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Xing X, Shi J, Cui P, Yan C, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wang C, Chen Y, Zeng X, Tian G, Liu L, Guan Y, Li C, Suzuki Y, Deng G, Chen H. Evolution and biological characterization of H5N1 influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.2.1 hemagglutinin gene. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2284294. [PMID: 37966008 PMCID: PMC10769554 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2284294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
H5N1 avian influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.2.1 hemagglutinin (HA) gene have been widely detected in birds and poultry in several countries. During our routine surveillance, we isolated 28 H5N1 viruses between January 2017 and October 2020. To investigate the genetic relationship of the globally circulating H5N1 viruses and the biological properties of those detected in China, we performed a detailed phylogenic analysis of 274 representative H5N1 strains and analyzed the antigenic properties, receptor-binding preference, and virulence in mice of the H5N1 viruses isolated in China. The phylogenic analysis indicated that the HA genes of the 274 viruses belonged to six subclades, namely clades 2.3.2.1a to 2.3.2.1f; these viruses acquired gene mutations and underwent complicated reassortment to form 58 genotypes, with G43 being the dominant genotype detected in eight Asian and African countries. The 28 H5N1 viruses detected in this study carried the HA of clade 2.3.2.1c (two strains), 2.3.2.1d (three strains), or 2.3.2.1f (23 strains), and formed eight genotypes. These viruses were antigenically well-matched with the H5-Re12 vaccine strain used in China. Animal studies showed that the pathogenicity of the H5N1 viruses ranged from non-lethal to highly lethal in mice. Moreover, the viruses exclusively bound to avian-type receptors and have not acquired the ability to bind to human-type receptors. Our study reveals the overall picture of the evolution of clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 viruses and provides insights into the control of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Western Agriculture, CAAS, Changji, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuancheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guobin Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liling Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Fusaro A, Zecchin B, Giussani E, Palumbo E, Agüero-García M, Bachofen C, Bálint Á, Banihashem F, Banyard AC, Beerens N, Bourg M, Briand FX, Bröjer C, Brown IH, Brugger B, Byrne AMP, Cana A, Christodoulou V, Dirbakova Z, Fagulha T, Fouchier RAM, Garza-Cuartero L, Georgiades G, Gjerset B, Grasland B, Groza O, Harder T, Henriques AM, Hjulsager CK, Ivanova E, Janeliunas Z, Krivko L, Lemon K, Liang Y, Lika A, Malik P, McMenamy MJ, Nagy A, Nurmoja I, Onita I, Pohlmann A, Revilla-Fernández S, Sánchez-Sánchez A, Savic V, Slavec B, Smietanka K, Snoeck CJ, Steensels M, Svansson V, Swieton E, Tammiranta N, Tinak M, Van Borm S, Zohari S, Adlhoch C, Baldinelli F, Terregino C, Monne I. High pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe-Why trends of virus evolution are more difficult to predict. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae027. [PMID: 38699215 PMCID: PMC11065109 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 2016, A(H5Nx) high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b has become one of the most serious global threats not only to wild and domestic birds, but also to public health. In recent years, important changes in the ecology, epidemiology, and evolution of this virus have been reported, with an unprecedented global diffusion and variety of affected birds and mammalian species. After the two consecutive and devastating epidemic waves in Europe in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, with the second one recognized as one of the largest epidemics recorded so far, this clade has begun to circulate endemically in European wild bird populations. This study used the complete genomes of 1,956 European HPAI A(H5Nx) viruses to investigate the virus evolution during this varying epidemiological outline. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of A(H5Nx) virus diffusion to/from and within Europe during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 epidemic waves, providing evidence of ongoing changes in transmission dynamics and disease epidemiology. We demonstrated the high genetic diversity of the circulating viruses, which have undergone frequent reassortment events, providing for the first time a complete overview and a proposed nomenclature of the multiple genotypes circulating in Europe in 2020-2022. We described the emergence of a new genotype with gull adapted genes, which offered the virus the opportunity to occupy new ecological niches, driving the disease endemicity in the European wild bird population. The high propensity of the virus for reassortment, its jumps to a progressively wider number of host species, including mammals, and the rapid acquisition of adaptive mutations make the trend of virus evolution and spread difficult to predict in this unfailing evolving scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Fusaro
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Edoardo Giussani
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Elisa Palumbo
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Montserrat Agüero-García
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ctra. M-106, Km 1,4 Algete, Madrid 28110, Spain
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Federal Department of Home Affairs FDHA Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern 3147, Switzerland
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate (NEBIH), Laboratory of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Fereshteh Banihashem
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, Lelystad 8221 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Bourg
- Luxembourgish Veterinary and Food Administration (ALVA), State Veterinary Laboratory, 1 Rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg
| | - Francois-Xavier Briand
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine – BP 53, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Disease, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Ian H Brown
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte Brugger
- Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority, Austurvegur 64, Selfoss 800, Iceland
| | - Alexander M P Byrne
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Armend Cana
- Kosovo Food and Veterinary Agency, Sector of Serology and Molecular Diagnostics, Kosovo Food and Veterinary Laboratory, Str Lidhja e Pejes, Prishtina 10000, Kosovo
| | - Vasiliki Christodoulou
- Laboratory for Animal Health Virology Section Veterinary Services (1417), 79, Athalassa Avenue Aglantzia, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Zuzana Dirbakova
- Department of Animal Health, State Veterinary Institute, Pod Dráhami 918, Zvolen 96086, Slovakia
| | - Teresa Fagulha
- I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Avenida da República, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras 2780 – 157, Portugal
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Garza-Cuartero
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - George Georgiades
- Thessaloniki Veterinary Centre (TVC), Department of Avian Diseases, 26th October Street 80, Thessaloniki 54627, Greece
| | - Britt Gjerset
- Immunology & Virology department, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Arboretveien 57, Oslo Pb 64, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Beatrice Grasland
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine – BP 53, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Oxana Groza
- Republican Center for Veterinary Diagnostics (NRL), 3 street Murelor, Chisinau 2051, Republic of Moldova
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Ana Margarida Henriques
- I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Avenida da República, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras 2780 – 157, Portugal
| | - Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager
- Department for Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark
| | - Emiliya Ivanova
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute (NDRVMI), 190 Lomsko Shose Blvd., Sofia 1231, Bulgaria
| | - Zygimantas Janeliunas
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute (NFVRAI), Kairiukscio str. 10, Vilnius 08409, Lithuania
| | - Laura Krivko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment (BIOR), Laboratory of Microbilogy and Pathology, 3 Lejupes Street, Riga 1076, Latvia
| | - Ken Lemon
- Virological Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Yuan Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Aldin Lika
- Animal Health Department, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, Rruga Aleksandër Moisiu 10, Tirana 1001, Albania
| | - Péter Malik
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate (NEBIH), Laboratory of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Michael J McMenamy
- Virological Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Alexander Nagy
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Veterinary Institute Prague, Sídlištní 136/24, Praha 6-Lysolaje 16503, Czech Republic
| | - Imbi Nurmoja
- National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment (LABRIS), Kreutzwaldi 30, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Iuliana Onita
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health (IDAH), Str. Dr. Staicovici 63, Bucharest 050557, Romania
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Sandra Revilla-Fernández
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Robert Koch Gasse 17, Mödling 2340, Austria
| | - Azucena Sánchez-Sánchez
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ctra. M-106, Km 1,4 Algete, Madrid 28110, Spain
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry Centre, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Brigita Slavec
- University of Ljubljana – Veterinary Faculty/National Veterinary Institute, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Krzysztof Smietanka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Department of Infection and Immunity, 29 Rue Henri Koch, Esch-sur-Alzette 4354, Luxembourg
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Rue Groeselenberg 99, Ukkel 1180, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Vilhjálmur Svansson
- Biomedical Center, Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldnavegi 3 112 Reykjavík Ssn. 650269 4549, Keldur 851, Iceland
| | - Edyta Swieton
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Niina Tammiranta
- Finnish Food Authority, Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Veterinary Virology, Mustialankatu 3, Helsinki FI-00790, Finland
| | - Martin Tinak
- Department of Animal Health, State Veterinary Institute, Pod Dráhami 918, Zvolen 96086, Slovakia
| | - Steven Van Borm
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Rue Groeselenberg 99, Ukkel 1180, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Cornelia Adlhoch
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Gustav III:s boulevard 40, Solna 169 73, Sweden
| | | | - Calogero Terregino
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
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3
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Elsmo EJ, Wünschmann A, Beckmen KB, Broughton-Neiswanger LE, Buckles EL, Ellis J, Fitzgerald SD, Gerlach R, Hawkins S, Ip HS, Lankton JS, Lemley EM, Lenoch JB, Killian ML, Lantz K, Long L, Maes R, Mainenti M, Melotti J, Moriarty ME, Nakagun S, Ruden RM, Shearn-Bochsler V, Thompson D, Torchetti MK, Van Wettere AJ, Wise AG, Lim AL. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Clade 2.3.4.4b Infections in Wild Terrestrial Mammals, United States, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2451-2460. [PMID: 37987580 PMCID: PMC10683806 DOI: 10.3201/eid2912.230464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the pathology of natural infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus of Eurasian lineage Goose/Guangdong clade 2.3.4.4b in 67 wild terrestrial mammals throughout the United States during April 1‒July 21, 2022. Affected mammals include 50 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 6 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), 4 raccoons (Procyon lotor), 2 bobcats (Lynx rufus), 2 Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana), 1 coyote (Canis latrans), 1 fisher (Pekania pennanti), and 1 gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Infected mammals showed primarily neurologic signs. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis, interstitial pneumonia, and myocardial necrosis were the most common lesions; however, species variations in lesion distribution were observed. Genotype analysis of sequences from 48 animals indicates that these cases represent spillover infections from wild birds.
