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Villalba R, Tena-Tomás C, Ruano MJ, Valero-Lorenzo M, López-Herranz A, Cano-Gómez C, Agüero M. Development and Validation of Three Triplex Real-Time RT-PCR Assays for Typing African Horse Sickness Virus: Utility for Disease Control and Other Laboratory Applications. Viruses 2024; 16:470. [PMID: 38543834 PMCID: PMC10974454 DOI: 10.3390/v16030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The African horse sickness virus (AHSV) belongs to the Genus Orbivirus, family Sedoreoviridae, and nine serotypes of the virus have been described to date. The AHSV genome is composed of ten linear segments of double-stranded (ds) RNA, numbered in decreasing size order (Seg-1 to Seg-10). Genome segment 2 (Seg-2) encodes outer-capsid protein VP2, the most variable AHSV protein and the primary target for neutralizing antibodies. Consequently, Seg-2 determines the identity of the virus serotype. An African horse sickness (AHS) outbreak in an AHS-free status country requires identifying the serotype as soon as possible to implement a serotype-specific vaccination program. Considering that nowadays 'polyvalent live attenuated' is the only commercially available vaccination strategy to control the disease, field and vaccine strains of different serotypes could co-circulate. Additionally, in AHS-endemic countries, more than one serotype is often circulating at the same time. Therefore, a strategy to rapidly determine the virus serotype in an AHS-positive sample is strongly recommended in both epidemiological situations. The main objective of this study is to describe the development and validation of three triplex real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) methods for rapid AHSV serotype detection. Samples from recent AHS outbreaks in Kenia (2015-2017), Thailand (2020), and Nigeria (2023), and from the AHS outbreak in Spain (1987-1990), were included in the study for the validation of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Villalba
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 28110 Algete, Spain; (R.V.); (M.J.R.); (M.V.-L.); (A.L.-H.); (C.C.-G.)
| | | | - María José Ruano
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 28110 Algete, Spain; (R.V.); (M.J.R.); (M.V.-L.); (A.L.-H.); (C.C.-G.)
| | - Marta Valero-Lorenzo
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 28110 Algete, Spain; (R.V.); (M.J.R.); (M.V.-L.); (A.L.-H.); (C.C.-G.)
| | - Ana López-Herranz
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 28110 Algete, Spain; (R.V.); (M.J.R.); (M.V.-L.); (A.L.-H.); (C.C.-G.)
| | - Cristina Cano-Gómez
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 28110 Algete, Spain; (R.V.); (M.J.R.); (M.V.-L.); (A.L.-H.); (C.C.-G.)
| | - Montserrat Agüero
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 28110 Algete, Spain; (R.V.); (M.J.R.); (M.V.-L.); (A.L.-H.); (C.C.-G.)
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Carpenter M, Kopanke J, Lee J, Rodgers C, Reed K, Sherman TJ, Graham B, Cohnstaedt LW, Wilson WC, Stenglein M, Mayo C. Evaluating Temperature Effects on Bluetongue Virus Serotype 10 and 17 Coinfection in Culicoides sonorensis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3063. [PMID: 38474308 PMCID: PMC10932384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a segmented, double-stranded RNA virus transmitted by Culicoides midges that infects ruminants. As global temperatures increase and geographical ranges of midges expand, there is increased potential for BTV outbreaks from incursions of novel serotypes into endemic regions. However, an understanding of the effect of temperature on reassortment is lacking. The objectives of this study were to compare how temperature affected Culicoides survival, virogenesis, and reassortment in Culicoides sonorensis coinfected with two BTV serotypes. Midges were fed blood meals containing BTV-10, BTV-17, or BTV serotype 10 and 17 and maintained at 20 °C, 25 °C, or 30 °C. Midge survival was assessed, and pools of midges were collected every other day to evaluate virogenesis of BTV via qRT-PCR. Additional pools of coinfected midges were collected for BTV plaque isolation. The genotypes of plaques were determined using next-generation sequencing. Warmer temperatures impacted traits related to vector competence in offsetting ways: BTV replicated faster in midges at warmer temperatures, but midges did not survive as long. Overall, plaques with BTV-17 genotype dominated, but BTV-10 was detected in some plaques, suggesting parental strain fitness may play a role in reassortment outcomes. Temperature adds an important dimension to host-pathogen interactions with implications for transmission and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Jennifer Kopanke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Case Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Kirsten Reed
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Tyler J. Sherman
- Diagnostic Medicine Center, Colorado State University, 2450 Gillette Drive, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Barbara Graham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Lee W. Cohnstaedt
- Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, The National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, USDA Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 1807, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA; (L.W.C.); (W.C.W.)
| | - William C. Wilson
- Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, The National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, USDA Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 1807, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA; (L.W.C.); (W.C.W.)
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
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Carpenter M, Kopanke J, Lee J, Rodgers C, Reed K, Sherman TJ, Graham B, Stenglein M, Mayo C. Assessing Reassortment between Bluetongue Virus Serotypes 10 and 17 at Different Coinfection Ratios in Culicoides sonorenesis. Viruses 2024; 16:240. [PMID: 38400016 PMCID: PMC10893243 DOI: 10.3390/v16020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a segmented, double-stranded RNA orbivirus listed by the World Organization for Animal Health and transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Segmented viruses can reassort, which facilitates rapid and important genotypic changes. Our study evaluated reassortment in Culicoides sonorensis midges coinfected with different ratios of BTV-10 and BTV-17. Midges were fed blood containing BTV-10, BTV-17, or a combination of both serotypes at 90:10, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, or 10:90 ratios. Midges were collected every other day and tested for infection using pan BTV and cox1 (housekeeping gene) qRT-PCR. A curve was fit to the ∆Ct values (pan BTV Ct-cox1 Ct) for each experimental group. On day 10, the midges were processed for BTV plaque isolation. Genotypes of the plaques were determined by next-generation sequencing. Pairwise comparison of ∆Ct curves demonstrated no differences in viral RNA levels between coinfected treatment groups. Plaque genotyping indicated that most plaques fully aligned with one of the parental strains; however, reassortants were detected, and in the 75:25 pool, most plaques were reassortant. Reassortant prevalence may be maximized upon the occurrence of reassortant genotypes that can outcompete the parental genotypes. BTV reassortment and resulting biological consequences are important elements to understanding orbivirus emergence and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Jennifer Kopanke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Case Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Kirsten Reed
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Tyler J. Sherman
- Diagnostic Medicine Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Barbara Graham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
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Newbrook K, Khan N, Fisher A, Chong K, Gubbins S, Davies WC, Sanders C, Busquets MG, Cooke L, Corla A, Ashby M, Flannery J, Batten C, Stokes JE, Sanz-Bernardo B, Carpenter S, Moffat K, Darpel KE. Specific T-cell subsets have a role in anti-viral immunity and pathogenesis but not viral dynamics or onwards vector transmission of an important livestock arbovirus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328820. [PMID: 38357545 PMCID: PMC10864546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne Orbivirus that is almost solely transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and causes a globally important haemorrhagic disease, bluetongue (BT), in susceptible ruminants. Infection with BTV is characterised by immunosuppression and substantial lymphopenia at peak viraemia in the host. Methods In this study, the role of cell-mediated immunity and specific T-cell subsets in BTV pathogenesis, clinical outcome, viral dynamics, immune protection, and onwards transmission to a susceptible Culicoides vector is defined in unprecedented detail for the first time, using an in vivo arboviral infection model system that closely mirrors natural infection and transmission of BTV. Individual circulating CD4+, CD8+, or WC1+ γδ T-cell subsets in sheep were depleted through the administration of specific monoclonal antibodies. Results The absence of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells was consistently associated with less severe clinical signs of BT, whilst the absence of CD4+ and WC1+ γδ T cells both resulted in an increased clinical severity. The absence of CD4+ T cells also impaired both a timely protective neutralising antibody response and the production of IgG antibodies targeting BTV non-structural protein, NS2, highlighting that the CD4+ T-cell subset is important for a timely protective immune response. T cells did not influence viral replication characteristics, including onset/dynamics of viraemia, shedding, or onwards transmission of BTV to Culicoides. We also highlight differences in T-cell dependency for the generation of immunoglobulin subclasses targeting BTV NS2 and the structural protein, VP7. Discussion This study identifies a diverse repertoire of T-cell functions during BTV infection in sheep, particularly in inducing specific anti-viral immune responses and disease manifestation, and will support more effective vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Newbrook
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Nakibul Khan
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Aimee Fisher
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences AND School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Chong
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences AND School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- Transmission Biology, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - William C. Davies
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | | | | | - Lyndsay Cooke
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Corla
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Ashby
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - John Flannery
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie Batten
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | | - Beatriz Sanz-Bernardo
- Large Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), Viruses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katy Moffat
- Flow Cytometry, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Karin E. Darpel
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Department of Diagnostics and Development, Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Dalal A, Kakker NK, Chaudhary D, Kumar A, Maan NS, Maan S. Co-infection of bluetongue virus serotypes 12 and 16 in sheep from Haryana, India. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2023; 14:635-641. [PMID: 38174092 PMCID: PMC10759771 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2023.1990376.3796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
World Organization for Animal Health has listed bluetongue (BT) under notifiable diseases. The BT is an arboviral infectious disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV). Southern states of India had remained the point of attention for BT since first presence in 1964 in Maharashtra. Recently, northern states of India have also been reported positive for BTV in small ruminants. The present study reported the dual infection of BTV serotypes, BTV-12 and -16 in sheep population from Sirsa district of Haryana in the year 2016. After detection and serotyping with Seg-2 specific real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the Seg-2 and Seg-6 of BTV were PCR amplified and sequenced. On phylogenetic analysis it was detected to be clustered in nucleotype G and nucleotype B specific for BTV-12 and BTV-16, respectively. This was the first report of BTV-16 from Haryana. The results signified the co-infection of two different serotypes in an animal from a single outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Dalal
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India;
| | - Naresh Kumar Kakker
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India;
| | - Deepika Chaudhary
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India;
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India;
| | - Narender Singh Maan
- Department of Animal Nutrition College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India.
