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Li X, Meng X, Zhao RR, Xu YH. A genome-wide methylation analysis of Chinese Han patients with chronic insomnia disorder. Sleep Breath 2024:10.1007/s11325-024-03145-7. [PMID: 39186098 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-024-03145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the most common sleep disorder, chronic insomnia disorder (CID) has become a global health burden to the public. However, it remains unclear about the pathogenesis of this disease. Epigenetic changes may provide important insights into the gene-environment interaction in CID. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the DNA methylation pattern in CID and reveal the epigenetic mechanism of this disease. METHODS In this study, whole blood DNA was extracted from 8 CID patients (the CID group) and 8 healthy controls (the control group), respectively. Besides, genome-wide DNA methylation was detected by Illumina Human Methylation 850 K Beadchip. Moreover, the sleep quality and insomnia severity were evaluated by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), respectively. RESULTS A total of 369 differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and 23 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified between the CID and control groups. LHX6 was identified as the most important differentially methylated gene (DMG). The Gene Ontology (GO) analysis results corroborated that DMPs were significantly enriched in 105 GO terms, including cell signaling, homogenous cell adhesion of plasma membrane adhesion molecules, nervous system development, cell adhesion, and calcium ion binding. In addition, it was demonstrated that DMPs were significantly enriched in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, including the hippo signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway, and vitamin B6 metabolism. The DMR-related GO analysis results revealed the positive regulation of protein kinase activities. CONCLUSIONS DNA methylation plays a critical role in the development of CID, and LHX6 is validated to be an important DMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Xue Meng
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Ya-Hui Xu
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China.
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2
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Kostin A, Alam MA, Saevskiy A, Alam MN. Chronic Astrocytic TNFα Production in the Preoptic-Basal Forebrain Causes Aging-like Sleep-Wake Disturbances in Young Mice. Cells 2024; 13:894. [PMID: 38891027 PMCID: PMC11171867 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep disruption is a frequent problem of advancing age, often accompanied by low-grade chronic central and peripheral inflammation. We examined whether chronic neuroinflammation in the preoptic and basal forebrain area (POA-BF), a critical sleep-wake regulatory structure, contributes to this disruption. We developed a targeted viral vector designed to overexpress tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), specifically in astrocytes (AAV5-GFAP-TNFα-mCherry), and injected it into the POA of young mice to induce heightened neuroinflammation within the POA-BF. Compared to the control (treated with AAV5-GFAP-mCherry), mice with astrocytic TNFα overproduction within the POA-BF exhibited signs of increased microglia activation, indicating a heightened local inflammatory milieu. These mice also exhibited aging-like changes in sleep-wake organization and physical performance, including (a) impaired sleep-wake functions characterized by disruptions in sleep and waking during light and dark phases, respectively, and a reduced ability to compensate for sleep loss; (b) dysfunctional VLPO sleep-active neurons, indicated by fewer neurons expressing c-fos after suvorexant-induced sleep; and (c) compromised physical performance as demonstrated by a decline in grip strength. These findings suggest that inflammation-induced dysfunction of sleep- and wake-regulatory mechanisms within the POA-BF may be a critical component of sleep-wake disturbances in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Kostin
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA 91343, USA; (A.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Md. Aftab Alam
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA 91343, USA; (A.K.); (M.A.A.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Anton Saevskiy
- Scientific Research and Technology Center for Neurotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344006 Rostov-on-Don, Russia;
| | - Md. Noor Alam
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA 91343, USA; (A.K.); (M.A.A.)
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
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3
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Leduc T, El Alami H, Bougadir K, Bélanger-Nelson E, Mongrain V. Neuroligin-2 shapes individual slow waves during slow-wave sleep and the response to sleep deprivation in mice. Mol Autism 2024; 15:13. [PMID: 38570872 PMCID: PMC10993465 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-024-00594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances are a common comorbidity to most neurodevelopmental disorders and tend to worsen disease symptomatology. It is thus crucial to understand mechanisms underlying sleep disturbances to improve patients' quality of life. Neuroligin-2 (NLGN2) is a synaptic adhesion protein regulating GABAergic transmission. It has been linked to autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia in humans, and deregulations of its expression were shown to cause epileptic-like hypersynchronized cerebral activity in rodents. Importantly, the absence of Nlgn2 (knockout: KO) was previously shown to alter sleep-wake duration and quality in mice, notably increasing slow-wave sleep (SWS) delta activity (1-4 Hz) and altering its 24-h dynamics. This type of brain oscillation is involved in memory consolidation, and is also a marker of homeostatic sleep pressure. Sleep deprivation (SD) is notably known to impair cognition and the physiological response to sleep loss involves GABAergic transmission. METHODS Using electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings, we here first aimed to verify how individual slow wave (SW; 0.5-4 Hz) density and properties (e.g., amplitude, slope, frequency) contribute to the higher SWS delta activity and altered 24-h dynamics observed in Nlgn2 KO mice. We further investigated the response of these animals to SD. Finally, we tested whether sleep loss affects the gene expression of Nlgn2 and related GABAergic transcripts in the cerebral cortex of wild-type mice using RNA sequencing. RESULTS Our results show that Nlgn2 KO mice have both greater SW amplitude and density, and that SW density is the main property contributing to the altered 24-h dynamics. We also found the absence of Nlgn2 to accelerate paradoxical sleep recovery following SD, together with profound alterations in ECoG activity across vigilance states. Sleep loss, however, did not modify the 24-h distribution of the hypersynchronized ECoG events observed in these mice. Finally, RNA sequencing confirmed an overall decrease in cortical expression of Nlgn2 and related GABAergic transcripts following SD in wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS This work brings further insight into potential mechanisms of sleep duration and quality deregulation in neurodevelopmental disorders, notably involving NLGN2 and GABAergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Leduc