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4
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Alasiri A, Soltane R, Hegazy A, Khalil AM, Mahmoud SH, Khalil AA, Martinez-Sobrido L, Mostafa A. Vaccination and Antiviral Treatment against Avian Influenza H5Nx Viruses: A Harbinger of Virus Control or Evolution. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1628. [PMID: 38005960 PMCID: PMC10675773 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the panzootic nature of emergent highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in wild migratory birds and domestic poultry, only a limited number of human infections with H5Nx viruses have been identified since its emergence in 1996. Few countries with endemic avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have implemented vaccination as a control strategy, while most of the countries have adopted a culling strategy for the infected flocks. To date, China and Egypt are the two major sites where vaccination has been adopted to control avian influenza H5Nx infections, especially with the widespread circulation of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses. This virus is currently circulating among birds and poultry, with occasional spillovers to mammals, including humans. Herein, we will discuss the history of AIVs in Egypt as one of the hotspots for infections and the improper implementation of prophylactic and therapeutic control strategies, leading to continuous flock outbreaks with remarkable virus evolution scenarios. Along with current pre-pandemic preparedness efforts, comprehensive surveillance of H5Nx viruses in wild birds, domestic poultry, and mammals, including humans, in endemic areas is critical to explore the public health risk of the newly emerging immune-evasive or drug-resistant H5Nx variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Alasiri
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Raya Soltane
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Akram Hegazy
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza District, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Magdy Khalil
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed A. Khalil
- Veterinary Sera and Vaccines Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo 11435, Egypt;
| | | | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt;
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5
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Byrne AMP, James J, Mollett BC, Meyer SM, Lewis T, Czepiel M, Seekings AH, Mahmood S, Thomas SS, Ross CS, Byrne DJF, McMenamy MJ, Bailie V, Lemon K, Hansen RDE, Falchieri M, Lewis NS, Reid SM, Brown IH, Banyard AC. Investigating the Genetic Diversity of H5 Avian Influenza Viruses in the United Kingdom from 2020-2022. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0477622. [PMID: 37358418 PMCID: PMC10433820 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04776-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2020, the United Kingdom and Europe have experienced annual epizootics of high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV). The first epizootic, during the autumn/winter of 2020-2021, involved six H5Nx subtypes, although H5N8 HPAIV dominated in the United Kingdom. While genetic assessments of the H5N8 HPAIVs within the United Kingdom demonstrated relative homogeneity, there was a background of other genotypes circulating at a lower degree with different neuraminidase and internal genes. Following a small number of detections of H5N1 in wild birds over the summer of 2021, the autumn/winter of 2021-2022 saw another European H5 HPAIV epizootic that dwarfed the prior epizootic. This second epizootic was dominated almost exclusively by H5N1 HPAIV, although six distinct genotypes were defined. We have used genetic analysis to evaluate the emergence of different genotypes and proposed reassortment events that have been observed. The existing data suggest that the H5N1 viruses circulating in Europe during late 2020 continued to circulate in wild birds throughout 2021, with minimal adaptation, but then went on to reassort with AIVs in the wild bird population. We have undertaken an in-depth genetic assessment of H5 HPAIVs detected in the United Kingdom over two winter seasons and demonstrate the utility of in-depth genetic analyses in defining the diversity of H5 HPAIVs circulating in avian species, the potential for zoonotic risk, and whether incidents of lateral spread can be defined over independent incursions of infections from wild birds. This provides key supporting data for mitigation activities. IMPORTANCE High-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) outbreaks devastate avian species across all sectors, having both economic and ecological impacts through mortalities in poultry and wild birds, respectively. These viruses can also represent a significant zoonotic risk. Since 2020, the United Kingdom has experienced two successive outbreaks of H5 HPAIV. While H5N8 HPAIV was predominant during the 2020-2021 outbreak, other H5 subtypes were also detected. The following year, there was a shift in the subtype dominance to H5N1 HPAIV, but multiple H5N1 genotypes were detected. Through the thorough utilization of whole-genome sequencing, it was possible to track and characterize the genetic evolution of these H5 HPAIVs in United Kingdom poultry and wild birds. This enabled us to assess the risk posed by these viruses at the poultry-wild bird and the avian-human interfaces and to investigate the potential lateral spread between infected premises, a key factor in understanding the threat to the commercial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. P. Byrne
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Joe James
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin C. Mollett
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie M. Meyer
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Lewis
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Czepiel
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda H. Seekings
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sahar Mahmood
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Saumya S. Thomas
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Craig S. Ross
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic J. F. Byrne
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valerie Bailie
- Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Lemon
- Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Rowena D. E. Hansen
- Veterinary Exotics and Notifiable Disease Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Falchieri
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola S. Lewis
- Department of Pathology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M. Reid
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
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6
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Domańska-Blicharz K, Świętoń E, Świątalska A, Monne I, Fusaro A, Tarasiuk K, Wyrostek K, Styś-Fijoł N, Giza A, Pietruk M, Zecchin B, Pastori A, Adaszek Ł, Pomorska-Mól M, Tomczyk G, Terregino C, Winiarczyk S. Outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus in cats, Poland, June to July 2023. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2300366. [PMID: 37535474 PMCID: PMC10401911 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.31.2300366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundOver a 3-week period in late June/early July 2023, Poland experienced an outbreak caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in cats.AimThis study aimed to characterise the identified virus and investigate possible sources of infection.MethodsWe performed next generation sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of detected viruses in cats.ResultsWe sampled 46 cats, and 25 tested positive for avian influenza virus. The identified viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype CH (H5N1 A/Eurasian wigeon/Netherlands/3/2022-like). In Poland, this genotype was responsible for several poultry outbreaks between December 2022 and January 2023 and has been identified only sporadically since February 2023. Viruses from cats were very similar to each other, indicating one common source of infection. In addition, the most closely related virus was detected in a dead white stork in early June. Influenza A(H5N1) viruses from cats possessed two amino acid substitutions in the PB2 protein (526R and 627K) which are two molecular markers of virus adaptation in mammals. The virus detected in the white stork presented one of those mutations (627K), which suggests that the virus that had spilled over to cats was already partially adapted to mammalian species.ConclusionThe scale of HPAI H5N1 virus infection in cats in Poland is worrying. One of the possible sources seems to be poultry meat, but to date no such meat has been identified with certainty. Surveillance should be stepped up on poultry, but also on certain species of farmed mammals kept close to infected poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edyta Świętoń
- Department of Omic Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Karolina Tarasiuk
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wyrostek
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Natalia Styś-Fijoł
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Giza
- Department of Omic Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Marta Pietruk
- Department of Omic Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Ambra Pastori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Łukasz Adaszek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Tomczyk
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Stanisław Winiarczyk
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
- Director General, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
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7
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Adlhoch C, Fusaro A, Gonzales JL, Kuiken T, Melidou A, Mirinavičiūtė G, Niqueux É, Ståhl K, Staubach C, Terregino C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Kohnle L. Avian influenza overview April - June 2023. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08191. [PMID: 37485254 PMCID: PMC10358191 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 29 April and 23 June 2023, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus (clade 2.3.4.4b) outbreaks were reported in domestic (98) and wild (634) birds across 25 countries in Europe. A cluster of outbreaks in mulard ducks for foie gras production was concentrated in Southwest France, whereas the overall A(H5N1) situation in poultry in Europe and worldwide has eased. In wild birds, black-headed gulls and several new seabird species, mostly gulls and terns (e.g. sandwich terns), were heavily affected, with increased mortality being observed in both adults and juveniles after hatching. Compared to the same period last year, dead seabirds have been increasingly found inland and not only along European coastlines. As regards mammals, A(H5N1) virus was identified in 24 domestic cats and one caracal in Poland between 10 and 30 June 2023. Affected animals showed neurological and respiratory signs, sometimes mortality, and were widely scattered across nine voivodeships in the country. All cases are genetically closely related and identified viruses cluster with viruses detected in poultry (since October 2022, but now only sporadic) and wild birds (December 2022-January 2023) in the past. Uncertainties still exist around their possible source of infection, with no feline-to-feline or feline-to-human transmission reported so far. Since 10 May 2023 and as of 4 July 2023, two A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus detections in humans were reported from the United Kingdom, and two A(H9N2) and one A(H5N6) human infections in China. In addition, one person infected with A(H3N8) in China has died. The risk of infection with currently circulating avian H5 influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe remains low for the general population in the EU/EEA, low to moderate for occupationally or otherwise exposed people to infected birds or mammals (wild or domesticated).
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8
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Guo Y, Sun T, Bai X, Liang B, Deng L, Zheng Y, Yu M, Li Y, Ping J. Comprehensive analysis of the key amino acid substitutions in the polymerase and NP of avian influenza virus that enhance polymerase activity and affect adaptation to mammalian hosts. Vet Microbiol 2023; 282:109760. [PMID: 37120967 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of adaptive mutations in the polymerase and NP genes is crucial for the adaptation of avian influenza A viruses (IAV) to a new host. Here, we identified residues in the polymerase and NP proteins for which the percentages were substantially different between avian and human influenza viruses, to screen for key mammalian adaptive markers. The top 10 human virus-like residues in each gene segment were then selected for analysis of polymerase activity. Our research revealed that the PA-M311I and PA-A343S mutations increased the polymerase activity among the 40 individual mutations that augmented viral transcription and genomic replication, leading to increased virus yields, pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine levels and pathogenicity in mice. We also investigated the accumulative mutations in multiple polymerase genes and discovered that a combination of PB2-E120D/V227I, PB1-K52R/L212V/R486K/V709I, PA-R204K/M311I, and NP-E18D/R65K (hereafter referred to as the ten-sites joint mutations) has been identified to generate the highest polymerase activity, which can to some extent make up for the highest polymerase activity caused by the PB2-627 K mutation. When the ten-sites joint mutations co-occur with 627 K, the polymerase activity was further enhanced, potentially resulting in a virus with an improved phenotype that can infect a broader range of hosts, including mammals. This could lead to a greater public health concern than the current epidemic, highlighting that continuous surveillance of the variations of these sites is utmost important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Guo
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tongtong Sun
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuebing Bai
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bing Liang
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lulu Deng
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiqing Zheng
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengqi Yu
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yinjing Li
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jihui Ping
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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9
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Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infections in wild carnivores connected to mass mortalities of pheasants in Finland. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 111:105423. [PMID: 36889484 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has caused widespread mortality in both wild and domestic birds in Europe during 2020-2022. Virus types H5N8 and H5N1 have dominated the epidemic. Isolated spill-over infections in mammals started to emerge as the epidemic continued. In autumn 2021, HPAI H5N1 caused a series of mass mortality events in farmed and released pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in a restricted area in southern Finland. Later, in the same area, an otter (Lutra lutra), two red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and a lynx (Lynx lynx) were found moribund or dead and infected with H5N1 HPAI virus. Phylogenetically, H5N1 strains from pheasants and mammals clustered together. Molecular analyses of the four mammalian virus strains revealed mutations in the PB2 gene segment (PB2-E627K and PB2-D701N) that are known to facilitate viral replication in mammals. This study revealed that avian influenza cases in mammals were spatially and temporally connected with avian mass mortalities suggesting increased infection pressure from birds to mammals.