| | - Sushila Maan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India;
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Punia M, Maan S, Batra K, Chaudhary D, Devi B, Kumar A, Gahlawat SK, Maan NS. Development of real-time RT-PCR systems for detection and quantitation of bovine enteric viral pathogens. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4658-4666. [PMID: 38347693 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2182314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The enteric viruses in animals are responsible for severe and devastating losses to the livestock owners with a profound negative impact on animal, health, welfare, and productivity. These viruses are usually transmitted via the feco-oral route and primarily infect the digestive tract of the humans, bovines and different mammals as well as birds. Some of the important enteric viruses in ruminants are: Rotavirus A (RVA), Peste des petits virus (PPRV), Norovirus (NV), Bovine corona virus (BoCV) and Bluetongue virus (BTV). In the present study, sensitive, specific and reliable TaqMan probe-based RT-qPCRs were developed and standardized for the rapid detection and quantification of enteric viruses from fecal samples. The assays result in efficient amplification of the RVA, BTV and BoCV RNA with a limit of detection (LoD) of 5, 5 and 4 copies, respectively, which is 1000 times more sensitive than the traditional gel-based RT-PCR. The reproducibility of each assay was satisfactory, thus allowing for a sensitive and accurate measurement of the viral RNA load in clinical samples. In conclusion, real time PCR developed for these viruses are highly specific and sensitive technique for the detection of diarrheic viral pathogens of cattle and buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Punia
- Department of Biotechnology, Ch. Devi Lal University, Sirsa, India
| | - Sushila Maan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Kanisht Batra
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Deepika Chaudhary
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Bhanita Devi
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | | | - Narender Singh Maan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
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Bréard E, Postic L, Gondard M, Bernelin-Cottet C, Le Roux A, Turpaud M, Lucas P, Blanchard Y, Vitour D, Bakkali-Kassimi L, Zientara S, Al Rawahi W, Sailleau C. Circulation of Bluetongue Virus Serotypes 1, 4, 8, 10 and 16 and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in the Sultanate of Oman in 2020-2021. Viruses 2023; 15:1259. [PMID: 37376559 DOI: 10.3390/v15061259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The circulation of Bluetongue (BT) and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) in the Middle East has already been reported following serological analyses carried out since the 1980s, mostly on wild ruminants. Thus, an EHD virus (EHDV) strain was isolated in Bahrain in 1983 (serotype 6), and more recently, BT virus (BTV) serotypes 1, 4, 8 and 16 have been isolated in Oman. To our knowledge, no genomic sequence of these different BTV strains have been published. These same BTV or EHDV serotypes have circulated and, for some of them, are still circulating in the Mediterranean basin and/or in Europe. In this study, we used samples from domestic ruminant herds collected in Oman in 2020 and 2021 for suspected foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) to investigate the presence of BTV and EHDV in these herds. Sera and whole blood from goats, sheep and cattle were tested for the presence of viral genomes (by PCR) and antibodies (by ELISA). We were able to confirm the presence of 5 BTV serotypes (1, 4, 8, 10 and 16) and the circulation of EHDV in this territory in 2020 and 2021. The isolation of a BTV-8 strain allowed us to sequence its entire genome and to compare it with another BTV-8 strain isolated in Mayotte and with homologous BTV sequences available on GenBank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bréard
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lydie Postic
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mathilde Gondard
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cindy Bernelin-Cottet
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurélie Le Roux
- Laboratory of Ploufragan, ANSES, Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Mathilde Turpaud
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pierrick Lucas
- Laboratory of Ploufragan, ANSES, Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Laboratory of Ploufragan, ANSES, Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Labib Bakkali-Kassimi
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Wafaa Al Rawahi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat P.C. 123, Oman
- Central Laboratory of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth and Water Resources, Muscat P.C. 100, Oman
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
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8
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Re-Emergence of BTV-4 in Sheep Farms in Kosovo, 2020: A Retrospective Study. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/3112126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Kosovo has previously seen two bluetongue (BT) epizootics, each caused by a different serotype, BTV-9 in 2001 and BTV-4 in 2014. Since 2014, no clinical cases of BT have been reported in Kosovo. In September, 2020, clinical signs suggestive of BTV infection were observed in several sheep farms in Kosovo. Blood samples from sheep (n = 40) were collected and subjected to further molecular investigations. Molecular analyses confirmed BTV serotype 4 (BTV-4) infection in thirty-six sheep from five different farms across two different regions. Full genome sequence analyses indicated that the BTV-4 strains (KOS2020/01 and KOS2020/02) detected in Kosovo in 2020 had high sequence identity (99.9%-100%) with a strain responsible for an outbreak in North Macedonia in July, 2020, (MKD2020/06) and with previous isolates (≥99.3%) from Greece, Hungary, and France. The percent nucleotide sequence (nt%) identity and phylogenetic analyses suggest that the incursion of BTV-4 into Kosovo was a re-emergence of a previously seen strain and not a novel reassortant. This could be due to a reintroduction of the strain into the region or from subclinical circulation which had been ongoing and underreported for years. Surveillance across Kosovo and the Balkan region to monitor the circulation of BTV is crucial if outbreaks are to be brought under control.
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9
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Golender N, Klement E, Kovtunenko A, Even-Tov B, Zamir L, Tiomkin E, Kenigswald G, Hoffmann B. Comparative Molecular and Epidemiological Analyses of Israeli Bluetongue Viruses Serotype 1 and 9 Causing Outbreaks in 2018-2020. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020366. [PMID: 36838331 PMCID: PMC9966015 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Israel is endemic to bluetongue virus (BTV). The introduction of novel-for-the-region arboviruses have been recorded annually in recent years. In 2019, previously non-reported in-the-country BTV-1 and BTV-9 were identified. BTV-1 caused a single-season outbreak, probably linked to mild infection in ruminants. BTV-9 was retrospectively detected in the field samples collected from August 2018 until 2020. It was the dominant serotype in 2019, out of the six serotypes recorded during that calendar year. Clinical manifestation of the disease in cases diagnosed with BTV-9 were compared to those in cases determined to have BTV-1. BLAST and phylogenetic analyses of BTV-1 showed that the nucleotide (nt) sequence coding the viral outer protein 1 (VP2) determining the serotype is closely related to BTV-1 isolated in Sudan in 1987, and the coding sequence of the outer protein 2 (VP5) is related to South African BTV-1 from 2017. A probable common ancestor with Libyan BTV-9 strains isolated in 2008 was seen in an analysis of Israeli BTV-9 nt sequences. Notably, the outbreak-caused BTV-9 strains collected in 2019 exhibited a distinct level of genetic reassortment with local Israeli strains compared to BTV-9 strains registered in 2018 and 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Golender
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 5025000, Israel
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3968-1668; Fax: +972-3968-1788
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Anita Kovtunenko
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 5025000, Israel
| | - Boris Even-Tov
- Veterinary Servises in the Field, Galil-Golan 1231400, Israel
| | - Lior Zamir
- Veterinary Servises in the Field, Galil-Golan 1231400, Israel
| | - Eitan Tiomkin
- Hachaklait Veterinary Services, Caesarea 3088900, Israel
| | | | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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10
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Mahapatra CS, Sharma P, Biswas SK, Chand K. Development of ELISA for the detection of antibodies against VP2 protein of bluetongue virus serotype-1. J Immunol Methods 2022; 511:113386. [PMID: 36384199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Serotype-specific diagnosis of bluetongue virus (BTV) is necessary for sero-surveillance and taking effective control measures. The VP2 is the major serotype determining protein and BTV-1 is the most predominant serotype in India. In the present study, an indirect ELISA (i-ELISA) was optimized for the detection of serotype-specific antibody against BTV-1 serotype. The VP2 protein of BTV-1 was expressed in a prokaryotic expression system and used to optimize i-ELISA to detect VP2 antibodies of BTV-1 in serum samples of both small and large ruminants. Serum samples (n = 363) classified as positive and negative for antibodies to BTV-1 by serum neutralization test (SNT) and also positive and negative for BTV antibodies by c-ELSIA kit (VMRD, USA) were used to determine the cut-off value, diagnostic sensitivity (DSn), and diagnostic specificity (D-Sp) using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The percent positivity (PP) value >30.10% was accepted as the cut-off for i-ELISA at which DSn of 99.52% and D-Sp of 99.35% was observed with a 95% confidence interval. Further, there was no cross-reactivity with other available BTV serotypes in the country. The study indicated serotype-specific i-ELISA is sensitive, specific and suitable alternative to tedious SNT method for determining serotype. The assay will also help in the serotype-specific epidemiological studies and implementation of future control strategies including vaccination and selection of suitable serotype as a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayna Singha Mahapatra
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, 263138 Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Priya Sharma
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, 263138 Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanchay Kumar Biswas
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, 263138 Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Karam Chand
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, 263138 Nainital, Uttarakhand, India.
