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Fei X, Li JF, Fang YD, Liu LP, Liu KJ, Zeng WW, Wang WH. Distribution characteristics of FcμR positive cells in small intestinal lymph nodes of Bactrian camel. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287329. [PMID: 37471384 PMCID: PMC10358951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring the expression characteristics of FcμR in small intestinal lymph nodes of bactrian camels can lay the foundation for further revealing the function of FcμR. The FcμR expression characteristics were systematically analysed by using prokaryotic expression, antibody preparation, immunohistochemical staining and statistical analysis. FcμR positive cells were mainly located in the lymphoid follicles and their numbers decreased in the order of duodenal lymph nodes, jejunal lymph nodes and ileal lymph nodes, and the number of positive cells was statistically significant between different intestinal segments (P<0.05). The FcμR is expressed in lymphoid follicular B cells, which not only facilitates the body's ability to regulate secretory IgM levels, but also acts as a local immune defence barrier. The small intestine has dual functions of immune tolerance and immune response, the proximal part mainly focuses on immune tolerance, and the distal part mainly focuses on immune response. This distribution ensures the unity of the duodenal absorption and immune defence, and also significantly increases the efficiency of the entire small intestine, which is why the number of FcμR positive cells decreases in the order of duodenal lymph nodes, jejunal lymph nodes and ileal lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Fei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian fei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying dong Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li ping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ke Jiang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei wei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wen hui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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2
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Pontarollo G, Kollar B, Mann A, Khuu MP, Kiouptsi K, Bayer F, Brandão I, Zinina VV, Hahlbrock J, Malinarich F, Mimmler M, Bhushan S, Marini F, Ruf W, Belheouane M, Baines JF, Endres K, Reba SM, Raker VK, Deppermann C, Welsch C, Bosmann M, Soshnikova N, Chassaing B, Bergentall M, Sommer F, Bäckhed F, Reinhardt C. Commensal bacteria weaken the intestinal barrier by suppressing epithelial neuropilin-1 and Hedgehog signaling. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1174-1187. [PMID: 37414930 PMCID: PMC10365997 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota influences intestinal barrier integrity through mechanisms that are incompletely understood. Here we show that the commensal microbiota weakens the intestinal barrier by suppressing epithelial neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Microbial colonization of germ-free mice dampens signaling of the intestinal Hh pathway through epithelial Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, resulting in decreased epithelial NRP1 protein levels. Following activation via TLR2/TLR6, epithelial NRP1, a positive-feedback regulator of Hh signaling, is lysosomally degraded. Conversely, elevated epithelial NRP1 levels in germ-free mice are associated with a strengthened gut barrier. Functionally, intestinal epithelial cell-specific Nrp1 deficiency (Nrp1ΔIEC) results in decreased Hh pathway activity and a weakened gut barrier. In addition, Nrp1ΔIEC mice have a reduced density of capillary networks in their small intestinal villus structures. Collectively, our results reveal a role for the commensal microbiota and epithelial NRP1 signaling in the regulation of intestinal barrier function through postnatal control of Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pontarollo
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bettina Kollar
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Amrit Mann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - My Phung Khuu
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RhineMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franziska Bayer
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Inês Brandão
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valeriya V Zinina
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Hahlbrock
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frano Malinarich
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Mimmler
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sudhanshu Bhushan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RhineMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Meriem Belheouane
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University and Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - John F Baines
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University and Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Scott M Reba
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Verena K Raker
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carsten Deppermann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RhineMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Welsch
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalia Soshnikova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- INSERM U1016, Team 'Mucosal microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases', CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mattias Bergentall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Felix Sommer
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Region Västra Götland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RhineMain, Mainz, Germany.
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Saleem W, Ren X, Van Den Broeck W, Nauwynck H. Changes in intestinal morphology, number of mucus-producing cells and expression of coronavirus receptors APN, DPP4, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in pigs with aging. Vet Res 2023; 54:34. [PMID: 37055856 PMCID: PMC10100624 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine enteric viral infections cause high morbidity and mortality in young piglets (<3 weeks). Later, these rates decrease with age. This age-dependent infectivity remains largely unexplored. This study investigated the changes in intestinal morphology, number of mucus-producing cells and expression level of coronavirus receptors in three age groups of pigs. Villus height and crypt depth increased with age from 3 days to 3 months in duodenum and ileum but not in mid-jejunum, where the villus height decreased from 580 µm at 3 days to 430 µm at 3 months. Enterocyte length-to-width ratio increased from 3 days to 3 months in all intestinal regions. The number of mucus-producing cells increased with age in the intestinal villi and crypts. The Brunner's glands of the duodenum contained the highest concentration of mucus-producing cells. The expression of coronavirus receptor APN was highest in the small intestinal villi at all ages. DPP4 expression slightly decreased over time in jejunum and ileum; it was highest in the ileal villi of 3-day-old piglets (70.2% of cells). ACE2 and TMPRSS2 positive cells increased with age in jejunal and ileal crypts and were particularly dominant in the ileal crypts (> 45% of cells). Except for the expression of DPP4 in the jejunum and ileum of young pigs, the expression pattern of the selected coronavirus receptors was very different and not correlated with the age-dependent susceptibility to viral infections. In contrast, the number of mucus-producing cells increased over time and may play an essential role in protecting enteric mucosae against intestinal viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Saleem
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Xiaolei Ren
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Lee MD, Pedroso AA, Lumpkins B, Cho Y, Maurer JJ. Pioneer colonizers: Bacteria that alter the chicken intestinal morphology and development of the microbiota. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1139321. [PMID: 37064908 PMCID: PMC10090334 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1139321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes commonly administered to chickens facilitate development of a beneficial microbiome that improves gut function, feed conversion and reduces pathogen colonization. Competitive exclusion products, derived from the cecal contents of hens and shown to reduce Salmonella colonization in chicks, possess important pioneer-colonizing bacteria needed for proper intestinal development and animal growth. We hypothesized that inoculation of these pioneer-colonizing bacteria to day of hatch chicks would enhance the development of their intestinal anatomy and microbiome. A competitive exclusion product was administered to broiler chickens, in their drinking water, at day of hatch, and its impact on intestinal morphometrics, intestinal microbiome, and production parameters, was assessed relative to a control, no treatment group. 16S rRNA gene, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) was used to assess ileal community composition. The competitive exclusion product, administered on day of hatch, increased villus height, villus height/width ratio and goblet cell production ∼1.25-fold and expression of enterocyte sugar transporters 1.25 to 1.5-fold in chickens at 3 days of age, compared to the control group. As a next step, chicks were inoculated with a defined formulation, containing Bacteroidia and Clostridia representing pioneer-colonizing bacteria of the two major bacterial phyla present in the competitive exclusion product. The defined formulation, containing both groups of bacteria, were shown, dependent on age, to improve villus height (jejunum: 1.14 to 1.46-fold; ileum: 1.17-fold), goblet cell numbers (ileum 1.32 to 2.51-fold), and feed efficiency (1.18-fold, day 1) while decreasing Lactobacillus ileal abundance by one-third to half in birds at 16 and 42 days of age, respectively; compared to the phosphate buffered saline treatment group. Therefore, specific probiotic formulations containing pioneer colonizing species can provide benefits in intestinal development, feed efficiency and body weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margie D. Lee
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Margie D. Lee,
| | - Adriana A. Pedroso
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brett Lumpkins
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Youngjae Cho
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - John J. Maurer
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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The Local Activation of Toll-like Receptor 7 (TLR7) Modulates Colonic Epithelial Barrier Function in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021254. [PMID: 36674770 PMCID: PMC9865626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-mediated host-bacterial interactions participate in the microbial regulation of gastrointestinal functions, including the epithelial barrier function (EBF). We evaluated the effects of TLR7 stimulation on the colonic EBF in rats. TLR7 was stimulated with the selective agonist imiquimod (100/300 µg/rat, intracolonic), with or without the intracolonic administration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Colonic EBF was assessed in vitro (electrophysiology and permeability to macromolecules, Ussing chamber) and in vivo (passage of macromolecules to blood and urine). Changes in the expression (RT-qPCR) and distribution (immunohistochemistry) of tight junction-related proteins were determined. Expression of proglucagon, precursor of the barrier-enhancer factor glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) was also assessed (RT-qPCR). Intracolonic imiquimod enhanced the EBF in vitro, reducing the epithelial conductance and the passage of macromolecules, thus indicating a pro-barrier effect of TLR7. However, the combination of TLR7 stimulation and DMSO had a detrimental effect on the EBF, which manifested as an increased passage of macromolecules. DMSO alone had no effect. The modulation of the EBF (imiquimod alone or with DMSO) was not associated with changes in gene expression or the epithelial distribution of the main tight junction-related proteins (occludin, tricellulin, claudin-2, claudin-3, junctional adhesion molecule 1 and Zonula occludens-1). No changes in the proglucagon expression were observed. These results show that TLR7 stimulation leads to the modulation of the colonic EBF, having beneficial or detrimental effects depending upon the state of the epithelium. The underlying mechanisms remain elusive, but seem independent of the modulation of the main tight junction-related proteins or the barrier-enhancer factor GLP-2.