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre d'études avancées en médecine du sommeil (CÉAMS), Recherche - Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900, St-Denis street, Tour Viger Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Hiba El Alami
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre d'études avancées en médecine du sommeil (CÉAMS), Recherche - Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Khadija Bougadir
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre d'études avancées en médecine du sommeil (CÉAMS), Recherche - Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erika Bélanger-Nelson
- Centre d'études avancées en médecine du sommeil (CÉAMS), Recherche - Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Pfizer Canada ULC, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Valérie Mongrain
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Centre d'études avancées en médecine du sommeil (CÉAMS), Recherche - Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900, St-Denis street, Tour Viger Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
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4
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Király B, Domonkos A, Jelitai M, Lopes-Dos-Santos V, Martínez-Bellver S, Kocsis B, Schlingloff D, Joshi A, Salib M, Fiáth R, Barthó P, Ulbert I, Freund TF, Viney TJ, Dupret D, Varga V, Hangya B. The medial septum controls hippocampal supra-theta oscillations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6159. [PMID: 37816713 PMCID: PMC10564782 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal theta oscillations orchestrate faster beta-to-gamma oscillations facilitating the segmentation of neural representations during navigation and episodic memory. Supra-theta rhythms of hippocampal CA1 are coordinated by local interactions as well as inputs from the entorhinal cortex (EC) and CA3 inputs. However, theta-nested gamma-band activity in the medial septum (MS) suggests that the MS may control supra-theta CA1 oscillations. To address this, we performed multi-electrode recordings of MS and CA1 activity in rodents and found that MS neuron firing showed strong phase-coupling to theta-nested supra-theta episodes and predicted changes in CA1 beta-to-gamma oscillations on a cycle-by-cycle basis. Unique coupling patterns of anatomically defined MS cell types suggested that indirect MS-to-CA1 pathways via the EC and CA3 mediate distinct CA1 gamma-band oscillations. Optogenetic activation of MS parvalbumin-expressing neurons elicited theta-nested beta-to-gamma oscillations in CA1. Thus, the MS orchestrates hippocampal network activity at multiple temporal scales to mediate memory encoding and retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Király
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biological Physics, Institute of Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andor Domonkos
- Subcortical Modulation Research Group, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Jelitai
- Subcortical Modulation Research Group, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vítor Lopes-Dos-Santos
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sergio Martínez-Bellver
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Barnabás Kocsis
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Schlingloff
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Abhilasha Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Minas Salib
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richárd Fiáth
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Barthó
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Ulbert
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás F Freund
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tim J Viney
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Dupret
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Viktor Varga
- Subcortical Modulation Research Group, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Hangya
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
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5
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Farries MA, Faust TW, Mohebi A, Berke JD. Selective encoding of reward predictions and prediction errors by globus pallidus subpopulations. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4124-4135.e5. [PMID: 37703876 PMCID: PMC10591972 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Basal ganglia (BG) circuits help guide and invigorate actions using predictions of future rewards (values). Within the BG, the globus pallidus pars externa (GPe) may play an essential role in aggregating and distributing value information. We recorded from the GPe in unrestrained rats performing both Pavlovian and instrumental tasks to obtain rewards and distinguished neuronal subtypes by their firing properties across the wake/sleep cycle and optogenetic tagging. In both tasks, the parvalbumin-positive (PV+), faster-firing "prototypical" neurons showed strong, sustained modulation by value, unlike other subtypes, including the "arkypallidal" cells that project back to striatum. Furthermore, we discovered that a distinct minority (7%) of GP cells display slower, pacemaker-like firing and encode reward prediction errors (RPEs) almost identically to midbrain dopamine neurons. These cell-specific forms of GPe value representation help define the circuit mechanisms by which the BG contribute to motivation and reinforcement learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Farries
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Thomas W Faust
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ali Mohebi
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joshua D Berke
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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6
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Que M, Li Y, Wang X, Zhan G, Luo X, Zhou Z. Role of astrocytes in sleep deprivation: accomplices, resisters, or bystanders? Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1188306. [PMID: 37435045 PMCID: PMC10330732 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1188306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep plays an essential role in all studied animals with a nervous system. However, sleep deprivation leads to various pathological changes and neurobehavioral problems. Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the brain and are involved in various important functions, including neurotransmitter and ion homeostasis, synaptic and neuronal modulation, and blood-brain barrier maintenance; furthermore, they are associated with numerous neurodegenerative diseases, pain, and mood disorders. Moreover, astrocytes are increasingly being recognized as vital contributors to the regulation of sleep-wake cycles, both locally and in specific neural circuits. In this review, we begin by describing the role of astrocytes in regulating sleep and circadian rhythms, focusing on: (i) neuronal activity; (ii) metabolism; (iii) the glymphatic system; (iv) neuroinflammation; and (v) astrocyte-microglia cross-talk. Moreover, we review the role of astrocytes in sleep deprivation comorbidities and sleep deprivation-related brain disorders. Finally, we discuss potential interventions targeting astrocytes to prevent or treat sleep deprivation-related brain disorders. Pursuing these questions would pave the way for a deeper understanding of the cellular and neural mechanisms underlying sleep deprivation-comorbid brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Que