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10
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Mashaal D, Mahmoud SH, Müller C, Abo Shama NM, Kamer AA, Abdelaziz AA, Ali MA, Pleschka S, Mostafa A. Differential Impact of Specific Amino Acid Residues on the Characteristics of Avian Influenza Viruses in Mammalian Systems. Pathogens 2022; 11:1385. [PMID: 36422635 PMCID: PMC9698692 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2 was declared to be endemic in birds of the Middle East, in particular in Egypt, with multiple cases of human infections. Despite concerns about the pandemic threat posed by H9N2 AIV, due to the fact that its receptor specificity is similar to that of human influenza viruses, its morbidity and mortality rates in humans are so far negligible. However, the acquisition of specific adaptive amino acid (aa) mutations in the viral polymerase can enhance cross-species transmission of the virus itself or of reassortants, which gained these changes. The polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) is one of the key determinants for AIV adaptation towards mammals. Although mammalian pathogenicity-related mutations (MPMs) in PB2 genes were identified in different AIVs, the specific effect of single or multiple mutations on viral fitness has not been compared so far. Here, we studied the effect of the aa K at position 591, which was frequently reported in the PB2 of Egyptian H9N2 isolates, on the proliferation efficiency and polymerase activity of an H5N1 (clade 2.2.1.2) AIV already carrying the mammalian adaptive mutation 627K. Using reverse genetics, we generated a set of recombinant parental strains and H5N1 variants carrying the avian-like 591Q/627E or mammalian-like adaptive mutations 591K/627K (H5N1EGY, H9N2EGY, H5N1PB2-H9N2EGY, H5N1H9N2_PB2_K591Q, H5N1PB2_K627E, H5N1PB2_K627E/591K, H5N1PB2_627K/591K). Regardless of the avian-like 627E or the mammalian-adaptive 627K, both variants carrying the 591K (H5N1PB2_K627E/591K, H5N1PB2_627K/591K) and the reassortant H5N1PB2-H9N2EGY replicated to significantly higher levels in mammalian continuous MDCK and Calu-3 cell lines and primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells than the parental H5N1EGY virus (carrying solely the 627K adaptive mutation). Expectedly, the H5N1 variants carrying avian-like PB2 mutations (H5N1H9N2_PB2_K591Q, H5N1PB2_K627E) replicated to significantly lower levels than the parental H5N1EGY virus in the predefined primary and continuous mammalian cell line systems. Consistently, the activity of H5N1 subtype AIV polymerase complexes comprising PB2 segments with singular 591K or combined with 627K was significantly enhanced when compared to parental H5N1EGY and H9N2EGY. This study emphasizes the significant impact of 591K containing PB2 segments in the background of H5N1 polymerase on viral fitness in addition to the well-known MPM 627K in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayly Mashaal
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Sara H Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Christin Müller
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Noura M Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Amal Abo Kamer
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Abdelaziz
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
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11
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Kim JH, Bryant H, Fiedler E, Cao T, Rayner JO. Real-time tracking of bioluminescent influenza A virus infection in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3152. [PMID: 35210462 PMCID: PMC8873407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06667-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of vaccines and antiviral therapies, seasonal influenza infections cause 400,000 human deaths on average per year. Low vaccine coverage and the occurrence of drug-resistant viral strains highlight the need for new and improved countermeasures. While influenza A virus (IAV) engineered to express a reporter gene may serve as a valuable tool for real-time tracking of viral infection, reporter gene insertion into IAV typically attenuates viral pathogenicity, hindering its application to research. Here, we demonstrate that lethal or even sublethal doses of bioluminescent IAV carrying the NanoLuc gene in the C-terminus of PB2 can be tracked in real-time in live mice without compromising pathogenicity. Real-time tracking of this bioluminescent IAV enables spatiotemporal viral replication tracking in animals that will facilitate the development of countermeasures by enhancing the interpretation of clinical signs and prognosis while also allowing less animal usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin H Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA. .,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
| | - Hannah Bryant
- Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Edward Fiedler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - TuAnh Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Jonathan O Rayner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
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12
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Manna S, McAuley J, Jacobson J, Nguyen CD, Ullah MA, Sebina I, Williamson V, Mulholland EK, Wijburg O, Phipps S, Satzke C. Synergism and Antagonism of Bacterial-Viral Coinfection in the Upper Respiratory Tract. mSphere 2022; 7:e0098421. [PMID: 35044807 PMCID: PMC8769199 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00984-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a leading cause of pneumonia in children under 5 years of age. Coinfection by pneumococci and respiratory viruses enhances disease severity. Little is known about pneumococcal coinfections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Here, we developed a novel infant mouse model of coinfection using pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), a murine analogue of RSV, to examine the dynamics of coinfection in the upper respiratory tract, an anatomical niche that is essential for host-to-host transmission and progression to disease. Coinfection increased damage to the nasal tissue and increased production of the chemokine CCL3. Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal density and shedding in nasal secretions were increased by coinfection. In contrast, coinfection reduced PVM loads in the nasopharynx, an effect that was independent of pneumococcal strain and the order of infection. We showed that this "antagonistic" effect was absent using either ethanol-killed pneumococci or a pneumococcal mutant deficient in capsule production and incapable of nasopharyngeal carriage. Colonization with a pneumococcal strain naturally unable to produce capsule also reduced viral loads. The pneumococcus-mediated reduction in PVM loads was caused by accelerated viral clearance from the nasopharynx. Although these synergistic and antagonistic effects occurred with both wild-type pneumococcal strains used in this study, the magnitude of the effects was strain dependent. Lastly, we showed that pneumococci can also antagonize influenza virus. Taken together, our study has uncovered multiple novel facets of bacterial-viral coinfection. Our findings have important public health implications, including for bacterial and viral vaccination strategies in young children. IMPORTANCE Respiratory bacterial-viral coinfections (such as pneumococci and influenza virus) are often synergistic, resulting in enhanced disease severity. Although colonization of the nasopharynx is the precursor to disease and transmission, little is known about bacterial-viral interactions that occur within this niche. In this study, we developed a novel mouse model to examine pneumococcal-viral interactions in the nasopharynx with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) and influenza. We found that PVM infection benefits pneumococci by increasing their numbers in the nasopharynx and shedding of these bacteria in respiratory secretions. In contrast, we discovered that pneumococci decrease PVM numbers by accelerating viral clearance. We also report a similar effect of pneumococci on influenza. By showing that coinfections lead to both synergistic and antagonistic outcomes, our findings challenge the existing dogma in the field. Our work has important applications and implications for bacterial and viral vaccines that target these microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Manna
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Jacobson
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cattram D. Nguyen
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Md. Ashik Ullah
- Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ismail Sebina
- Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victoria Williamson
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - E. Kim Mulholland
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Odilia Wijburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Phipps
- Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Catherine Satzke
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Li X, Lv X, Li Y, Xie L, Peng P, An Q, Fu T, Qin S, Cui Y, Zhang C, Qin R, Qu F, Zhao Z, Wang M, Xu Q, Li Y, Yang G, Chen G, Zhang J, Zheng H, Ma E, Zhou R, Zeng X, Wang Y, Hou Z, Wang Y, Chu D, Li Y, Chai H. Emergence, prevalence, and evolution of H5N8 avian influenza viruses in central China, 2020. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 11:73-82. [PMID: 34825854 PMCID: PMC8725850 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2011622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N8) viruses have caused several worldwide outbreaks in birds and are able cross the species barrier to infect humans, posing a substantial threat to public health. After the first detection of H5N8 viruses in deceased swans in Inner Mongolia, we performed early warning and active monitoring along swan migration routes in central China. We isolated and sequenced 42 avian influenza viruses, including 40 H5N8 viruses, 1 H5N2 virus, and 1 H9N2 virus, in central China. Our H5N8 viruses isolated in swan stopover sites and wintering grounds showed high nucleotide homologies in the whole genome, revealing a common evolutionary source. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H5 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b prevalent in 2020 have further diverged into two sub-clades: b1 and b2. The phylogeographic analysis also showed that the viruses of sub-clade b2 most likely originated from poultry in Russia. Notably, whooper swans were found to be responsible for the introduction of sub-clade b2 viruses in central China; whooper and tundra swans play a role in viral spread in the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin, respectively. Our findings highlight swans as an indicator species for transborder spreading and monitoring of the H5N8 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinru Lv
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Linhong Xie
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration, General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife Disease & Wildlife Borne Diseases, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Peng
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration, General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife Disease & Wildlife Borne Diseases, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing An
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Fu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Qin
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration, General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife Disease & Wildlife Borne Diseases, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Cui
- Sanmenxia Administration of the National Nature Reserve of the Yellow River Wetland, Sanmenxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengbo Zhang
- Ordos Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ordos, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongxiu Qin
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyi Qu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenliang Zhao
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixi Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuzi Xu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Li
- Research and Development Center, Hubei Wildlife Rescue, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxiang Yang
- Research and Development Center, Hubei Wildlife Rescue, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Chen
- Research and Development Center, Hubei Wildlife Rescue, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Research and Development Center, Hubei Wildlife Rescue, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hesong Zheng
- Research and Development Center, Hubei Wildlife Rescue, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Enda Ma
- Bayannur Forestry and Grassland Administration, Bayannur, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifang Zhou
- Bayannur Forestry and Grassland Administration, Bayannur, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangwei Zeng
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Hou
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Chu
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration, General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife Disease & Wildlife Borne Diseases, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Chai
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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14
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Yeo JY, Gan SKE. Peering into Avian Influenza A(H5N8) for a Framework towards Pandemic Preparedness. Viruses 2021; 13:2276. [PMID: 34835082 PMCID: PMC8622263 DOI: 10.3390/v13112276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
2014 marked the first emergence of avian influenza A(H5N8) in Jeonbuk Province, South Korea, which then quickly spread worldwide. In the midst of the 2020-2021 H5N8 outbreak, it spread to domestic poultry and wild waterfowl shorebirds, leading to the first human infection in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. Despite being clinically asymptomatic and without direct human-to-human transmission, the World Health Organization stressed the need for continued risk assessment given the nature of Influenza to reassort and generate novel strains. Given its promiscuity and easy cross to humans, the urgency to understand the mechanisms of possible species jumping to avert disastrous pandemics is increasing. Addressing the epidemiology of H5N8, its mechanisms of species jumping and its implications, mutational and reassortment libraries can potentially be built, allowing them to be tested on various models complemented with deep-sequencing and automation. With knowledge on mutational patterns, cellular pathways, drug resistance mechanisms and effects of host proteins, we can be better prepared against H5N8 and other influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Yi Yeo
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore;
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore;
- APD SKEG Pte Ltd., Singapore 439444, Singapore
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15
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Identification of One Critical Amino Acid Residue of the Nucleoprotein as a Determinant for In Vitro Replication Fitness of Influenza D Virus. J Virol 2021; 95:e0097121. [PMID: 34190601 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00971-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly identified influenza D virus (IDV) of the Orthomyxoviridae family has a wide host range with a broad geographical distribution. Despite the first appearance in U.S. pig herds in 2011, subsequent studies demonstrated that IDV is widespread in global cattle populations, supporting a theory that IDV utilizes bovines as a primary reservoir. Our investigation of the two reference influenza D viruses, D/swine/Oklahoma/1334/2011 (OK/11), isolated from swine, and D/Bovine/Oklahoma/660/2013 (660/13), isolated from cattle, revealed that 660/13 replicated to titers approximately 100-fold higher than those for OK/11 in multiple cell lines. By using a recently developed IDV reverse-genetics system derived from low-titer OK/11, we generated recombinant chimeric OK/11 viruses in which one of the seven genome segments was replaced with its counterpart from high-titer 660/13 virus. Further characterization demonstrated that the replication level of the chimeric OK/11 virus was significantly increased only when harboring the 660/13 nucleoprotein (NP) segment. Finally, through both gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments, we identified that one amino acid residue at position 381, located in the body domain of NP protein, was a key determinant for the replication difference between the low-titer OK/11 virus and the high-titer 660/13 virus. Taken together, our findings provide important insight into IDV replication fitness mediated by the NP protein, which should facilitate future study of the infectious virus particle production mechanism of IDV. IMPORTANCE Little is known about the virus infection and production mechanism for newly discovered influenza D virus (IDV), which utilizes bovines as a primary reservoir, with frequent spillover to new hosts, including swine. In this study, we showed that of two well-characterized IDVs, 660/13 replicated more efficiently (approximately 100-fold higher) than OK/11. Using a recently developed IDV reverse-genetics system, we identified viral nucleoprotein (NP) as a primary determinant of the different replication capacities observed between these two nearly identical viruses. Mechanistic investigation further revealed that a mutation at NP position 381 evidently modulated virus fitness. Taken together, these observations indicate that IDV NP protein performs a critical role in infectious virus particle production. Our study thus illustrates an NP-based mechanism for efficient IDV infection and production in vitro.
