxamine, are commonly used to ameliorate iron overload conditions. However, their uses are limited due to poor pharmacokinetics and adverse effects. Many novel chelator formulations have been developed to overcome these drawbacks. In this review, we have discussed various nanochelators, including linear and branched polymers, dendrimers, polyrotaxane, micelles, nanogels, polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes. Although these research efforts have mainly been focused on nanochelators with longer half-lives, prolonged residence of polymers in the body could raise potential safety issues. We also discussed recent advances in nanochelation technologies, including mechanism-based, long-acting nanochelators.

Ameliorative effect of curcumin against lead acetate-induced hemato-biochemical alterations, hepatotoxicity, and testicular oxidative damage in rats

Lead, toxic heavy metal of global concern, induces toxicity in various organs via oxidative stress. Thereby, in this study, the protective role of curcumin against lead acetate-induced toxicity was evaluated. Thirty-two male albino rats were allocated equally into four groups and orally administered with corn oil as a vehicle (Cont.), curcumin (CUR) (400 mg/kg bw), lead acetate (LA) (100 mg/kg bw), and lead acetate plus curcumin (LA + CUR). All rats had received their treatments daily for 4 weeks. The results revealed that LA toxicity induced normocytic normochromic anemia with significant leukocytosis and lymphocytosis. Moreover, LA-intoxicated rats showed a marked elevation in the liver enzyme activities, serum cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. In contrast, sero-immunological parameters, total protein, albumin, globulin, and testosterone levels were significantly reduced compared to the control rats. Additionally, LA-induced hepatic and testicular oxidative damage revealed by marked increased in MDA level with prominent reduction in the antioxidant system. The gene expression of the hepatic pro-inflammatory markers and testicular steroidogenic biomarkers including LHR and aromatase were significantly upregulated; meanwhile, the expressions of testicular StAR, CYP17a, 3B-HDS, SR-B1, and P450SCC were significantly downregulated in the LA-intoxicated group. Curcumin treatment could partially improve the hematological, biochemical, and histopathological alterations induced by LA. Also, it was observed that curcumin significantly restored hepatic pro-inflammatory markers and testicular steroidogenic enzymes. In conclusion, curcumin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects and is able to minimize the LA-induced oxidative damage in rats.

Curcumin ameliorates oxidative stress-induced intestinal barrier injury and mitochondrial damage by promoting Parkin dependent mitophagy through AMPK-TFEB signal pathway

The gut epithelial is known as the most critical barrier for protection against harmful antigens and pathogens. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the dysfunction of the intestine barrier. Hence, effective and safe therapeutic approaches for maintaining intestinal redox balance are urgently needed. Curcumin has gained attention for its vast beneficial biological function via antioxidative stress. However, whether the curcumin can relief intestine damage and mitochondrial injury induced by oxidative stress is still unclear. In this study, we found that curcumin can effectively ameliorate hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative stress, intestinal epithelial barrier injury and mitochondrial damage in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2 cells) in a PTEN-induced putative kinase (PINK1)-Parkin mitophagy dependent way. Mechanistically, depletion of Parkin (a mitophagy related protein) abolished curcumin's protective action on anti-oxidative stress, improving intestinal barrier and mitochondrial function in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) induced by H₂O₂. Consistently, the protective effect of curcumin was not found in cells transfected with GFP-ParkinΔUBL, which encodes a mutant Parkin protein without the ubiquitin E3 ligase activity, indicating that the ubiquitin E3 ligase of Parkin is required for curcumin's protective effects. On the other hand, we also found that the protective function of curcumin was diminished when PRKAA1 was depleted in IPEC-J2 cells treated with H₂O₂. Immunofluorescence and luciferase assay showed that curcumin dramatically enhanced nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of transcription factor EB (TFEB) in IPEC-J2 cells treated with H₂O₂, and it was ameliorated by co-treated with compound C, an Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor, which means curcumin promotes TFEB transcript via AMPK signal pathway. Consistent with in vitro data, dietary curcumin protected intestinal barrier function, improved redox status, alleviated mitochondrial damage, triggered mitophagy and influenced AMPK-TFEB signal pathway in a well-established pig oxidative stress model by challenging with diquat. Taken together, these results unveil that curcumin ameliorates oxidative stress, enhances intestinal barrier function and mitochondrial function via the induction of Parkin dependent mitophagy through AMPK activation and subsequent TFEB nuclear translocation.

Krill oil alleviates oxidative stress, iron accumulation and fibrosis in the liver and spleen of iron-overload rats

Krill oil (KO) is a recent supplement which is rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These fatty acids are found in both krill oil and fish oil. In krill oil, they esterified to phospholipids, but in fish oil, they are esterified to triacylglycerols. The target of this study was to investigate whether KO could help against iron overload-induced toxicity in liver and spleen. Rats were randomly assigned into 3 categories: control rats, rats received iron in a drinking water for 8 weeks followed by either vehicle or KO (40 mg/kg) treatment for an extra 8 weeks. Extent of hepatic and splenic injury was assessed via biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations. KO effectively improved the microscopic features of liver and spleen. Moreover, it decreased the increased levels of serum transaminases, ALP, LDH, iron, and ferritin and increased albumin serum level as well. In addition, it restored the balance between oxidants and antioxidants in the hepatic and splenic tissues. Furthermore, it decreased HO-1 levels, upregulated the production of Nrf2, and limited the expression of MMP9. These findings altogether suggest that KO might be a new candidate for treatment of iron overload-induced toxicity. Graphical abstract Graphical abstract.