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Lee J, González-Vega JC, Htoo JK, Yang C, Nyachoti CM. Effects of dietary protein content and crystalline amino acid supplementation patterns on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, and immune response in weaned pigs raised under different sanitary conditions. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac285. [PMID: 36062846 PMCID: PMC9527300 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) contents and crystalline amino acids (CAA) supplementation patterns on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, and immune response in weaned pigs under clean (CSC) or unclean sanitary conditions (USC). A total of 144 weaned pigs (6.35 ± 0.63 kg body weight) were assigned to 6 treatments in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement based on CP content and sanitary conditions using a randomized complete block design, giving 8 replicates per treatment with 3 pigs per pen. Pigs were fed one of three diets for 21 d: one high CP (HCP; 22%) and two low CP (LCP; 19%) diets supplemented with 9 indispensable AA or only 6 AA (Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val, and Ile) as CAA. The CSC room was washed weekly, whereas the USC room had sow manure spread in the pens and was not washed throughout the experiment. Body weight and feed disappearance were recorded weekly. Blood was sampled from 1 pig per pen weekly, and the same pig was euthanized for jejunal tissues sampling on day 21. Pigs raised under USC had reduced (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) in week 2, but contrary results that greater (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F were found in pigs under USC in week 3. Overall, there was an interaction where G:F did not differ between HCP and LCP under CSC, however, LCP decreased (P < 0.05) G:F compared to HCP under USC. Pigs fed the HCP diet had higher (P < 0.05) fecal scores than those fed the LCP diets throughout the experiment. Pigs fed the LCP had higher (P < 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio than those fed the HCP. An interaction was observed where goblet cell density in the jejunum was higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed LCP than HCP under CSC, but no difference was found between HCP and LCP under USC. Different CAA supplementation patterns did not influence both growth performance and histomorphology. Pigs raised under USC had greater (P < 0.05) plasma interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 concentrations and reduced (P < 0.05) plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentration. Also, the LCP diets resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) plasma IL-10 concentration. In conclusion, overall growth performance did not differ between HCP and LCP under CSC, but LCP diets reduced G:F under USC. Feeding LCP diets to weaned pigs improved gut morphology under USC and ameliorated systemic inflammation induced by USC, whereas CAA supplementation patterns did not affect growth performance and gut morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2Canada
| | | | - John Kyaw Htoo
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee, Hanau-Wolfgang, Hessen 63457, Germany
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2Canada
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Flitter BA, Braun MR, Tucker SN. Drop the Needle; A Temperature Stable Oral Tablet Vaccine Is Protective against Respiratory Viral Pathogens. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040593. [PMID: 35455342 PMCID: PMC9031097 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To effectively combat emerging infections and prevent future pandemics, next generation vaccines must be developed quickly, manufactured rapidly, and most critically, administered easily. Next generation vaccines need innovative approaches that prevent infection, severe disease, and reduce community transmission of respiratory pathogens such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Here we review an oral vaccine tablet that can be manufactured and released in less than 16 weeks of antigen design and deployed without the need for cold chain. The oral Ad5 modular vaccine platform utilizes a non-replicating adenoviral vector (rAd5) containing a novel molecular TLR3 adjuvant that is delivered by tablet, not by needle. This enterically coated, room temperature-stable vaccine tablet elicits robust antigen-specific IgA in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts and upregulates mucosal homing adhesion molecules on circulating B and T cells. Several influenza antigens have been tested using this novel vaccine approach and demonstrated efficacy in both preclinical animal models and in phase I/II clinical trials, including in a human challenge study. This oral rAd5 vaccine platform technology offers a promising new avenue for aiding in rapid pandemic preparedness and equitable worldwide vaccine distribution.
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Ohlsson L, Isaxon C, Wrighton S, El Ouahidi W, Fornell L, Uller L, Ansar S, Voss U. Short-term exposure to urban PM 2.5 particles induces histopathological and inflammatory changes in the rat small intestine. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15249. [PMID: 35416410 PMCID: PMC9006536 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution and exposure to fine airborne particles with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5 ) negatively impacts human health. Airways constitute a primary route of exposure but PM2.5 -contaminated food, drinks as well as mucociliary and hepatobiliary clearance all constitute potential entry points into the intestine. This study evaluated intestinal histopathological and inflammatory changes as well as enteric neuronal numbers after short- or long-term exposure to urban PM2.5 . Using a nebulizer, male rats were exposed to a mist with a concentration of 5.3mg PM2.5 /m3 for 8 h (short term) or 1.8 mg PM2.5 /m3 for 3 h/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks (long-term) with controls run in parallel. Samples were taken from three regions of the small intestine as well as the colon. Results showed that short-term exposure to PM2.5 induces mucosal lesions and reduces IL1β levels in the small intestine but not colon. No significant changes were observed after long-term exposure, suggesting the presence of intestinal adaptation to environmental stressors in the PM2.5 . To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically characterize regional effects along the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ohlsson
- Unit of Experimental Vascular ResearchDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol TechnologyDepartment of Design SciencesLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Sebastian Wrighton
- Division of Infection MedicineDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Wissal El Ouahidi
- Unit of Applied Neurovascular ResearchDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Lisa Fornell
- Unit of Applied Neurovascular ResearchDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Lena Uller
- Unit of Respiratory ImmunopharmacologyDepartment of Experimental Medical SciencesLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Saema Ansar
- Unit of Applied Neurovascular ResearchDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Ulrikke Voss
- Unit of Applied Neurovascular ResearchDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityLundSweden
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Geervliet M, de Vries H, Jansen CA, Rutten VPMG, van Hees H, Wen C, Skovgaard K, Antonello G, Savelkoul HFJ, Smidt H, Tijhaar E, Wells JM. Effects of E scherichia coli Nissle 1917 on the Porcine Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Epithelium and Immune System in Early Life. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:842437. [PMID: 35283814 PMCID: PMC8914288 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in life and particularly around weaning, piglets are susceptible to infections because of abrupt social, environmental, and dietary changes. Dietary interventions with probiotic bacteria have gained popularity because of the increased awareness of the direct link between diet and health. In this study, piglets received the probiotic strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) or a control treatment perorally from day 2 after birth until 2 weeks post-weaning. To investigate spatio-temporal effects of EcN on the gut microbiota composition, intestinal epithelial gene expression and immune system, feces, digesta, blood, scraping material and mesenteric lymph node tissue were collected at different time points. In addition, oral vaccinations against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium were administered on days 21 and 45 of the study to assess the immunocompetence. EcN-treated pigs showed a reduced diversity of taxa within the phylum Proteobacteria and a lower relative abundance of taxa within the genus Treponema during the pre-weaning period. Moreover, EcN induced T cell proliferation and Natural Killer cell activation in blood and enhanced IL-10 production in ex vivo stimulated mesenteric lymph node cells, the latter pointing toward a more regulatory or anti-inflammatory state of the local gut-associated immune system. These outcomes were primarily observed pre-weaning. No significant differences were observed between the treatment groups with regards to body weight, epithelial gene expression, and immune response upon vaccination. Differences observed during the post-weaning period between the treatment groups were modest. Overall, this study demonstrates that the pre-weaning period offers a 'window of opportunity' to modulate the porcine gut microbiota and immune system through dietary interventions such as EcN supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirelle Geervliet
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hugo de Vries
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Christine A. Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Victor P. M. G. Rutten
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hubèrt van Hees
- Research and Development, Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, Netherlands
| | - Caifang Wen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Giacomo Antonello
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Edwin Tijhaar
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jerry M. Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Crame EE, Bowen JM, Secombe KR, Coller JK, François M, Leifert W, Wardill HR. Epithelial-Specific TLR4 Knockout Challenges Current Evidence of TLR4 Homeostatic Control of Gut Permeability. Inflamm Intest Dis 2022; 6:199-209. [PMID: 35083285 DOI: 10.1159/000519200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a highly conserved immunosurveillance protein of innate immunity, displaying well-established roles in homeostasis and intestinal inflammation. Current evidence shows complex relationships between TLR4 activation, maintenance of health, and disease progression; however, it commonly overlooks the importance of site-specific TLR4 expression. This omission has the potential to influence translation of results as previous evidence shows the differing and distinct roles that TLR4 exhibits are dependent on its spatiotemporal expression. Methods An intestinal epithelial TLR4 conditional knockout (KO) mouse line (Tlr4ΔIEC, n = 6-8) was utilized to dissect the contribution of epithelial TLR4 expression to intestinal homeostasis with comparisons to wild-type (WT) (n = 5-7) counterparts. Functions of the intestinal barrier in the ileum and colon were assessed with tissue resistance in Ussing chambers. Molecular and structural comparisons in the ileum and colon were assessed via histological staining, expression of tight junction proteins (occludin and zonular occludin 1 [ZO-1]), and presence of CD11b-positive immune cells. Results There was no impact of the intestinal epithelial TLR4 KO, with no differences in (1) tissue resistance-ileum (mean ± standard error of mean [SEM]): WT 22 ± 7.2 versus Tlr4ΔIEC 20 ± 5.6 (Ω × cm2) p = 0.831, colon WT 30.8 ± 3.6 versus Tlr4ΔIEC 45.1 ± 9.5 p = 0.191; (2) histological staining (overall tissue structure); and (3) tight junction protein expression (% area stain, mean ± SEM)-ZO-1: ileum-WT 1.49 ± 0.155 versus Tlr4ΔIEC 1.17 ± 0.07, p = 0.09; colon-WT 1.36 ± 0.26 versus Tlr4ΔIEC 1.12 ± 0.18 p = 0.47; occludin: ileum-WT 1.07 ± 0.12 versus Tlr4ΔIEC 0.95 ± 0.13, p = 0.53; colon-WT 1.26 ± 0.26 versus Tlr4ΔIEC 1.02 ± 0.16 p = 0.45. CD11b-positive immune cells (% area stain, mean ± SEM) in the ileum were mildly decreased in WT mice: WT 0.14 ± 0.02 versus Tlr4ΔIEC 0.09 ± 0.01 p = 0.04. However, in the colon, there was no difference in CD11b-positive immune cells between strains: WT 0.53 ± 0.08 versus Tlr4ΔIEC 0.49 ± 0.08 p = 0.73. Conclusions These data have 2 important implications. First, these data refute the assumption that epithelial TLR4 exerts physiological control of intestinal physiology and immunity in health. Second, and most importantly, these data support the use of the Tlr4ΔIEC line in future models interrogating health and disease, confirming no confounding effects of genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise E Crame