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16
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Elgendy EM, Arai Y, Kawashita N, Isobe A, Daidoji T, Ibrahim MS, Ono T, Takagi T, Nakaya T, Matsumoto K, Watanabe Y. Double mutations in the H9N2 avian influenza virus PB2 gene act cooperatively to increase viral host adaptation and replication for human infections. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34061017 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian H9N2 influenza viruses in East Asia are genetically diversified and multiple genotypes (A-W) have been established in poultry. Genotype S strains are currently the most prevalent strains, have caused many human infections and pose a public health threat. In this study, human adaptation mutations in the PB2 polymerase in genotype S strains were identified by database screening. Several PB2 double mutations were identified that acted cooperatively to produce higher genotype S virus polymerase activity and replication in human cells than in avian cells and to increase viral growth and virulence in mice. These mutations were chronologically and phylogenetically clustered in a new group within genotype S viruses. Most of the relevant human virus isolates carry the PB2-A588V mutation together with another PB2 mutation (i.e. K526R, E627V or E627K), indicating a host adaptation advantage for these double mutations. The prevalence of PB2 double mutations in human H9N2 virus isolates has also been found in genetically related human H7N9 and H10N8 viruses. These results suggested that PB2 double mutations in viruses in the field acted cooperatively to increase human adaptation of the currently prevalent H9N2 genotype S strains. This may have contributed to the recent surge of H9N2 infections and may be applicable to the human adaptation of several other avian influenza viruses. Our study provides a better understanding of the human adaptation pathways of genetically related H9N2, H7N9 and H10N8 viruses in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Mohamed Elgendy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Yasuha Arai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norihito Kawashita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayana Isobe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomo Daidoji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Madiha Salah Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Takao Ono
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsumoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Watanabe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Abstract
The apical junctional complexes (AJCs) of airway epithelial cells are a key component of the innate immune system by creating barriers to pathogens, inhaled allergens, and environmental particles. AJCs form between adjacent cells and consist of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). Respiratory viruses have been shown to target various components of the AJCs, leading to airway epithelial barrier dysfunction by different mechanisms. Virus-induced epithelial permeability may allow for allergens and bacterial pathogens to subsequently invade. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to disruption of AJCs and the potential ensuing ramifications. We focus on the following viruses that affect the pulmonary system: respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, influenza viruses, immunodeficiency virus, and other viruses such as coxsackievirus, adenovirus, coronaviruses, measles, parainfluenza virus, bocavirus, and vaccinia virus. Understanding the mechanisms by which viruses target the AJC and impair barrier function may help design therapeutic innovations to treat these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra T Linfield
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andjela Raduka
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mahyar Aghapour
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Center for Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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18
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PA Mutations Inherited during Viral Evolution Act Cooperatively To Increase Replication of Contemporary H5N1 Influenza Virus with an Expanded Host Range. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01582-20. [PMID: 33028722 PMCID: PMC7737735 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01582-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clade 2.2.1 avian influenza viruses (H5N1) are unique to Egypt and have caused the highest number of human H5N1 influenza cases worldwide, presenting a serious global public health threat. These viruses may have the greatest evolutionary potential for adaptation from avian hosts to human hosts. Using a comprehensive phylogenetic approach, we identified several novel clade 2.2.1 virus polymerase mutations that increased viral replication in vitro in human cells and in vivo in mice. These mutations were in the polymerase PA subunit and acted cooperatively with the E627K mutation in the PB2 polymerase subunit to provide higher replication in contemporary clade 2.2.1.2 viruses than in ancestral clade 2.2.1 viruses. These data indicated that ongoing clade 2.2.1 dissemination in the field has driven PA mutations to modify viral replication to enable host range expansion, with a higher public health risk for humans. Adaptive mutations and/or reassortments in avian influenza virus polymerase subunits PA, PB1, and PB2 are one of the major factors enabling the virus to overcome the species barrier to infect humans. The majority of human adaptation polymerase mutations have been identified in PB2; fewer adaptation mutations have been characterized in PA and PB1. Clade 2.2.1 avian influenza viruses (H5N1) are unique to Egypt and generally carry the human adaptation PB2-E627K substitution during their dissemination in nature. In this study, we identified other human adaptation polymerase mutations by analyzing phylogeny-associated PA mutations that H5N1 clade 2.2.1 viruses have accumulated during their evolution in the field. This analysis identified several PA mutations that produced increased replication by contemporary clade 2.2.1.2 viruses in vitro in human cells and in vivo in mice compared to ancestral clade 2.2.1 viruses. The PA mutations acted cooperatively to increase viral polymerase activity and replication in both avian and human cells, with the effect being more prominent in human cells at 33°C than at 37°C. These results indicated that PA mutations have a role in establishing contemporary clade 2.2.1.2 virus infections in poultry and in adaptation to infect mammals. Our study provided data on the mechanism for PA mutations to accumulate during avian influenza virus evolution and extend the viral host range. IMPORTANCE Clade 2.2.1 avian influenza viruses (H5N1) are unique to Egypt and have caused the highest number of human H5N1 influenza cases worldwide, presenting a serious global public health threat. These viruses may have the greatest evolutionary potential for adaptation from avian hosts to human hosts. Using a comprehensive phylogenetic approach, we identified several novel clade 2.2.1 virus polymerase mutations that increased viral replication in vitro in human cells and in vivo in mice. These mutations were in the polymerase PA subunit and acted cooperatively with the E627K mutation in the PB2 polymerase subunit to provide higher replication in contemporary clade 2.2.1.2 viruses than in ancestral clade 2.2.1 viruses. These data indicated that ongoing clade 2.2.1 dissemination in the field has driven PA mutations to modify viral replication to enable host range expansion, with a higher public health risk for humans.
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19
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Tissue Tropisms of Avian Influenza A Viruses Affect Their Spillovers from Wild Birds to Pigs. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00847-20. [PMID: 32967956 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00847-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds maintain a large, genetically diverse pool of influenza A viruses (IAVs), which can be transmitted to lower mammals and, ultimately, humans. Through phenotypic analyses of viral replication efficiency, only a small set of avian IAVs were found to replicate well in epithelial cells of the swine upper respiratory tract, and these viruses were shown to infect and cause virus shedding in pigs. Such a phenotypic trait of the viral replication efficiency appears to emerge randomly and is distributed among IAVs across multiple avian species and geographic and temporal orders. It is not determined by receptor binding preference but is determined by other markers across genomic segments, such as those in the ribonucleoprotein complex. This study demonstrates that phenotypic variants of viral replication efficiency exist among avian IAVs but that only a few of these may result in viral shedding in pigs upon infection, providing opportunities for these viruses to become adapted to pigs, thus posing a higher potential risk for creating novel variants or detrimental reassortants within pig populations.IMPORTANCE Swine serve as a mixing vessel for generating pandemic strains of human influenza virus. All hemagglutinin subtypes of IAVs can infect swine; however, only sporadic cases of infection with avian IAVs are reported in domestic swine. The molecular mechanisms affecting the ability of avian IAVs to infect swine are still not fully understood. From the findings of phenotypic analyses, this study suggests that the tissue tropisms (i.e., in swine upper respiratory tracts) of avian IAVs affect their spillovers from wild birds to pigs. It was found that this phenotype is determined not by receptor binding preference but is determined by other markers across genomic segments, such as those in the ribonucleoprotein complex. In addition, our results show that such a phenotypic trait was sporadically and randomly distributed among IAVs across multiple avian species and geographic and temporal orders. This study suggests an efficient way for assessment of the risk posed by avian IAVs, such as in evaluating their potentials to be transmitted from birds to pigs.
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20
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Komorizono R, Sassa Y, Horie M, Makino A, Tomonaga K. Evolutionary Selection of the Nuclear Localization Signal in the Viral Nucleoprotein Leads to Host Adaptation of the Genus Orthobornavirus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111291. [PMID: 33187187 PMCID: PMC7698282 DOI: 10.3390/v12111291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of the viral life cycle to host cells is necessary for efficient viral infection and replication. This evolutionary process has contributed to the mechanism for determining the host range of viruses. Orthobornaviruses, members of the family Bornaviridae, are non-segmented, negative-strand RNA viruses, and several genotypes have been isolated from different vertebrate species. Previous studies revealed that some genotypes isolated from avian species can replicate in mammalian cell lines, suggesting the zoonotic potential of avian orthobornaviruses. However, the mechanism by which the host specificity of orthobornaviruses is determined has not yet been identified. In this study, we found that the infectivity of orthobornaviruses is not determined at the viral entry step, mediated by the viral glycoprotein and matrix protein. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence in the viral nucleoprotein (N) has evolved under natural selection and determines the host-specific viral polymerase activity. A chimeric mammalian orthobornavirus, which has the NLS sequence of avian orthobornavirus N, exhibited a reduced propagation efficiency in mammalian cells. Our findings indicated that nuclear transport of the viral N is a determinant of the host range of orthobornaviruses, providing insights into the evolution and host adaptation of orthobornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Komorizono
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (R.K.); (M.H.)