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaofeng Zhan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Luo
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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7
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Galinsky R, Dhillon SK, Kelly SB, Wassink G, Davidson JO, Lear CA, van den Heuij LG, Bennet L, Gunn AJ. Magnesium sulphate reduces tertiary gliosis but does not improve EEG recovery or white or grey matter cell survival after asphyxia in preterm fetal sheep. J Physiol 2023; 601:1999-2016. [PMID: 36999348 PMCID: PMC10952359 DOI: 10.1113/jp284381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal magnesium sulphate (MgSO4 ) treatment is widely recommended before preterm birth for neuroprotection. However, this is controversial because there is limited evidence that MgSO4 provides long-term neuroprotection. Preterm fetal sheep (104 days gestation; term is 147 days) were assigned randomly to receive sham occlusion with saline infusion (n = 6) or i.v. infusion with MgSO4 (n = 7) or vehicle (saline, n = 6) from 24 h before hypoxia-ischaemia induced by umbilical cord occlusion until 24 h after occlusion. Sheep were killed after 21 days of recovery, for fetal brain histology. Functionally, MgSO4 did not improve long-term EEG recovery. Histologically, in the premotor cortex and striatum, MgSO4 infusion attenuated post-occlusion astrocytosis (GFAP+ ) and microgliosis but did not affect numbers of amoeboid microglia or improve neuronal survival. In the periventricular and intragyral white matter, MgSO4 was associated with fewer total (Olig-2+ ) oligodendrocytes compared with vehicle + occlusion. Numbers of mature (CC1+ ) oligodendrocytes were reduced to a similar extent in both occlusion groups compared with sham occlusion. In contrast, MgSO4 was associated with an intermediate improvement in myelin density in the intragyral and periventricular white matter tracts. In conclusion, a clinically comparable dose of MgSO4 was associated with moderate improvements in white and grey matter gliosis and myelin density but did not improve EEG maturation or neuronal or oligodendrocyte survival. KEY POINTS: Magnesium sulphate is widely recommended before preterm birth for neuroprotection; however, there is limited evidence that magnesium sulphate provides long-term neuroprotection. In preterm fetal sheep exposed to hypoxia-ischaemia (HI), MgSO4 was associated with attenuated astrocytosis and microgliosis in the premotor cortex and striatum but did not improve neuronal survival after recovery to term-equivalent age, 21 days after HI. Magnesium sulphate was associated with loss of total oligodendrocytes in the periventricular and intragyral white matter tracts, whereas mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes were reduced to a similar extent in both occlusion groups. In the same regions, MgSO4 was associated with an intermediate improvement in myelin density. Functionally, MgSO4 did not improve long-term recovery of EEG power, frequency or sleep stage cycling. A clinically comparable dose of MgSO4 was associated with moderate improvements in white and grey matter gliosis and myelin density but did not improve EEG maturation or neuronal or oligodendrocyte survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Galinsky
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Sharmony B. Kelly
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
| | - Guido Wassink
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Laura Bennet
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Alistair J. Gunn
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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8
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Oh SG, Lee EY, Lee HS. Projections from LIM homeobox 6 (Lhx6) + zona incerta neurons to the cholinergic or monoaminergic nuclei of the rat. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:905-917. [PMID: 36583474 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A recent report suggested that LIM homeobox 6 (Lhx6) + GABA-releasing neurons of the ventral zona incerta (VZI) promote sleep, particularly paradoxical sleep (PS). While their potential involvement in sleep still needs to be firmly confirmed, little is known about their specific input/output connections with widespread brain regions, including those involved in sleep. Thus, the present study was designed to examine whether Lhx6-expressing neurons (in parallel to intermingled MCH-expressing ones) may send efferent projections to cholinergic and/or monoaminergic nuclei from basal forebrain (BF) to brainstem (BS). Based on the present observations, the proportions of Lhx6+ neuronal projection to the BF and BS cholinergic nuclei over the total number of Lhx6+ VZI cells were approximately 5.9% and 6.9%, respectively. Likewise, the proportions of Lhx6+ neuronal projection to the dorsal raphe and locus coeruleus over the total number of Lhx6+ VZI cells were about 4.3% and 3.9%, respectively. In addition, Lhx6+ cells projecting to the cholinergic or monoaminergic nuclei were scattered along the entire dorsal-to-ventral extent of the VZI. Based on the present as well as our previous observations, it is suggested that Lhx6+ VZI neurons might play an important role in the regulation of PS, partly via the neural network involving the cholinergic as well as monoaminergic nuclei of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Gyoon Oh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Yeup Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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9
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Peng W, Liu X, Ma G, Wu Z, Wang Z, Fei X, Qin M, Wang L, Li Y, Zhang S, Xu M. Adenosine-independent regulation of the sleep-wake cycle by astrocyte activity. Cell Discov 2023; 9:16. [PMID: 36746933 PMCID: PMC9902472 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play a crucial role in regulating sleep-wake behavior, and adenosine signaling is generally thought to be involved. Here we show multiple lines of evidence supporting that modulation of the sleep-wake behavior by astrocyte Ca2+ activity could occur without adenosine signaling. In the basal forebrain and the brainstem, two brain regions that are known to be essential for sleep-wake regulation, chemogenetically-induced astrocyte Ca2+ elevation significantly modulated the sleep-wake cycle. Although astrocyte Ca2+ level positively correlated with the amount of extracellular adenosine, as revealed by a genetically encoded adenosine sensor, we found no detectable change in adenosine level after suppressing astrocyte Ca2+ elevation, and transgenic mice lacking one of the major extracellular ATP-adenosine conversion enzymes showed similar extracellular adenosine level and astrocyte Ca2+-induced sleep modulation. Furthermore, astrocyte Ca2+ is dependent primarily on local neuronal activity, causing brain region-specific regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Thus, neural activity-dependent astrocyte activity could regulate the sleep-wake behavior independent of adenosine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Peng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guofen Ma
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaofa Wu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Fei
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Qin
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lizhao Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulong Li
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shangha, China.