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kate R Secombe
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Janet K Coller
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maxime François
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Nutrition and Health Program, Molecular Diagnostic Solutions Group, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wayne Leifert
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Nutrition and Health Program, Molecular Diagnostic Solutions Group, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hannah R Wardill
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, The University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Tecos ME, Steinberger AE, Guo J, Warner BW. Distal Small Bowel Resection Yields Enhanced Intestinal and Colonic Adaptation. J Surg Res 2022; 273:100-109. [PMID: 35033819 PMCID: PMC10364185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Murine ileocecal resection (ICR) has been used to investigate intestinal adaptation. The established model often includes the sacrifice of significant length of the proximal colon. Here, we optimized a highly selective vascular approach to the ICR, with primary jejunal-colic anastomosis yielding maximal colonic preservation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty C57BL/6 mice underwent a highly vascularly selective ICR. The terminal branches of the ileocecal artery are isolated apart from the mesenteric branches supplying the small bowel to be resected. The distal 50% of small bowel and cecum are resected; a primary jejuno-colonic anastomosis is performed. Animals were sacrificed at postoperative weeks 2 (n = 10) and 10 (n = 29). Proximal 50% small bowel resection (SBR) with jejuno-ileal anastomosis was also performed for comparison. RESULTS The entire colon (with exception of the cecum) was preserved in 100% of animals. Ninety-seven percent of animals survived to postoperative week 10, and all exhibited structural adaptation in the remnant small intestine epithelium. Crypts deepened by 175%, and villi lengthened by 106%, versus 39% and 29% in the proximal SBR cohort, respectively. Colonic proliferation, structural adaptation, and functional adaptation (measured by p-histone 3, luminal-facing apical crypt border size, and sucrase isomaltase, respectively) were increased in ICR compared with proximal SBR. CONCLUSIONS Highly selective isolation of the cecal vasculature allows for greater colon preservation and yields enhanced remnant intestine epithelial adaptation. ICR is also associated with greater colonic adaptation and unique plasticity toward an intestinal phenotype. These findings underscore major differences between resection sites and offer insights into the critical adaptive mechanisms in response to massive intestinal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Tecos
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington, University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Allie E Steinberger
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington, University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington, University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jun Guo
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington, University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brad W Warner
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington, University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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12
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Isoquinoline Alkaloids in Sows' Diet Reduce Body Weight Loss during Lactation and Increase IgG in Colostrum. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082195. [PMID: 34438653 PMCID: PMC8388448 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Plant extracts containing isoquinoline alkaloids (IQ) have been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory properties. In pigs, IQ supplementation has been shown to downregulate the stress response and improve the digestibility of nutrients. The present experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementing sows’ diets with IQ during gestation would decrease stress at farrowing and improve colostrum quality, positively affecting the piglets’ health and performance. Abstract Isoquinoline alkaloids (IQ) exert beneficial antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects in livestock. Therefore, we hypothesized that supplementing sows’ diets with IQ during gestation would decrease farrowing stress, affecting the piglets’ development and performance. Sows were divided into: IQ1, supplemented with IQ from gestation day 80 (G80) to weaning; IQ2, supplemented from gestation day 110 (G110) to weaning, and a non-supplemented (NC) group. Sow body weight (BW), feed intake, back-fat thickness and back-muscle thickness were monitored. Cortisol, glucose and insulin were measured in sows’ blood collected 5 d before, during, and after 7 d farrowing. Protein, fat, IgA and IgG were analyzed in the colostrum and milk. Piglets were monitored for weight and diarrhea score, and for ileum histology and gene expression 5 d post-weaning. IQ-supplemented sows lost less BW during lactation. Glucose and insulin levels were lower in the IQ groups compared to NC-sows 5 d before farrowing and had higher levels of protein and IgG in their colostrum. No other differences were observed in sows, nor in the measured parameters in piglets. In conclusion, IQ supplementation affected sows’ metabolism, reducing body weight loss during lactation. Providing IQ to sows from their entrance into the maternity barn might be sufficient to induce these effects. IQ improved colostrum quality, increasing the protein and IgG content, improving passive immunity for piglets.
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13
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Courtney CM, Onufer EJ, McDonald KG, Steinberger AE, Sescleifer AM, Seiler KM, Tecos ME, Newberry RD, Warner BW. Small Bowel Resection Increases Paracellular Gut Barrier Permeability via Alterations of Tight Junction Complexes Mediated by Intestinal TLR4. J Surg Res 2021; 258:73-81. [PMID: 33002664 PMCID: PMC7937530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short bowel syndrome resulting from small bowel resection (SBR) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Many adverse sequelae including steatohepatitis and bacterial overgrowth are thought to be related to increased bacterial translocation, suggesting alterations in gut permeability. We hypothesized that after intestinal resection, the intestinal barrier is altered via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling at the intestinal level. METHODS B6 and intestinal-specific TLR4 knockout (iTLR4 KO) mice underwent 50% SBR or sham operation. Transcellular permeability was evaluated by measuring goblet cell associated antigen passages via two-photon microscopy. Fluorimetry and electron microscopy evaluation of tight junctions (TJ) were used to assess paracellular permeability. In parallel experiments, single-cell RNA sequencing measured expression of intestinal integral TJ proteins. Western blot and immunohistochemistry confirmed the results of the single-cell RNA sequencing. RESULTS There were similar number of goblet cell associated antigen passages after both SBR and sham operation (4.5 versus 5.0, P > 0.05). Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran uptake into the serum after massive SBR was significantly increased compared with sham mice (2.13 ± 0.39 ng/μL versus 1.62 ± 0.23 ng/μL, P < 0.001). SBR mice demonstrated obscured TJ complexes on electron microscopy. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a decrease in TJ protein occludin (21%) after SBR (P < 0.05), confirmed with immunostaining and western blot analysis. The KO of iTLR4 mitigated the alterations in permeability after SBR. CONCLUSIONS Permeability after SBR is increased via changes at the paracellular level. However, these alterations were prevented in iTLR4 mice. These findings suggest potential protein targets for restoring the intestinal barrier and obviating the adverse sequelae of short bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen M Courtney
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Emily J Onufer
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Keely G McDonald
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Allie E Steinberger
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Anne M Sescleifer
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kristen M Seiler
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Maria E Tecos
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Rodney D Newberry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brad W Warner
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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Gu BH, Kim M, Yun CH. Regulation of Gastrointestinal Immunity by Metabolites. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010167. [PMID: 33430497 PMCID: PMC7826526 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract contains multiple types of immune cells that maintain the balance between tolerance and activation at the first line of host defense facing non-self antigens, including dietary antigens, commensal bacteria, and sometimes unexpected pathogens. The maintenance of homeostasis at the gastrointestinal tract requires stringent regulation of immune responses against various environmental conditions. Dietary components can be converted into gut metabolites with unique functional activities through host as well as microbial enzymatic activities. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that gastrointestinal metabolites have significant impacts on the regulation of intestinal immunity and are further integrated into the immune response of distal mucosal tissue. Metabolites, especially those derived from the microbiota, regulate immune cell functions in various ways, including the recognition and activation of cell surface receptors, the control of gene expression by epigenetic regulation, and the integration of cellular metabolism. These mucosal immune regulations are key to understanding the mechanisms underlying the development of gastrointestinal disorders. Here, we review recent advancements in our understanding of the role of gut metabolites in the regulation of gastrointestinal immunity, highlighting the cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms by macronutrient-derived metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Hee Gu
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea;
| | - Myunghoo Kim
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea;
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (C.-H.Y.)