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sassa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (R.K.); (M.H.)
- Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akiko Makino
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (R.K.); (M.H.)
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (K.T.)
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (R.K.); (M.H.)
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (K.T.)
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21
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Gloria‐Soria A, Mendiola SY, Morley VJ, Alto BW, Turner PE. Prior evolution in stochastic versus constant temperatures affects RNA virus evolvability at a thermal extreme. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:5440-5450. [PMID: 32607165 PMCID: PMC7319105 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how historical adaptation versus maladaptation in a prior environment affects population evolvability in a novel habitat. Prior work showed that vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) populations evolved at constant 37°C improved in cellular infection at both 29°C and 37°C; in contrast, those evolved under random changing temperatures between 29°C and 37°C failed to improve. Here, we tested whether prior evolution affected the rate of adaptation at the thermal-niche edge: 40°C. After 40 virus generations in the new environment, we observed that populations historically evolved at random temperatures showed greater adaptability. Deep sequencing revealed that most of the newly evolved mutations were de novo. Also, two novel evolved mutations in the VSV glycoprotein and replicase genes tended to co-occur in the populations previously evolved at constant 37°C, whereas this parallelism was not seen in populations with prior random temperature evolution. These results suggest that prior adaptation under constant versus random temperatures constrained the mutation landscape that could improve fitness in the novel 40°C environment, perhaps owing to differing epistatic effects of new mutations entering genetic architectures that earlier diverged. We concluded that RNA viruses maladapted to their previous environment could "leapfrog" over counterparts of higher fitness, to achieve faster adaptability in a novel environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gloria‐Soria
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Present address:
Department of Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic DiseasesThe Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Sandra Y. Mendiola
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Valerie J. Morley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Barry W. Alto
- Florida Medical Entomology LaboratoryUniversity of FloridaVero BeachFLUSA
| | - Paul E. Turner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Program in MicrobiologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
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22
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Park MS, Kim JI, Bae JY, Park MS. Animal models for the risk assessment of viral pandemic potential. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:11. [PMID: 32337177 PMCID: PMC7175453 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemics affect human lives severely and globally. Experience predicts that there will be a pandemic for sure although the time is unknown. When a viral epidemic breaks out, assessing its pandemic risk is an important part of the process that characterizes genomic property, viral pathogenicity, transmission in animal model, and so forth. In this review, we intend to figure out how a pandemic may occur by looking into the past influenza pandemic events. We discuss interpretations of the experimental evidences resulted from animal model studies and extend implications of viral pandemic potentials and ingredients to emerging viral epidemics. Focusing on the pandemic potential of viral infectious diseases, we suggest what should be assessed to prevent global catastrophes from influenza virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, dengue and Zika viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Sook Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
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23
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Pochkaeva EI, Podolsky NE, Zakusilo DN, Petrov AV, Charykov NA, Vlasov TD, Penkova AV, Vasina LV, Murin IV, Sharoyko VV, Semenov KN. Fullerene derivatives with amino acids, peptides and proteins: From synthesis to biomedical application. PROG SOLID STATE CH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2019.100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Zhang H, Li H, Wang W, Wang Y, Han GZ, Chen H, Wang X. A unique feature of swine ANP32A provides susceptibility to avian influenza virus infection in pigs. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008330. [PMID: 32084248 PMCID: PMC7055917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the replication and transcription of the influenza virus are catalyzed by the viral polymerase complex. The polymerases of most avian influenza A viruses have poor performance in mammalian cells, which is considered to be one of the important species barriers. Pigs have been long considered as important intermediate hosts for interspecies transmission of the avian influenza virus, because of their susceptibility to infection with both avian and mammalian influenza viruses. However, the molecular basis of influenza polymerase adaptation in pigs remains largely unknown. ANP32A and ANP32B proteins have been identified as playing fundamental roles in influenza virus replication and host range determination. In this study, we found that swine ANP32A (swANP32A), unlike swine ANP32B or other mammalian ANP32A or B, shows stronger supporting activity to avian viral polymerase. Knockout of ANP32A in pig cells PK15 dramatically reduced avian influenza polymerase activity and viral infectivity, suggesting a unique feature of swANP32A in supporting avian influenza viral polymerase. This species-specific activity is mapped to two key sites, 106V and 156S, in swANP32A. Interestingly, the amino acid 106V is unique to pigs among all the vertebrate species studied, and when combined with 156S, exhibits positive epistasis in pigs. Mutation of 106V and 156S to the signature found in ANP32As from other mammalian species weakened the interaction between swANP32A and chicken viral polymerase, and reduced polymerase activity. Understanding the molecular basis of ANP32 proteins may help to discover new antiviral targets and design avian influenza resistant genome edited pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guan-Zhu Han
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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25
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A novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 virus identified in South Korea in 2018. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 78:104056. [PMID: 31683010 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since 2017, clade 2.3.4.4b H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been detected over a broad geographic region, including Eurasia. These viruses have evolved through reassortment with Eurasian low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs), resulting in multiple genotypes. Here, we sequenced the full-length genome of 15 H5N6 HPAIVs collected from wild birds and poultry farms in South Korea from January to March 2018. A comparative phylogenetic analysis was then conducted. Three distinct genotypes were identified in South Korea during 2017/2018, including a novel reassortant genotype, H214. The novel reassortant H5N6 viruses isolated in this study possessed PB2, PA, and NP gene segments of Eurasian LPAIV on a genetic backbone of the H35-like genotype, which was identified in Korea and the Netherlands during 2017. Bayesian molecular clock analysis suggested that the novel reassortant viruses were generated most likely during the fall migration/wintering season of migratory waterfowl in 2017. Considering the continued emergence and spread of clade 2.3.4.4 HPAIV, enhanced surveillance of wild waterfowl is needed for early detection of HPAIV incursions.
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26
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Butler J, Middleton D, Haining J, Layton R, Rockman S, Brown LE, Sapats S. Insights into the Acquisition of Virulence of Avian Influenza Viruses during a Single Passage in Ferrets. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100915. [PMID: 31590265 PMCID: PMC6832663 DOI: 10.3390/v11100915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating avian influenza viruses pose a significant threat, with human infections occurring infrequently but with potentially severe consequences. To examine the dynamics and locale of the adaptation process of avian influenza viruses when introduced to a mammalian host, we infected ferrets with H5N1 viruses. As expected, all ferrets infected with the human H5N1 isolate A/Vietnam/1203/2004 showed severe disease and virus replication outside the respiratory tract in multiple organs including the brain. In contrast infection of ferrets with the avian H5N1 virus A/Chicken/Laos/Xaythiani-26/2006 showed a different collective pattern of infection; many ferrets developed and cleared a mild respiratory infection but a subset (25–50%), showed extended replication in the upper respiratory tract and developed infection in distal sites. Virus from these severely infected ferrets was commonly found in tissues that included liver and small intestine. In most instances the virus had acquired the common virulence substitution PB2 E627K but, in one case, a previously unidentified combination of two amino acid substitutions at PB2 S489P and NP V408I, which enhanced polymerase activity, was found. We noted that virus with high pathogenicity adaptations could be dominant in an extra-respiratory site without being equally represented in the nasal wash. Further ferret passage of these mutated viruses resulted in high pathogenicity in all ferrets. These findings illustrate the remarkable ability of avian influenza viruses that avoid clearance in the respiratory tract, to mutate towards a high pathogenicity phenotype during just a single passage in ferrets and also indicate a window of less than 5 days in which treatment may curtail systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Butler
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (CSIRO-AAHL), Geelong 3219, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deborah Middleton
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (CSIRO-AAHL), Geelong 3219, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica Haining
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (CSIRO-AAHL), Geelong 3219, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel Layton
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (CSIRO-AAHL), Geelong 3219, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Rockman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
- Seqirus, 63 Poplar Rd, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorena E Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sandra Sapats
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (CSIRO-AAHL), Geelong 3219, Victoria, Australia
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Inventory of molecular markers affecting biological characteristics of avian influenza A viruses. Virus Genes 2019; 55:739-768. [PMID: 31428925 PMCID: PMC6831541 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing sustained human-to-human infection; however, AIVs are still a high risk as future pandemic strains, especially if they acquire further mutations that facilitate human infection and/or increase pathogenesis. Molecular characterization of sequencing data for known genetic markers associated with AIV adaptation, transmission, and antiviral resistance allows for fast, efficient assessment of AIV risk. Here we summarize and update the current knowledge on experimentally verified molecular markers involved in AIV pathogenicity, receptor binding, replicative capacity, and transmission in both poultry and mammals with a broad focus to include data available on other AIV subtypes outside of A/H5N1 and A/H7N9.