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10
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Foliaki ST, Smith A, Schwarz B, Bohrnsen E, Bosio CM, Williams K, Orrú CD, Lachenauer H, Groveman BR, Haigh CL. Altered energy metabolism in Fatal Familial Insomnia cerebral organoids is associated with astrogliosis and neuronal dysfunction. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010565. [PMID: 36656833 PMCID: PMC9851538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is a rare neurodegenerative disease caused by a dominantly inherited single amino acid substitution (D178N) within the prion protein (PrP). No in vitro human brain tissue model for this disease has previously been available. Consequently, how this mutation exerts its damaging effect on brain cells is still unknown. Using CRISPR-Cas9 engineered induced pluripotent stem cells, we made D178N cerebral organoids and compared these with isotype control organoids. We found that, in the absence of other hallmarks of FFI, the D178N organoids exhibited astrogliosis with cellular oxidative stress. Abnormal post-translational processing of PrP was evident but no tissue deposition or propagation of mis-folded PrP isoforms were observed. Neuronal electrophysiological function was compromised and levels of neurotransmitters, particularly acetylcholine and GABA, altered. Underlying these dysfunctions were changes in cellular energy homeostasis, with substantially increased glycolytic and Krebs cycle intermediates, and greater mitochondrial activity. This increased energy demand in D178N organoids was associated with increased mitophagy and depletion of lipid droplets, in turn resulting in shifts of cellular lipid composition. Using a double mutation (178NN) we could confirm that most changes were caused by the presence of the mutation rather than interaction with PrP molecules lacking the mutation. Our data strongly suggests that shifting biosynthetic intermediates and oxidative stress, caused by an imbalance of energy supply and demand, results in astrogliosis with compromised neuronal activity in FFI organoids. They further support that many of the disease associated changes are due to a corruption of PrP function and do not require propagation of PrP mis-folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simote T. Foliaki
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Anna Smith
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Schwarz
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Eric Bohrnsen
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Catharine M. Bosio
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Katie Williams
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Christina D. Orrú
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Hailey Lachenauer
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Bradley R. Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Cathryn L. Haigh
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America,* E-mail:
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11
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Basal Forebrain Chemogenetic Inhibition Converts the Attentional Control Mode of Goal-Trackers to That of Sign-Trackers. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0418-22.2022. [PMID: 36635246 PMCID: PMC9794377 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0418-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sign tracking versus goal tracking in rats indicate vulnerability and resistance, respectively, to Pavlovian cue-evoked addictive drug taking and relapse. Here, we tested hypotheses predicting that the opponent cognitive-behavioral styles indexed by sign tracking versus goal tracking include variations in attentional performance which differentially depend on basal forebrain projection systems. Pavlovian Conditioned Approach (PCA) testing was used to identify male and female sign-trackers (STs) and goal-trackers (GTs), as well as rats with an intermediate phenotype (INTs). Upon reaching asymptotic performance in an operant task requiring the detection of visual signals (hits) as well as the reporting of signal absence for 40 min per session, GTs scored more hits than STs, and hit rates across all phenotypes correlated with PCA scores. STs missed relatively more signals than GTs specifically during the last 15 min of a session. Chemogenetic inhibition of the basal forebrain decreased hit rates in GTs but was without effect in STs. Moreover, the decrease in hits in GTs manifested solely during the last 15 min of a session. Transfection efficacy in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band (HDB), but not substantia innominate (SI) or nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM), predicted the behavioral efficacy of chemogenetic inhibition in GTs. Furthermore, the total subregional transfection space, not transfection of just cholinergic neurons, correlated with performance effects. These results indicate that the cognitive-behavioral phenotype indexed by goal tracking, but not sign tracking, depends on activation of the basal forebrain-frontal cortical projection system and associated biases toward top-down or model-based performance.