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11
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Daif S, El Berbri I, Lhor Y, Fassi Fihri O. Serological and molecular prevalence study of bluetongue virus in small domestic ruminants in Morocco. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19448. [PMID: 36376352 PMCID: PMC9663439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is an arthropod-borne viral disease transmitted by Culicoides biting midges, affecting domestic and wild ruminants. The current study aims to assess the seroprevalence of the bluetongue virus (BTV) and confirm its active circulation among sheep and goats populations in Morocco, as well as study the risk factors associated with BTV infection. To this end, a total of 1651 samples were randomly collected from 1376 sheep and 275 goats in eight (out of 12) regions of the country between March 2018 and July 2021.These samples were primarily tested using competitive ELISA (c-ELISA). Subsequently, 65% of c-ELISA positives (n = 452) were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The results revealed an overall BTV seroprevalence in small ruminants in Morocco of 41.7%, including 42.6% in sheep and 37.5% in goats. The RT-qPCR results showed that the overall BTV viropositivity rate was 46.7%, including 48.1% in sheep and 41.8% in goats. These viro-serological rates varied significantly by age, sex, and breed of the tested animals, husbandry method, season, and geographic origin. This indicates that these parameters constitute risk factors for BTV transmission routes in Morocco. The findings also indicate that goats play a role as reservoirs in maintaining the BTV in Morocco. It appears from this study that bluetongue is endemic in Morocco. The environmental and climate conditions as well as the husbandry methods adopted in the country are particularly favorable for the virus transmission throughout the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Daif
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ikhlass El Berbri
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Youssef Lhor
- grid.31143.340000 0001 2168 4024National Office of Food Safety (ONSSA), Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco
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12
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Li Z, Li Z, Yang Z, Li L, Gao L, Xie J, Liao D, Gao X, Hu Z, Niu B, Yao P, Zeng W, Li H, Yang H. Isolation and characterization of two novel serotypes of Tibet orbivirus from Culicoides and sentinel cattle in Yunnan Province of China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3371-3387. [PMID: 36047657 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV), a new candidate of Orbivirus genus, was initially isolated from mosquitoes in Tibet in 2009 and subsequently from both Culicoides and mosquitoes in several provinces of China and Japan. Little is known about the origin, genetic diversity, dissemination and pathogenicity of TIBOV, although its potential threat to animal health has been acknowledged. In this study, two viruses, V290/YNSZ and V298/YNJH, were isolated from the Culicoides and sentinel cattle in Yunnan Province. Their genome sequences, cell tropism in mammalian and insect cell lines along with pathogenicity in suckling mice were determined. Genome phylogenetic analyses confirmed their classification as TIBOV species; however, OC1 proteins of the V290/YNSZ and V298/YNJH shared maximum sequence identities of 31.5% and 33.9% with other recognized TIBOV serotypes (TIBOV-1 to TIBOV-4) and formed two monophyletic branches in phylogenetic tree, indicating they represented two novel TIBOV serotypes which were tentatively designated as TIBOV-5 and TIBOV-6. The viruses replicated robustly in BHK, Vero and C6/36 cells and triggered overt clinical symptoms in suckling mice after intracerebral inoculation, causing mortality of 100% and 25%. Cross-sectional epidemiology analysis revealed silent circulation of TIBOV in Yunnan Province with overall prevalence of 16.4% (18/110) in cattle, 10.8% (13/120) in goats and 5.5% (6/110) in swine. The prevalence patterns of four investigated TIBOV serotypes (TIBOV-1, -2, -5 and 6) differed from each one another, with their positive rates ranging from 8.2% (9/110) for TIBOV-2 in cattle to 0.9% (1/110) for TIBOV-1 and TIBOV-5 in cattle and swine. Our findings provided new insights for diversity, pathogenicity and epidemiology of TIBOV and formed a basis for future studies addressing the geographical distribution and the zoonotic potential of TIBOV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhong Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenxing Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Le Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Jiarui Xie
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Defang Liao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center of Jinghong County, Jinghong, China
| | - Zhongyan Hu
- Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center of Jinghong County, Jinghong, China
| | - Baosheng Niu
- Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center of Shizong County, Qujing, China
| | - Pingfen Yao
- Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center of Shizong County, Qujing, China
| | - Weikun Zeng
- School of Medicine, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Huachun Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Heng Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China.,College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, China
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13
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Rudenko NV, Karatovskaya AP, Zamyatina AV, Malogolovkin AS, Oleinikov VA, Brovko FA, Kol’tsov AU, Lapteva OG, Kolbasov DV, Shepelyakovskaya AO. Bluetongue Virus Detection Using Microspheres Conjugated with Monoclonal Antibodies against Group-Specific Protein Vp7 by Flow Virometry. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022040173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Gahn MCB, Seck MT, Ciss M, Lo MM, Ndiaye M, Fall M, Biteye B, Sailleau C, Viarouge C, Postic L, Zientara S, Bréard E, Fall AG. Insight on Bluetongue virus transmission in small ruminants in Senegal. Acta Trop 2022; 232:106487. [PMID: 35487295 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. The disease causes animal mortality, production decrease and commercial limits for herds. Despite the active circulation of the disease in the world, few studies have been carried out in Senegal. The objective of this study was to assess the current prevalence of BT in small ruminants and the serotypes circulating in Senegal. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the fourteen regions of Senegal. After the sampling campaign, sera collected in sheep and goats herds were screened for the presence of Bluetongue virus (BTV) specific antibodies using c-Elisa. The whole blood of seropositive animals was further analyzed by RT-qPCR and positive samples were typed to identify BTV serotypes. Analysis of several risk factors such as age, sex and species of animals was performed using logistic regression. The overall seroprevalence of BTV in Senegal was 72.6% (95% CI: 70.3-74.9%) with 75.9% (95% CI: 72.2-79.5%) in goat and 70.6% (95% CI: 67.5-73.6%) in sheep. Female (prevalence=77.1%) and adult (prevalence=80%) animals showed the highest seropositivity to BTV compared respectively to male (55.7%, p=6.133e-09) and young (49.4%, p < 2.2e-16). The RT-qPCR results showed the presence of BT viral genome in 359 small ruminants. The results obtained from serological and genotyping studies showed an active spread of the Bluetongue virus in domestic ruminants and phylogenetic analysis showed that the BTV-2 is one of the circulating serotypes in Senegal. This study allows having baseline information for controlling Bluetongue in Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cicille Ba Gahn
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP: 2057 Dakar-Hann, Sénégal.
| | - Momar Talla Seck
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP: 2057 Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Mamadou Ciss
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP: 2057 Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Modou Moustapha Lo
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP: 2057 Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Mbengué Ndiaye
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP: 2057 Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Moussa Fall
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP: 2057 Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Biram Biteye
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP: 2057 Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maison Alfort 94700, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maison Alfort 94700, France
| | - Lydie Postic
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maison Alfort 94700, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maison Alfort 94700, France
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maison Alfort 94700, France
| | - Assane Gueye Fall
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP: 2057 Dakar-Hann, Sénégal.
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15
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Field-Reassortment of Bluetongue Virus Illustrates Plasticity of Virus Associated Phenotypic Traits in the Arthropod Vector and Mammalian Host In Vivo. J Virol 2022; 96:e0053122. [PMID: 35727032 PMCID: PMC9278112 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00531-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmented RNA viruses are a taxonomically diverse group that can infect plant, wildlife, livestock and human hosts. A shared feature of these viruses is the ability to exchange genome segments during coinfection of a host by a process termed "reassortment." Reassortment enables rapid evolutionary change, but where transmission involves a biological arthropod vector, this change is constrained by the selection pressures imposed by the requirement for replication in two evolutionarily distant hosts. In this study, we use an in vivo, host-arbovirus-vector model to investigate the impact of reassortment on two phenotypic traits, virus infection rate in the vector and virulence in the host. Bluetongue virus (BTV) (Reoviridae) is the causative agent of bluetongue (BT), an economically important disease of domestic and wild ruminants and deer. The genome of BTV comprises 10 linear segments of dsRNA, and the virus is transmitted between ruminants by Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Five strains of BTV representing three serotypes (BTV-1, BTV-4, and BTV-8) were isolated from naturally infected ruminants in Europe and ancestral/reassortant lineage status assigned through full genome sequencing. Each strain was then assessed in parallel for the ability to replicate in vector Culicoides and to cause BT in sheep. Our results demonstrate that two reassortment strains, which themselves became established in the field, had obtained high replication ability in C. sonorensis from one of the ancestral virus strains, which allowed inferences of the genome segments conferring this phenotypic trait. IMPORTANCE Reassortment between virus strains can lead to major shifts in the transmission parameters and virulence of segmented RNA viruses, with consequences for spread, persistence, and impact. The ability of these pathogens to adapt rapidly to their environment through this mechanism presents a major challenge in defining the conditions under which emergence can occur. Utilizing a representative mammalian host-insect vector infection and transmission model, we provide direct evidence of this phenomenon in closely related ancestral and reassortant strains of BTV. Our results demonstrate that efficient infection of Culicoides observed for one of three ancestral BTV strains was also evident in two reassortant strains that had subsequently emerged in the same ecosystem.
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16
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Kirkland PD, Farrugia B, Frost MJ, Zhang C, Finlaison DS. Multiplexed serotype-specific real time PCR assays - a valuable tool to support large scale surveillance for bluetongue virus infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2590-e2601. [PMID: 35621508 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, real time PCR has been increasingly adopted for bluetongue diagnosis with both broadly reactive and serotype-specific assays widely used. The use of these assays and nucleic acid sequencing technologies have enhanced bluetongue virus detection, resulting in the identification of a number of new serotypes. As a result, 27 different serotypes are officially recognised and at least 3 more are proposed. Rapid identification of the virus serotype is essential for matching of antigens used in vaccines and to undertake surveillance and epidemiological studies to assist risk management. However, it is not uncommon for multiple serotypes to circulate in a region either concurrently or in successive years. It is therefore necessary to have a large suite of assays available to ensure that the full spectrum of viruses is detected. Nevertheless, covering a large range of virus serotypes is demanding from both a time and resource perspective. To overcome these challenges, real time PCR assays were optimised to match local virus strains and then combined in a panel of quadriplex assays, resulting in 3 assays to detect 12 serotypes directly from blood samples from cattle and sheep. These multiplex assays have been used extensively for bluetongue surveillance in both sentinel animals and opportunistically collected samples. A protocol to adapt these assays to capture variations in local strains of bluetongue virus and to expand the panel is described. Collectively these assays provide powerful tools for surveillance and the rapid identification of bluetongue virus serotypes directly from animal blood samples. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - B Farrugia
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - M J Frost
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - C Zhang
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - D S Finlaison
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
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17
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Golender N, Bumbarov V, Kovtunenko A, David D, Guini-Rubinstein M, Sol A, Beer M, Eldar A, Wernike K. Identification and Genetic Characterization of Viral Pathogens in Ruminant Gestation Abnormalities, Israel, 2015-2019. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112136. [PMID: 34834943 PMCID: PMC8619439 DOI: 10.3390/v13112136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious agents including viruses are important abortifacients and can cause fetal abnormalities in livestock animals. Here, samples that had been collected in Israel from aborted or malformed ruminant fetuses between 2015 and 2019 were investigated for the presence of the following viruses: the reoviruses bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), the flaviviruses bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV), the peribunyaviruses Shuni virus (SHUV) and Akabane virus (AKAV), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV). Domestic (cattle, sheep, goat) and wild/zoo ruminants were included in the study. The presence of viral nucleic acid or antigen could be confirmed in 21.8 % of abnormal pregnancies (213 out of 976 investigated cases), with peribunyaviruses, reoviruses and pestiviruses being the most prevalent. At least four different BTV serotypes were involved in abnormal courses of pregnancy in Israel. The subtyping of pestiviruses revealed the presence of two BDV and several distinct BVDV type 1 strains. The peribunyaviruses AKAV and SHUV were identified annually throughout the study period, however, variation in the extent of virus circulation could be observed between the years. In 2018, AKAV even represented the most detected pathogen in cases of small domestic ruminant gestation abnormalities. In conclusion, it was shown that various viruses are involved in abnormal courses of pregnancy in ruminants in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Golender
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3968-8949; Fax: +972-3968-1788
| | - Velizar Bumbarov
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Anita Kovtunenko
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Dan David
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Marisol Guini-Rubinstein
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Asaf Sol
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.B.); (K.W.)
| | - Avi Eldar
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.B.); (K.W.)