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Arai Y, Kawashita N, Ibrahim MS, Elgendy EM, Daidoji T, Ono T, Takagi T, Nakaya T, Matsumoto K, Watanabe Y. PB2 mutations arising during H9N2 influenza evolution in the Middle East confer enhanced replication and growth in mammals. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007919. [PMID: 31265471 PMCID: PMC6629154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus H9N2 has been endemic in birds in the Middle East, in particular in Egypt with multiple cases of human infections since 1998. Despite concerns about the pandemic threat posed by H9N2, little is known about the biological properties of H9N2 in this epicentre of infection. Here, we investigated the evolutionary dynamics of H9N2 in the Middle East and identified phylogeny-associated PB2 mutations that acted cooperatively to increase H9N2 replication/transcription in human cells. The accumulation of PB2 mutations also correlated with an increase in H9N2 virus growth in the upper and lower airways of mice and in virulence. These mutations clustered on a solvent-exposed region in the PB2-627 domain in proximity to potential interfaces with host factors. These PB2 mutations have been found at high prevalence during evolution of H9N2 in the field, indicating that they have provided a selective advantage for viral adaptation to infect poultry. Therefore, continuous prevalence of H9N2 virus in the Middle East has generated a far more fit or optimized replication phenotype, leading to an expanded viral host range, including to mammals, which may pose public health risks beyond the current outbreaks. The G1-like clade of H9N2 influenza viruses can undergo genetic reassortment with other influenza virus subtypes to produce novel zoonotic viruses, such as the Gs/GD lineage H5N1, H7N9, H10N8, and H5N8 viruses. Since 1998, the G1-like subclade of H9N2 influenza virus has been widely circulating in birds in Central Asia and the Middle East and a number of human cases have been reported. However, little is known about the biological properties of H9N2 viruses in this epicentre of infection. Our data showed that, during about two decades of evolution in nature, G1-like subclade strains evolved to produce strains with appreciably higher replication phenotypes in Central Asia and the Middle East, which led to their expanded host range, including to humans. Therefore, G1-like subclade strains in these areas may accumulate mutations to produce novel viruses and the large gene pool in these areas would enable reassortment with other influenza viruses. This study indicated the need for studies of H9N2 viruses in such areas to monitor their evolutionary dynamics and possible genetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuha Arai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norihito Kawashita
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Madiha Salah Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Emad Mohamed Elgendy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Tomo Daidoji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takao Ono
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsumoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Watanabe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Low Polymerase Activity Attributed to PA Drives the Acquisition of the PB2 E627K Mutation of H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus in Mammals. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01162-19. [PMID: 31213560 PMCID: PMC6581862 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01162-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the PB2 E627K substitution is critical in the mammalian adaptation and pathogenesis of AIV. H7N9 AIVs that emerged in 2013 possess a prominent ability in gaining the PB2 E627K mutation in humans. Here, we demonstrate that the acquisition of the H7N9 PB2 E627K mutation is driven by the low polymerase activity conferred by the viral PA protein in human cells, and four PA residues are collectively involved in this process. Notably, the H7N9 PA protein leads to significant dependence of viral polymerase function on human ANP32A protein, and Anp32a knockout abolishes PB2 E627K acquisition in mice. These findings reveal that viral PA and host ANP32A are crucial for the emergence of PB2 E627K during adaptation of H7N9 AIVs to humans. Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) must acquire mammalian-adaptive mutations before they can efficiently replicate in and transmit among humans. The PB2 E627K mutation is known to play a prominent role in the mammalian adaptation of AIVs. The H7N9 AIVs that emerged in 2013 in China easily acquired the PB2 E627K mutation upon replication in humans. Here, we generate a series of reassortant or mutant H7N9 AIVs and test them in mice. We show that the low polymerase activity attributed to the viral PA protein is the intrinsic driving force behind the emergence of PB2 E627K during H7N9 AIV replication in mice. Four residues in the N-terminal region of PA are critical in mediating the PB2 E627K acquisition. Notably, due to the identity of viral PA protein, the polymerase activity and growth of H7N9 AIV are highly sensitive to changes in expression levels of human ANP32A protein. Furthermore, the impaired viral polymerase activity of H7N9 AIV caused by the depletion of ANP32A led to reduced virus replication in Anp32a−/− mice, abolishing the acquisition of the PB2 E627K mutation and instead driving the virus to acquire the alternative PB2 D701N mutation. Taken together, our findings show that the emergence of the PB2 E627K mutation of H7N9 AIV is driven by the intrinsic low polymerase activity conferred by the viral PA protein, which also involves the engagement of mammalian ANP32A.
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The PB2 Polymerase Host Adaptation Substitutions Prime Avian Indonesia Sub Clade 2.1 H5N1 Viruses for Infecting Humans. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030292. [PMID: 30909490 PMCID: PMC6480796 DOI: 10.3390/v11030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Significantly higher numbers of human infections with H5N1 virus have occurred in Indonesia and Egypt, compared with other affected areas, and it is speculated that there are specific viral factors for human infection with avian H5N1 viruses in these locations. We previously showed PB2-K526R is present in 80% of Indonesian H5N1 human isolates, which lack the more common PB2-E627K substitution. Testing the hypothesis that this mutation may prime avian H5N1 virus for human infection, we showed that: (1) K526R is rarely found in avian influenza viruses but was identified in H5N1 viruses 2–3 years after the virus emerged in Indonesia, coincident with the emergence of H5N1 human infections in Indonesia; (2) K526R is required for efficient replication of Indonesia H5N1 virus in mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo and reverse substitution to 526K in human isolates abolishes this ability; (3) Indonesian H5N1 virus, which contains K526R-PB2, is stable and does not further acquire E627K following replication in infected mice; and (4) virus containing K526R-PB2 shows no fitness deficit in avian species. These findings illustrate an important mechanism in which a host adaptive mutation that predisposes avian H5N1 virus towards infecting humans has arisen with the virus becoming prevalent in avian species prior to human infections occurring. A similar mechanism is observed in the Qinghai-lineage H5N1 viruses that have caused many human cases in Egypt; here, E627K predisposes towards human infections. Surveillance should focus on the detection of adaptation markers in avian strains that prime for human infection.
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31
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Nuñez IA, Ross TM. A review of H5Nx avian influenza viruses. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2019; 7:2515135518821625. [PMID: 30834359 PMCID: PMC6391539 DOI: 10.1177/2515135518821625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), originating from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 H5 subtype, naturally circulate in wild-bird populations, particularly waterfowl, and often spill over to infect domestic poultry. Occasionally, humans are infected with HPAVI H5N1 resulting in high mortality, but no sustained human-to-human transmission. In this review, the replication cycle, pathogenicity, evolution, spread, and transmission of HPAIVs of H5Nx subtypes, along with the host immune responses to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) infection and potential vaccination, are discussed. In addition, the potential mechanisms for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) H5 Reassorted Viruses H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8 (H5Nx) viruses to transmit, infect, and adapt to the human host are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette A. Nuñez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, CVI Room 1504, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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32
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Genetic Compatibility of Reassortants between Avian H5N1 and H9N2 Influenza Viruses with Higher Pathogenicity in Mammals. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01969-18. [PMID: 30463961 PMCID: PMC6363993 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01969-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Close interaction between avian influenza (AI) viruses and humans in Egypt appears to have resulted in many of the worldwide cases of human infections by both H5N1 and H9N2 AI viruses. Egypt is regarded as a hot spot of AI virus evolution. Although no natural reassortant of H5N1 and H9N2 AI viruses has been reported so far, their cocirculation in Egypt may allow emergence of reassortants that may present a significant public health risk. Using reverse genetics, we report here the first comprehensive data showing that H5N1-N9N2 reassortants have fairly high genetic compatibility and possibly higher pathogenicity in mammals, including humans, than the parental viruses. Our results provide insight into the emergence potential of avian H5N1-H9N2 reassortants that may pose a high public health risk. The cocirculation of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses in birds in Egypt provides reassortment opportunities between these two viruses. However, little is known about the emergence potential of reassortants derived from Egyptian H5N1 and H9N2 viruses and about the biological properties of such reassortants. To evaluate the potential public health risk of reassortants of these viruses, we used reverse genetics to generate the 63 possible reassortants derived from contemporary Egyptian H5N1 and H9N2 viruses, containing the H5N1 surface gene segments and combinations of the H5N1 and H9N2 internal gene segments, and analyzed their genetic compatibility, replication ability, and virulence in mice. Genes in the reassortants showed remarkably high compatibility. The replication of most reassortants was higher than the parental H5N1 virus in human cells. Six reassortants were thought to emerge in birds under neutral or positive selective pressure, and four of them had higher pathogenicity in vivo than the parental H5N1 and H9N2 viruses. Our results indicated that H5N1-H9N2 reassortants could be transmitted efficiently to mammals with significant public health risk if they emerge in Egypt, although the viruses might not emerge frequently in birds. IMPORTANCE Close interaction between avian influenza (AI) viruses and humans in Egypt appears to have resulted in many of the worldwide cases of human infections by both H5N1 and H9N2 AI viruses. Egypt is regarded as a hot spot of AI virus evolution. Although no natural reassortant of H5N1 and H9N2 AI viruses has been reported so far, their cocirculation in Egypt may allow emergence of reassortants that may present a significant public health risk. Using reverse genetics, we report here the first comprehensive data showing that H5N1-N9N2 reassortants have fairly high genetic compatibility and possibly higher pathogenicity in mammals, including humans, than the parental viruses. Our results provide insight into the emergence potential of avian H5N1-H9N2 reassortants that may pose a high public health risk.
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33
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Rajao DS, Vincent AL, Perez DR. Adaptation of Human Influenza Viruses to Swine. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:347. [PMID: 30723723 PMCID: PMC6349779 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A large diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) within the H1N1/N2 and H3N2 subtypes circulates in pigs globally, with different lineages predominating in specific regions of the globe. A common characteristic of the ecology of IAV in swine in different regions is the periodic spillover of human seasonal viruses. Such human viruses resulted in sustained transmission in swine in several countries, leading to the establishment of novel IAV lineages in the swine host and contributing to the genetic and antigenic diversity of influenza observed in pigs. In this review we discuss the frequent occurrence of reverse-zoonosis of IAV from humans to pigs that have contributed to the global viral diversity in swine in a continuous manner, describe host-range factors that may be related to the adaptation of these human-origin viruses to pigs, and how these events could affect the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Rajao
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Zhang J, Su R, Jian X, An H, Jiang R, Mok CKP. The D253N Mutation in the Polymerase Basic 2 Gene in Avian Influenza (H9N2) Virus Contributes to the Pathogenesis of the Virus in Mammalian Hosts. Virol Sin 2018; 33:531-537. [PMID: 30569291 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the polymerase basic 2 (PB2) gene of avian influenza viruses are important signatures for their adaptation to mammalian hosts. Various adaptive mutations have been identified around the 627 and nuclear localization sequence (NLS) domains of PB2 protein, and these mutations contribute to the replicative ability of avian influenza viruses. However, few studies have focused on adaptive mutations in other regions of PB2. In this study, we investigated the functional roles of the D253N mutation in PB2 in an H9N2 virus. This mutation was found to affect an amino acid residue in the middle domain of the PB2 protein. The virus with the D253N mutation showed higher polymerase activity and transiently increased viral replication in human cells. However, the mutant did not show significant differences in viral replication in the respiratory tract of mice upon infection. Our results supported that the D253N mutation in the middle domain of PB2, similar to mutations at the 627 and NLS domains, specifically contributed to the replication of avian influenza viruses in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Rong Su
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Xiaoyun Jian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Hongliang An
