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Barrera-Díaz J, Figueiredo AJ, Field A, Ferreira B, Querido SM, Silva JR, Ribeiro J, Pinto I, Cornejo P, Torres H, Saffa A, Sarmento H. Contemporary practices of physical trainers in professional soccer: A qualitative study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1101958. [PMID: 37799523 PMCID: PMC10548828 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1101958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Physical trainers (PTs) are integral for managing load, reducing injury and optimizing performance in professional soccer. However, little is known about how this practitioners operate in the applied setting and how some of the nuances experienced influence practice. Methods This study explored the contemporary practices of PTs in professional soccer. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with eight PTs from different professional teams in European and South American leagues. Interview questions were designed to extract information on the evaluation of physical abilities, monitoring and control of training and injury prevention. Subsequently, the interviews were video-recorded, transcribed, translated and analyzed using a content analysis approach. Results The results suggest that the evaluation of physical capacities is carried out by PTs at the beginning of the preseason. It also appears that it is attempted that this process of regular testing is applied during the competitive period, with most participants conducting partial physiological and physical evaluations at different stages throughout the competitive season. In relation to the monitoring and control of training, subjective feedback scales are used to estimate the internal load, and the use of GPS devices is common to quantify external loads. Injury prevention programmes were implemented by all participants and were generally in a multi-component format focused on preventing or optimizing physical capabilities. Discussion These insights can be used as a scientific reference point to inform applied practice in professional soccer, especially for practitioners that are inexperienced and aspiring to enhance how they operate in the field. Future investigations should explore the practices of PTs in detail and across a wider network in order to gain deeper and comprehensive insights into the applied soccer environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Barrera-Díaz
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António J. Figueiredo
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adam Field
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Ferreira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Sérgio M. Querido
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
| | - João Renato Silva
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Ribeiro
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
- Department of Performance Optimization, Gabinete de otimização desportiva, Sporting Clube de Braga SAD, Braga, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Alvaro Saffa
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Dirección Nacional de Deportes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
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Clemente FM, Akyildiz Z, Garrett J, Beato M, Yildiz M, Birlik S, Moran J. Testing the peak running speed in analytical and contextual-based scenarios: Applied research in young adult soccer players. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1372-1382. [PMID: 37856689 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2273085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim was to compare the peak running speed (PRS) attained in the 40-m linear sprint test, in an analytical-based soccer drill, in the 5-0-5 test, and a training match scenario. The secondary aim of the study was to evaluate the differences between the three assessment sessions and identify how the tests can vary from session to session. Additionally, we aimed to investigate the within-test variability to understand how consistent the performance is within each test format across the different sessions. Forty male under-19 players competing at the national level participated in this study. A training session was observed for each of the three study weeks in which the following tests/scenarios were monitored using a GPS. The 40-m linear sprint test and the analytical-based soccer drill presented the smallest within-subject coefficients of variation between the sessions. A large correlation (r = 0.742) was found between the PRS during the 40-m linear sprint test and the analytical-based soccer drill. The 40-m linear sprint test was the best method of those examined for measuring PRS. The analytical drill provides a reliable method for measuring PRS, although it differs from the 40-metre linear sprint test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Joel Garrett
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Mehmet Yildiz
- Sports Science Faculty, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Sabri Birlik
- Sports Science Faculty, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK
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Beato M, Datson N, Anderson L, Brownlee T, Coates A, Hulton A. Rationale and Practical Recommendations for Testing Protocols in Female Soccer: A Narrative Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1912-1922. [PMID: 37184978 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Beato, M, Datson, N, Anderson, L, Brownlee, T, Coates, A, and Hulton, A. Rationale and practical recommendations for testing protocols in female soccer: A narrative review. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1912-1922, 2023-The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate the presented literature on tests (aerobic, speed, changes of direction [COD], strength, power, jump, and anthropometry) of the varied components of female soccer and to draw attention to the most suitable protocols to allow practitioners to accurately track players' fitness status. The 2 most common field tests used to assess aerobic fitness are the Yo-Yo intermittent test (level 1 and level 2) and the 30-15 intermittent fitness test because of an ability to measure multiple players at once with a soccer-specific intermittent profile. The sprinting performance can be assessed on distances of <30 m; however, longer distances (e.g., 40 m) allow for achieving peak speed (flying sprint test), which can be assessed using global navigation satellite system. Changes-of-direction capacity has been found to be an important component of players testing and training programs, although there is no "gold standard" to assess COD or repeated sprint ability performance in female players. Lower-limb power can be assessed using jump tests that can use force platforms, jump mats, and optoelectronic devices, while maintaining a good reliability. Several in-direct tests are currently available for assessing anthropometry parameters, such as skinfold thickness, hydrodensitometry, and ultrasound. However, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is the most valid and reliable method for assessing body composition in team sport athletes, with the addition of bone health that is a key measure in female athletes. In conclusion, the evidence reported in this review will be able to aid practitioners, coaches, and researchers to decide which tests meet the requirements of their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas Brownlee
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alex Coates
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hulton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Nobari H, Eken Ö, Prieto-González P, Oliveira R, Brito JP. Association between 2D:4D ratios and sprinting, change of direction ability, aerobic fitness, and cumulative workloads in elite youth soccer players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:45. [PMID: 36978178 PMCID: PMC10045863 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to determine the correlation between 2D:4D, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), body fat percentage (BF%), maximum heart rate (HRmax), change of direction (COD), and accumulated acute and chronic workload variables; (ii) to verify if the length of the second digit divided by fourth digit (2D:4D) can explain fitness variables and accumulated training load. METHODS Twenty elite young football players (age: 13.26 ± 0.19 years; height: 165.8 ± 11.67 cm; body mass: 50.70 ± 7.56 kg; VO2max, 48.22 ± 2.29 ml.kg- 1.min- 1) participated in the present study. Anthropometric and body composition variables (e.g., height, body mass, sitting height, age, BF%, body mass index, right and left finger 2D:4D ratios) were measured. The following fitness tests were also conducted: 30 - 15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VO2max and HRmax), COD (5-0-5 agility test), and speed (10-30msprint test. HRmax and the training load were also measured and monitored using the Rate of Perceived Exertion during the 26 weeks. RESULTS There were associations between HRmax and VO2max, between 2D and 4D lengths and Left and Right hand ratios. Also, in AW with Right and Left 4D. The CW and de ACWR with the Right 4D. There were other associations between physical test variables and workload variables. CONCLUSIONS Under-14 soccer players with low right and left-hand 2D:4D ratios did not perform better in the selected fitness tests to assess VO2max, COD, or sprint ability. However, it cannot be ruled out that the absence of statistically significant results may be related to the small sample size and the maturational heterogeneity of the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain.