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12
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Chen W. Neural circuits provide insights into reward and aversion. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:1002485. [PMID: 36389177 PMCID: PMC9650032 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.1002485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maladaptive changes in the neural circuits associated with reward and aversion result in some common symptoms, such as drug addiction, anxiety, and depression. Historically, the study of these circuits has been hampered by technical limitations. In recent years, however, much progress has been made in understanding the neural mechanisms of reward and aversion owing to the development of technologies such as cell type-specific electrophysiology, neuronal tracing, and behavioral manipulation based on optogenetics. The aim of this paper is to summarize the latest findings on the mechanisms of the neural circuits associated with reward and aversion in a review of previous studies with a focus on the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and basal forebrain (BF). These findings may inform efforts to prevent and treat mental illnesses associated with dysfunctions of the brain's reward and aversion system.
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13
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Maness EB, Burk JA, McKenna JT, Schiffino FL, Strecker RE, McCoy JG. Role of the locus coeruleus and basal forebrain in arousal and attention. Brain Res Bull 2022; 188:47-58. [PMID: 35878679 PMCID: PMC9514025 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence has implicated multiple neurotransmitter systems in either the direct or indirect modulation of cortical arousal and attention circuitry. In this review, we selectively focus on three such systems: 1) norepinephrine (NE)-containing neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC), 2) acetylcholine (ACh)-containing neurons of the basal forebrain (BF), and 3) parvalbumin (PV)-containing gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons of the BF. Whereas BF-PV neurons serve as a rapid and transient arousal system, LC-NE and BF-ACh neuromodulation are typically activated on slower but longer-lasting timescales. Recent findings suggest that the BF-PV system serves to rapidly respond to even subtle sensory stimuli with a microarousal. We posit that salient sensory stimuli, such as those that are threatening or predict the need for a response, will quickly activate the BF-PV system and subsequently activate both the BF-ACh and LC-NE systems if the circumstances require longer periods of arousal and vigilance. We suggest that NE and ACh have overlapping psychological functions with the main difference being the precise internal/environmental sensory situations/contexts that recruit each neurotransmitter system - a goal for future research to determine. Implications of dysfunction of each of these three attentional systems for our understanding of neuropsychiatric conditions are considered. Finally, the contemporary availability of research tools to selectively manipulate and measure the activity of these distinctive neuronal populations promises to answer longstanding questions, such as how various arousal systems influence downstream decision-making and motor responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden B Maness
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA.
| | - Joshua A Burk
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
| | - James T McKenna
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Felipe L Schiffino
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA; Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Robert E Strecker
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA.
| | - John G McCoy
- Department of Psychology, Stonehill College, Easton, MA 02357, USA.
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14
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Bukhtiyarova O, Chauvette S, Seigneur J, Timofeev I. Brain states in freely behaving marmosets. Sleep 2022; 45:6586531. [PMID: 35576961 PMCID: PMC9366652 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives We evaluated common marmosets as a perspective animal model to study human sleep and wake states. Methods Using wireless neurologger recordings, we performed longitudinal multichannel local field potential (LFP) cortical, hippocampal, neck muscle, and video recordings in three freely behaving marmosets. The brain states were formally identified using self-organizing maps. Results Marmosets were generally awake during the day with occasional 1–2 naps, and they slept during the night. Major electrographic patterns fall in five clearly distinguished categories: wakefulness, drowsiness, light and deep NREM sleep, and REM. Marmosets typically had 14–16 sleep cycles per night, with either gradually increasing or relatively low, but stable delta power within the cycle. Overall, the delta power decreased throughout the night sleep. Marmosets demonstrated prominent high amplitude somatosensory mu-rhythm (10–15 Hz), accompanied with neocortical ripples, and alternated with occipital alpha rhythm (10–15 Hz). NREM sleep was characterized with the presence of high amplitude slow waves, sleep spindles and ripples in neocortex, and sharp-wave-ripple complexes in CA1. Light and deep stages differed in levels of delta and sigma power and muscle tone. REM sleep was defined with low muscle tone and activated LFP with predominant beta-activity and rare spindle-like or mu-like events. Conclusions Multiple features of sleep–wake state distribution and electrographic patterns associated with behavioral states in marmosets closely match human states, although marmoset have shorter sleep cycles. This demonstrates that marmosets represent an excellent model to study origin of human electrographical rhythms and brain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bukhtiyarova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Université Laval , Québec (Québec) , Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre , Québec (Québec) , Canada
| | | | | | - Igor Timofeev
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Université Laval , Québec (Québec) , Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre , Québec (Québec) , Canada
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15
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Huygens synchronization of medial septal pacemaker neurons generates hippocampal theta oscillation. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111149. [PMID: 35926456 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic learning and memory retrieval are dependent on hippocampal theta oscillation, thought to rely on the GABAergic network of the medial septum (MS). To test how this network achieves theta synchrony, we recorded MS neurons and hippocampal local field potential simultaneously in anesthetized and awake mice and rats. We show that MS pacemakers synchronize their individual rhythmicity frequencies, akin to coupled pendulum clocks as observed by Huygens. We optogenetically identified them as parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic neurons, while MS glutamatergic neurons provide tonic excitation sufficient to induce theta. In accordance, waxing and waning tonic excitation is sufficient to toggle between theta and non-theta states in a network model of single-compartment inhibitory pacemaker neurons. These results provide experimental and theoretical support to a frequency-synchronization mechanism for pacing hippocampal theta, which may serve as an inspirational prototype for synchronization processes in the central nervous system from Nematoda to Arthropoda to Chordate and Vertebrate phyla.