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18
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Murota K, Ishii K, Mekaru Y, Araki M, Suda Y, Shirafuji H, Kobayashi D, Isawa H, Yanase T. Isolation of Culicoides- and Mosquito-Borne Orbiviruses in the Southwestern Islands of Japan Between 2014 and 2019. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:796-808. [PMID: 34463150 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulation of arboviruses in livestock ruminants has often gone unrecognized owing to the fact that a significant percentage of arboviruses probably induce subclinical infections and/or negligible symptoms in infected animals. To determine the current situation of arbovirus circulation in the Yaeyama Islands, attempts to isolate viruses from bovine blood samples collected between 2014 and 2019 have been made. In total, 308 blood samples were collected during the study period, and 43 of them induced cytopathic effects (CPEs) in cell cultures. The identification of the CPE agents was performed by reported RT-PCR assays and a high-throughput analysis with a next-generation sequencing platform. The obtained viruses consisted of an orthobunyavirus (Peaton virus), Culicoides-borne orbiviruses (bluetongue virus serotypes 12 and 16, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus [EHDV] serotypes 5, 6, and 7, D'Aguilar virus, and Bunyip Creek virus), and potential mosquito-borne orbiviruses (Yunnan orbivirus, Guangxi orbivirus, and Yonaguni orbivirus). Most of the orbiviruses were recovered from washed blood cells with mosquito cell cultures, suggesting that this combination was more efficient than other combinations such as plasma/blood cells and hamster cell lines. This marked the first time that the isolation of EHDV serotypes 5 and 6 and three potential mosquito-borne orbiviruses was recorded in Japan, showing a greater variety of orbiviruses on the islands than previously known. Genetic analysis of the isolated orbiviruses suggested that the Yaeyama Islands and its neighboring regions were epidemiologically related. Some of the viruses, especially the potential mosquito-borne orbiviruses, were isolated during several consecutive years, indicating their establishment on the islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Murota
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Animal Health, Uruma, Japan
| | - Yuji Mekaru
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Animal Health, Uruma, Japan
| | - Miho Araki
- Yaeyama Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ishigaki, Japan
| | - Yuto Suda
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shirafuji
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Tohru Yanase
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
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19
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Genomic Analysis Illustrated a Single Introduction and Evolution of Israeli Bluetongue Serotype 8 Virus Population 2008-2019. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091955. [PMID: 34576850 PMCID: PMC8470199 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of the European Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 8 (BTV-8), which are characterized by activity cycles separated by years of inactivity, may be influenced by genetic changes of the virus or by herd immunity. BTV activity in Israel is characterized by similar dynamics, but differs from European countries in its vector population, environmental conditions, and lack of cattle vaccination against this serotype. Comparison of these two geographical systems and characterization of their epidemiological connection is therefore of high interest in-order to better understand the factors influencing BTV-8 evolution. BTV-8, closely related to the European strain, was introduced to Israel in 2008. It was at the center of BT outbreaks in 2010 and 2015–2016 and thereafter was lastly isolated in Israel in 2019. We performed genetic analyses of twelve BTV-8 Israeli strains isolated between 2008 and 2019 and compared them with published sequences of BTV-8 isolated in other countries. The analysis revealed a single introduction of BTV-8 into Israel and thereafter extensive occurrence of genomic drifts and multiple reassortments with local BTV strains. Comparison of the Israeli and Cypriot BTV-8 from 2015 to 2016 suggests transmission of the virus between the two countries and a separate and parallel development from European or other Israeli BTV-8 strains. The parallel development of other BTV-8 strains was demonstrated by the identification of the Israeli BTV-8 ISR-1194/1/19 strain, which exhibited common origin with reassorted Israeli BTV-8 strains from 2010 and additional reassortment of seven segments. In order to reveal the source of BTV-8 introduction into Israel we performed BEAST analysis which showed that a probable common ancestor for both European and Israeli BTV-8 presumably existed in 2003–2004. In 2019, a possible new introduction occurred in Israel, where a novel BTV-8 strain was detected, sharing ~95% identity by segments 2 and 6 with Nigerian BTV-8NIG1982/07 and European–Middle Eastern strains. The results of the study indicate that Israel and neighboring countries consist a separate environmental and evolutionary system, distinct from European ones.
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20
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Rodríguez-Martín D, Louloudes-Lázaro A, Avia M, Martín V, Rojas JM, Sevilla N. The Interplay between Bluetongue Virus Infections and Adaptive Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:1511. [PMID: 34452376 PMCID: PMC8402766 DOI: 10.3390/v13081511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections have long provided a platform to understand the workings of immunity. For instance, great strides towards defining basic immunology concepts, such as MHC restriction of antigen presentation or T-cell memory development and maintenance, have been achieved thanks to the study of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infections. These studies have also shaped our understanding of antiviral immunity, and in particular T-cell responses. In the present review, we discuss how bluetongue virus (BTV), an economically important arbovirus from the Reoviridae family that affects ruminants, affects adaptive immunity in the natural hosts. During the initial stages of infection, BTV triggers leucopenia in the hosts. The host then mounts an adaptive immune response that controls the disease. In this work, we discuss how BTV triggers CD8+ T-cell expansion and neutralizing antibody responses, yet in some individuals viremia remains detectable after these adaptive immune mechanisms are active. We present some unpublished data showing that BTV infection also affects other T cell populations such as CD4+ T-cells or γδ T-cells, as well as B-cell numbers in the periphery. This review also discusses how BTV evades these adaptive immune mechanisms so that it can be transmitted back to the arthropod host. Understanding the interaction of BTV with immunity could ultimately define the correlates of protection with immune mechanisms that would improve our knowledge of ruminant immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.-M.); (A.L.-L.); (M.A.); (V.M.); (J.M.R.)
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21
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Kopanke J, Lee J, Stenglein M, Carpenter M, Cohnstaedt LW, Wilson WC, Mayo C. Exposure of Culicoides sonorensis to Enzootic Strains of Bluetongue Virus Demonstrates Temperature- and Virus-Specific Effects on Virogenesis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061016. [PMID: 34071483 PMCID: PMC8228769 DOI: 10.3390/v13061016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a segmented RNA virus transmitted by Culicoides midges. Climatic factors, animal movement, vector species, and viral mutation and reassortment may all play a role in the occurrence of BTV outbreaks among susceptible ruminants. We used two enzootic strains of BTV (BTV-2 and BTV-10) to explore the potential for Culicoides sonorensis, a key North American vector, to be infected with these viruses, and identify the impact of temperature variations on virogenesis during infection. While BTV-10 replicated readily in C. sonorensis following an infectious blood meal, BTV-2 was less likely to result in productive infection at biologically relevant exposure levels. Moreover, when C. sonorensis were co-exposed to both viruses, we did not detect reassortment between the two viruses, despite previous in vitro findings indicating that BTV-2 and BTV-10 are able to reassort successfully. These results highlight that numerous factors, including vector species and exposure dose, may impact the in vivo replication of varying BTV strains, and underscore the complexities of BTV ecology in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kopanke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (J.K.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (J.K.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (J.K.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Molly Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (J.K.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Lee W. Cohnstaedt
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
| | - William C. Wilson
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, 1880 Kimball Ave, Suite 300 CGAHR, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
| | - Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (J.K.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Yang H, Gu W, Li Z, Zhang L, Liao D, Song J, Shi B, Hasimu J, Li Z, Yang Z, Zhong Q, Li H. Novel putative bluetongue virus serotype 29 isolated from inapparently infected goat in Xinjiang of China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2543-2555. [PMID: 33190404 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the 'type' species of the genus Orbivirus causing bluetongue (BT) in sheep, bovine and other ruminants. Twenty-four serotypes and several atypical serotypes of BTV were identified worldwide. In present study, a novel strain of BTV (V196/XJ/2014) was isolated from an asymptomatic sentinel goat in Yuli County, Xinjiang of China. Serotype identification of this isolate exhibited uniform negative results by serotype-specific conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR for BTV-1 to BTV-27, and virus neutralization tests using reference sera of BTV-1 to BTV-24. Genomic analysis showed V196/XJ/2014 grouped with atypical serotypes of BTV-25 to BTV-28, BTV-X/XJ1407, BTV-X/ITL2015 and BTV-Y/TUN2017, while segment 2 and VP2 protein of V196/XJ/2014 shared <63.4%/61.4% nucleic acids and amino acids sequence identities with other recognized BTV serotypes and its segment 2 formed a separate 'nucleotype' in phylogenetic tree. These results indicated V196/XJ/2014 does not belong to any reported serotypes of BTV. Further studies of infectivity and pathogenicity showed that goats infected with V196/XJ/2014 did not exhibit observed clinical symptoms, but high level of virus amplification and homologous neutralization antibodies were detected post-infection. Our studies suggested a novel putative serotype of BTV-29 was isolated in Xinjiang of China, which expands our knowledge about the diversity of BTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wenxi Gu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhanhong Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Defang Liao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jianling Song
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Baoxin Shi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jiapaer Hasimu
- Yuli Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Yuli, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhenxing Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Huachun Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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23
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Es-Sadeqy Y, Bamouh Z, Ennahli A, Safini N, El Mejdoub S, Omari Tadlaoui K, Gavrilov B, El Harrak M. Development of an inactivated combined vaccine for protection of cattle against lumpy skin disease and bluetongue viruses. Vet Microbiol 2021; 256:109046. [PMID: 33780805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) and Bluetongue (BT) are the main ruminants viral vector-borne diseases. LSD is endemic in Africa and has recently emerged in Europe and central Asia as a major threat to cattle industry. BT caused great economic damage in Europe during the last decade with a continuous spread to other countries. To control these diseases, vaccination is the only economically viable tool. For LSD, only live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are commercially available, whilst for BT both LAVs and inactivated vaccines are available with a limited number of serotypes. In this study, we developed an inactivated, oil adjuvanted bivalent vaccine against both diseases based on LSDV Neethling strain and BTV4. The vaccine was tested for safety and immunogenicity on cattle during a one-year period. Post-vaccination monitoring was carried out by VNT and ELISA. The vaccine was completely safe and elicited high neutralizing antibodies starting from the first week following the second injection up to one year. Furthermore, a significant correlation (R = 0.9040) was observed when comparing VNT and competitive ELISA in BTV4 serological response. Following BTV4 challenge, none of vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle were registered clinical signs, however vaccinated cattle showed full protection from viraemia. In summary, this study highlights the effectiveness of this combined vaccine as a promising solution for both LSD and BT control. It also puts an emphasis on the need for the development of other multivalent inactivated vaccines, which could be greatly beneficial for improving vaccination coverage in endemic countries and prophylaxis of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youness Es-Sadeqy
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco.