| | - Özgür Eken
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Pablo Prieto-González
- Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior-Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Rio Maior, 2040-413, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Rio Maior, 2040-413, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Brito
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior-Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Rio Maior, 2040-413, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Rio Maior, 2040-413, Portugal
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Ben Kahla A, Elghoul Y, Ammar A, Masmoudi L, Trabelsi K, Glenn JM, Dahmen R. Bilateral Training Improves Agility and Accuracy for Both Preferred and Non-Preferred Legs in Young Soccer Players. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:1804-1825. [PMID: 36054086 DOI: 10.1177/00315125221124373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As laterality of the lower limbs is regarded as a relevant influence on soccer performance, we assessed whether a bilateral training program for both the preferred leg (PL) and non-preferred leg (NPL) would improve soccer players' lateral asymmetry, agility, and accuracy. Sixty right-foot-dominant young soccer players were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (EXP) that underwent bilateral training or a control group (CONT) that performed their usual training schedule without bilateral exercise. We assessed the players' lateral asymmetries before and after training on four soccer skill tasks: a zigzag test with and without a ball, a receiving and direct volley-shooting accuracy test, and a passing accuracy test. Results showed post-test versus pre-test performance improvements for the EXP group on the index of technical skills and agility (p < .001). A post-hoc analysis further revealed a pre-test to post-test performance improvement on shooting and passing accuracy with both legs only for the EXP group (p < .001). These results support the role of bilateral practice in improving lateral asymmetries, agility, and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ben Kahla
- Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health (EM2S), LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, 479822University of Sfax, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, 479822University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Yousri Elghoul
- Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health (EM2S), LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, 479822University of Sfax, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, 479822University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology, Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UPL, UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Liwa Masmoudi
- Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health (EM2S), LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, 479822University of Sfax, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, 479822University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health (EM2S), LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, 479822University of Sfax, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, 479822University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jordan M Glenn
- Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Riadh Dahmen
- Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health (EM2S), LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, 479822University of Sfax, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, 479822University of Sfax, Tunisia
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Chen HW, Peng HT, Wei Y. Analysis of Functional Arch Support Insoles on the Biomechanics and Performance in Right-Forward Lunging Step of Badminton Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11210. [PMID: 36141483 PMCID: PMC9517320 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in biomechanical parameters and sports-specific performance of lower limbs between arch support insoles (ASI) and flat insoles (FLI) when performing net strides. After installing the MVN IMU system, 18 college badminton team members were asked to take the following tests: (1) Consecutive net stride tests; (2) Six-point footwork tests; (3) Retrieve/stroke the ball at the left and right net; (4) Smash and retrieve/stroke the ball at the net; (5) Smash at the front and back crossover step. The joint angle of the lower limbs and ground reaction force during the support phase was collected. The results demonstrated that the peak right hip flexion angle was significantly greater with ASI than FLI (63.09 ± 10.70; 60.08 ± 13.82; p = 0.028), while the peak right foot inversion angle was significantly smaller with ASI than FLI (20.68 ± 7.87; 23.85 ± 8.11; p = 0.013). The principal conclusion was that the arch support insole avoids the decrease in the hip flexion angle and the increase in the foot inversion angle during the net stride tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Te Peng
- Graduate Institute of Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan
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Brini S, Boullosa D, Calleja-González J, van den Hoek DJ, Nobari H, Clemente FM. Impact of combined versus single-mode training programs based on drop jump and specific multidirectional repeated sprint on bio-motor ability adaptations: a parallel study design in professional basketball players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:160. [PMID: 36002872 PMCID: PMC9404599 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00551-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Jumping and specific multidirectional repeated sprint ability are important in basketball. The objective of this study was to assess the contributions of 8-week combined versus single-mode training programs based on drop jump (DJ) and specific multidirectional repeated sprint (MRSA) on repeated sprint ability performances, body balance and lower limbs power in male professional basketball players. Methods This study followed a randomized parallel study design. Fifty-two professional male basketball players from the Tunisian first division participated in this study. The players were randomly assigned to 4 groups: DJ group (JG; n = 13), MRSA group (RSG; n = 13), combined group (COMB; n = 13) and an active control group (CON; n = 13). The JG, RSG and COMB groups completed the 8-week training programs with 2 sessions per week while the CON continues their regular basketball training. Training volume was similar between groups all over the experimental period. Before and after the intervention, the four groups were evaluated for the stork test, Y-balance test, the repeated sprint ability test (IRSA5COD), the squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests, the single leg drop jump test, the five time-jump test and T—change of direction (CoD) test. Results All measures displayed significant main effect, (medium/small) magnitude (effect size) improvements for time (post-test > pre-test) except the physiological parameters for IRSA5COD. Significant time × group interactions were revealed for body balance, T test, IRSA5COD (total time and best time) and jump tests (vertical/horizontal). Bonferroni corrected post-hoc tests revealed significant greater improvement in favor of RSG and COMB compared to JG for body balance, CoD and IRSA5COD. Moreover, greater improvement in CMJ, SJ and single leg DJ in favor of JG compared to the RSG. In addition, a greater CoD improvement was observed in favor of COMB when compared to the RSG. Conclusion Combined and single-mode training programs based on DJ and MRSA contributed to a significantly better performance in specific basketball physical fitness parameters with results favoring combined interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13102-022-00551-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seifeddine Brini
- Research Unit, Sportive Performance and Physical Rehabilitation, High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.,College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniel J van den Hoek
- School of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran. .,Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068, Braşov, Romania. .,Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto E Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial eComercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320, Melgaço, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
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Leppänen M, Uotila A, Tokola K, Forsman-Lampinen H, Kujala UM, Parkkari J, Kannus P, Pasanen K, Vasankari T. Players with high physical fitness are at greater risk of injury in youth football. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1625-1638. [PMID: 35621388 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate physical fitness, football-specific skills, and their association with injury risk in youth football. Altogether 447 male and female players aged 9-14 years (median 12 years) participated in performance tests and prospective follow-up. The physical fitness tests included five-jump test for distance, 30-m sprint, football-specific figure of eight agility, countermovement jump, and Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test level 1. The football-specific skill tests included dribbling and passing tests. Injuries and exposure were registered during the 20-week follow-up. Our candidate risk factors were low/high level of physical fitness measured with a composite score of physical fitness tests and low/high level of football-specific skills measured with a composite score of dribbling and passing tests. Secondarily, we investigated performance in individual tests and their association with injury risk. During the follow-up, players reported 565 injuries (264 acute and 301 overuse injuries). High level of physical fitness was associated with increased rate of all injuries (age-, sex-, and mean team exposure-adjusted IRR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.04-1.58). The level of football-specific skills had no influence on the overall injury rate. Burden of overuse injuries, but not acute injuries was significantly higher in most fit players compared with the players in the reference group (IRR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.04-4.24). In conclusion, most fit players were at greater risk of sustaining injuries in youth competitive football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Leppänen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aliisa Uotila
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pekka Kannus
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kati Pasanen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Reliability and validity of a modified Illinois change-of-direction test with ball dribbling speed in young soccer players. Biol Sport 2022; 39:295-306. [PMID: 35309542 PMCID: PMC8919884 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2022.104917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess test-retest reliability, discriminative and criterion-related validity of the modified Illinois change-of-direction (CoD) test with ball dribbling-speed (ICODT-BALL) in young soccer players of different biological maturity and playing levels. Sixty-five young male soccer players (11.4 ± 1.2 years) participated in this study. The participants were classified according to their biological maturity (pre- and circumpeak height velocity [PHV]) and playing-level (elite and amateur players). During the test-retest time period of two weeks, the following tests were performed during week one and as retest during week two: ICODT-BALL, ICODT, 4 × 9-m shuttle-run, countermovement-jump, triple-hop-test, maximum-voluntary isometric-contraction of back-extensors, Stork, Y-Balance, 10 and 30-m sprints. The ICODT-BALL showed excellent relative (r = 0.995, p < 0.001; ICC = 0.993) and absolute (SEM < 5%; SEM < SWCs(0.2, 0.6, 1.2)) reliability. The circum-PHV (22.8 ± 1.7-s) and elite (22.5 ± 0.9-s) players showed better ICODT-BALL performance than their pre-PHV (24.2 ± 2.5-s) and amateur (25.1 ± 2.8-s) counterparts (p = 0.028 and p < 0.001, respectively). The ICODT-BALL showed "very good" (AUC = 0.81) discriminant validity when comparing the elite and amateur players, and "moderate" (AUC = 0.67) discriminant validity when compared to pre-PHV and circum-PHV boys. ICODT-BALL demonstrated "large" positive associations with the ICODT (r = 0.65; 41.8% shared-variance) and sprint tests (r ≥ 0.52; 27.3 to 34.8% shared-variance). In addition, results showed "moderate" negative associations between ICODT-BALL and strength, and power measures, as well as a "small" negative relationship with balance tests. In conclusion, the ICODT-BALL is a valid and reliable test to evaluate the ability to quickly change directions while ball dribbling in young soccer players. Therefore, practitioners can use the ICODT-BALL as a tool for talent identification.
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ZACHARAKIS E, SOUGLIS A, BOURDAS D, GIOLDASIS A, APOSTOLIDIS N, KOSTOPOULOS N. The relationship between physical and technical performance characteristics of young soccer and basketball players: a comparison between two sports. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.20.04315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Short-term effects of on-field combined core strength and small-sided games training on physical performance in young soccer players. Biol Sport 2021; 38:609-616. [PMID: 34937971 PMCID: PMC8670793 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.102865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of 6-weeks combined core strength and small-sided games training (SSGcore) vs. small-sided games (SSG) training on the physical performance of young soccer players. Thirty-eight amateur soccer players (age: 16.50 ± 0.51 years) were randomly assigned to either a SSGcore (n = 20) or a SSG group (n = 18). The SSGcore group performed upper and lower body core strength exercises combined with SSG including 2-, 3- and 4-a-sided soccer games third a week. The SSG group performed only the SSG periodization. Baseline and after the 6-week training period the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIRTL-1), 5–20-m sprint test, countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), triple-hop distance (THD), zigzag agility with ball (ZAWB) and without ball (ZAWOB), three corner run test (TCRT) and Y-balance test. The SSGcore group demonstrated meaningful improvements in 20 m sprint time (SSGcore: -9.1%, d = 1.42; SSG: -4.4%, d = 0.76), CMJ (SSGcore: 11.4%, d = 2.67; SSG: -7.7%, d = 1.43), SJ (SSGcore: 12.0%, d = 2.14; SSG: 5.7%, d = 1.28), THD (SSGcore: 5.0%, d = 1.39; SSG: 2.7%, d = 0.52) and TCRT (SSGcore: -3.7%, d = 0.69; SSG: -1.9%, d = 0.38). Furthermore, the SSGcore group demonstrated meaningfully higher improvement responses in both leg balance score (d = ranging from 2.11 to 2.75) compared with SSG group. These results suggest that the inclusion of core strength training to a SSG periodization is greatly effective to improve speed and strength-based conditioning in young soccer players.