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16
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Zhang K, Pan J, Yu Y. Regulation of Neural Circuitry under General Anesthesia: New Methods and Findings. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070898. [PMID: 35883456 PMCID: PMC9312763 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia has been widely utilized since the 1840s, but its underlying neural circuits remain to be completely understood. Since both general anesthesia and sleep are reversible losses of consciousness, studies on the neural-circuit mechanisms affected by general anesthesia have mainly focused on the neural nuclei or the pathways known to regulate sleep. Three advanced technologies commonly used in neuroscience, in vivo calcium imaging, chemogenetics, and optogenetics, are used to record and modulate the activity of specific neurons or neural circuits in the brain areas of interest. Recently, they have successfully been used to study the neural nuclei and pathways of general anesthesia. This article reviews these three techniques and their applications in the brain nuclei or pathways affected by general anesthesia, to serve as a reference for further and more accurate exploration of other neural circuits under general anesthesia and to contribute to other research fields in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (K.Z.); (J.P.)
- Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jiacheng Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (K.Z.); (J.P.)
- Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (K.Z.); (J.P.)
- Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin 300052, China
- Correspondence:
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17
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Murillo-Rodríguez E, Coronado-Álvarez A, López-Muciño LA, Pastrana-Trejo JC, Viana-Torre G, Barberena JJ, Soriano-Nava DM, García-García F. Neurobiology of dream activity and effects of stimulants on dreams. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1280-1295. [PMID: 35761491 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220627162032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The sleep-wake cycle is the result of the activity of a multiple neurobiological network interaction. Dreaming feature is one interesting sleep phenomena that represents sensorial components, mostly visual perceptions, accompanied with intense emotions. Further complexity has been added to the topic of the neurobiological mechanism of dreams generation by the current data that suggests the influence of drugs on dream generation. Here, we discuss the review on some of the neurobiological mechanism of the regulation of dream activity, with special emphasis on the effects of stimulants on dreaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Astrid Coronado-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Luis Angel López-Muciño
- Health Sciences Program. Health Sciences Institute. Veracruzana University. Xalapa. Veracruz. Mexico
| | - José Carlos Pastrana-Trejo
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Gerardo Viana-Torre
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Juan José Barberena
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group.,Escuela de Psicología, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México
| | - Daniela Marcia Soriano-Nava
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Fabio García-García
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group.,Health Sciences Program. Health Sciences Institute. Veracruzana University. Xalapa. Veracruz. Mexico
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18
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Grady FS, Boes AD, Geerling JC. A Century Searching for the Neurons Necessary for Wakefulness. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:930514. [PMID: 35928009 PMCID: PMC9344068 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.930514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wakefulness is necessary for consciousness, and impaired wakefulness is a symptom of many diseases. The neural circuits that maintain wakefulness remain incompletely understood, as do the mechanisms of impaired consciousness in many patients. In contrast to the influential concept of a diffuse "reticular activating system," the past century of neuroscience research has identified a focal region of the upper brainstem that, when damaged, causes coma. This region contains diverse neuronal populations with different axonal projections, neurotransmitters, and genetic identities. Activating some of these populations promotes wakefulness, but it remains unclear which specific neurons are necessary for sustaining consciousness. In parallel, pharmacological evidence has indicated a role for special neurotransmitters, including hypocretin/orexin, histamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, adenosine and acetylcholine. However, genetically targeted experiments have indicated that none of these neurotransmitters or the neurons producing them are individually necessary for maintaining wakefulness. In this review, we emphasize the need to determine the specific subset of brainstem neurons necessary for maintaining arousal. Accomplishing this will enable more precise mapping of wakefulness circuitry, which will be useful in developing therapies for patients with coma and other disorders of arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fillan S Grady
- Geerling Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Aaron D Boes
- Boes Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Geerling Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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19
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Iacovides S, Kamerman P, Baker FC, Mitchell D. Why It Is Important to Consider the Effects of Analgesics on Sleep: A Critical Review. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:2589-2619. [PMID: 34558668 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We review the known physiological mechanisms underpinning all of pain processing, sleep regulation, and pharmacology of analgesics prescribed for chronic pain. In particular, we describe how commonly prescribed analgesics act in sleep-wake neural pathways, with potential unintended impact on sleep and/or wake function. Sleep disruption, whether pain- or drug-induced, negatively impacts quality of life, mental and physical health. In the context of chronic pain, poor sleep quality heightens pain sensitivity and may affect analgesic function, potentially resulting in further analgesic need. Clinicians already have to consider factors including efficacy, abuse potential, and likely side effects when making analgesic prescribing choices. We propose that analgesic-related sleep disruption should also be considered. The neurochemical mechanisms underlying the reciprocal relationship between pain and sleep are poorly understood, and studies investigating sleep in those with specific chronic pain conditions (including those with comorbidities) are lacking. We emphasize the importance of further work to clarify the effects (intended and unintended) of each analgesic class to inform personalized treatment decisions in patients with chronic pain. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-31, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Iacovides
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Peter Kamerman