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25354, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (C.-H.Y.)
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15
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Onfroy-Roy L, Hamel D, Foncy J, Malaquin L, Ferrand A. Extracellular Matrix Mechanical Properties and Regulation of the Intestinal Stem Cells: When Mechanics Control Fate. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122629. [PMID: 33297478 PMCID: PMC7762382 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISC) are crucial players in colon epithelium physiology. The accurate control of their auto-renewal, proliferation and differentiation capacities provides a constant flow of regeneration, maintaining the epithelial intestinal barrier integrity. Under stress conditions, colon epithelium homeostasis in disrupted, evolving towards pathologies such as inflammatory bowel diseases or colorectal cancer. A specific environment, namely the ISC niche constituted by the surrounding mesenchymal stem cells, the factors they secrete and the extracellular matrix (ECM), tightly controls ISC homeostasis. Colon ECM exerts physical constraint on the enclosed stem cells through peculiar topography, stiffness and deformability. However, little is known on the molecular and cellular events involved in ECM regulation of the ISC phenotype and fate. To address this question, combining accurately reproduced colon ECM mechanical parameters to primary ISC cultures such as organoids is an appropriated approach. Here, we review colon ECM physical properties at physiological and pathological states and their bioengineered in vitro reproduction applications to ISC studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Onfroy-Roy
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence: (L.O.-R.); (A.F.); Tel.: +33-5-62-744-522 (A.F.)
| | - Dimitri Hamel
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France;
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (J.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Julie Foncy
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (J.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Laurent Malaquin
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (J.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence: (L.O.-R.); (A.F.); Tel.: +33-5-62-744-522 (A.F.)
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16
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Uhlig F, Grundy L, Garcia-Caraballo S, Brierley SM, Foster SJ, Grundy D. Identification of a Quorum Sensing-Dependent Communication Pathway Mediating Bacteria-Gut-Brain Cross Talk. iScience 2020; 23:101695. [PMID: 33163947 PMCID: PMC7607502 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recently established contributions of the intestinal microbiome to human health and disease, our understanding of bacteria-host communication pathways with regard to the gut-brain axis remains limited. Here we provide evidence that intestinal neurons are able to "sense" bacteria independently of the host immune system. Using supernatants from cultures of the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) we demonstrate the release of mediators with neuromodulatory properties at high population density. These mediators induced a biphasic response in extrinsic sensory afferent nerves, increased membrane permeability in cultured sensory neurons, and altered intestinal motility and secretion. Genetic manipulation of S. aureus revealed two key quorum sensing-regulated classes of pore forming toxins that mediate excitation and inhibition of extrinsic sensory nerves, respectively. As such, bacterial mediators have the potential to directly modulate gut-brain communication to influence intestinal symptoms and reflex function in vivo, contributing to homeostatic, behavioral, and sensory consequences of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Uhlig
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Luke Grundy
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sonia Garcia-Caraballo
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Simon J. Foster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David Grundy
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Interferes with Swine Influenza A Virus Infection of Epithelial Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030508. [PMID: 32899579 PMCID: PMC7565700 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections are still a major concern in pigs. Amongst the involved viruses, the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and the swine influenza type A virus (swIAV) have a major impact. These viruses frequently encounter and dual infections are reported. We analyzed here the molecular interactions between viruses and porcine tracheal epithelial cells as well as lung tissue. PRRSV-1 species do not infect porcine respiratory epithelial cells. However, PRRSV-1, when inoculated simultaneously or shortly before swIAV, was able to inhibit swIAV H1N2 infection, modulate the interferon response and alter signaling protein phosphorylations (ERK, AKT, AMPK, and JAK2), in our conditions. SwIAV inhibition was also observed, although at a lower level, by inactivated PRRSV-1, whereas acid wash treatment inactivating non-penetrated viruses suppressed the interference effect. PRRSV-1 and swIAV may interact at several stages, before their attachment to the cells, when they attach to their receptors, and later on. In conclusion, we showed for the first time that PRRSV can alter the relation between swIAV and its main target cells, opening the doors to further studies on the interplay between viruses. Consequences of these peculiar interactions on viral infections and vaccinations using modified live vaccines require further investigations.
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Cell death in the gut epithelium and implications for chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:543-556. [PMID: 32651553 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium has one of the highest rates of cellular turnover in a process that is tightly regulated. As the transit-amplifying progenitors of the intestinal epithelium generate ~300 cells per crypt every day, regulated cell death and sloughing at the apical surface keeps the overall cell number in check. An aberrant increase in the rate of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) death underlies instances of extensive epithelial erosion, which is characteristic of several intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and infectious colitis. Emerging evidence points to a crucial role of necroptosis, autophagy and pyroptosis as important modes of programmed cell death in the intestine in addition to apoptosis. The mode of cell death affects tissue restitution responses and ultimately the long-term risks of intestinal fibrosis and colorectal cancer. A vicious cycle of intestinal barrier breach, misregulated cell death and subsequent inflammation is at the heart of chronic inflammatory and infectious gastrointestinal diseases. This Review discusses the underlying molecular and cellular underpinnings that control programmed cell death in IECs, which emerge during intestinal diseases. Translational aspects of cell death modulation for the development of novel therapeutic alternatives for inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer are also discussed.
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19
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Bruning EE, Coller JK, Wardill HR, Bowen JM. Site-specific contribution of Toll-like receptor 4 to intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory disease. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:877-888. [PMID: 32730645 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a highly conserved protein of innate immunity, responsible for the regulation and maintenance of homeostasis, as well as immune recognition of external and internal ligands. TLR4 is expressed on a variety of cell types throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including on epithelial and immune cell populations. In a healthy state, epithelial cell expression of TLR4 greatly assists in homeostasis by shaping the host microbiome, promoting immunoglobulin A production, and regulating follicle-associated epithelium permeability. In contrast, immune cell expression of TLR4 in healthy states is primarily centred on the maturation of dendritic cells in response to stimuli, as well as adequately priming the adaptive immune system to fight infection and promote immune memory. Hence, in a healthy state, there is a clear distinction in the site-specific roles of TLR4 expression. Similarly, recent research has indicated the importance of site-specific TLR4 expression in inflammation and disease, particularly the impact of epithelial-specific TLR4 on disease progression. However, the majority of evidence still remains ambiguous for cell-specific observations, with many studies failing to provide the distinction of epithelial versus immune cell expression of TLR4, preventing specific mechanistic insight and greatly impacting the translation of results. The following review provides a critical overview of the current understanding of site-specific TLR4 activity and its contribution to intestinal/immune homeostasis and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise E Bruning
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Janet K Coller
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hannah R Wardill
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, The University of Groningen (University Medical Centre Groningen), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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González-Quilen C, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Beltrán-Debón R, Pinent M, Ardévol A, Blay MT, Terra X. Health-Promoting Properties of Proanthocyanidins for Intestinal Dysfunction. Nutrients 2020; 12:E130. [PMID: 31906505 PMCID: PMC7019584 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is constantly exposed to potentially harmful environmental factors, including food components and bacterial endotoxins. When intestinal barrier function and immune homeostasis are compromised (intestinal dysfunction), inflammatory conditions may develop and impact overall health. Evidence from experimental animal and cell culture studies suggests that exposure of intestinal mucosa to proanthocyanidin (PAC)-rich plant products, such as grape seeds, may contribute to maintaining the barrier function and to ameliorating the pathological inflammation present in diet-induced obesity and inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we aim to update the current knowledge on the bioactivity of PACs in experimental models of intestinal dysfunction and in humans, and to provide insights into the underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - M Teresa Blay
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-Q.); (E.R.-G.); (R.B.-D.); (M.P.); (A.A.); (X.T.)