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Arslan E, Kilit B, Clemente FM, Soylu Y, Sögüt M, Badicu G, Akca F, Gokkaya M, Murawska-Ciałowicz E. The Effects of Exercise Order on the Psychophysiological Responses, Physical and Technical Performances of Young Soccer Players: Combined Small-Sided Games and High-Intensity Interval Training. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1180. [PMID: 34827173 PMCID: PMC8615019 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the order effects of combined small-sided games (SSGs) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the psychophysiological responses and physical and technical performances of young soccer players. Twenty-four soccer players (aged 14.63 ± 0.71 years) were randomly divided into SSGs + HIIT (n = 12) and HIIT + SSGs (n = 12) for 6 weeks. The SSGs consisted of two 4-16 min rounds of 2, 3, and four-a-side games with 2 min of passive resting, whereas the HIIT consisted of 6-10 min of high-intensity runs at varying intensities (from 90 to 100%). Pre-test and post-test elements included a 5-30 m sprint test, countermovement jump test, zigzag agility test with the ball and without the ball, repeated sprint ability test, speed dribbling ability test, three-corner run test, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1. Both combined training interventions produced similar improvements in physical performance and technical responses (p ≥ 0.05, d values ranging from 0.40 to 1.10). However, the combined HIIT + SSGs training produced meaningfully lower perceived exertion (p = 0.00, d = 2.98) and greater physical enjoyment (p = 0.00, d = 4.28) compared with the SSGs + HIIT intervention. Furthermore, the SSGs + HIIT group showed a higher training load than those from the HIIT + SSGs group for all weeks (p ≤ 0.05, d values ranging from 1.36 to 2.05). The present study's results might be used by coaches and practitioners to design training programmes for youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersan Arslan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat 60250, Turkey; (E.A.); (Y.S.)
| | - Bulent Kilit
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Turkey;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
| | - Yusuf Soylu
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat 60250, Turkey; (E.A.); (Y.S.)
| | - Mustafa Sögüt
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey;
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, University Transilvania of Brasov, 500068 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Firat Akca
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey; (F.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Mine Gokkaya
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey; (F.A.); (M.G.)
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Nobari H, Mainer-Pardos E, Adsuar JC, Franco-García JM, Rojo-Ramos J, Cossio-Bolaños MA, Urzua Alul L, Pérez-Gómez J. Association Between Endocrine Markers, Accumulated Workload, and Fitness Parameters During a Season in Elite Young Soccer Players. Front Psychol 2021; 12:702454. [PMID: 34531792 PMCID: PMC8438147 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.702454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze differences between endocrine markers in soccer players, based on playing positions, and correlations between endocrine markers (testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1), with accumulated workload training and fitness parameters [maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), countermovement jump (CMJ), and isometric maximal strength (1-RM) of the knee for hamstring (ISH) and quadriceps (ISQ) muscles] during early-, mid-, and end-seasons. Twenty-four elite soccer players under 17 participated in this study. The results showed that there was no difference between levels of the endocrine markers among the different positions of the players. Significant correlations were observed between endocrines parameters and fitness performance (ISQ, ISH, VO2max, and CMJ). Regression analysis showed that 1-RM and VO2max were the best predictors of endocrine markers. These findings demonstrated that the activity profiles of youth soccer players were not influenced by endocrine markers. Also, it may be assumed that endocrines levels can be used to better explain the physical capacities of this population. Finally, endocrines markers may help to predict changes in 1-RM and VO2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
- Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - José Carmelo Adsuar
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Franco-García
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jorge Rojo-Ramos
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Luis Urzua Alul
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Sariati D, Hammami R, Zouhal H, Clark CCT, Nebigh A, Chtara M, Chortane SG, Hackney AC, Souissi N, Granacher U, Ounis OB. Improvement of Physical Performance Following a 6 Week Change-of-Direction Training Program in Elite Youth Soccer Players of Different Maturity Levels. Front Physiol 2021; 12:668437. [PMID: 34108886 PMCID: PMC8181750 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.668437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Change-of-direction (CoD) is a necessary physical ability of a field sport and may vary in youth players according to their maturation status. Objectives: The aim of this study is: to compare the effectiveness of a 6-week CoD training intervention on dynamic balance (CS-YBT), horizontal jump (5JT), speed (10 and 30-m linear sprint times), CoD with (15 m-CoD + B) and without (15 m-CoD) the ball, in youth male soccer players at different levels of maturity [pre- and post-peak height velocity (PHV)]. Materials and Methods: Thirty elite male youth soccer players aged 10-17 years from the Tunisian first division participated in this study. The players were divided into pre- (G1, n = 15) and post-PHV (G2, n = 15) groups. Both groups completed a similar 6-week training program with two sessions per week of four CoD exercises. All players completed the following tests before and after intervention: CS-YBT; 5 JT; 10, 30, and 15 m-CoD; and 15 m-CoD + B, and data were analyzed using ANCOVA. Results: All 30 players completed the study according to the study design and methodology. Adherence rate was 100% across all groups, and no training or test-related injuries were reported. Pre-PHV and post-PHV groups showed significant amelioration post-intervention for all dependent variables (after test > before test; p < 0.01, d = 0.09-1.51). ANOVA revealed a significant group × time interaction only for CS-YBT (F = 4.45; p < 0.04; η2 = 0.14), 5JT (F = 6.39; p < 0.02; η2 = 0.18), and 15 m-CoD (F = 7.88; p < 0.01; η2 = 0.22). CS-YBT, 5JT, and 15 m-CoD improved significantly in the post-PHV group (+ 4.56%, effect size = 1.51; + 4.51%, effect size = 1.05; and -3.08%, effect size = 0.51, respectively), more than the pre-PHV group (+ 2.77%, effect size = 0.85; + 2.91%, effect size = 0.54; and -1.56%, effect size = 0.20, respectively). Conclusion: The CoD training program improved balance, horizontal jump, and CoD without the ball in male preadolescent and adolescent soccer players, and this improvement was greater in the post-PHV players. The maturity status of the athletes should be considered when programming CoD training for soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsaf Sariati
- Tunisian Research Laboratory, Sport Performance Optimization, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Raouf Hammami
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia.,Research Laboratory: "Education, Motricity, Sports and Health" (UR 15JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- University of Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé), Rennes, France
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ammar Nebigh
- Tunisian Research Laboratory, Sport Performance Optimization, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,Research Laboratory: "Education, Motricity, Sports and Health" (UR 15JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mokhtar Chtara
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Sabri Gaied Chortane
- Tunisian Research Laboratory, Sport Performance Optimization, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Omar Ben Ounis
- Tunisian Research Laboratory, Sport Performance Optimization, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
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Somatotype, Accumulated Workload, and Fitness Parameters in Elite Youth Players: Associations with Playing Position. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8050375. [PMID: 34068574 PMCID: PMC8151242 DOI: 10.3390/children8050375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was three-fold: (1) to describe anthropometric, maturation, and somatotype differences of players based on playing positions; (2) to analyze variations of accumulated load training (AcL) and fitness parameters between playing positions; and finally (3) to explain the variation of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and peak power (PP) through the AcL, body fat (BF), maturity, somatotype and fitness levels. Twenty-seven male youth soccer players under-16 were divided by the following positions participated in this study: six central midfielders, four wingers (WG), five forwards, eight defenders, and four goalkeepers (GK). They were evaluated on two occasions: pre-season and after-season. Height, sitting height, body mass, BF, girths, percentage of BF (BF%), lean body mass, maturity, somatotype, sprint test, change of direction test, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1, Wingate, PP, VO2max and fatigue index were assessed. Then, AcL was monitored during training sessions. The main results revealed significant differences between player positions for maturity offset (p = 0.001), for BF (p = 0.006), BF% (p = 0.015), and lean body mass kg (p = 0.003). Also, there were significant differences for AcL and fatigue index in pre-season between player positions (p < 0.05). In addition, there were some significant differences in pre- and after-season for VO2max and PP between player positions (p < 0.05). In conclusion, GK showed higher values in anthropometric, body composition variables and maturity offset compared to the other positions, while WG presented lower levels of BF. In pre-season, there were more differences by player positions for the different variables analyzed than after-season that reinforces the tactical role of the positions, and the emphasis in increased load in the beginning of the season. This study could be used by coaches, staff, and researchers as a reference for athletes of the same sex, age, and competitive level.