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fiona C Baker
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Human Sleep Research Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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20
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Saravanapandian V, Nadkarni D, Hsu SH, Hussain SA, Maski K, Golshani P, Colwell CS, Balasubramanian S, Dixon A, Geschwind DH, Jeste SS. Abnormal sleep physiology in children with 15q11.2-13.1 duplication (Dup15q) syndrome. Mol Autism 2021; 12:54. [PMID: 34344470 PMCID: PMC8336244 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represent a common and vexing comorbidity. Clinical heterogeneity amongst these warrants studies of the mechanisms associated with specific genetic etiologies. Duplications of 15q11.2-13.1 (Dup15q syndrome) are highly penetrant for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as intellectual disability and ASD, as well as sleep disturbances. Genes in the 15q region, particularly UBE3A and a cluster of GABAA receptor genes, are critical for neural development, synaptic protein synthesis and degradation, and inhibitory neurotransmission. During awake electroencephalography (EEG), children with Dup15q syndrome demonstrate increased beta band oscillations (12-30 Hz) that likely reflect aberrant GABAergic neurotransmission. Healthy sleep rhythms, necessary for robust cognitive development, are also highly dependent on GABAergic neurotransmission. We therefore hypothesized that sleep physiology would be abnormal in children with Dup15q syndrome. METHODS To test the hypothesis that elevated beta oscillations persist in sleep in Dup15q syndrome and that NREM sleep rhythms would be disrupted, we computed: (1) beta power, (2) spindle density, and (3) percentage of slow-wave sleep (SWS) in overnight sleep EEG recordings from a cohort of children with Dup15q syndrome (n = 15) and compared them to age-matched neurotypical children (n = 12). RESULTS Children with Dup15q syndrome showed abnormal sleep physiology with elevated beta power, reduced spindle density, and reduced or absent SWS compared to age-matched neurotypical controls. LIMITATIONS This study relied on clinical EEG where sleep staging was not available. However, considering that clinical polysomnograms are challenging to collect in this population, the ability to quantify these biomarkers on clinical EEG-routinely ordered for epilepsy monitoring-opens the door for larger-scale studies. While comparable to other human studies in rare genetic disorders, a larger sample would allow for examination of the role of seizure severity, medications, and developmental age that may impact sleep physiology. CONCLUSIONS We have identified three quantitative EEG biomarkers of sleep disruption in Dup15q syndrome, a genetic condition highly penetrant for ASD. Insights from this study not only promote a greater mechanistic understanding of the pathophysiology defining Dup15q syndrome, but also lay the foundation for studies that investigate the association between sleep and cognition. Abnormal sleep physiology may undermine healthy cognitive development and may serve as a quantifiable and modifiable target for behavioral and pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Saravanapandian
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA. .,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Divya Nadkarni
- Division of Pediatric Epilepsy, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron, Akron, OH, 44308, USA
| | - Sheng-Hsiou Hsu
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, UC San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Shaun A Hussain
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kiran Maski
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peyman Golshani
- Department of Neurology and Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Amos Dixon
- Undergraduate Interdepartmental Program for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
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21
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McKenna JT, Yang C, Bellio T, Anderson-Chernishof MB, Gamble MC, Hulverson A, McCoy JG, Winston S, Hodges E, Katsuki F, McNally JM, Basheer R, Brown RE. Characterization of basal forebrain glutamate neurons suggests a role in control of arousal and avoidance behavior. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:1755-1778. [PMID: 33997911 PMCID: PMC8340131 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The basal forebrain (BF) is involved in arousal, attention, and reward processing but the role of individual BF neuronal subtypes is still being uncovered. Glutamatergic neurons are the least well-understood of the three main BF neurotransmitter phenotypes. Here we analyzed the distribution, size, calcium-binding protein content and projections of the major group of BF glutamatergic neurons expressing the vesicular glutamate transporter subtype 2 (vGluT2) and tested the functional effect of activating them. Mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the vGluT2 promoter were crossed with a reporter strain expressing the red fluorescent protein, tdTomato, to generate vGluT2-cre-tdTomato mice. Immunohistochemical staining for choline acetyltransferase and a cross with mice expressing green fluorescent protein selectively in GABAergic neurons confirmed that cholinergic, GABAergic and vGluT2+ neurons represent distinct BF subpopulations. Subsets of BF vGluT2+ neurons expressed the calcium-binding proteins calbindin or calretinin, suggesting that multiple subtypes of BF vGluT2+ neurons exist. Anterograde tracing using adeno-associated viral vectors expressing channelrhodopsin2-enhanced yellow fluorescent fusion proteins revealed major projections of BF vGluT2+ neurons to neighboring BF cholinergic and parvalbumin neurons, as well as to extra-BF areas involved in the control of arousal or aversive/rewarding behavior such as the lateral habenula and ventral tegmental area. Optogenetic activation of BF vGluT2+ neurons elicited a striking avoidance of the area where stimulation was given, whereas stimulation of BF parvalbumin or cholinergic neurons did not. Together with previous optogenetic findings suggesting an arousal-promoting role, our findings suggest that BF vGluT2 neurons play a dual role in promoting wakefulness and avoidance behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T McKenna
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Chun Yang
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Thomas Bellio
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
- Stonehill College, Easton, MA, 02357, USA
| | - Marissa B Anderson-Chernishof
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Mackenzie C Gamble
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
- Stonehill College, Easton, MA, 02357, USA
| | - Abigail Hulverson
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
- Stonehill College, Easton, MA, 02357, USA
| | - John G McCoy
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
- Stonehill College, Easton, MA, 02357, USA
| | - Stuart Winston
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Erik Hodges
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Fumi Katsuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - James M McNally
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Radhika Basheer
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Ritchie E Brown
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA.