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Arnaud AP, Rome V, Richard M, Formal M, David-Le Gall S, Boudry G. Post-natal co-development of the microbiota and gut barrier function follows different paths in the small and large intestine in piglets. FASEB J 2019; 34:1430-1446. [PMID: 31914707 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902514r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota and intestinal barrier co-develop after birth, establishing a homeostatic state whereby mucosal cells cohabit with commensal bacteria. We hypothesized that this post-natal co-development follows different timings depending on the intestinal site considered. Jejunal, ileal, and colonic luminal contents and mucosa were sampled in suckling piglets at post-natal day (PND) 0, 2, 7, 14, and 28. Jejunal, ileal, and colonic luminal microbiota (evaluated by 16S DNA sequencing followed by beta-diversity analysis) clustered at PND2 but colonic microbiota diverge afterwards (P < .05). Mucosal permeability, evaluated in Ussing chambers, increased with age in the jejunum and ileum (P < .05) but not the colon. Expression of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) exhibited different patterns (gradual or sharp increase, decrease, or no change with age, P < .05) depending on PRR and intestinal site considered. Principal component analysis of mucosa data revealed clear clustering of colonic samples, irrespective of the age and clustering of jejunal and ileal samples, with gradual changes with age. Correlation analysis highlighted three families correlating with mucosal parameters: Enterobacteriaceae in the jejunum, Peptostreptococcaceae in the ileum, and Micrococcaceae in the colon. In conclusion, small and large intestine display close microbiota composition early in life but distinct mucosal phenotype and follow very different post-natal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Pierre Arnaud
- Institut NuMeCan, INRA, INSERM, Univ Rennes, St-Gilles, France.,Service de chirurgie pédiatrique, CHU rennes, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Véronique Rome
- Institut NuMeCan, INRA, INSERM, Univ Rennes, St-Gilles, France
| | - Marion Richard
- Institut NuMeCan, INRA, INSERM, Univ Rennes, St-Gilles, France
| | - Michèle Formal
- Institut NuMeCan, INRA, INSERM, Univ Rennes, St-Gilles, France
| | | | - Gaëlle Boudry
- Institut NuMeCan, INRA, INSERM, Univ Rennes, St-Gilles, France
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22
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Pitarokoili K, Bachir H, Sgodzai M, Grüter T, Haupeltshofer S, Duscha A, Pedreiturria X, Motte J, Gold R. Induction of Regulatory Properties in the Intestinal Immune System by Dimethyl Fumarate in Lewis Rat Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2132. [PMID: 31552056 PMCID: PMC6746892 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) exerts immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects in the animal model of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) in the Lewis rat. DMF has been shown to modulate gut microbiota in veterinary medicine, however the effects of oral DMF on the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) remain unknown. Methods: Lewis rats were treated orally twice daily with DMF up to day 10 after immunization with immunogenic P2 peptide. Histological, flow cytometric and RT-PCR analyses of the GALT (intraepithelial layer, lamina propria, and Peyer patches) in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were performed ex vivo. Moreover, cell transfer experiments were used to examine the protective effects of GALT regulatory T cells of the Peyer patches. Results: In the upper layers of duodenum, DMF induced a reduction of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA expression. This was combined by a decrease of the pro-inflammatory lamina propria IFN-γ mRNA expression. In the ileum, we detected an immunoregulatory phenotype characterized by an increase of FoxP3 mRNA expression and of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived-2)- like 2 (Nrf2) downstream molecule heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA. Finally, CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells were increased in the Peyer patches. In vivo, the protective effect of these regulatory cells was verified by cell transfer into recipient EAN rats. Conclusions: Our results identified a novel immunomodulatory effect of DMF through the different regions and layers of the small intestine, which led to an increase of regulatory T cells, exerting a protective role in experimental neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Pitarokoili
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hussein Bachir
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Melissa Sgodzai
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Grüter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Steffen Haupeltshofer
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Duscha
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Xiomara Pedreiturria
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jeremias Motte
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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23
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Rabiei N, Ahmadi Badi S, Ettehad Marvasti F, Nejad Sattari T, Vaziri F, Siadat SD. Induction effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and its extracellular vesicles on toll-like receptor signaling pathway gene expression and cytokine level in human intestinal epithelial cells. Cytokine 2019; 121:154718. [PMID: 31153056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A single layer of epithelial cells creates an interface between the host and microorganisms colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. In a healthy intestine, commensal bacteria and their metabolites can interact with epithelial cells as they are identified by Toll-like receptors (TLRs); This interaction results in homeostasis and immune responses. The present study aimed at evaluating Faecalibacterium prausnitzii- and extracellular vesicles (EVs)-induced expression of involved genes in TLRs signaling pathway and cytokines production in Caco-2 cell line. In this study, Caco-2 cell line was treated with F. prausitzii and its EVs. Using the protein levels of 12 cytokines were also evaluated by ELISA assay. F. prausnitzii induced upregulation in FOS, JUN, TNF-α, NFKB1, TLR3, IKBKB and CD86 genes. Furthermore, stimulation of Caco-2 cells with EVs derived from F. prausnitzii induced upregulation of CXCL8, CCL2, FOS, MAP2K4, TLR7, TLR3, IRF1, NFKBIA and TNF-α genes. Based on ELISA assay, Caco-2 cells treated with F. prausnitzii and its EVs showed a significant increase in TNF-α, IL-4, IL-8, and IL-10 expression and significant decreased in IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17a, IFN-γ compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, EVs derived from F. prausnitzii showed greater efficacy in decreasing the inflammatory cytokines and increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokines, compared to F. prausnitzii. Our findings can be used as a theoretical model for EVs application in the potential treatment of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Rabiei
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ahmadi Badi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Taher Nejad Sattari
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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24
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Deoxynivalenol inhibits the expression of trefoil factors (TFF) by intestinal human and porcine goblet cells. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1039-1049. [PMID: 30854615 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factors (TFFs) are bioactive peptides expressed by several epithelia, including the intestine, where they regulate key functions such as tissue regeneration, barrier function and inflammation. Although food-associated mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON), are known to impact many intestinal functions, modulation of TFFs during mycotoxicosis has never been investigated. Here, we analyzed the effect of DON on TFFs expression using both human goblet cells (HT29-16E cells) and porcine intestinal explants. Results showed that very low doses of DON (nanomolar range) inhibit the secretion of TFFs by human goblet cells (IC50 of 361, 387 and 243 nM for TFF1, 2 and 3, respectively) and prevent wound healing. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of DON is related to a suppression of TFFs mRNA expression. Experiments conducted on porcine intestinal explants confirmed the results obtained on cells. Finally, the use of specific inhibitors of signal pathways demonstrated that DON-mediated suppression of TFFs expression mainly involved Protein Kinase R and the MAP kinases (MAPK) p38 and ERK1/2. Taken together, our results show for the first time that at very low doses, DON suppresses the expression and production of intestinal TFFs and alters wound healing. Given the critical role of TFFs in tissue repair, our results suggest that DON-mediated suppression of TFFs contributes to the alterations of intestinal integrity the caused by this toxin.
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25
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Ahmadi Badi S, Khatami SH, Irani SH, Siadat SD. Induction Effects of Bacteroides fragilis Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles on Toll Like Receptor 2, Toll Like Receptor 4 Genes Expression and Cytokines Concentration in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. CELL JOURNAL 2018; 21:57-61. [PMID: 30507089 PMCID: PMC6275420 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.5750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Gastrointestinal (GI) tract, like other mucosal surface, is colonized with a microbial population known as gut
microbiota. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) which are produced by gram negative bacteria could be sensed by Toll
like receptors (TLRs). The interaction between gut microbiota and TLRs affects homeostasis and immune responses.