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Selmi MA, Al-Haddabi B, Yahmed MH, Sassi RH. Does Maturity Status Affect the Relationship Between Anaerobic Speed Reserve and Multiple Sprint Sets Performance in Young Soccer Players? J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:3600-3606. [PMID: 29194185 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Selmi, MA, Al-Haddabi, B, Yahmed, MH, and Sassi, RH. Does maturity status affect the relationship between anaerobic speed reserve and multiple sprints sets performance in young soccer players? J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3600-3606, 2020-The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between repeated-sprint sets (RSS) performance indices and anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) in young soccer players of different maturity status. One hundred seventy-nine young male soccer players (11.1-17.8 years) classified as pre- (n = 50), circum- (n = 60), or post- (n = 69) peak height velocity (PHV) performed multistage shuttle run test (MSRT) to measure maximal aerobic speed (MAS), 30-m sprint with 10-m splits to estimate maximal anaerobic speed (MAnS), and RSS test. Anaerobic speed reserve was calculated as the difference between MAS and MAnS. The RSS indices, MAS, MAnS, and ASR were significantly different in the 3 maturity groups (p < 0.001; effect size = 0.12-0.64). Correlations between RSS performance indices and ASR varied considerably depending on maturity status. Very large correlations between ASR and RSS indices expressed as sum sprint time (SST) and best sprint time (BST) were found for pre- and circum-PHV groups (r = -0.76, -0.79 and r = -0.82, -0.86, respectively). In the post-PHV group, ASR was moderately associated with both SST (r = -0.45) and BST (r = -0.46). To sum up, these results highlighted that the ASR is more related to factors of RSS performance in pre- and circum-PHV male soccer players compared with post-PHV ones. These findings could help coaches and strength and conditioning professionals to better understand how the relationship between ASR and RSS evolves across the maturity and may be considered, therefore, useful in youth soccer selection/training process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Amin Selmi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Badriya Al-Haddabi
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; and
| | - Mohamed Haj Yahmed
- Research Unit "Sport Performance and Health," Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Radhouane Haj Sassi
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; and
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Nobari H, Alves AR, Clemente FM, Pérez-Gómez J, Clark CCT, Granacher U, Zouhal H. Associations Between Variations in Accumulated Workload and Physiological Variables in Young Male Soccer Players Over the Course of a Season. Front Physiol 2021; 12:638180. [PMID: 33815144 PMCID: PMC8012769 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.638180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to analyze the relationship between in-season training workload with changes in aerobic power (VO2m ax ), maximum and resting heart rate (HR max and HR rest ), linear sprint medium (LSM), and short test (LSS), in soccer players younger than 16 years (under-16 soccer players). We additionally aimed to explain changes in fitness levels during the in-season through regression models, considering accumulated load, baseline levels, and peak height velocity (PHV) as predictors. Twenty-three male sub-elite soccer players aged 15.5 ± 0.2 years (PHV: 13.6 ± 0.4 years; body height: 172.7 ± 4.2 cm; body mass: 61.3 ± 5.6 kg; body fat: 13.7% ± 3.9%; VO2m ax : 48.4 ± 2.6 mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1), were tested three times across the season (i.e., early-season (EaS), mid-season (MiS), and end-season (EnS) for VO2m ax , HR max , LSM, and LSS. Aerobic and speed variables gradually improved over the season and had a strong association with PHV. Moreover, the HR max demonstrated improvements from EaS to EnS; however, this was more evident in the intermediate period (from EaS to MiS) and had a strong association with VO2m ax . Regression analysis showed significant predictions for VO2m ax [F ( 2, 20) = 8.18, p ≤ 0.001] with an R 2 of 0.45. In conclusion, the meaningful variation of youth players' fitness levels can be observed across the season, and such changes can be partially explained by the load imposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ana Ruivo Alves
- Department of Arts, Humanities and Sport, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, United-Kingdom
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S), University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
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Nobari H, Silva AF, Clemente FM, Siahkouhian M, García-Gordillo MÁ, Adsuar JC, Pérez-Gómez J. Analysis of Fitness Status Variations of Under-16 Soccer Players Over a Season and Their Relationships With Maturational Status and Training Load. Front Physiol 2021; 11:597697. [PMID: 33613301 PMCID: PMC7892949 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.597697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this study were (i) to analyze the variations in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), maximal heart rate (HRmax), heart rate at rest, acceleration, maximal speed, agility, anaerobic sprint test (RAST) of peak power (RPP), RAST of minimum power, RAST of average power (RAP), and RAST of fatigue index (RFI) during the competitive season, using maturation status and accumulated training load as covariates, and (ii) to describe the differences between responders and non-responders in relation to baseline levels. Twenty-three elite players from the same team competing in the national under-16 competitions were evaluated for 20 weeks in period 1 (before league), middle (mid league), and period 2 (after league). The VO2max (p = 0.009), maximal speed (p = 0.001), RPP (p < 0.001), RAP (p < 0.001), and RFI (p < 0.001) significantly changed across the assessment periods. Interestingly, using accumulated training load and maturation status as covariates revealed no statistical significance (p > 0.05). When analyzing responders and non-responders, only HRmax (between periods 1 and 2) showed no differences between the groups. As a conclusion, it can be seen that accumulated training load and maturation status play an important role in the differences observed across the season. Thus, coaches should consider the importance of these two factors to carefully interpret fitness changes in their players and possibly adjust training decisions according to the maturation level of the players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Sport Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.,HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,N2i, Polytechnic Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal.,The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Marefat Siahkouhian
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | | | - José Carmelo Adsuar
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Change-of-Direction Performance in Elite Soccer Players: Preliminary Analysis According to Their Playing Positions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228360. [PMID: 33198102 PMCID: PMC7696160 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to examine the relationship between change of direction (CoD) performance, with (CoDb), and without the ball (CoDwb), and selected measures of physical fitness (jump performance, speed, balance) in elite soccer players, according to players’ positions. Forty elite male soccer players performed the change-of-direction and acceleration test (CODAT) with (CODATb), and without the ball (CODATwb), 5- and 20-m sprint tests, the 5-jump test (5JT), and the Y-balance test (YBT). Analyses of the whole sample showed significant correlations between all CODAT measures (CODATwb and CODATb, respectively) and sprint 5-m (r = 0.72, p < 0.001; r = 0.52, p < 0.01), sprint 20-m (r = 0.54, p < 0.03; r = 0.45, p < 0.05), jump (r = −0.62, p < 0.01; r = −0.64, p < 0.01) and balance (r = −0.50, p < 0.01; r = −0.83, p < 0.001) performances. Correlations were significantly different between player positions (defender, midfielder and striker). When examining the entire sample, the single best predictor of CODATwb was performance in the 5-m test with an explained variance of 52% (p < 0.001). For CODATb, the Y-balance performance explained 68% of the variance of performance (p < 0.001). In conclusion, soccer coaches and fitness trainers are advised to improve players’ CoD using neuromuscular training that mimic crucial match actions. Meanwhile, CoD testing and training should be designed in line with the demands of playing position.