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Ronbing Jiang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Chris Ka Pun Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China. .,HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, HKU Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Kamiki H, Matsugo H, Kobayashi T, Ishida H, Takenaka-Uema A, Murakami S, Horimoto T. A PB1-K577E Mutation in H9N2 Influenza Virus Increases Polymerase Activity and Pathogenicity in Mice. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110653. [PMID: 30463209 PMCID: PMC6266086 DOI: 10.3390/v10110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses are present in poultry worldwide. These viruses are considered to have pandemic potential, because recent isolates can recognize human-type receptor and several sporadic human infections have been reported. In this study, we aimed to identify mutations related to mammalian adaptation of H9N2 influenza virus. We found that mouse-adapted viruses had several mutations in hemagglutinin (HA), PB2, PA, and PB1. Among the detected mutations, PB1-K577E was a novel mutation that had not been previously reported to involve mammalian adaptation. A recombinant H9N2 virus bearing only the PB1-K577E mutation showed enhanced pathogenicity in mice, with increased virus titers in nasal turbinates compared to that in mice infected with the wild-type virus. In addition, the PB1-K577E mutation increased virus polymerase activity in human cell culture at a lower temperature. These data suggest that the PB1-K577E mutation is a novel pathogenicity determinant of H9N2 virus in mice and could be a signature for mammalian adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Kamiki
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Hiromichi Matsugo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Hiroho Ishida
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Akiko Takenaka-Uema
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Shin Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Taisuke Horimoto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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36
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Vaccination of poultry successfully eliminated human infection with H7N9 virus in China. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1465-1473. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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37
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Zhu R, Yang X, Zhang J, Xu D, Fan J, Shi H, Wang S, Liu X. Identification, sequence analysis, and infectivity of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from geese. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:406-415. [PMID: 29366299 PMCID: PMC5974522 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.3.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The subtype H9N2 avian influenza virus greatly threatens the Chinese poultry industry, even with annual vaccination. Waterfowl can be asymptomatically infected with the H9N2 virus. In this study, three H9N2 virus strains, designated A/Goose/Jiangsu/YZ527/2011 (H9N2, Gs/JS/YZ527/11), A/Goose/Jiangsu/SQ119/2012 (H9N2, Gs/JS/SQ119/12), and A/Goose/Jiangsu/JD564/2012 (H9N2, Gs/JS/JD564/12), were isolated from domestic geese. Molecular characterization of the three isolates showed that the Gs/JS/YZ527/11 virus is a double-reassortant virus, combining genes of A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (H9N2, G1/97)-like and A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98 (H9N2, F/98)-like; the Gs/JS/SQ119/12 virus is a triple-reassortant virus combining genes of G1/97-like, F/98-like, and A/Duck/Shantou/163/2004 (H9N2, ST/163/04)-like. The sequences of Gs/JS/JD564/12 share high homology with those of the F/98 virus, except for the neuraminidase gene, whereas the internal genes of Gs/JS/YZ527/11 and Gs/JS/SQ119/12 are closely related to those of the H7N9 viruses. An infectivity analysis of the three isolates showed that Gs/JS/SQ119/12 and Gs/JS/YZ527/11 replicated well, with seroconversion, in geese and chickens, the Gs/JS/JD564/12 did not infect well in geese or chickens, and the F/98 virus only infected chickens, with seroconversion. Emergence of these new reassortant H9N2 avian influenza viruses indicates that these viruses can infect both chicken and goose and can produce different types of lesions in each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xueqin Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Sinopharm Yangzhou VAC Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Danwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiawen Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Mostafa A, Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC, Pleschka S. Zoonotic Potential of Influenza A Viruses: A Comprehensive Overview. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090497. [PMID: 30217093 PMCID: PMC6165440 DOI: 10.3390/v10090497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) possess a great zoonotic potential as they are able to infect different avian and mammalian animal hosts, from which they can be transmitted to humans. This is based on the ability of IAV to gradually change their genome by mutation or even reassemble their genome segments during co-infection of the host cell with different IAV strains, resulting in a high genetic diversity. Variants of circulating or newly emerging IAVs continue to trigger global health threats annually for both humans and animals. Here, we provide an introduction on IAVs, highlighting the mechanisms of viral evolution, the host spectrum, and the animal/human interface. Pathogenicity determinants of IAVs in mammals, with special emphasis on newly emerging IAVs with pandemic potential, are discussed. Finally, an overview is provided on various approaches for the prevention of human IAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mostafa
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Arai Y, Kawashita N, Hotta K, Hoang PVM, Nguyen HLK, Nguyen TC, Vuong CD, Le TT, Le MTQ, Soda K, Ibrahim MS, Daidoji T, Takagi T, Shioda T, Nakaya T, Ito T, Hasebe F, Watanabe Y. Multiple polymerase gene mutations for human adaptation occurring in Asian H5N1 influenza virus clinical isolates. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13066. [PMID: 30166556 PMCID: PMC6117316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the influenza virus polymerase complex in host range restriction has been well-studied and several host range determinants, such as the polymerase PB2-E627K and PB2-D701N mutations, have been identified. However, there may be additional, currently unknown, human adaptation polymerase mutations. Here, we used a database search of influenza virus H5N1 clade 1.1, clade 2.3.2.1 and clade 2.3.4 strains isolated from 2008-2012 in Southern China, Vietnam and Cambodia to identify polymerase adaptation mutations that had been selected in infected patients. Several of these mutations acted either alone or together to increase viral polymerase activity in human airway cells to levels similar to the PB2-D701N and PB2-E627K single mutations and to increase progeny virus yields in infected mouse lungs to levels similar to the PB2-D701N single mutation. In particular, specific mutations acted synergistically with the PB2-D701N mutation and showed synergistic effects on viral replication both in human airway cells and mice compared with the corresponding single mutations. Thus, H5N1 viruses in infected patients were able to acquire multiple polymerase mutations that acted cooperatively for human adaptation. Our findings give new insight into the human adaptation of AI viruses and help in avian influenza virus risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuha Arai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihito Kawashita
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kozue Hotta
- Vietnam Research Station, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Phuong Vu Mai Hoang
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hang Le Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thach Co Nguyen
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cuong Duc Vuong
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Thi Le
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mai Thi Quynh Le
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Madiha S Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Tomo Daidoji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Futoshi Hasebe
- Vietnam Research Station, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yohei Watanabe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. .,Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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40
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The Pandemic Threat of Emerging H5 and H7 Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090461. [PMID: 30154345 PMCID: PMC6164301 DOI: 10.3390/v10090461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1918 H1N1 Spanish Influenza pandemic was the most severe pandemic in modern history. Unlike more recent pandemics, most of the 1918 H1N1 virus' genome was derived directly from an avian influenza virus. Recent avian-origin H5 A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (GsGd) and Asian H7N9 viruses have caused several hundred human infections with high mortality rates. While these viruses have not spread beyond infected individuals, if they evolve the ability to transmit efficiently from person-to-person, specifically via the airborne route, they will initiate a pandemic. Therefore, this review examines H5 GsGd and Asian H7N9 viruses that have caused recent zoonotic infections with a focus on viral properties that support airborne transmission. Several GsGd H5 and Asian H7N9 viruses display molecular changes that potentiate transmission and/or exhibit ability for limited transmission between ferrets. However, the hemagglutinin of these viruses is unstable; this likely represents the most significant obstacle to the emergence of a virus capable of efficient airborne transmission. Given the global disease burden of an influenza pandemic, continued surveillance and pandemic preparedness efforts against H5 GsGd and Asian lineage H7N9 viruses are warranted.
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41
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Young SG, Kitchen A, Kayali G, Carrel M. Unlocking pandemic potential: prevalence and spatial patterns of key substitutions in avian influenza H5N1 in Egyptian isolates. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:314. [PMID: 29980172 PMCID: PMC6035396 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza H5N1 has a high human case fatality rate, but is not yet well-adapted to human hosts. Amino acid substitutions currently circulating in avian populations may enhance viral fitness in, and thus viral adaptation to, human hosts. Substitutions which could increase the risk of a human pandemic (through changes to host specificity, virulence, replication ability, transmissibility, or drug susceptibility) are termed key substitutions (KS). Egypt represents the epicenter of human H5N1 infections, with more confirmed cases than any other country. To date, however, there have not been any spatial analyses of KS in Egypt. Methods Using 925 viral samples of H5N1 from Egypt, we aligned protein sequences and scanned for KS. We geocoded isolates using dasymetric mapping, then carried out geospatial hot spot analyses to identify spatial clusters of high KS detection rates. KS prevalence and spatial clusters were evaluated for all detected KS, as well as when stratified by phenotypic consequence. Results A total of 39 distinct KS were detected in the wild, including 17 not previously reported in Egypt. KS were detected in 874 samples (94.5%). Detection rates varied by viral protein with most KS observed in the surface hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins, as well as the interior non-structural 1 (NS1) protein. The most frequently detected KS were associated with increased viral binding to mammalian cells and virulence. Samples with high overall detection rates of KS exhibited statistically significant spatial clustering in two governorates in the northwestern Nile delta, Alexandria and Beheira. Conclusions KS provide a possible mechanism by which avian influenza H5N1 could evolve into a pandemic candidate. With numerous KS circulating in Egypt, and non-random spatial clustering of KS detection rates, these findings suggest the need for increased surveillance in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean G Young
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Andrew Kitchen
- Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Scientific Research, Human Link, Hazmieh, Lebanon
| | - Margaret Carrel
- Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Characterization of H5N1 Influenza Virus Quasispecies with Adaptive Hemagglutinin Mutations from Single-Virus Infections of Human Airway Cells. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02004-17. [PMID: 29563293 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02004-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of avian influenza (AI) viruses to mammals involves phylogenetic bottlenecks that select small numbers of variants for transmission to new host species. However, little is known about the AI virus quasispecies diversity that produces variants for virus adaptation to humans. Here, we analyzed the hemagglutinin (HA) genetic diversity produced during AI H5N1 single-virus infection of primary human airway cells and characterized the phenotypes of these variants. During single-virus infection, HA variants emerged with increased fitness to infect human cells. These variants generally had decreased HA thermostability, an indicator of decreased transmissibility, that appeared to compensate for their increase in α2,6-linked sialic acid (α2,6 Sia) binding specificity and/or in the membrane fusion pH threshold, each of which is an advantageous mutational change for viral infection of human airway epithelia. An HA variant with increased HA thermostability also emerged but could not outcompete variants with less HA thermostability. These results provided data on HA quasispecies diversity in human airway cells.IMPORTANCE The diversity of the influenza virus quasispecies that emerges from a single infection is the starting point for viral adaptation to new hosts. A few studies have investigated AI virus quasispecies diversity during human adaptation using clinical samples. However, those studies could be appreciably affected by individual variability and multifactorial respiratory factors, which complicate identification of quasispecies diversity produced by selective pressure for increased adaptation to infect human airway cells. Here, we found that detectable HA genetic diversity was produced by H5N1 single-virus infection of human airway cells. Most of the HA variants had increased fitness to infect human airway cells but incurred a fitness cost of less HA stability. To our knowledge, this is the first report to characterize the adaptive changes of AI virus quasispecies produced by infection of human airway cells. These results provide a better perspective on AI virus adaptation to infect humans.