In this study, we evaluated TLR2, TLR4 genes expression and cytokines concentration in Caco-2 cell line treated with
Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) and its OMVs.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, OMVs were extracted using sequential centrifugation and their
physicochemical properties were evaluated as part of quality control assessment. Caco-2 cells were treated with B.
fragilis and its OMVs (180 and 350 µg/ml). Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)
was performed to assess TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression levels. Pro-inflammatory (IFNᵧ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-
4 and IL-10) cytokines were evaluated by ELISA.
Results B. fragilis significantly decreased TLR2 and slightly increased TLR4 mRNA levels in Caco-2 cell line. The
TLR2 mRNA level was slightly increased at 180 and 350 µg/ml of OMVs. Conversely, the TLR4 mRNA level was
decreased at 180 µg/ml of OMVs, while it was significantly increased at 350 µg/ml of OMVs. Furthermore, B. fragilis
and its OMVs significantly increased and decreased IFNᵧ concentration, respectively. Anti-inflammatory cytokines were
increased by B. fragilis and its OMVs.
Conclusion B. fragilis and its OMVs have pivotal role in the cross talk between gut microbiota and the host especially
in the modulation of the immune system. Based on the last studies on immunomodulatory effect of B. fragilis derived
OMVs on immune cells and our results, we postulate that B. fragilis derived OMVs could be possible candidates for the
reduction of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ahmadi Badi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Hohreh Khatami
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Hiva Irani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Electronic Address:
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26
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Leblois J, Massart S, Soyeurt H, Grelet C, Dehareng F, Schroyen M, Li B, Wavreille J, Bindelle J, Everaert N. Feeding sows resistant starch during gestation and lactation impacts their faecal microbiota and milk composition but shows limited effects on their progeny. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199568. [PMID: 29969488 PMCID: PMC6029764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Establishment of a beneficial microbiota profile for piglets as early in life as possible is important as it will impact their future health. In the current study, we hypothesized that resistant starch (RS) provided in the maternal diet during gestation and lactation will be fermented in their hindgut, which would favourably modify their milk and/or gut microbiota composition and that it would in turn affect piglets’ microbiota profile and their absorptive and immune abilities. Methods In this experiment, 33% of pea starch was used in the diet of gestating and lactating sows and compared to control sows. Their faecal microbiota and milk composition were determined and the colonic microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production and gut health related parameters of the piglets were measured two days before weaning. In addition, their overall performances and post-weaning faecal score were also assessed. Results The RS diet modulated the faecal microbiota of the sows during gestation, increasing the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and the relative abundance of beneficial genera like Bifidobacterium but these differences disappeared during lactation and maternal diets did not impact the colonic microbiota of their progeny. Milk protein concentration decreased with RS diet and lactose concentration increased within the first weeks of lactation while decreased the week before weaning with the RS diet. No effect of the dietary treatment, on piglets’ bodyweight or diarrhoea frequency post-weaning was observed. Moreover, the intestinal morphology measured as villus height and crypt depths, and the inflammatory cytokines in the intestine of the piglets were not differentially expressed between maternal treatments. Only zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) was more expressed in the ileum of piglets born from RS sows, suggesting a better closure of the mucosa tight junctions. Conclusion Changes in the microbiota transferred from mother to piglets due to the inclusion of RS in the maternal diet are rather limited even though milk composition was affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Leblois
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
- Research Foundation for Industry and Agriculture, National Scientific Research Foundation (FRIA-FNRS), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail: (JL); (NE)
| | - Sébastien Massart
- Laboratory of Urban and Integrated PhytoPathology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hélène Soyeurt
- Laboratory of Statistics, Informatics and Modelling Applied to Bioengineering, AGROBIOCHEM Department, Teaching and Research Centre (TERRA), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Clément Grelet
- Valorisation of Agricultural Products Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Dehareng
- Valorisation of Agricultural Products Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Martine Schroyen
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Bing Li
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - José Wavreille
- Production and Sectors Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Bindelle
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Nadia Everaert
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
- * E-mail: (JL); (NE)
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27
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Parker A, Lawson MAE, Vaux L, Pin C. Host-microbe interaction in the gastrointestinal tract. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:2337-2353. [PMID: 28892253 PMCID: PMC6175405 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a highly complex organ in which multiple dynamic physiological processes are tightly coordinated while interacting with a dense and extremely diverse microbial population. From establishment in early life, through to host-microbe symbiosis in adulthood, the gut microbiota plays a vital role in our development and health. The effect of the microbiota on gut development and physiology is highlighted by anatomical and functional changes in germ-free mice, affecting the gut epithelium, immune system and enteric nervous system. Microbial colonisation promotes competent innate and acquired mucosal immune systems, epithelial renewal, barrier integrity, and mucosal vascularisation and innervation. Interacting or shared signalling pathways across different physiological systems of the gut could explain how all these changes are coordinated during postnatal colonisation, or after the introduction of microbiota into germ-free models. The application of cell-based in-vitro experimental systems and mathematical modelling can shed light on the molecular and signalling pathways which regulate the development and maintenance of homeostasis in the gut and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Parker
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
| | | | - Laura Vaux
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
| | - Carmen Pin
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
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28
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Maroilley T, Berri M, Lemonnier G, Esquerré D, Chevaleyre C, Mélo S, Meurens F, Coville JL, Leplat JJ, Rau A, Bed'hom B, Vincent-Naulleau S, Mercat MJ, Billon Y, Lepage P, Rogel-Gaillard C, Estellé J. Immunome differences between porcine ileal and jejunal Peyer's patches revealed by global transcriptome sequencing of gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9077. [PMID: 29899562 PMCID: PMC5998120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of the intestinal mucosa and the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) constitute an essential physical and immunological barrier against pathogens. In order to study the specificities of the GALT transcriptome in pigs, we compared the transcriptome profiles of jejunal and ileal Peyer’s patches (PPs), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and peripheral blood (PB) of four male piglets by RNA-Seq. We identified 1,103 differentially expressed (DE) genes between ileal PPs (IPPs) and jejunal PPs (JPPs), and six times more DE genes between PPs and MLNs. The master regulator genes FOXP3, GATA3, STAT4, TBX21 and RORC were less expressed in IPPs compared to JPPs, whereas the transcription factor BCL6 was found more expressed in IPPs. In comparison between IPPs and JPPs, our analyses revealed predominant differential expression related to the differentiation of T cells into Th1, Th2, Th17 and iTreg in JPPs. Our results were consistent with previous reports regarding a higher T/B cells ratio in JPPs compared to IPPs. We found antisense transcription for respectively 24%, 22% and 14% of the transcripts detected in MLNs, PPs and PB, and significant positive correlations between PB and GALT transcriptomes. Allele-specific expression analyses revealed both shared and tissue-specific cis-genetic control of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Maroilley
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M Berri
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - G Lemonnier
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - D Esquerré
- GenPhySE, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castenet-Tolosan, France
| | - C Chevaleyre
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - S Mélo
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - F Meurens
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.,BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, La Chantrerie, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - J L Coville
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - J J Leplat
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,LREG, IRCM, DRF, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - A Rau
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - B Bed'hom
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - S Vincent-Naulleau
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,LREG, IRCM, DRF, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M J Mercat
- BIOPORC and IFIP-Institut du porc, La Motte au Vicomte, BP 35104, 35651, Le Rheu, France
| | - Y Billon
- GENESI, INRA, 17700, Surgères, France
| | - P Lepage
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C Rogel-Gaillard
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - J Estellé
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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29
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Kamdar K, Johnson AMF, Chac D, Myers K, Kulur V, Truevillian K, DePaolo RW. Innate Recognition of the Microbiota by TLR1 Promotes Epithelial Homeostasis and Prevents Chronic Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:230-242. [PMID: 29794015 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is cross-talk between the intestinal epithelium and the microbiota that functions to maintain a tightly regulated microenvironment and prevent chronic inflammation. This communication is partly mediated through the recognition of bacterial proteins by host-encoded innate receptors, such as TLRs. However, studies examining the role of TLR signaling on colonic homeostasis have given variable and conflicting results. Despite its critical role in mediating immunity during enteric infection of the small intestine, TLR1-mediated recognition of microbiota-derived ligands and their influence on colonic homeostasis has not been well studied. In this study, we demonstrate that defective TLR1 recognition of the microbiome by epithelial cells results in disruption of crypt homeostasis specifically within the secretory cell compartment, including a defect in the mucus layer, ectopic Paneth cells in the colon, and an increase in the number of rapidly dividing cells at the base of the crypt. As a consequence of the perturbed epithelial barrier, we found an increase in mucosal-associated and translocated commensal bacteria and chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by an increase in lineage-negative Sca1+Thy1hi innate lymphoid-like cells that exacerbate inflammation and worsen outcomes in a model of colonic injury and repair. Our findings demonstrate that sensing of the microbiota by TLR1 may provide key signals that regulate the colonic epithelium, thereby limiting inflammation through the prevention of bacterial attachment to the mucosa and exposure to the underlying immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Kamdar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Andrew M F Johnson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Denise Chac
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Kalisa Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Vrishika Kulur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Kyle Truevillian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - R William DePaolo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and .,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
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30
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Ergot Alkaloids at Doses Close to EU Regulatory Limits Induce Alterations of the Liver and Intestine. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10050183. [PMID: 29723978 PMCID: PMC5983239 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in the occurrence of ergot alkaloids (EAs) contamination has been observed in North America and Europe in recent years. These toxins are well known for their effects on the circulatory and nervous systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of EAs on the liver and on the intestine using the pig both as a target species and as a non-rodent model for human. Three groups of 24 weaned piglets were exposed for 28 days to control feed or feed contaminated with 1.2 or 2.5 g of sclerotia/kg, i.e., at doses close to EU regulatory limits. Contaminated diets significantly reduced feed intake and consequently growth performance. In the liver, alteration of the tissue, including development of inflammatory infiltrates, vacuolization, apoptosis and necrosis of hepatocytes as well as presence of enlarged hepatocytes (megalocytes) were observed. In the jejunum, EAs reduced villi height and increased damage to the epithelium, reduced the number of mucus-producing cells and upregulated mRNA coding for different tight junction proteins such as claudins 3 and 4. In conclusion, in term of animal health, our data indicate that feed contaminated at the regulatory limits induces lesions in liver and intestine suggesting that this limit should be lowered for pigs. In term of human health, we establish a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 100 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day, lower than the benchmark dose limit (BMDL) retained by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to set the tolerable daily intake, suggesting also that regulatory limit should be revised.