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Effects of Training with an Agility Ladder on Sprint, Agility, and Dribbling Performance in Youth Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2020; 73:219-228. [PMID: 32774553 PMCID: PMC7386157 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of coordination training using an agility ladder compared with a control group on physical fitness and technical performance in youth soccer players. Eighteen male youth soccer players (age: 12.2 ± 0.4 years; body height: 158.3 ± 10.8 cm; body mass: 45.0 ± 8.0 kg) were randomly assigned to an agility ladder group (n = 10) or a control group (n = 8). The intervention program was carried out three times a week over six weeks. Before and after the training period, the 10 m sprint, 20 m sprint, dribbling speed test, agility test, and slalom dribbling test performances were assessed. Within-group analysis showed significant improvements (p < 0.005) in 10 m and 20 m sprint performance from the pre- to the post-test for the agility ladder group (-2.39% and -2.10%) and the control group (-2.54% and -1.44%). No significant differences (p > 0.005) were found from the pre- to the post-test in the dribbling speed test, agility test, slalom dribbling test, and skill index. In the between-group analysis, there were no differences between the agility ladder group and the control group in any variable. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest coordination training with an agility ladder does not seem to be effective to improve physical fitness and dribbling. Therefore, this information could be beneficial to players and coaches for programming tasks during soccer training sessions.
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Sieland J, Krause F, Kalo K, Wilke J, Vogt L, Banzer W, Niederer D. Injuries and functional performance status in young elite football players: a prospective 2-year monitoring. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1363-1370. [PMID: 32608931 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor function, such as strength asymmetries of the lower extremities and impaired dynamic stability, have a predictive value for the risk of injury. The present study aimed to reveal potential associations between injury and motor performance. METHODS Two hundred and five male youth elite (association) football (soccer) players (mean: 13.5±4.5 years, 57.2±30.2 kg, 168±35 cm) were included. A test battery was conducted twice per season, over two consecutive seasons (four times). Mobility (Sit and Reach Test, SnR), dynamic stability (Single Leg Hop for Distance, SLHD), linear sprinting speed (10 m, 30 m [s]), agility (Zig-Zag test with and without dribbling a ball [s]), jump performance (countermovement jump (CMJ) and drop jump (DJ), in cm) and maximal isometric voluntary force (MIVF, in N) of the knee extensors and flexors were assessed. All injuries occurring over the two-year period, as well as training and competition exposure time, were collected and used as grouping variables for statistical difference testing. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-five injuries in 93 players occurred (an injury incidence of 2.7/1000 hours of exposure). Age was associated with injury incidence (r=0.191; P=0.006). Neither DJ, CMJ, SnR nor agility performance were statistically different between injured and non-injured participants (P>0.05). Group differences did occur for sprint and strength (P=0.011; P=0.016), but these lapsed after the inclusion of age as a covariate. Only for SLHD symmetry was a non-significant trend evident after the correction for age (P=0.08). CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of musculoskeletal injuries in junior football players are, probably, not related to baseline motor function. Group differences between injured and non-injured youth elite football players are mostly explained by age. Only the symmetry in SLHD could be a potential risk factor for injuries and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Sieland
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany -
| | - Frieder Krause
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kristin Kalo
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan Wilke
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lutz Vogt
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Winfried Banzer
- Department of Preventive and Sports Medicine, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Niederer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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22
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Kelly AL, Williams CA. Physical Characteristics and the Talent Identification and Development Processes in Male Youth Soccer: A Narrative Review. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bergkamp TLG, Niessen ASM, den Hartigh RJR, Frencken WGP, Meijer RR. Methodological Issues in Soccer Talent Identification Research. Sports Med 2020; 49:1317-1335. [PMID: 31161402 PMCID: PMC6684562 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01113-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Talent identification research in soccer comprises the prediction of elite soccer performance. While many studies in this field have aimed to empirically relate performance characteristics to subsequent soccer success, a critical evaluation of the methodology of these studies has mostly been absent in the literature. In this position paper, we discuss advantages and limitations of the design, validity, and utility of current soccer talent identification research. Specifically, we draw on principles from selection psychology that can contribute to best practices in the context of making selection decisions across domains. Based on an extensive search of the soccer literature, we identify four methodological issues from this framework that are relevant for talent identification research, i.e. (1) the operationalization of criterion variables (the performance to be predicted) as performance levels; (2) the focus on isolated performance indicators as predictors of soccer performance; (3) the effects of range restriction on the predictive validity of predictors used in talent identification; and (4) the effect of the base rate on the utility of talent identification procedures. Based on these four issues, we highlight opportunities and challenges for future soccer talent identification studies that may contribute to developing evidence-based selection procedures. We suggest for future research to consider the use of individual soccer criterion measures, to adopt representative, high-fidelity predictors of soccer performance, and to take restriction of range and the base rate into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom L G Bergkamp
- Department of Psychometrics and Statistics, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - A Susan M Niessen
- Department of Psychometrics and Statistics, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud J R den Hartigh
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter G P Frencken
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Football Club Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob R Meijer
- Department of Psychometrics and Statistics, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Running-based high-intensity interval training vs. small-sided game training programs: effects on the physical performance, psychophysiological responses and technical skills in young soccer players. Biol Sport 2020; 37:165-173. [PMID: 32508384 PMCID: PMC7249797 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.94237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of 5-week running-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) vs. small-sided game training (SSG) on the physical performance, psychophysiological responses and technical skills in young soccer players. Twenty young male soccer players (age: 14.2±0.5 years, height: 161.8±7.9 cm) participated in this study and were assigned to two groups: the HIIT group (n=10) and SSG group (n=10). Both groups trained twice per week with a similar total training duration. The SSG consisted of two 5–9 minutes of 2-a-side with 2-minute passive rest periods, whereas the HIIT consisted of 12–20 minutes of continuous runs at intensities (90 to 95%) related to the velocity obtained in the 30–15 intermittent fitness test. Before and after the 5-week training periods the following tests were completed: maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) from the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIRTL-1), 10–30-m sprint test, countermovement jump [CMJ], squat jump [SJ], and drop jump [DJ]), 1000-m run test, zigzag agility, repeated sprint ability, 30–15 intermittent fitness test and speed dribbling ability test. Our results revealed meaningful improvements in YYIRTL-1 performance (SSG: +12.8%, standardized effect size [d]=-1.46; HIIT: +16.4%, d=3.27 and VO2max (SSG: +3.3%, d=-1.48; HIIT: +4.3%, d=2.61). There was a meaningful greater improvement in agility and technical test performances following the SSG training compared with the HIIT (p ≤ 0.05, d=ranging from 0.92 to 1.99). By contrast, the HIIT group showed meaningfully higher performance responses in terms of the 1000-m running time and repeated sprint test ability (p ≤ 0.05, d=ranging from 0.90 to 2.06). These results confirmed that SSG training might be a more effective training regime to improve technical ability and agility with greater enjoyment, whereas HIIT might be more suitable for speed-based conditioning in young soccer players.