| | - Zahra Bamouh
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Abderrahim Ennahli
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Najete Safini
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Soufiane El Mejdoub
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Khalid Omari Tadlaoui
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Boris Gavrilov
- Biologics Development, Huvepharma, 3A Nikolay Haytov Street, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Mehdi El Harrak
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
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24
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Ries C, Sharav T, Tseren-Ochir EO, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Putative Novel Serotypes '33' and '35' in Clinically Healthy Small Ruminants in Mongolia Expand the Group of Atypical BTV. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010042. [PMID: 33383902 PMCID: PMC7824028 DOI: 10.3390/v13010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 2015 and 2018, we identified the presence of three so-far-unknown Bluetongue virus (BTV) strains (BTV-MNG1/2018, BTV-MNG2/2016, and BTV-MNG3/2016) circulating in clinical healthy sheep and goats in Mongolia. Virus isolation from EDTA blood samples of BTV-MNG1/2018 and BTV-MNG3/2016 was successful on the mammalian cell line BSR using blood collected from surveillance. After experimental inoculation of goats with BTV-MNG2/2016 positive blood as inoculum, we observed viraemia in one goat and with the EDTA blood of the experimental inoculation, the propagation of BTV-MNG2/2016 in cell culture was successful on mammalian cell line BSR as well. However, virus isolation experiments for BTV-MNG2/2016 on KC cells were unsuccessful. Furthermore, we generated the complete coding sequence of all three novel Mongolian strains. For atypical BTV, serotyping via the traditional serum neutralization assay is not trivial. We therefore sorted the ‘putative novel atypical serotypes’ according to their segment-2 sequence identities and their time point of sampling. Hence, the BTV-MNG1/2018 isolate forms the ‘putative novel atypical serotype’ 33, the BTV-MNG3/2016 the ‘putative novel atypical serotype’ 35, whereas the BTV-MNG2/2016 strain belongs to the same putative novel atypical serotype ‘30’ as BTV-XJ1407 from China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ries
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (C.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Tumenjargal Sharav
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-uul District, Zaisan 17024, Mongolia or (T.S.); (E.-O.T.-O.)
| | - Erdene-Ochir Tseren-Ochir
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-uul District, Zaisan 17024, Mongolia or (T.S.); (E.-O.T.-O.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (C.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (C.R.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Flannery J, King S, Rajko-Nenow P, Popova Z, Krstevski K, Djadjovski I, Batten C. Re-emergence of BTV serotype 4 in North Macedonia, July 2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:220-223. [PMID: 33108681 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus serotype 4 (BTV-4) was confirmed in sheep in North Macedonia in July 2020. The full genome of this BTV-4 strain (MKD2020/06) was shown to be most closely related (99.74% nt identity) to the Greek GRE2014/08 and the Hungarian HUN1014 strains, indicating the re-emergence of this BTV serotype in the Balkan region since it was last reported in 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zagorka Popova
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Kiril Krstevski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Igor Djadjovski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia
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26
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Ulisse S, Iorio M, Armillotta G, Laguardia C, Testa L, Capista S, Centorame P, Traini S, Serroni A, Monaco F, Caporale M, Mercante MT, Di Ventura M. Production and Easy One-Step Purification of Bluetongue Recombinant VP7 from Infected Sf9 Supernatant for an Immunoenzymatic Assay (ELISA). Mol Biotechnol 2020; 63:40-52. [PMID: 33078348 PMCID: PMC7820184 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is non-contagious, vector-borne viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants, transmitted by midges (Culicoides spp.) and is caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV). BTV is the type species of the Orbivirus genus within the Reoviridae family and possesses a genome consisting of 10 double-stranded RNA segments encoding 7 structural and 4 nonstructural proteins. Viral Protein 7 (VP7) is the major sera group-specific protein and is a good antigen candidate for immunoenzymatic assays for the BT diagnosis. In our work, BTV-2 recombinant VP7 (BTV-2 recVP7), expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells using a baculovirus system, was produced and purified by affinity chromatography from the supernatant of infected cell culture. The use of the supernatant allowed us to obtain a high quantity of recombinant protein with high purity level by an easy one-step procedure, rather than the multistep purification from the pellet. RecVP7-BTV2 was detected using a MAb anti-BTV in Western blot and it was used to develop an immunoenzymatic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ulisse
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - M Iorio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy.
| | - G Armillotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - C Laguardia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - L Testa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - S Capista
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - P Centorame
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - S Traini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - A Serroni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - F Monaco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - M Caporale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - M T Mercante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - M Di Ventura
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
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27
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Ashby M, Rajko-Nenow P, Batten C, Flannery J. Simultaneous Detection of Bluetongue Virus Serotypes Using xMAP Technology. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101564. [PMID: 33050655 PMCID: PMC7650804 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is an economically important disease of ruminants caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV). BTV is serologically diverse, which complicates vaccination strategies. Rapid identification of the causative BTV serotypes is critical, however, real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) can be costly and time consuming to perform when the circulating serotypes are unknown. The Luminex xMAP technology is a high-throughput platform that uses fluorescent beads to detect multiple targets simultaneously. We utilized existing BTV serotyping RT-qPCR assays for BTV-1 to BTV-24 and adapted them for use with the xMAP platform. The xMAP assay specifically detected all 24 BTV serotypes when testing reference strains. In all BTV-positive samples, the sensitivity of the BTV xMAP was 87.55% whereas the sensitivity of the serotype-specific RT-qPCR was 79.85%. The BTV xMAP assay allowed for the specific detection of BTV serotypes 1-24 at a lower cost than current RT-qPCR assays. Overall, the assay provides a useful novel diagnostic tool, particularly when analyzing large sample sets. The use of the BTV xMAP assay will allow for the rapid assessment of BTV epidemiology and may inform decision-making related to control and prevention measures.
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28
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Jyothi SJ, Patil SR, Reddy NY, Panduranga RP, Madala U, Prakash GM, Putty K. Implications of a conserved region of bluetongue virus protein VP2 in cross-neutralisation of bluetongue virus serotypes. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2020; 87:e1-e6. [PMID: 33054261 PMCID: PMC7564673 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v87i1.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne disease of ruminants caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV). Twenty-nine different serotypes of BTV are currently reported throughout the world. The main objective of this study is the development of a subunit vaccine model that could potentially be adapted to provide broad spectrum protection against multiple BTV serotypes, which the conventional vaccines fail to address. To this end, three different BTV proteins (conserved region of viral protein [VP]2, VP5 and NS1) were expressed and purified in an Escherichia coli expression system. The immunogenicity of these proteins was tested in murine models using the MontanideTM ISA 201 VG adjuvant. BALB/c mice were immunised thrice (with individual proteins and a mixture of three proteins) at two-week intervals and were monitored until Day 40 post-infection/vaccination. Protein-specific antibodies directed against the recombinant proteins were detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neutralising antibody (Nab) titres and cross-neutralisation against a range of BTV serotypes (BTV-1, -2, -4, -5, -9, -10, -12, -16, -21, -23 and -24) were determined by serum neutralisation test. The recombinant proteins elicited higher Nab titres compared with the inactivated vaccine group, except for BTV-1, where the inactivated vaccine group elicited higher Nab titres. Additive effect of the three proteins was not observed as the Nab titres generated with a combination of conserved VP2, VP5 and NS1 was similar to those of the individual protein groups. Whilst BTV-12 could only be neutralised by serum raised against the inactivated vaccine group, BTV-5 and -24 could not be neutralised by any of the groups tested. Our cumulative data suggest that the conserved regions of VP2 (cVP2), VP5 and NS1 could play an important part in the novel vaccine design against multiple BTV serotypes. Importantly, given that VP2 was already known to elicit a serotype-specific immune response against BT, we report, for the first time, that the conserved region of VP2 has the ability to induce cross-protective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva J Jyothi
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad.
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29
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Naresh G, Putty K, Reddy YN, Jyothi YK. Type-specific seroprevalence of bluetongue in India during 2018 and 2019. Vet World 2020; 13:2092-2096. [PMID: 33281341 PMCID: PMC7704327 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2092-2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Bluetongue (BT) is a major disease of sheep and goats and is endemic to India. It is known to cause significant economic losses to the sheep industry. The current study aimed to determine the type-specific seroprevalence of BT in sheep population of India during 2018-2019. Materials and Methods Blood samples (n=405) were collected from 6 months to 1 year old sheep from six districts (Nalgonda, Karimnagar, Khammam, Mahabubnagar, Warangal, and Ranga Reddy) of Telangana state, India. Group- and type-specific seroprevalence (against BT virus [BTV] serotypes BTV-1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 16, 21, 23, and 24) was studied by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serum neutralization test, respectively. Results Results showed an overall seroprevalence of 14.81% (n=60) with the highest seroprevalence of 50% in Khammam district. Seroprevalence of BTV-1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 16, 21, 23, and 24 was noted as 16.66%, 11.66%, 31.66%, 11.66%, 05%, 6.66%, 16.66%, 8.33%, 13.33%, 6.66%, and 16.66%, respectively. The majority of the sera neutralized more than 1 serotype, indicating superinfection or circulation of multiple serotypes in the sampled flocks. This mixed seroprevalence was observed in 43.33% of the sera with number of BTV serotype-specific antibodies ranging from two to eight in individual animals. Conclusion Regular monitoring of circulating serotypes, especially in young herds, elucidates pattern of dominating serotypes in a particular area during a season. This knowledge can be applied to design appropriate vaccination strategies by including particular serotypes of virus as part of a multivalent vaccine for a particular period, in a particular area.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Naresh
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, P. V. N. R. Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kalyani Putty
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, P. V. N. R. Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Y Narasimha Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, P. V. N. R. Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Y Krishna Jyothi
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Andhra Pradesh Veterinary Biological Research Institute, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Putty K, Himaja K, Raju BE, Sandeep S, Sharanya M, Susmitha B, Rao Pp, Narasimha Reddy Y. Type specific seroprevalence of bluetongue virus during 2017-2018 in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states of India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3907-3910. [PMID: 32940854 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is one of the important viral diseases of domestic and wild ruminants, especially small ruminants such as sheep. Out of the 29 BTV serotypes prevalent in the world, at least 24 of the serotypes are reported in India, either by virus isolation or serology. To better understand the seroprevalence of BTV, we conducted a comprehensive study in the main reservoir hosts of BTV, i.e., cattle and buffaloes of different age groups in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states of India where the disease is majorly prevalent. A total of 321 blood samples collected from cattle and buffaloes during 2017-2018 were tested for group-specific BTV seroprevalence by c-ELISA, followed by type specific seroprevalence (against BTV-1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 12, 16, and 24) by serum neutralization test. Of the 311 BTV seropositive samples, 112, 98, 102, 127, 2, 113, 160, and 5 samples neutralized BTV-1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 12, 16, and 24, respectively. Twenty-nine samples could not neutralize any of the tested BTV serotypes. Majority of the sera neutralized more than one serotype, up to a maximum of six serotypes. Major finding of the study is detection of BTV serotypes not included in the commercial pentavalent inactivated vaccine. Regular surveillance of circulating serotypes, especially in sentinel reservoir hosts throughout the country can help in designing better multivalent vaccines with suitable vaccine strains, for specific geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Putty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Himaja K
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Bala Eshwar Raju
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sairam Sandeep
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sharanya M
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Susmitha B
- Ella Foundation, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rao Pp
- Biovet, Malur, Karnataka, India
| | - Narasimha Reddy Y
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Isolation and Cultivation of a New Isolate of BTV-25 and Presumptive Evidence for a Potential Persistent Infection in Healthy Goats. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090983. [PMID: 32899808 PMCID: PMC7552037 DOI: 10.3390/v12090983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, several so-called “atypical” Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes were discovered, including BTV-25 (Toggenburg virus), in Switzerland. Most “atypical” BTV were identified in small ruminants without clinical signs. In 2018, two goats from a holding in Germany tested positive for BTV-25 genome by RT-qPCR prior to export. After experimental inoculation of the two goats with the BTV-25 positive field blood samples for generation of reference materials, viremia could be observed in one animal. For the first time, the BTV-25-related virus was isolated in cell culture from EDTA-blood and the full genome of isolate “BTV-25-GER2018” could be generated. BTV-25-GER2018 was only incompletely neutralized by ELISA-positive sera. We could monitor the BTV-25 occurrence in the respective affected goat flock of approximately 120 goats over several years. EDTA blood samples were screened with RT-qPCR using a newly developed BTV-25 specific assay. For serological surveillance, serum samples were screened using a commercial cELISA. BTV-25-GER2018 was detected over 4.5 years in the goat flock with intermittent PCR-positivity in some animals, and with or without concomitantly detected antibodies since 2015. We could demonstrate the viral persistence of BTV-25-GER2018 in goats for up to 4.5 years, and the first BTV-25 isolate is now available for further characterization.