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43
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Jang JW, Lee CY, Kim IH, Choi JG, Lee YJ, Yuk SS, Lee JH, Song CS, Kim JH, Kwon HJ. Optimized clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 recombinant-vaccine strains against highly pathogenic avian influenza. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:299-306. [PMID: 28859269 PMCID: PMC5583417 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.s1.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8)-derived recombinant viruses have been used for seasonal flu vaccines; however, they are insufficient for vaccines against some human-fatal H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses (HPAIV) due to low productivity. Additionally, the polymerase basic 2 (PB2) protein, an important mammalian-pathogenicity determinant, of PR8 possesses several mammalian-pathogenic mutations. We previously reported two avian PB2 genes (01310 and 0028) related to efficient replication in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) and nonpathogenicity in BALB/c mice. In this study, we generated PR8-derived H5N1 recombinant viruses harboring hemagglutinin (attenuated) and neuraminidase genes of a clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 HPAIV (K10-483), as well as the 01310 or 0028 PB2 genes, and investigated their replication and immunogenicity. Compared with a control virus harboring six internal PR8 genes (rK10-483), the recombinant viruses possessing the 01310 and 0028 PB2 genes showed significantly higher replication efficiency in ECEs and higher antibody titers in chickens. In contrast to rK10-483, none of the viruses replicated in BALB/c mice, and all showed low titers in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Additionally, the recombinant viruses did not induce a neutralization antibody but elicited decreased protective immune responses against K10-483 in mice. Thus, the highly replicative and mammalian nonpathogenic recombinant H5N1 strains might be promising vaccine candidates against HPAI in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Wook Jang
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
| | - Chung-Young Lee
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
| | - Il-Hwan Kim
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Korean National Institute of Health, Osong 28159, Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Choi
- Laboratory of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Seong-Su Yuk
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Laboratory of Poultry Production Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
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44
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Wen L, Chu H, Wong BHY, Wang D, Li C, Zhao X, Chiu MC, Yuan S, Fan Y, Chen H, Zhou J, Yuen KY. Large-scale sequence analysis reveals novel human-adaptive markers in PB2 segment of seasonal influenza A viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:47. [PMID: 29593225 PMCID: PMC5874250 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the adaptive strategies of influenza A viruses (IAVs) to human, we proposed a computational approach to identify human-adaptive mutations in seasonal IAVs, which have not been analyzed comprehensively. We compared representative PB2 sequences of 1425 avian IAVs and 2176 human IAVs and identified a total of 42 human-adaptive markers, including 28 and 31 markers in PB2 proteins of seasonal viruses H1N1 and H3N2, respectively. Notably, this comprehensive list encompasses almost all the markers identified in prior computational studies and 21 novel markers including an experimentally verified mutation K526R, suggesting the predictive power of our method. The strength of our analysis derives from the enormous amount of recently available sequences as well as the recognition that human-adaptive mutations are not necessarily conserved across subtypes. We also utilized mutual information to profile the inter-residue coevolution in PB2 protein. A total of 35 and 46 coevolving site pairs are identified in H1N1 and H3N2, respectively. Interestingly, 13 out of the 28 (46.4%) identified markers in H1N1 and 16 out of the 31 (51.6%) in H3N2 are embraced in the coevolving pairs. Many of them are paired with well-characterized human-adaptive mutations, indicating potential epistatic effect of these coevolving residues in human adaptation. Additionally, we reconstructed the PB2 evolutionary history of seasonal IAVs and demonstrated the distinct adaptive pathway of PB2 segment after reassortment from H1 to H3 lineage. Our study may provide clues for further experimental validation of human-adaptive mutations and shed light on the human adaptation process of seasonal IAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hin Chu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bosco Ho-Yin Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cun Li
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Chun Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanhui Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Mutations in the PA Protein of Avian H5N1 Influenza Viruses Affect Polymerase Activity and Mouse Virulence. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01557-17. [PMID: 29212927 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01557-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the influenza virus determinants of pathogenicity, we characterized two highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses isolated in Vietnam in 2012 (A/duck/Vietnam/QT1480/2012 [QT1480]) and 2013 (A/duck/Vietnam/QT1728/2013 [QT1728]) and found that the activity of their polymerase complexes differed significantly, even though both viruses were highly pathogenic in mice. Further studies revealed that the PA-S343A/E347D (PA with the S-to-A change at position 343 and the E-to-D change at position 347) mutations reduced viral polymerase activity and mouse virulence when tested in the genetic background of QT1728 virus. In contrast, the PA-343S/347E mutations increased the polymerase activity of QT1480 and the virulence of a low-pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus. The PA-343S residue (which alone increased viral polymerase activity and mouse virulence significantly relative to viral replication complexes encoding PA-343A) is frequently found in H5N1 influenza viruses of several subclades; infection with a virus possessing this amino acid may pose an increased risk to humans.IMPORTANCE H5N1 influenza viruses cause severe infections in humans with a case fatality rate that exceeds 50%. The factors that determine the high virulence of these viruses in humans are not fully understood. Here, we identified two amino acid changes in the viral polymerase PA protein that affect the activity of the viral polymerase complex and virulence in mice. Infection with viruses possessing these amino acid changes may pose an increased risk to humans.
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46
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Gong XQ, Ruan BY, Liu XM, Zhang P, Wang XH, Wang Q, Shan TL, Tong W, Zhou YJ, Li GX, Zheng H, Tong GZ, Yu H. The PB2-K627E mutation attenuates H3N2 swine influenza virus in cultured cells and in mice. Res Vet Sci 2017; 117:54-56. [PMID: 29175013 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PB2-627K is an important amino acid that determines the virulence of some influenza A viruses. However, it has not been experimentally investigated in the H3N2 swine influenza virus. To explore the potential role of PB2-K627E substitution in H3N2 swine influenza virus, the growth properties and pathogenicity between H3N2 swine influenza virus and its PB2-K627E mutant were compared. For the first time, our results showed that PB2-K627E mutation attenuates H3N2 swine influenza virus in mammalian cells and in mice, suggesting that PB2-627K is required for viral replication and pathogenicity of H3N2 swine influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Gong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Bao-Yang Ruan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiao-Min Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiu-Hui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tong-Ling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guo-Xin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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47
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Genomic signature analysis of the recently emerged highly pathogenic A(H5N8) avian influenza virus: implying an evolutionary trend for bird-to-human transmission. Microbes Infect 2017; 19:597-604. [PMID: 28889970 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In early 2014, a novel subclade (2.3.4.4) of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) virus caused the first outbreak in domestic ducks and migratory birds in South Korea. Since then, it has spread to 44 countries and regions. To date, no human infections with A(H5N8) virus have been reported, but the possibility cannot be excluded. By analyzing the genomic signatures of A(H5N8) strains, we found that among the 47 species-associated signature positions, three positions exhibited human-like signatures (HLS), including PA-404S, PB2-613I and PB2-702R and that mutation trend of host signatures of avian A(H5N8) is different before and after 2014. About 82% of A(H5N8) isolates collected after January of 2014 carried the 3 HLS (PA-404S/PB2-613I/PB2-702R) in combination, while none of isolates collected before 2014 had this combination. Furthermore, the HA protein had S137A and S227R substitutions in the receptor-binding site and A160T in the glycosylation site, potentially increasing viral ability to bind human-type receptors. Based on these findings, the newly emerged HPAI A(H5N8) isolates show an evolutionary trend toward gaining more HLS and, along with it, the potential for bird-to-human transmissibility. Therefore, more extensive surveillance of this rapidly spreading HPAI A(H5N8) and preparedness against its potential pandemic are urgently needed.
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Molecular basis of mammalian transmissibility of avian H1N1 influenza viruses and their pandemic potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11217-11222. [PMID: 28874549 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713974114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
North American wild birds are an important reservoir of influenza A viruses, yet the potential of viruses in this reservoir to transmit and cause disease in mammals is not well understood. Our surveillance of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) at Delaware Bay, USA, revealed a group of similar H1N1 AIVs isolated in 2009, some of which were airborne-transmissible in the ferret model without prior adaptation. Comparison of the genomes of these viruses revealed genetic markers of airborne transmissibility in the Polymerase Basic 2 (PB2), PB1, PB1-F2, Polymerase Acidic-X (PA-X), Nonstructural Protein 1 (NS1), and Nuclear Export Protein (NEP) genes. We studied the role of NS1 in airborne transmission and found that NS1 mutants that were not airborne-transmissible caused limited tissue pathology in the upper respiratory tract (URT). Viral maturation was also delayed, evident as strong intranuclear staining and little virus at the mucosa. Our study of this naturally occurring constellation of genetic markers has provided insights into the poorly understood phenomenon of AIV airborne transmissibility by revealing a role for NS1 and characteristics of viral replication in the URT that were associated with airborne transmission. The transmissibility of these viruses further highlights the pandemic potential of AIVs in the wild bird reservoir and the need to maintain surveillance.
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Choi WS, Lloren KKS, Baek YH, Song MS. The significance of avian influenza virus mouse-adaptation and its application in characterizing the efficacy of new vaccines and therapeutic agents. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2017; 6:83-94. [PMID: 28775972 PMCID: PMC5540968 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2017.6.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increased frequency of interspecies transmission of avian influenza viruses, studies designed to identify the molecular determinants that could lead to an expansion of the host range have been increased. A variety of mouse-based mammalian-adaptation studies of avian influenza viruses have provided insight into the genetic alterations of various avian influenza subtypes that may contribute to the generation of a pandemic virus. To date, the studies have focused on avian influenza subtypes H5, H6, H7, H9, and H10 which have recently caused human infection. Although mice cannot fully reflect the course of human infection with avian influenza, these mouse studies can be a useful method for investigating potential mammalian adaptive markers against newly emerging avian influenza viruses. In addition, due to the lack of appropriate vaccines against the diverse emerging influenza viruses, the generation of mouse-adapted lethal variants could contribute to the development of effective vaccines or therapeutic agents. Within this review, we will summarize studies that have demonstrated adaptations of avian influenza viruses that result in an altered pathogenicity in mice which may suggest the potential application of mouse-lethal strains in the development of influenza vaccines and/or therapeutics in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Khristine Kaith S Lloren
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Jia L, Xie J, Zhao J, Cao D, Liang Y, Hou X, Wang L, Li Z. Mechanisms of Severe Mortality-Associated Bacterial Co-infections Following Influenza Virus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:338. [PMID: 28824877 PMCID: PMC5540941 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection remains one of the largest disease burdens on humans. Influenza-associated bacterial co-infections contribute to severe disease and mortality during pandemic and seasonal influenza episodes. The mechanisms of severe morbidity following influenza-bacteria co-infections mainly include failure of an antibacterial immune response and pathogen synergy. Moreover, failure to resume function and tolerance might be one of the main reasons for excessive mortality. In this review, recent advances in the study of mechanisms of severe disease, caused by bacterial co-infections following influenza virus pathogenesis, are summarized. Therefore, understanding the synergy between viruses and bacteria will facilitate the design of novel therapeutic approaches to prevent mortality associated with bacterial co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Jia
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation ArmyBeijing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation ArmyBeijing, China
| | - Jiangyun Zhao
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation ArmyBeijing, China
| | - Dekang Cao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Armed Police ForcesBeijing, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation ArmyBeijing, China
| | - Xuexin Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
| | - Ligui Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation ArmyBeijing, China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
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