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25
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Huurnink A, Fransz DP, de Boode VA, Kingma I, van Dieën JH. Age-Matched Z-Scores for Longitudinal Monitoring of Center of Pressure Speed in Single-Leg Stance Performance in Elite Male Youth Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:495-505. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Altmann S, Ringhof S, Neumann R, Woll A, Rumpf MC. Validity and reliability of speed tests used in soccer: A systematic review. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220982. [PMID: 31412057 PMCID: PMC6693781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Speed is an important prerequisite in soccer. Therefore, a large number of tests have been developed aiming to investigate several speed skills relevant to soccer. This systematic review aimed to examine the validity and reliability of speed tests used in adult soccer players. Methods A systematic search was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they investigated speed tests in adult soccer players and reported validity (construct and criterion) or reliability (intraday and interday) data. The tests were categorized into linear-sprint, repeated-sprint, change-of-direction sprint, agility, and tests incorporating combinations of these skills. Results In total, 90 studies covering 167 tests were included. Linear-sprint (n = 67) and change-of-direction sprint (n = 60) were studied most often, followed by combinations of the aforementioned (n = 21) and repeated-sprint tests (n = 15). Agility tests were examined fewest (n = 4). Mainly based on construct validity studies, acceptable validity was reported for the majority of the tests in all categories, except for agility tests, where no validity study was identified. Regarding intraday and interday reliability, ICCs>0.75 and CVs<3.0% were evident for most of the tests in all categories. These results applied for total and average times. In contrast, measures representing fatigue such as percent decrement scores indicated inconsistent validity findings. Regarding reliability, ICCs were 0.11–0.49 and CVs were 16.8–51.0%. Conclusion Except for agility tests, several tests for all categories with acceptable levels of validity and high levels of reliability for adult soccer players are available. Caution should be given when interpreting fatigue measures, e.g., percent decrement scores. Given the lack of accepted gold-standard tests for each category, researchers and practitioners may base their test selection on the broad database provided in this systematic review. Future research should pay attention to the criterion validity examining the relationship between test results and match parameters as well as to the development and evaluation of soccer-specific agility tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Altmann
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Steffen Ringhof
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Neumann
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Woll
- Department for Social and Health Sciences in Sport, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael C. Rumpf
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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27
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Pardos- Mainer E, Casajús JA, Gonzalo-Skok O. Reliability and sensitivity of jumping, linear sprinting and change of direction ability tests in adolescent female football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1554257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pardos- Mainer
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Antonio Casajús
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Zaragoza, Spain
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28
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Makhlouf I, Chaouachi A, Chaouachi M, Ben Othman A, Granacher U, Behm DG. Combination of Agility and Plyometric Training Provides Similar Training Benefits as Combined Balance and Plyometric Training in Young Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1611. [PMID: 30483158 PMCID: PMC6243212 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Studies that combined balance and resistance training induced larger performance improvements compared with single mode training. Agility exercises contain more dynamic and sport-specific movements compared with balance training. Thus, the purpose of this study was to contrast the effects of combined balance and plyometric training with combined agility and plyometric training and an active control on physical fitness in youth. Methods: Fifty-seven male soccer players aged 10–12 years participated in an 8-week training program (2 × week). They were randomly assigned to a balance-plyometric (BPT: n = 21), agility-plyometric (APT: n = 20) or control group (n = 16). Measures included proxies of muscle power [countermovement jump (CMJ), triple-hop-test (THT)], muscle strength [reactive strength index (RSI), maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of handgrip, back extensors, knee extensors], agility [4-m × 9-m shuttle run, Illinois change of direction test (ICODT) with and without the ball], balance (Standing Stork, Y-Balance), and speed (10–30 m sprints). Results: Significant time × group interactions were found for CMJ, hand grip MVIC force, ICODT without a ball, agility (4 m × 9 m), standing stork balance, Y-balance, 10 and 30-m sprint. The APT pre- to post-test measures displayed large ES improvements for hand grip MVIC force, ICODT without a ball, agility test, CMJ, standing stork balance test, Y-balance test but only moderate ES improvements with the 10 and 30 m sprints. The BPT group showed small (30 m sprint), moderate (hand grip MVIC, ICODTwithout a ball) and large ES [agility (4 m × 9 m) test, CMJ, standing stork balance test, Y-balance] improvements, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, both training groups provided significant improvements in all measures. It is recommended that youth incorporate balance exercises into their training and progress to agility with their strength and power training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam Makhlouf
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mehdi Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aymen Ben Othman
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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29
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Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Soccer Players: Is Test Specificity the Issue?-A Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2018; 4:28. [PMID: 29923108 PMCID: PMC6008274 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It is important that players and coaches have access to objective information on soccer player’s physical status for team selection and training purposes. Physiological tests can provide this information. Physiological testing in laboratories and field settings are very common, but both methods have been questioned because of their specificity and accuracy respectively. Currently, football players have their direct aerobic fitness assessed in laboratories using treadmills or cycle ergometers, whilst indirect measures (using estimation of aerobic performance) are performed in the field, typically comprising multiple shuttle runs back and forth over a set distance. The purpose of this review is to discuss the applied techniques and technologies used for evaluating soccer players’ health and fitness variables with a specific focus on cardiorespiratory testing. A clear distinction of the functionality and the specificity between the field tests and laboratory tests is well established in the literature. The review findings prioritize field tests over laboratory tests, not only for commodity purpose but also for motivational and specificity reasons. Moreover, the research literature suggests a combination of various tests to provide a comprehensive assessment of the players. Finally, more research needs to be conducted to develop a specific and comprehensive test model through the combination of various exercise modes for soccer players.
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30
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Pojskic H, Åslin E, Krolo A, Jukic I, Uljevic O, Spasic M, Sekulic D. Importance of Reactive Agility and Change of Direction Speed in Differentiating Performance Levels in Junior Soccer Players: Reliability and Validity of Newly Developed Soccer-Specific Tests. Front Physiol 2018; 9:506. [PMID: 29867552 PMCID: PMC5962722 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Agility is a significant determinant of success in soccer; however, studies have rarely presented and evaluated soccer-specific tests of reactive agility (S_RAG) and non-reactive agility (change of direction speed – S_CODS) or their applicability in this sport. The aim of this study was to define the reliability and validity of newly developed tests of the S_RAG and S_CODS to discriminate between the performance levels of junior soccer players. The study consisted of 20 players who were involved at the highest national competitive rank (all males; age: 17.0 ± 0.9 years), divided into three playing positions (defenders, midfielders, and forwards) and two performance levels (U17 and U19). Variables included body mass (BM), body height, body fat percentage, 20-m sprint, squat jump, countermovement jump, reactive-strength-index, unilateral jump, 1RM-back-squat, S_CODS, and three protocols of S_RAG. The reliabilities of the S_RAG and S_CODS were appropriate to high (ICC: 0.70 to 0.92), with the strongest reliability evidenced for the S_CODS. The S_CODS and S_RAG shared 25–40% of the common variance. Playing positions significantly differed in BM (large effect-size differences [ES]; midfielders were lightest) and 1RM-back-squat (large ES; lowest results in midfielders). The performance levels significantly differed in age and experience in soccer; U19 achieved better results in the S_CODS (t-test: 3.61, p < 0.05, large ES) and two S_RAG protocols (t-test: 2.14 and 2.41, p < 0.05, moderate ES). Newly developed tests of soccer-specific agility are applicable to differentiate U17 and U19 players. Coaches who work with young soccer athletes should be informed that the development of soccer-specific CODS and RAG in this age is mostly dependent on training of the specific motor proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Pojskic
- Department for Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,The Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Erik Åslin
- Department for Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Ante Krolo
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivan Jukic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ognjen Uljevic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Miodrag Spasic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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Straight-Line and Change-of-Direction Intermittent Running in Professional Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:562-567. [PMID: 28422524 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the difference between straight-line (STL) and change-of-direction (COD) intermittent-running exercises in soccer players. METHODS Seventeen male professional soccer players performed the agility T test and 6 intermittent-running exercises: 10 s at 130% of maximal aerobic speed (MAS) alternated with 10 s of rest (10-10), 15 s at 120% of MAS alternated with 15 s of rest (15-15), and 30 s at 110% of MAS alternated with 30 s of rest (30-30) both in STL and with COD. All exercises were monitored using a global positioning system. Heart rate was measured during exercises, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was collected postexercise. The difference (Δ) between covered distance in STL and COD exercises at a similar load was calculated, and relationships between T test and Δ distance were analyzed. RESULTS COD intermittent exercises showed a significantly decreased distance covered and an increase in the number of accelerations, peak heart rate, and RPE compared with STL intermittent exercises at a similar load. High relationships were observed between T-test performance and Δ distance in 10-10 (r = .72, P < .01) and 15-15 (r = .77, P < .01), whereas no significant relationships were observed between T-test performance and Δ distance in 30-30 (r = -.37, P = .2). CONCLUSION Intermittent COD exercises were associated with higher acceleration, peak heart rate, and RPE than STL during 10-10 and 15-15 exercises. The ability to rapidly change direction is crucial to perform intense sport-specific running in professional soccer players.