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Veronesi E, Darpel K, Gubbins S, Batten C, Nomikou K, Mertens P, Carpenter S. Diversity of Transmission Outcomes Following Co-Infection of Sheep with Strains of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 and 8. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060851. [PMID: 32516979 PMCID: PMC7356686 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes an economically important disease, bluetongue (BT), in susceptible ruminants and is transmitted primarily by species of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Since 2006, northern Europe has experienced multiple incursions of BTV through a variety of routes of entry, including major outbreaks of strains of BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) and BTV serotype 1 (BTV-1), which overlapped in distribution within southern Europe. In this paper, we examined the variation in response to coinfection with strains of BTV-1 and BTV-8 using an in vivo transmission model involving Culicoides sonorensis, low passage virus strains, and sheep sourced in the United Kingdom. In the study, four sheep were simultaneously infected using BTV-8 and BTV-1 intrathoracically inoculated C. sonorensis and co-infections of all sheep with both strains were established. However, there were significant variations in both the initiation and peak levels of virus RNA detected throughout the experiment, as well as in the infection rates in the C. sonorensis that were blood-fed on experimentally infected sheep at peak viremia. This is discussed in relation to the potential for reassortment between these strains in the field and the policy implications for detection of BTV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Veronesi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (S.C.)
| | - Karin Darpel
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter Mertens
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Simon Carpenter
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (S.C.)
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Ries C, Beer M, Hoffmann B. BlueTYPE - A low density TaqMan-RT-qPCR array for the identification of all 24 classical Bluetongue virus serotypes. J Virol Methods 2020; 282:113881. [PMID: 32413478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus is a double-stranded RNA virus with 10 genome segments. VP2 is the primary target for neutralising antibodies and defines the serotype. Today, more than 27 serotypes are known, 24 are defined as "classical", and new serotypes are under investigation. Beside group-specific BTV-genome detection, additional serotype characterisation is important for disease control and epidemiological investigations. Therefore, a low-density RT-qPCR array representing a panel of group- and serotype-specific assays, was combined with an internal control system. For BTV serotype detection, both published and the newly developed in-house PCR systems were combined. The different primer-probe-mixes were placed in advance into a 96-well plate stored at -20 °C until use. At the time of analysis, the only template RNA was added to the prepared primer-probe-mixes and heat denatured at 95 °C for 3 min. After cooling, the master mix was added to each well and the PCR could run for around 90 min. The presented low-density TaqMan-RT-qPCR array enables fast and precise characterisation of the BTV serotype in clinical cases. Furthermore, mixed infections can be easily identified. In addition, the newly developed low-density RT-qPCR-array can easily be adapted to novel BTV strain variants or extended for relevant differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ries
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17943 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17943 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17943 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
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Fay PC, Attoui H, Batten C, Mohd Jaafar F, Lomonossoff GP, Daly JM, Mertens PP. Bluetongue virus outer-capsid protein VP2 expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana raises neutralising antibodies and a protective immune response in IFNAR -/- mice. Vaccine X 2019; 2:100026. [PMID: 31384743 PMCID: PMC6668234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is a severe, economically important disease of ruminants that is widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions around the world. It is associated with major production losses, restrictions of animal movements and trade, as well as costs associated with developing and implementing effective surveillance and control measures. Mammalian hosts infected with bluetongue virus (BTV) generate a protective neutralising antibody response targeting the major BTV outer-capsid protein and serotype-specific antigen, VP2. BTV VP2 proteins that have been expressed in plants are soluble, with a native conformation displaying neutralising epitopes and can assemble with other BTV structural proteins to form virus-like particles (VLPs). His-tagged VP2 proteins of BTV serotypes 4 and 8 were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana then purified by immobilised metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). Antisera from IFNAR -/- mice prime/boost vaccinated with the purified proteins, were shown to contain VP2-specific antibodies by Indirect ELISA (I-ELISA), western blotting and serum neutralisation tests (SNT). Vaccinated mice, subsequently challenged with either the homologous or heterologous BTV serotype, developed viraemia by day 3 post-infection. However, no clinical signs were observed in mice challenged with the homologous serotype (either prime-boost or single-shot vaccinated), all of which survived for the duration of the study. In contrast, all of the vaccinated mice challenged with a heterologous serotype, died, showing no evidence of cross-protection or suppression of viraemia, as detected by real-time RT-qPCR or virus isolation. The induction of protective, serotype-specific neutralising antibodies in IFNAR -/- mice, indicates potential for the use of plant-expressed BTV VP2s as subunit vaccine components, or as a basis for serotype-specific serological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C. Fay
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Houssam Attoui
- UMR VIROLOGIE 1161, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- UMR VIROLOGIE 1161, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | | | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter P.C. Mertens
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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White JR, Williams DT, Wang J, Chen H, Melville LF, Davis SS, Weir RP, Certoma A, Di Rubbo A, Harvey G, Lunt RA, Eagles D. Identification and genomic characterization of the first isolate of bluetongue virus serotype 5 detected in Australia. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:129-145. [PMID: 30747479 PMCID: PMC6556758 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), transmitted by midges (Culicoides sp), is distributed worldwide and causes disease in ruminants. In particular, BT can be a debilitating disease in sheep causing serious trade and socio-economic consequences at both local and global levels. Across Australia, a sentinel cattle herd surveillance program monitors the BTV activity. Prior to 2014, BTV-1, -2, -3, -7, -9, -15, -16, -20, -21 and -23 had been isolated in Australia, but no bluetongue disease has occurred in a commercial Australian flock. We routinely use a combination of serology, virus isolation, RT-PCR and next generation and conventional nucleotide sequencing technologies to detect and phylogenetically characterize incursions of novel BTV strains into Australia. Screening of Northern Territory virus isolates in 2015 revealed BTV-5, a serotype new to Australia. We derived the complete genome of this isolate and determined its phylogenetic relationship with exotic BTV-5 isolates. Gene segments 2, 6, 7 and 10 exhibited a close relationship with the South African prototype isolate RSArrrr/5. This was the first Australian isolation of a Western topotype of segment 10. Serological surveillance data highlighted the antigenic cross-reactivity between BTV-5 and BTV-9. Phylogenetic investigation of segments 2 and 6 of these serotypes confirmed their unconventional relationships within the BTV serogroup. Our results further highlighted a need for a revision of the current serologically based system for BTV strain differentiation and importantly, implied a potential for genome segments of pathogenic Western BTV strains to rapidly enter Southeast Asia. This emphasized a need for continued high-level surveillance of vectors and viruses at strategic locations in the north of Australia The expansion of routine characterization and classification of BTV to a whole genome approach is recommended, to better monitor the presence and level of establishment of novel Western topotype segments within the Australian episystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. White
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Jianning Wang
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Honglei Chen
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Lorna F. Melville
- Department of Primary Industry and ResourcesBerrimah Veterinary LaboratoriesNorthern Territory GovernmentBerrimahNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Steven S. Davis
- Department of Primary Industry and ResourcesBerrimah Veterinary LaboratoriesNorthern Territory GovernmentBerrimahNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Richard P. Weir
- Department of Primary Industry and ResourcesBerrimah Veterinary LaboratoriesNorthern Territory GovernmentBerrimahNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Andrea Certoma
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Antonio Di Rubbo
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Gemma Harvey
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Ross A. Lunt
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Debbie Eagles
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
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CHAND KARAM, BISWAS SANCHAYKUMAR, RAMAKRISHNAN MUTHANNANANDAVAR. Rapid one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection and quantitation of bluetongue virus. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i4.89093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) infects domestic and wild ruminants, but it is primarily a disease of sheep. In the present study, a rapid one-step real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) assay based on SYBR green chemistry was optimized by targeting the conserved region of genome segment-10 (encoding NS3). The assay was able to detect BTV-1, 2, 9, 10, 16, 21 and 23 serotypes. The sensitivity of the assay using the RNA transcribed in vitro was 102 copies with 94.25%, efficiency. The sensitivity of the assay was compared to sandwich-ELISA (s-ELISA) and RT-PCR. The sensitivity of s-ELISA, RT-PCR and one step RT-qPCR for detection of BTV-1 was equivalent to 102.4 TCID50/ml, 100.4 TCID50/ml and 100.04 TCID50/ml, respectively and the assay was specific to BTV. Further, the assay was validated with whole blood samples from sheep and goats used to evaluate the assay performance. The assay provides an important tool for early and rapid detection of all serotype of BTV.