Effect of hexavalent chromium exposure on the liver and kidney tissues related to the expression of CYP450 and GST genes of Oreochromis niloticus fish: Role of curcumin supplemented diet

The present study evaluated the adverse effects of the hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) at sub-lethal concentrations and the ameliorative potential of curcumin (CUR) over a sub-chronic exposure period on Oreochromis niloticus. Fish were exposed to Cr (VI) (4.57 mg/L) and CUR (0.02% in diet or 200 mg/kg diet), individually or in combination for 60-days. The growth rate during the period of experiment, condition factor, body composition, hepatosomatic index (HSI), hematological parameters, oxidative stress, apoptotic and DNA damage, branchial, hepato- and nephrotoxicity were estimated in this study. Moreover, the changes in mRNA expression of Cytochromes (CYP450) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in kidney and liver tissues were assessed by qRT-PCR. Additionally, the concentration of metallothionine in the liver, histological investigation, and lesion scoring to the branchial, hepatic, renal and gill tissues were applied. The results revealed that Cr (VI) exposure caused a significant decline in most hematological variables and growth rate with down-regulation of CYP450 and GST expression. Histologically, Cr (VI) induced diverse forms of cell injury, vascular, and inflammatory alterations with upregulation of caspase-3 and downregulation of Bcl₂ expression in the examined tissues. Additionally, it elevated the levels of serum MDA and 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine than control. CUR-supplementation resulted in a significant improvement in most indices, amelioration of histological alterations and up-regulation of CYP450 and GST expression. These results may conclude that dietary supplements with CUR could be useful for modulation of the growth with protective effects to the branchial, hepatic, and renal tissues in response to Cr (VI) exposure, thereby presenting a promising feed additive for Nile tilapia in aquaculture.

Assessment of intermittent exposure of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZNP)-mediated toxicity and biochemical alterations in the splenocytes of male Wistar rat

Nanoparticles are being used extensively and found in applications to various fields ranging from agriculture to electronic devices, diagnosis to drug delivery, and cosmetics to food packaging. Increasing usage of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) raises potential concern for human health as well as to the environment. The present study aims to explore the effects of intermittent intraperitoneal exposure of ZNP on the spleen of male Wistar rat. Animals were divided into three groups, control and ZNP-treated groups (50 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg body weight), six in each group. Experimental animals were treated with different doses of ZNP once a week for 4 weeks, whereas control groups received water. After 28 days of exposure, animals were sacrificed, spleen tissue was excised, and various parameters such as hematological, genotoxicity, antioxidants, and histopathological were studied for changes in spleen if any. Results showed that ZNP exposure manages to induce alteration in various studied hematological parameters like neutrophils, platelets, and eosinophils which are found to increase significantly after the last treatment compared with the first treatment of ZNP. However, hemoglobin content, PCV, and MCV decrease with increasing dose of ZNP significantly in last treatment, when compared with the first treatment. DNA damage was observed in rats treated with a high dose of ZNPs compared with that in the control when analyzed through comet assay. Flow cytometric study was performed for better understanding of the underlying mechanism of the ZNP-mediated toxicity. From the present investigation, an increase in ROS production, a decrease in MMP, and increased apoptosis were exhibited. Further, altered antioxidant level (SOD, CAT, LDH, CYT P450, and CYT b5 r) has been observed in the studied splenic tissue, also histopathological changes observed in the rats exposed with high doses of ZNP. Therefore, ZNP may have the potential to induce a toxic effect even when exposed intermittently.

The progresses in curcuminoids-based metal complexes: especially in cancer therapy

Curcuminoids (CURs), a series of derivatives in turmeric (Curcuma longa), are commonly discovered to control the deterioration of cancers. However, the physiochemical properties and the original side effects of many CURs complexes put barriers in their medical applications. To address them, the investigation of metal-based complexes with CURs is in progress. The complexes were summarized according to articles in recent years. The results showed that the complexes improved the physicochemical properties or therapeutic performances compared with pure CURs. Further, it is possible for the novel complexes to be applied in chemical detecting, paramagnetic-luminescent and bio-imaging fields. Therefore, the formation of the metal-based CURs complexes (MBCCs) is beneficial for the development of CURs especially in medical fields.

Curcumin induces mild anemia in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model maintained on an iron-sufficient diet

Anemia is frequently encountered in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), decreasing the quality of life and significantly worsening the prognosis of the disease. The pathogenesis of anemia in IBD is multifactorial and results mainly from intestinal blood loss in inflamed mucosa and impaired dietary iron absorption. Multiple studies have proposed the use of the polyphenolic compound curcumin to counteract IBD pathogenesis since it has significant preventive and therapeutic properties as an anti-inflammatory agent and very low toxicity, even at high dosages. However, curcumin has been shown to possess properties consistent with those of an iron-chelator, such as the ability to modulate proteins of iron metabolism and decrease spleen and liver iron content. Thus, this property may further contribute to the development and severity of anemia of inflammation and iron deficiency in IBD. Herein, we evaluate the effects of curcumin on systemic iron balance in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of colitis in C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mouse strains that were fed an iron-sufficient diet. In these conditions, curcumin supplementation caused mild anemia, lowered iron stores, worsened colitis and significantly decreased overall survival, independent of the mouse strain. These findings suggest that curcumin usage as an anti-inflammatory supplement should be accompanied by monitoring of erythroid parameters to avoid exacerbation of iron deficiency anemia in IBD.