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Enright K, Morton J, Iga J, Lothian D, Roberts S, Drust B. Reliability of “in-season” fitness assessments in youth elite soccer players: a working model for practitioners and coaches. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1411603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Enright
- School of Education, Leisure and Sport Studies, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England, UK
| | - James Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England, UK
| | - John Iga
- Training Centre, Huddersfield Town Football Club, Huddersfield, England, UK
| | | | - Simon Roberts
- School of Education, Leisure and Sport Studies, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England, UK
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Reina R, Sarabia JM, Caballero C, Yanci J. How does the ball influence the performance of change of direction and sprint tests in para-footballers with brain impairments? Implications for evidence-based classification in CP-Football. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187237. [PMID: 29099836 PMCID: PMC5669430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were: i) to analyze the reliability and validity of three tests that require sprinting (10 m, 25 m, 40 m), accelerations/decelerations (Stop and Go Test) and change of direction (Illinois Agility Test), with and without ball, in para-footballers with neurological impairments, and ii) to compare the performance in the tests when ball dribbling is required and to explore the practical implications for evidence-based classification in cerebral palsy (CP)-Football. Eighty-two international para-footballers (25.2 ± 6.8 years; 68.7 ± 8.3 kg; 175.3 ± 7.4 cm; 22.5 ± 2.7 kg·m-2), classified according to the International Federation of Cerebral Palsy Football (IFCPF) Classification Rules (classes FT5-FT8), participated in the study. A group of 31 players without CP was also included in the study as a control group. The para-footballers showed good reliability scores in all tests, with and without ball (ICC = 0.53-0.95, SEM = 2.5-9.8%). Nevertheless, the inclusion of the ball influenced testing reproducibility. The low or moderate relationships shown among sprint, acceleration/deceleration and change of direction tests with and without ball also evidenced that they measure different capabilities. Significant differences and large effect sizes (0.53 < ηp2 < 0.97; p < 0.05) were found when para-footballers performed the tests with and without dribbling the ball. Players with moderate neurological impairments (i.e. FT5, FT6, and FT7) had higher coefficients of variation in the trial requiring ball dribbling. For all the tests, we also obtained between-group (FT5-FT8) statistical and large practical differences (ηp2 = 0.35-0.62, large; p < 0.01). The proposed sprint, acceleration/deceleration and change of direction tests with and without ball may be applicable for classification purposes, that is, evaluation of activity limitation from neurological impairments, or decision-making between current CP-Football classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Reina
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Carla Caballero
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Javier Yanci
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Specific physical trainability in elite young soccer players: efficiency over 6 weeks' in-season training. Biol Sport 2017; 34:137-148. [PMID: 28566807 PMCID: PMC5424453 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.64587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of 3 training protocols (plyometric [PLYO], agility [AG], or repeated shuttle sprints [RS]) on physical performance in the same population of young soccer players. Forty-two youth-level male players (13.6±0.3-years; 1.65±0.07 m; 54.1±6.5 kg; body fat: 12.8±2.6%) participated in a short-term (6-week) randomized parallel fully controlled training study (pre-to-post measurements): PLYO group, n=10; AG group, n=10; RS group, n=12; and control group [CON] n=10. PLYO training = 9 lower limb exercises (2-3 sets of 8-12 repetitions). The AG group performed planned AG drills and direction changes. RS training consisted of 2-4 sets of 5-6x 20 to 30 m shuttle sprints (20 seconds recovery in between). Progressive overload principles were incorporated into the programme by increasing the number of foot contacts and varying the complexity of the exercises. Pre/post-training tests were: bilateral standing horizontal jump, and unilateral horizontal jumps, sprint (30 m with 10 m lap time), agility (20 m zigzag), and repeated sprint ability (RSA) (i.e. 6x30 m shuttle sprints: 2x15 m with 180° turns). Significant main effects for time (i.e. training application) and group (training type) were detected. Improvements in horizontal jumping were higher (p<0.01: ES=large) in PLYO. The RS group improved significantly more (p<0.01; ES=large) than other groups: 30 m sprint, RSAbest and RSAmean performances. Significantly greater increases in 20 m zigzag performance were observed following AG and RS training (4.0 and 3.8%, respectively) compared with PLYO (2.0%) and CON training (0.8%). No significant differences were reported in the RSAdec between groups. Elite young male soccer players’ physical performances can be significantly and specifically improved either using PLYO or AG or RSA training over short-term in-season training.
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Peñailillo L, Espíldora F, Jannas-Vela S, Mujika I, Zbinden-Foncea H. Muscle Strength and Speed Performance in Youth Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2016; 50:203-210. [PMID: 28149358 PMCID: PMC5260655 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the relationship between maximum leg extension strength and sprinting performance in youth elite male soccer players. Sixty-three youth players (12.5 ± 1.3 years) performed 5 m, flying 15 m and 20 m sprint tests and a zigzag agility test on a grass field using timing gates. Two days later, subjects performed a one-repetition maximum leg extension test (79.3 ± 26.9 kg). Weak to strong correlations were found between leg extension strength and the time to perform 5 m (r = -0.39, p = 0.001), flying 15 m (r = -0.72, p < 0.001) and 20 m (r = -0.67, p < 0.001) sprints; between body mass and 5 m (r = -0.43, p < 0.001), flying 15 m (r = -0.75, p < 0.001), 20 m (r = -0.65, p < 0.001) sprints and agility (r =-0.29, p < 0.001); and between height and 5 m (r = -0.33, p < 0.01) and flying 15 m (r = -0.74, p < 0.001) sprints. Our results show that leg muscle strength and anthropometric variables strongly correlate with sprinting ability. This suggests that anthropometric characteristics should be considered to compare among youth players, and that youth players should undergo strength training to improve running speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Peñailillo
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Espíldora
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Jannas-Vela
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iñigo Mujika
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country
| | - Hermann Zbinden-Foncea
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
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Differentiating technical skill and motor abilities in selected and non-selected 3-5 year old team-sports players. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 47:81-87. [PMID: 26904973 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the difference in 22 3-5year old boys selected to an advanced or non-advanced group on an English community-based professional club training program. Time to complete 15m linear sprint and 15m zig-zag agility tests, with and without a ball, were used to assess the children's technical skill and motor ability. Age and body mass of both groups were the same, whereas height was greater and BMI was lower in the selected group (p<0.01). Linear sprint times without and with the ball were 3.98±0.35 and 4.44±0.36s, respectively for the selected and corresponding times were 4.64±1.04 and 11.2±5.37s for the non-selected (p<0.01, ES 0.8, 1.8). Similar results were found when a change of movement was included, both with and without the ball. A model of selection indicated that performance in an agility test with the ball and height had the greatest discriminatory power and explained 95.5% of between group variance. Selected players performed significantly better in tests when ball control was required. These findings suggest that technical proficiency and physical differences may influence team selection in three to five year old children.
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Schwesig R, Koke A, Fischer D, Fieseler G, Jungermann P, Delank KS, Hermassi S. Validity and Reliability of the New Handball-Specific Complex Test. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:476-86. [PMID: 26815176 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the intraobserver reliability (IR) of the handball-specific complex test (HBKT) and the validity of the HBKT and nonspecific tests. Thirty experienced players (25.7 ± 3.9 years) executed the HBKT twice (time interval: 2 days). Lactate, heart rate (HR), time, throwing velocity and number of errors were measured. Afterwards, players' match performances (MPs) in 30 matches were evaluated using video analysis to compare it with the test parameters. Resting HR between first half and second half (r(2) = 0.26), standing long jump (r(2) = 0.18), jump and reach (r(2) = 0.16), and HR before second half (r(2) = 0.14) were proven to be the most valid tests or parameters. The amounts of explained variance concerning the MP of all other tests/parameters were below 10%. Overall, 41% (12/29) of the parameters showed a high relative intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC > 0.75) and absolute coefficient of variation (CV ≤ 5%) IR. Results suggest that the HBKT can be certified with an insufficient validity and a sufficient absolute (∅CV = 11.3%) and relative (∅ICC = 0.67) IR. The reasons could be insufficient tests or insufficient score of MP. The current findings suggest that the coaches and scientists should recognize a lot of effort is necessary to measure MP and to develop valid tests. Additional research should aim to connect test and MP with each other. Before a coach applies a test, he should thoroughly check whether the test is valid (gold standard: MP) and reliable. The frequent and long-term test application (very common argument of the coaches in practice) is not a proof of validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Schwesig
- Departments of 1Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery; and2Sports Science, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany;3Institute for Applied Training Science Department Technique-Tactics, Leipzig, Germany;4Center for Orthopedic Surgery (ZOC), Muenden, Germany; and5Tunisian Researches Laboratory, Sport Performance Optimization, Tunis, Tunisia
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Ré AHN, Cattuzzo MT, Henrique RDS, Stodden DF. Physical characteristics that predict involvement with the ball in recreational youth soccer. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:1716-22. [PMID: 27328724 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1136067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relative contribution of age, stage of puberty, anthropometric characteristics, health-related fitness, soccer-specific tests and match-related technical performance to variance in involvements with the ball during recreational 5-a-side small-sided (32 × 15 m) soccer matches. Using a cross-sectional design, 80 healthy male students (14.6 ± 0.5 years of age; range 13.6-15.4) who played soccer recreationally were randomly divided into 10 teams and played against each other. Measurements included height, body mass, pubertal status, health-related fitness (12-min walk/run test, standing long jump, 15-m sprint and sit-ups in 30 s), soccer-specific tests (kicking for speed, passing for accuracy and agility run with and without a ball), match-related technical performance (kicks, passes and dribbles) and involvements with the ball during matches. Forward multiple regression analysis revealed that cardiorespiratory fitness (12-min walk/run test) accounted for 36% of the variance in involvements with the ball. When agility with the ball (zigzag running) and power (standing long jump) were included among the predictors, the total explained variance increased to 62%. In conclusion, recreational adolescent players, regardless of their soccer-specific skills, may increase participation in soccer matches most through physical activities that promote improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle power and agility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David F Stodden