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Stevens LM, Moffat K, Cooke L, Nomikou K, Mertens PPC, Jackson T, Darpel KE. A low-passage insect-cell isolate of bluetongue virus uses a macropinocytosis-like entry pathway to infect natural target cells derived from the bovine host. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:568-582. [PMID: 30843784 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes an economically important disease in domestic and wildlife ruminants and is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. In ruminants, BTV has a wide cell tropism that includes endothelial cells of vascular and lymphatic vessels as important cell targets for virus replication, and several cell types of the immune system including monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Thus, cell-entry represents a particular challenge for BTV as it infects many different cell types in widely diverse vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Improved understanding of BTV cell-entry could lead to novel antiviral approaches that can block virus transmission from cell to cell between its invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Here, we have investigated BTV cell-entry using endothelial cells derived from the natural bovine host (BFA cells) and purified whole virus particles of a low-passage, insect-cell isolate of a virulent strain of BTV-1. Our results show that the main entry pathway for infection of BFA cells is dependent on actin and dynamin, and shares certain characteristics with macropinocytosis. The ability to use a macropinocytosis-like entry route could explain the diverse cell tropism of BTV and contribute to the efficiency of transmission between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Stevens
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,2University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.,‡Present address: Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Katy Moffat
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Lyndsay Cooke
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,2University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,§Present address: School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter P C Mertens
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,§Present address: School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Terry Jackson
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Karin E Darpel
- 2University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.,1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
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Dommergues L, Viarouge C, Métras R, Youssouffi C, Sailleau C, Zientara S, Cardinale E, Cêtre-Sossah C. Evidence of bluetongue and Epizootic Haemorrhagic disease circulation on the island of Mayotte. Acta Trop 2019; 191:24-28. [PMID: 30590029 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the epidemiological situation in Mayotte regarding two orbiviruses: Bluetongue virus (BTV) and Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease virus (EHDV). In all, 385 individual asymptomatic cattle were blood-sampled (one EDTA and one serum tube per animal) between February and June 2016. Antibody (ELISA) and genome prevalence (PCR) was assessed. Almost all the selected cattle showed antibodies against both BTV and EHDV, at 99.5% (CI95% [98.00, 100]) and 96.9% (CI95% [94.5, 98.3]), respectively. Most of the cattle acquired antibodies in their first years of age. EHDV and BTV genomes were detected in 25.2% (CI95% [21.1, 29.8]) and 18.2% (CI95% [14.6, 22.4]) of samples, respectively. Coinfection with BTV and EHDV was observed in 9.4% of samples (CI95% [6.8, 12.7]). Cattle under three years old were more frequently reported as positive for genome detection by PCR than older cattle. Five serotypes of BTV and one serotype of EHDV were identified from eight samples: BTV-4, BTV-9, BTV-11, BTV-15, BTV-19 and EHDV-6, of which some were reported in neighbouring areas. BTV and EHDV both circulate in Mayotte and in its surrounding territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Dommergues
- GDS Mayotte-Coopérative Agricole des éleveurs Mahorais, Coconi, Mayotte, France.
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Raphaëlle Métras
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Corinne Sailleau
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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Rojas JM, Rodríguez-Martín D, Martín V, Sevilla N. Diagnosing bluetongue virus in domestic ruminants: current perspectives. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2019; 10:17-27. [PMID: 30859085 PMCID: PMC6385761 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s163804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of current and potential new diagnostic techniques against bluetongue virus (BTV), an Orbivirus transmitted by arthropods that affects ruminants. Bluetongue is a disease currently notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), causing great economic losses due to decreased trade associated with bluetongue outbreaks and high mortality and morbidity. BTV cross-reacts with many antigenically related viruses including viruses that causes African Horse sickness and epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer. Therefore, reliable diagnostic approaches to detect BTV among these other antigenically related viruses are used or being developed. The antigenic determinant for differentiation of virus species/serogroups among orbiviruses is the VP7 protein, meanwhile VP2 is serotype specific. Serologically, assays are established in many laboratories, based mainly on competitive ELISA or serum neutralization assay (virus neutralization assay [VNT]) although new techniques are being developed. Virus isolation from blood or semen is, additionally, another means of BTV diagnosis. Nevertheless, most of these techniques for viral isolation are time-consuming and expensive. Currently, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) panels or real-time RT-PCR are widely used methods although next-generation sequencing remains of interest for future virus diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain,
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Putty K, Shaik AM, Peera SJ, Reddy YN, Rao PP, Patil SR, Reddy MS, Susmitha B, Jyothi JS. Infection kinetics and antibody responses in Deccani sheep during experimental infection and superinfection with bluetongue virus serotypes 4 and 16. Vet World 2019; 12:41-47. [PMID: 30936652 PMCID: PMC6431802 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.41-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The current study was designed to understand the infection kinetics and antibody responses of major circulating serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) in India, i.e., BTV-4 and BTV-16 through experimental infection and superinfection of Deccani sheep, a popular breed of sheep found in the southern states of India. Materials and Methods: Experimental infection with 106 TCID50/ml BTV-4 was followed by superinfection with BTV-16 and vice versa. Along with observing for clinical signs and immunological responses in the experimentally infected sheep, the effect of infection of one specific serotype on the outcome of superinfection with a different serotype was also studied. Results: Certain interesting findings have been made in the course of experimental infection, such as prominent signs of infection in BTV-4 infection, mild or no clinical signs in BTV-16-infected and superinfected animals, and non-seroconversion of one of the BTV-16-superinfected animals. In addition, BTV was isolated from infected sheep in all the experimental conditions except BTV-16 superinfection. Furthermore, it was observed that immune response in the form of type-specific antibodies was slower with BTV-16 superinfection. Conclusion: Superinfection of a sheep with more than one serotype of BTV is a common phenomenon in BT endemic countries like India. Such situation was replicated in an experimental infection in the current study, and the findings to our knowledge are first of a kind and are likely to aid in unfolding the newer aspects of BTV pathogenesis and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Putty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Abdul Muzeer Shaik
- Veterinary Dispensary, Department of Animal Husbandry, Labbipet, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shaik Jahangeer Peera
- Veterinary Dispensary, Department of Animal Husbandry, Labbipet, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Y Narasimha Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - P P Rao
- Biovet, KIADB Industrial Area, Malur, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunil R Patil
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - M Shreekanth Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - B Susmitha
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - J Shiva Jyothi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Maan S, Belaganahalli MN, Maan NS, Potgieter AC, Mertens PPC. Quantitative RT-PCR assays for identification and typing of the Equine encephalosis virus. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:287-296. [PMID: 30637652 PMCID: PMC6863193 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-018-0034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine encephalosis (EE) is an acute, arthropod-borne, noncontagious, febrile disease of equids. The clinical signs of EE are similar to milder forms of African horse sickness (AHS) and the two diseases can be easily confused. The Equine encephalosis virus (EEV) is a distinct virus species within the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae, with ten linear segments of dsRNA genome. Seven distinct serotypes of EEV have been recognised on the basis of sequence analyses of Seg-2. The need for differential diagnosis of similar forms of EE and AHS warranted the development of molecular diagnostic methods for specific detection and identification of EEV. We report the development of quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay for detection of any member of the EEV species targeting the highly conserved EEV Seg-9. Similar serotype-specific qRT-PCR assays were designed for each of the seven EEV serotypes targeting genome Seg-2, encoding the serotype determining VP2 protein. These assays were evaluated using different EEV serotypes and other closely related orbiviruses. They were shown to be EEV virus species-specific, or EEV type-specific capable of detecting 1 to 13 copies of viral RNA in clinical samples. The assays failed to detect RNA from closely related orbiviruses, including AHSV and Peruvian horse sickness virus (PHSV) isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushila Maan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125 004, India.
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar, Haryana, 125 004, India.
| | - Manjunatha N Belaganahalli
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary medicine, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA.