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Splichalova A, Slavikova V, Splichalova Z, Splichal I. Preterm Life in Sterile Conditions: A Study on Preterm, Germ-Free Piglets. Front Immunol 2018; 9:220. [PMID: 29491864 PMCID: PMC5817058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants born with immature organ systems, which can impede normal development, can also be highly sensitive to different biological and/or environmental factors. Animal models could aid in investigating and understanding the effects of different conditions on the health of these immunocompromised infants. The epitheliochorial placentation of the pig prevents the prenatal transfer of protective colostral immunoglobulins. Surgical colostrum-deprived piglets are free of maternal immunoglobulins, and the cells that are normally provided via colostrum. We bred preterm germ-free piglets in sterile conditions and compared them with their term counterparts. Enterocyte development and intestinal morphology, tight junction proteins claudin-1 and occludin, pattern-recognizing receptors, adaptor molecules and coreceptors (RAGE, TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, MyD88, TRIF, MD2, and CD14), and inflammasome NLRP3 transcription were all evaluated. The production of inflammatory mediators IFN-α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/23 p40, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in the intestine of germ-free piglets was also assessed. In the preterm germ-free piglets, the ileum showed decreased lamina propria cellularity, reduced villous height, and thinner and less distinct stratification - especially muscle layer, in comparison with their term counterparts. Claudin-1 transcription increased in the intestine of the preterm piglets. The transcription levels of pattern-recognizing receptors and adaptor molecules showed ambiguous trends between the groups. The levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α were increased in the preterm ileum numerically (though not significantly), with statistically significant increases in the colon. Additionally, IL-12/23 p40 and IFN-γ were statistically significantly higher in the preterm colon. Both blood plasma and intestinal HMGB1 levels were nonsignificantly higher in the preterm group. We propose that the intestine of the preterm germ-free piglets showed "mild inflammation in sterile conditions." This model, which establishes preterm, hysterectomy-derived germ-free piglets, without protective maternal immunoglobulins, can be used to study influences of microbiota, nutrition, and therapeutic interventions on the development and health of vulnerable immunocompromised preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Vera Slavikova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Zdislava Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Igor Splichal
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
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Régnier M, Gourbeyre P, Pinton P, Napper S, Laffite J, Cossalter AM, Bailly JD, Lippi Y, Bertrand-Michel J, Bracarense APFRL, Guillou H, Loiseau N, Oswald IP. Identification of Signaling Pathways Targeted by the Food Contaminant FB1: Transcriptome and Kinome Analysis of Samples from Pig Liver and Intestine. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28875582 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species. In mammals, this toxin causes widespread organ-specific damage; it promotes hepatotoxicity, is immunotoxic, alters intestinal functions etc. Despite its inhibitory effect on de novo ceramide synthesis, its molecular mechanism of action and toxicity is not totally elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS To explore the mechanism of FB1 toxicity, we analyzed the transcriptome and the kinome of two organs targeted by FB1: the liver and the jejunum. Pigs were fed for 4 weeks a control diet or a FB1-contaminated diet (10 mg/kg). As expected, FB1-exposed pigs gained less weight and displayed a higher sphinganine/sphingosine ratio. Comparison of the transcriptomes and the kinomes of treated versus control pigs showed striking differences. Among the disrupted pathways in liver and jejunum, we highlight Protein Kinase B (AKT) / Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) at the intersection of the FB1-modulated pathways. CONCLUSION Most of the effects of FB1 are mediated by the regulation of ceramide level, which influences protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway. This pathway might be a new target to counteract toxic effect of Fumonisin B1, which is one of the most spread food contaminant in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Régnier
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Gourbeyre
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Pinton
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Scott Napper
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joëlle Laffite
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Marie Cossalter
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Denis Bailly
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Lippi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- MetaToul-Lipidomic Facility-MetaboHUB, INSERM UMR1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Ana Paula F R L Bracarense
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Abstract
Neuroimmune communications are facilitated by the production of neurotransmitters by immune cells and the generation of immune mediators by immune cells, which form a functional entity called the "neuroimmune synapse." There are several mechanisms that further facilitate neuroimmune interactions including the anatomic proximity between immune cells and nerves, the expression of receptors for neurotransmitters on immune cells and for immune mediators on nerves, and the receptor-mediated activation of intracellular signaling pathways that modulate nerve and immune phenotype and function. The bidirectional communication between nerves and immune cells is implicated in allostasis, a process that describes the continuous adaptation to an ever-changing environment. Neuroimmune interactions are amplified during inflammation by the influx of activated immune cells that significantly alter the microenvironment. In this context, the types of neurotransmitters released by activated neurons or immune cells can exert pro- or anti-inflammatory effects. Dysregulation of the enteric nervous system control of gastrointestinal functions, such as epithelial permeability and secretion as well as smooth muscle contractility, also contribute to the chronicity of inflammation. Persistent active inflammation in the gut leads to neuroimmune plasticity, which is a structural and functional remodeling in both the neural and immune systems. The importance of neuroimmune interactions has made them an emerging target in the development of novel therapies for GI pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terez Shea-Donohue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, DTRS, MSTF Rm 700C, 10 Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Joseph F Urban
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
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Dobosz E, Wilamowski M, Lech M, Bugara B, Jura J, Potempa J, Koziel J. MCPIP-1, Alias Regnase-1, Controls Epithelial Inflammation by Posttranscriptional Regulation of IL-8 Production. J Innate Immun 2016; 8:564-578. [PMID: 27513529 DOI: 10.1159/000448038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors are critical for the detection of invading microorganisms. They activate multiple pathways that lead to the induction of proinflammatory responses and pathogen clearance. The intensity and duration of this immune reaction must be tightly controlled spatially and temporally in every tissue by different negative regulators. We hypothesized that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced protein-1 (MCPIP-1) might play a role in maintaining immune homeostasis in the epithelium both under physiological conditions and upon bacterial infection. To this end, we examined the distribution of the MCPIP-1 transcript and protein in various tissues. The MCPIP-1 protein level was higher in epithelial cells than in myeloid cells. MCPIP-1 exerted RNase activity towards the interleukin (IL)-8 transcript and the lifespan of IL-8 was determined by the presence of the stem-loops/hairpin structures at the 3'UTR region of IL-8 mRNA. Moreover, using fully active, purified recombinant MCPIP-1 protein, we elucidated the mechanism by which MCPIP-1 controls the IL-8 mRNA level. In conclusion, we uncovered a novel IL-8-dependent mechanism via which MCPIP-1 maintains epithelial homeostasis. This study reveals for the first time that MCPIP-1 plays a crucial anti-inflammatory role not only in myeloid cells but also in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Dobosz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Microbial biotransformation of DON: molecular basis for reduced toxicity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29105. [PMID: 27381510 PMCID: PMC4933977 DOI: 10.1038/srep29105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are able to de-epoxidize or epimerize deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin, to deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (deepoxy-DON or DOM-1) or 3-epi-deoxynivalenol (3-epi-DON), respectively. Using different approaches, the intestinal toxicity of 3 molecules was compared and the molecular basis for the reduced toxicity investigated. In human intestinal epithelial cells, deepoxy-DON and 3-epi-DON were not cytotoxic, did not change the oxygen consumption or impair the barrier function. In intestinal explants, exposure for 4 hours to 10 μM DON induced intestinal lesions not seen in explants treated with deepoxy-DON and 3-epi-DON. A pan-genomic transcriptomic analysis was performed on intestinal explants. 747 probes, representing 323 genes, were differentially expressed, between DON-treated and control explants. By contrast, no differentially expressed genes were observed between control, deepoxy-DON and 3-epi-DON treated explants. Both DON and its biotransformation products were able to fit into the pockets of the A-site of the ribosome peptidyl transferase center. DON forms three hydrogen bonds with the A site and activates MAPKinases (mitogen-activated protein kinases). By contrast deepoxy-DON and 3-epi-DON only form two hydrogen bonds and do not activate MAPKinases. Our data demonstrate that bacterial de-epoxidation or epimerization of DON altered their interaction with the ribosome, leading to an absence of MAPKinase activation and a reduced toxicity.