- c Physical Education and Athletic Training , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
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Forsman H, Gråstén A, Blomqvist M, Davids K, Liukkonen J, Konttinen N. Development of perceived competence, tactical skills, motivation, technical skills, and speed and agility in young soccer players. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:1311-8. [PMID: 26708723 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1127401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this 1-year, longitudinal study was to examine the development of perceived competence, tactical skills, motivation, technical skills, and speed and agility characteristics of young Finnish soccer players. We also examined associations between latent growth models of perceived competence and other recorded variables. Participants were 288 competitive male soccer players ranging from 12 to 14 years (12.7 ± 0.6) from 16 soccer clubs. Players completed the self-assessments of perceived competence, tactical skills, and motivation, and participated in technical, and speed and agility tests. Results of this study showed that players' levels of perceived competence, tactical skills, motivation, technical skills, and speed and agility characteristics remained relatively high and stable across the period of 1 year. Positive relationships were found between these levels and changes in perceived competence and motivation, and levels of perceived competence and speed and agility characteristics. Together these results illustrate the multi-dimensional nature of talent development processes in soccer. Moreover, it seems crucial in coaching to support the development of perceived competence and motivation in young soccer players and that it might be even more important in later maturing players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannele Forsman
- a Department of Sport Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland.,b Eerikkilä Sports Institute , Tammela , Finland
| | - Arto Gråstén
- a Department of Sport Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Minna Blomqvist
- c Research Institute for Olympic Sports , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Keith Davids
- d Centre for Sports Engineering Research Faculty of Health and Wellbeing , Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield , UK.,e FiDiPro Programme , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Jarmo Liukkonen
- a Department of Sport Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Niilo Konttinen
- c Research Institute for Olympic Sports , Jyväskylä , Finland
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Forsman H, Gråstén A, Blomqvist M, Davids K, Liukkonen J, Konttinen N. Development and validation of the Perceived Game-Specific Soccer Competence Scale. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:1319-27. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1125518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Eriksson A, Johansson FR, Bäck M. Reliability and criterion-related validity of the 20-yard shuttle test in competitive junior tennis players. Open Access J Sports Med 2015; 6:269-76. [PMID: 26316829 PMCID: PMC4542558 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s86442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study adds to the previous work in the field of sport-specific fitness testing by evaluating a tennis-specific agility test called “the 20-yard shuttle test”. The aim of the study was to evaluate the test–retest reliability, the inter-rater reliability, and the criterion-related validity of the 20-yard shuttle test on competitive junior tennis players. Participants and methods Totally, 34 Swedish tennis players (13 girls), mean age 14±1.6 years, participated in the study. To examine test–retest reliability, the subjects performed the 20-yard shuttle test three times on the same day and then the same procedure was repeated after 3 days. To test the inter-rater reliability, the time was measured with a stopwatch simultaneously by two different raters. The time recorded manually was compared to the gold standard of digital timing to evaluate the criterion-related validity. Results Excellent test–retest reliability was found both within the same day (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] 0.95) and between days (ICC 0.91). Furthermore, the results showed excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC 0.99) and criterion-related validity on both test occasions (ICC 0.99). Conclusion We have provided introductory support for the 20-yard shuttle test as a reliable and valid test for use in competitive junior tennis players. The ease of administration makes this test a practical alternative to evaluate physical fitness in order to optimally train the athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Eriksson
- Rehab City Östermalm, Primary Health Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik R Johansson
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Musculoskeletal and Sports Injury Epidemiology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Bäck
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden ; Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ; Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Masmoudi L, Gharbi A, Chtourou H, Souissi N. Effect of time of day on soccer specific skills in children: psychological and physiological responses. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1073888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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The relationship between sprint ability, agility and vertical jump performance in young soccer players. Sci Sports 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tests examining skill outcomes in sport: a systematic review of measurement properties and feasibility. Sports Med 2014; 44:501-18. [PMID: 24293244 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high level of participant skill is influential in determining the outcome of many sports. Thus, tests assessing skill outcomes in sport are commonly used by coaches and researchers to estimate an athlete's ability level, to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions or for the purpose of talent identification. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to examine the methodological quality, measurement properties and feasibility characteristics of sporting skill outcome tests reported in the peer-reviewed literature. DATA SOURCES A search of both SPORTDiscus and MEDLINE databases was undertaken. STUDY SELECTION Studies that examined tests of sporting skill outcomes were reviewed. Only studies that investigated measurement properties of the test (reliability or validity) were included. A total of 22 studies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS A customised checklist of assessment criteria, based on previous research, was utilised for the purpose of this review. RESULTS A range of sports were the subject of the 22 studies included in this review, with considerations relating to methodological quality being generally well addressed by authors. A range of methods and statistical procedures were used by researchers to determine the measurement properties of their skill outcome tests. The majority (95%) of the reviewed studies investigated test-retest reliability, and where relevant, inter and intra-rater reliability was also determined. Content validity was examined in 68% of the studies, with most tests investigating multiple skill domains relevant to the sport. Only 18% of studies assessed all three reviewed forms of validity (content, construct and criterion), with just 14% investigating the predictive validity of the test. Test responsiveness was reported in only 9% of studies, whilst feasibility received varying levels of attention. LIMITATIONS In organised sport, further tests may exist which have not been investigated in this review. This could be due to such tests firstly not being published in the peer-review literature and secondly, not having their measurement properties (i.e., reliability or validity) examined formally. CONCLUSIONS Of the 22 studies included in this review, items relating to test methodological quality were, on the whole, well addressed. Test-retest reliability was determined in all but one of the reviewed studies, whilst most studies investigated at least two aspects of validity (i.e., content, construct or criterion-related validity). Few studies examined predictive validity or responsiveness. While feasibility was addressed in over half of the studies, practicality and test limitations were rarely addressed. Consideration of study quality, measurement properties and feasibility components assessed in this review can assist future researchers when developing or modifying tests of sporting skill outcomes.
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Sekulic D, Krolo A, Spasic M, Uljevic O, Peric M. The Development of a New Stop'n’go Reactive-Agility Test. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:3306-12. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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HÖner O, Votteler A, Schmid M, Schultz F, Roth K. Psychometric properties of the motor diagnostics in the German football talent identification and development programme. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:145-59. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.928416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kimura IF, Stickley CD, Lentz MA, Wages JJ, Yanagi K, Hetzler RK. Validity and Reliability of the Hawaii Anaerobic Run Test. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:1386-93. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Speed, power and agility are important components of fitness and determine the level of success and performance in soccer. The aim of this study was to identify speed variables and to determine their mutual correlation and structure in youth elite soccer players. The research group consisted of players from the Czech U16 national team (n = 22, age = 15.6 ± 0.4 years). Speed variables were assessed using the following tests: a) linear speed: 5 m sprint (S5), 10 m sprint (S10) and 20 m flying sprint (F20); b) the agility: agility test 505 with turning on the dominant (A505D) and non-dominant legs (A505N) and the K-test (K) and c) ball velocity after an instep kick with the dominant (IKD) and non-dominant (IKN) legs. Significant dependence was found for S5 compared with S10, F20 vs. A505N, K vs. A505N (p < 0.01) and S10 vs. F20 (p < 0.05). The factor analysis revealed three components of the latent variable - speed. The first component consisted of linear sprint (S10, S20) and also partially consisted of maximum speed (F20). The second component was primarily composed of agility (A505D, A505N, K) and also included maximum speed (F20). The third independent component represented ball velocity after an instep kick (IKD, IKN). The speed variables in youth elite players exhibited significant heterogeneity from the perspective of performance, as determined by the monitored tests. The structure of the speed predisposition indicated that there were three components of speed. The results of our studies support the notion that each component of speed must be considered independently when designing training programmes.
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Dardouri W, Amin Selmi M, Haj Sassi R, Gharbi Z, Rebhi A, Moalla W. Reliability and discriminative power of soccer-specific field tests and skill index in young soccer players. Sci Sports 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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