| | - Narender Singh Maan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125 004, India
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Abraham C Potgieter
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, 248 Jean Avenue, Lyttelton, Centurion, 0140, South Africa
| | - Peter P C Mertens
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
- Chair of Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, LE12 5RD, UK
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Baldini MHM, Rosa JCC, Matos ACD, Cubas ZS, Guedes MIMC, de Moraes W, de Oliveira MJ, Felippi DA, Lobato ZIP, de Moraes AN. Multiple bluetongue virus serotypes causing death in Brazilian dwarf brocket deer (Mazama nana) in Brazil, 2015–2016. Vet Microbiol 2018; 227:143-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Martinelle L, Dal Pozzo F, Thys C, De Leeuw I, Van Campe W, De Clercq K, Thiry E, Saegerman C. Assessment of cross-protection induced by a bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 8 vaccine towards other BTV serotypes in experimental conditions. Vet Res 2018; 49:63. [PMID: 30012223 PMCID: PMC6048908 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue disease is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) and BTV serotype 8 (BTV8) caused great economic damage in Europe during the last decade. From 1998 to 2007, in addition to BTV8, Europe had to face the emergence of BTV1, 2, 4, 9, and 16, spreading in countries where the virus has never been detected before. These unprecedented outbreaks trigger the need to evaluate and compare the clinical, virological and serological features of the European BTV serotypes in the local epidemiological context. In this study groups of calves were infected with one of the following European BTV serotypes, namely BTV1, 2, 4, 9 and 16. For each tested serotype, two groups of three male Holstein calves were used: one group vaccinated against BTV8, the other non-vaccinated. Clinical signs were quantified, viral RNA was detected in blood and organs and serological relationship was assessed. Calves were euthanized 35 days post-infection and necropsied. Most of the infected animals showed mild clinical signs. A partial serological cross reactivity has been reported between BTV8 and BTV4, and between BTV1 and BTV8. BTV2 and BTV4 viral RNA only reached low levels in blood, when compared to other serotypes, whereas in vitro growth assays could not highlight significant differences. Altogether the results of this study support the hypothesis of higher adaptation of some BTV strains to specific hosts, in this case calves. Furthermore, cross-protection resulting from a prior vaccination with BTV8 was highlighted based on cross-neutralization. However, the development of neutralizing antibodies is probably not totally explaining the mild protection induced by the heterologous vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Martinelle
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Fabiana Dal Pozzo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Christine Thys
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Etienne Thiry
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
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CHAND KARAM, BISWAS SK, MONDAL B. Comparative sensitivity of sandwich ELISA, RT-PCR, and real-time RT-PCR for detection of bluetongue virus. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i2.79330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Lakshmi IK, Putty K, Raut SS, Patil SR, Rao PP, Bhagyalakshmi B, Jyothi YK, Susmitha B, Reddy YV, Kasulanati S, Jyothi JS, Reddy YN. Standardization and application of real-time polymerase chain reaction for rapid detection of bluetongue virus. Vet World 2018; 11:452-458. [PMID: 29805209 PMCID: PMC5960783 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.452-458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The present study was designed to standardize real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting the bluetongue virus from blood samples of sheep collected during outbreaks of bluetongue disease in the year 2014 in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states of India. Materials and Methods A 10-fold serial dilution of Plasmid PUC59 with bluetongue virus (BTV) NS3 insert was used to plot the standard curve. BHK-21 and KC cells were used for in vitro propagation of virus BTV-9 at a TCID50/ml of 105 ml and RNA was isolated by the Trizol method. Both reverse transcription-PCR and real-time PCR using TaqMan probe were carried out with RNA extracted from virus-spiked culture medium and blood to compare the sensitivity by means of finding out the limit of detection (LoD). The results were verified by inoculating the detected and undetected dilutions onto cell cultures with further cytological (cytopathic effect) and molecular confirmation (by BTV-NS1 group-specific PCR). The standardized technique was then applied to field samples (blood) for detecting BTV. Results The slope of the standard curve obtained was −3.23, and the efficiency was 103%. The LoD with RT-PCR was 8.269E×103 number of copies of plasmid, whereas it was 13 with real-time PCR for plasmid dilutions. Similarly, LoD was determined for virus-spiked culture medium, and blood with both the types of PCR and the values were 103 TCID 50/ml and 104 TCID 50/ml with RT-PCR and 10° TCID 50/ml and 102 TCID 50/ml with real-time PCR, respectively. The standardized technique was applied to blood samples collected from BTV suspected animals; 10 among 20 samples were found positive with Cq values ranging from 27 to 39. The Cq value exhibiting samples were further processed in cell cultures and were confirmed to be BT positive. Likewise, Cq undetected samples on processing in cell cultures turned out to be BTV negative. Conclusion Real-time PCR was found to be a very sensitive as well as reliable method to detect BTV present in different types of samples, including blood samples collected from BTV-infected sheep, compared to RT-PCR. The LoD of BTV is likely influenced by sample type, possibly by the interference by the other components present in the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Karthika Lakshmi
- Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Veterinary Biological and Research Institute, Labbipeta, Vijayawada - 520 010, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kalyani Putty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRT Veterinary University, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
| | - Satya Samparna Raut
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRT Veterinary University, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
| | - Sunil R Patil
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRT Veterinary University, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
| | - P P Rao
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad - 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - B Bhagyalakshmi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRT Veterinary University, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
| | - Y Krishna Jyothi
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Biological and Research Institute, Labbipeta, Vijayawada - 520 010, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - B Susmitha
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad - 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - Y Vishnuvardhan Reddy
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad - 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - Sowmya Kasulanati
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRT Veterinary University, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
| | - J Shiva Jyothi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRT Veterinary University, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
| | - Y N Reddy
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad - 500 078, Telangana, India
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Kaur A, Kapil A, Elangovan R, Jha S, Kalyanasundaram D. Highly-sensitive detection of Salmonella typhi in clinical blood samples by magnetic nanoparticle-based enrichment and in-situ measurement of isothermal amplification of nucleic acids. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194817. [PMID: 29590194 PMCID: PMC5874042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric fever continues to be a major cause of mortality and morbidity globally, particularly in poor resource settings. Lack of rapid diagnostic assays is a major driving factor for the empirical treatment of enteric fever. In this work, a rapid and sensitive method ‘Miod’ ‘has been developed. Miod includes a magnetic nanoparticle-based enrichment of target bacterial cells, followed by cell lysis and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of nucleic acids for signal augmentation along with concurrent measurement of signal via an in–situ optical detection system. To identify positive/negative enteric fever infections in clinical blood samples, the samples were processed using Miod at time = 0 hours and time = 4 hours post-incubation in blood culture media. Primers specific for the STY2879 gene were used to amplify the nucleic acids isolated from S. typhi cells. A limit of detection of 5 CFU/mL was achieved. No cross-reactivity of the primers were observed against 106 CFU/mL of common pathogenic bacterial species found in blood such as E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, A. baumanni, E. faecalis, S. Paratyphi A and K. pneumonia. Miod was tested on 28 human clinical blood samples. The detection of both pre-and post-four-hours incubation confirmed the presence of viable S. typhi cells and allowed clinical correlation of infection. The positive and negative samples were successfully detected in less than 6 hours with 100% sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kaur
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Arti Kapil
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravikrishnan Elangovan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Jha
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh Kalyanasundaram
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: ,
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Maan S, Tiwari A, Chaudhary D, Dalal A, Bansal N, Kumar V, Batra K, Kumar A, Kakker NK, Maan NS. A comprehensive study on seroprevalence of bluetongue virus in Haryana state of India. Vet World 2017; 10:1464-1470. [PMID: 29391687 PMCID: PMC5771171 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1464-1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of present study was to determine seroprevalence of bluetongue virus (BTV) in Haryana state of India. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 803 serum samples, 408 of cattle and 395 of buffalo origin, respectively, were collected from different villages of Haryana. Sampling was done randomly to obtain unbiased results. The samples were evaluated by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of BTV antibodies. RESULTS Overall seroprevalence of BTV antibody in cattle and buffaloes for all 21 districts of Haryana state was found to be 75.49% and 92.91%, respectively. The prevalence of BTV in different agroclimatic zones ranged between 72-77% and 90-94% for cattle and buffalo, respectively. In buffaloes, the BTV seroprevalence was comparatively higher than in cattle. CONCLUSION The study showed that BTV is circulating in cattle and buffalo populations in the Northern part of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushila Maan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Anuj Tiwari
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263 145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deepika Chaudhary
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Anita Dalal
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Nitish Bansal
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Kanisht Batra
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Kakker
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Narender Singh Maan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
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Dalal A, Maan S, Bansal N, Kumar V, Kumar A, Maan NS, Kakker NK. Molecular analysis of genome segment-3 of bluetongue virus serotype 12 isolates from Haryana. Vet World 2017; 10:1389-1393. [PMID: 29263604 PMCID: PMC5732348 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1389-1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The present study was designed to characterize the genome segment 3 (Seg-3) of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 12 isolates from different outbreaks of Bluetongue disease in Haryana, India. Materials and Methods Blood and swab samples were collected from goat and sheep suspected to be suffering of BT from different outbreaks from Gurugram, Sirsa, Hisar, and Karnal districts of Haryana. The samples were grown in insect and mammalian cell lines. After preliminary identification, serotyping was done using BTV type-specific quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays. Sequencing was performed using terminal and walking internal primers specific for Seg-3 on ABI Capillary Sequencer 3130 using a "BigDye cycle sequencing kit." The obtained sequence data were analyzed with various bioinformatic tools. Results Real-time PCR results confirmed the samples to be positive for BTV-12. The Seg-3 of Indian isolates was most closely related to that of a south Indian isolate of BTV-12 from Andhra Pradesh (KC662614) with 97% nucleotide identity. Conclusions The study confirmed the circulation of BTV-12 in Haryana, India. The variations shown in genome Seg-3 of BTV-12 isolates may have some significance and need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Dalal
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Sushila Maan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Nitish Bansal
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Narender Singh Maan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.,Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Kakker
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
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Du K, Park M, Griffiths A, Carrion R, Patterson J, Schmidt H, Mathies R. Microfluidic System for Detection of Viral RNA in Blood Using a Barcode Fluorescence Reporter and a Photocleavable Capture Probe. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12433-12440. [PMID: 29073356 PMCID: PMC5990416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic sample preparation multiplexer (SPM) and assay procedure is developed to improve amplification-free detection of Ebola virus RNA from blood. While a previous prototype successfully detected viral RNA following off-chip RNA extraction from infected cells, the new device and protocol can detect Ebola virus in raw blood with clinically relevant sensitivity. The Ebola RNA is hybridized with sequence specific capture and labeling DNA probes in solution and then the complex is pulled down onto capture beads for purification and concentration. After washing, the captured RNA target is released by irradiating the photocleavable DNA capture probe with ultraviolet (UV) light. The released, labeled, and purified RNA is detected by a sensitive and compact fluorometer. Exploiting these capabilities, a detection limit of 800 attomolar (aM) is achieved without target amplification. The new SPM can run up to 80 assays in parallel using a pneumatic multiplexing architecture. Importantly, our new protocol does not require time-consuming and problematic off-chip probe conjugation and washing. This improved SPM and labeling protocol is an important step toward a useful POC device and assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Myeongkee Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, Texas 78227, United States
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, Texas 78227, United States
| | - Jean Patterson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, Texas 78227, United States
| | - Holger Schmidt
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Richard Mathies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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50
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Reddy YV, Susmitha B, Patil S, Krishnajyothi Y, Putty K, Ramakrishna KV, Sunitha G, Devi BV, Kavitha K, Deepthi B, Krovvidi S, Reddy YN, Reddy GH, Singh KP, Maan NS, Hemadri D, Maan S, Mertens PP, Hegde NR, Rao PP. Isolation and evolutionary analysis of Australasian topotype of bluetongue virus serotype 4 from India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:547-556. [PMID: 29120083 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a Culicoides-borne disease caused by several serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV). Similar to other insect-borne viral diseases, distribution of BT is limited to distribution of Culicoides species competent to transmit BTV. In the tropics, vector activity is almost year long, and hence, the disease is endemic, with the circulation of several serotypes of BTV, whereas in temperate areas, seasonal incursions of a limited number of serotypes of BTV from neighbouring tropical areas are observed. Although BTV is endemic in all the three major tropical regions (parts of Africa, America and Asia) of the world, the distribution of serotypes is not alike. Apart from serological diversity, geography-based diversity of BTV genome has been observed, and this is the basis for proposal of topotypes. However, evolution of these topotypes is not well understood. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of several BTV-4 isolates from India. These isolates are distinct from BTV-4 isolates from other geographical regions. Analysis of available BTV seg-2 sequences indicated that the Australasian BTV-4 diverged from African viruses around 3,500 years ago, whereas the American viruses diverged relatively recently (1,684 CE). Unlike Australasia and America, BTV-4 strains of the Mediterranean area evolved through several independent incursions. We speculate that independent evolution of BTV in different geographical areas over long periods of time might have led to the diversity observed in the current virus population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y V Reddy
- Ella Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - B Susmitha
- PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S Patil
- PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Y Krishnajyothi
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K Putty
- PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K V Ramakrishna
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - G Sunitha
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - B V Devi
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K Kavitha
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - B Deepthi
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S Krovvidi
- Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Telangana, India
| | - Y N Reddy
- PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - G H Reddy
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K P Singh
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - N S Maan
- LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - D Hemadri
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Maan
- LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - P P Mertens
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - N R Hegde
- Ella Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - P P Rao
- Ella Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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