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Shao L, Fischer DD, Kandasamy S, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Tissue-specific mRNA expression profiles of porcine Toll-like receptors at different ages in germ-free and conventional pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 171:7-16. [PMID: 26964712 PMCID: PMC4788813 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), key initiators of innate immune responses, recognize antigens and are essential in linking innate and adaptive immune responses. Misrecognition and over-stimulation/expression of TLRs may contribute to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases. However, appropriate and mature TLR responses are associated with the establishment of resistance against some infectious diseases. In this study, we assessed the mRNA expression profile of TLRs 1-10 in splenic and ileal mononuclear cells (MNCs) and dendritic cells (DCs) of germ-free (GF) and conventional pigs at different ages. We found that the TLR mRNA expression profiles were distinct between GF and conventional pigs. The expression profiles were also significantly different between splenic and ileal MNCs/DCs. Comparison of the TLR expression profiles in GF and conventional newborn and young pigs demonstrated that exposure to commensal microbiota may play a more important role than age in TLR mRNA expression profiles. To our knowledge, this is the first report that systematically assesses porcine TLRs 1-10 mRNA expression profiles in MNCs and DCs from GF and conventional pigs at different ages. These results further highlighted that the commensal microbiota of neonates play a critical role through TLR signaling in the development of systemic and mucosal immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Shao
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - David D Fischer
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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Xu XM, Zhang HJ. miRNAs as new molecular insights into inflammatory bowel disease: Crucial regulators in autoimmunity and inflammation. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:2206-2218. [PMID: 26900285 PMCID: PMC4734997 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic relapsing inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and includes two major phenotypes: ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. The pathogenesis of IBD is not fully understood as of yet. It is believed that IBD results from complicated interactions between environmental factors, genetic predisposition, and immune disorders. miRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs that can regulate gene expression by targeting the 3′-untranslated region of specific mRNAs for degradation or translational inhibition. miRNAs are considered to play crucial regulatory roles in many biologic processes, such as immune cellular differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, and maintenance of immune homeostasis. Recently, aberrant expression of miRNAs was revealed to play an important role in autoimmune diseases, including IBD. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of how miRNAs regulate autoimmunity and inflammation by affecting the differentiation, maturation, and function of various immune cells. In particular, we focus on describing specific miRNA expression profiles in tissues and peripheral blood that may be associated with the pathogenesis of IBD. In addition, we summarize the opportunities for utilizing miRNAs as new biomarkers and as potential therapeutic targets in IBD.
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The Viral Mimetic Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid Alters the Growth Characteristics of Small Intestinal and Colonic Crypt Cultures. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138531. [PMID: 26414184 PMCID: PMC4587363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The intestinal epithelium is the first line of defense against enteric pathogens. We investigated the response of small intestinal and colonic crypt cultures to a panel of toll-like receptor ligands to assess the impact of microbial pattern recognition on epithelial growth. Methods Primary murine jejunal enteroids and colonoids were cultured with lipopeptide Pam3CSK4, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) for 4 to 6 days. Surface area, budding and survival were assessed. Proliferation and numbers of lysozyme positive cells were quantified by flow cytometry. Gene expression was assessed by Nanostring and qRT-PCR. Results Exposure to Pam3CSK4 and LPS had minimal impact on either enteroids or colonoids. In contrast, Poly I:C increased the surface area of enteroids, while colonoids demonstrated decreased budding. Survival was decreased by Poly I:C in enteroids but not in colonoids. Both enteroids and colonoids exhibited upregulated gene expression of chemokines, but these were increased in magnitude in enteroids. Decreases in gene expression associated with epithelial differentiation and lysozyme positive cells were more apparent in enteroids than in colonoids. Baseline gene expression between enteroids and colonoids differed markedly in levels of stem cell and inflammatory markers. The changes in morphology induced by Poly I:C were mediated by the toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 1 (Ticam1) in enteroids but not in colonoids. Conclusions Poly I:C alters the molecular program of epithelial cells and shifts from absorption and digestion towards defense and inflammation. Diversity of responses to microbial patterns in enteroids and colonoids may underlie differences in susceptibility to infection along the intestinal tract.
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Intestinal toxicity of the masked mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucoside. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:2037-46. [PMID: 26404761 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural food contaminants such as mycotoxins are an important problem for human health. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxins detected in cereals and grains. Its toxicological effects mainly concern the immune system and the gastrointestinal tract. This toxin is a potent ribotoxic stressor leading to MAP kinase activation and inflammatory response. DON frequently co-occurs with its glucosylated form, the masked mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucoside (D3G). The toxicity of this later compound remains unknown in mammals. This study aimed to assess the ability of D3G to elicit a ribotoxic stress and to induce intestinal toxicity. The toxicity of D3G and DON (0-10 µM) was studied in vitro, on the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line, and ex vivo, on porcine jejunal explants. First, an in silico analysis revealed that D3G, contrary to DON, was unable to bind to the A-site of the ribosome peptidyl transferase center, the main targets for DON toxicity. Accordingly, D3G did not activate JNK and P38 MAPKs in treated Caco-2 cells and did not alter viability and barrier function on cells, as measured by the trans-epithelial electrical resistance. Treatment of intestinal explants for 4 h with 10 µM DON induced morphological lesions and up-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines as measured by qPCR and pan-genomic microarray analysis. By contrast, expression profile of D3G-treated explants was similar to that of controls, and these explants did not show histomorphology alteration. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that glucosylation of DON suppresses its ability to bind to the ribosome and decreases its intestinal toxicity.
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Barrett M, Demehri FR, Teitelbaum DH. Intestine, immunity, and parenteral nutrition in an era of preferred enteral feeding. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2015; 18:496-500. [PMID: 26154279 PMCID: PMC4589176 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the benefits of enteral nutrition in contrast to the inflammatory consequences of administration of parenteral nutrition and enteral deprivation. To present the most recent evidence for the mechanisms of these immunologic changes and discuss potential areas for modification to decrease infectious complications of its administration. RECENT FINDINGS There is significant data supporting the early initiation of enteral nutrition in both medical and surgical patients unable to meet their caloric goals via oral intake alone. Despite the preference for enteral nutrition, some patients are unable to utilize their gut for nutritious gain and therefore require parenteral nutrition administration, along with its infectious complications. The mechanisms behind these complications are multifactorial and have yet to be fully elucidated. Recent study utilizing both animal and human models has provided further information regarding parenteral nutrition's deleterious effect on intestinal epithelial barrier function along with the complications associated with enterocyte deprivation. SUMMARY Changes associated with parenteral nutrition administration and enteral deprivation are complex with multiple potential areas for modification to allow for safer administration. Recent discovery of the mechanisms behind these changes present exciting areas for future study as to make parenteral nutrition administration in the enterally deprived patient safer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Barrett
- aDepartment of General Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital bDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, University of Michigan, Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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