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22
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Prönneke A, Witte M, Möck M, Staiger JF. Neuromodulation Leads to a Burst-Tonic Switch in a Subset of VIP Neurons in Mouse Primary Somatosensory (Barrel) Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:488-504. [PMID: 31210267 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical GABAergic interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) contribute to sensory processing, sensorimotor integration, and behavioral control. In contrast to other major subpopulations of GABAergic interneurons, VIP neurons show a remarkable diversity. Studying morphological and electrophysiological properties of VIP cells, we found a peculiar group of neurons in layer II/III of mouse primary somatosensory (barrel) cortex, which showed a highly dynamic burst firing behavior at resting membrane potential that switched to tonic mode at depolarized membrane potentials. Furthermore, we demonstrate that burst firing depends on T-type calcium channels. The burst-tonic switch could be induced by acetylcholine (ACh) and serotonin. ACh mediated a depolarization via nicotinic receptors whereas serotonin evoked a biphasic depolarization via ionotropic and metabotropic receptors in 48% of the population and a purely monophasic depolarization via metabotropic receptors in the remaining cells. These data disclose an electrophysiologically defined subpopulation of VIP neurons that via neuromodulator-induced changes in firing behavior is likely to regulate the state of cortical circuits in a profound manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvar Prönneke
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirko Witte
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Möck
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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23
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Pancotti L, Topolnik L. Cholinergic Modulation of Dendritic Signaling in Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons. Neuroscience 2021; 489:44-56. [PMID: 34129910 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendrites represent the "reception hub" of the neuron as they collect thousands of different inputs and send a coherent response to the cell body. A considerable portion of these signals, especially in vivo, arises from neuromodulatory sources, which affect dendritic computations and cellular activity. In this context, acetylcholine (ACh) exerts a coordinating role of different brain structures, contributing to goal-driven behaviors and sleep-wake cycles. Specifically, cholinergic neurons from the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex send numerous projections to glutamatergic principal cells and GABAergic inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus, differentially entraining them during network oscillations. Interneurons display abundant expression of cholinergic receptors and marked responses to stimulation by ACh. Nonetheless, the precise localization of ACh inputs is largely unknown, and evidence for cholinergic modulation of interneuronal dendritic signaling remains elusive. In this article, we review evidence that suggests modulatory effects of ACh on dendritic computations in three hippocampal interneuron subtypes: fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells, somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) oriens lacunosum moleculare cells and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-expressing (VIP+) interneuron-selective interneurons. We consider the distribution of cholinergic receptors on these interneurons, including information about their specific somatodendritic location, and discuss how the action of these receptors can modulate dendritic Ca2+ signaling and activity of interneurons. The implications of ACh-dependent Ca2+ signaling for dendritic plasticity are also discussed. We propose that cholinergic modulation can shape the dendritic integration and plasticity in interneurons in a cell type-specific manner, and the elucidation of these mechanisms will be required to understand the contribution of each cell type to large-scale network activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pancotti
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Laval University, Canada; Neuroscience Axis, CRCHUQ, Laval University, Canada
| | - Lisa Topolnik
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Laval University, Canada; Neuroscience Axis, CRCHUQ, Laval University, Canada.
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24
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Xu Q, Wang DR, Dong H, Chen L, Lu J, Lazarus M, Cherasse Y, Chen GH, Qu WM, Huang ZL. Medial Parabrachial Nucleus Is Essential in Controlling Wakefulness in Rats. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:645877. [PMID: 33841086 PMCID: PMC8027131 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the parabrachial nucleus (PB) in the brainstem induced wakefulness in rats, suggesting which is an important nucleus that controls arousal. However, the sub-regions of PB in regulating sleep-wake cycle is still unclear. Here, we employ chemogenetics and optogenetics strategies and find that activation of the medial part of PB (MPB), but not the lateral part, induces continuous wakefulness for 10 h without sleep rebound in neither sleep amount nor the power spectra. Optogenetic activation of glutamatergic MPB neurons in sleeping rats immediately wake rats mediated by the basal forebrain (BF) and lateral hypothalamus (LH), but not the ventral medial thalamus. Most importantly, chemogenetic inhibition of PB neurons decreases wakefulness for 10 h. Conclusively, these findings indicate that the glutamatergic MPB neurons are essential in controlling wakefulness, and that MPB-BF and MPB-LH pathways are the major neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dian-Ru Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoan Cherasse
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Gui-Hai Chen
- Department of Sleep Disorders and Neurology, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Yoshino K, Inomoto S, Iyama A, Sakoda S. Dynamic sleep stage transition process analysis in patients with Parkinson's disease having sleep apnea syndrome. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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26
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Sleep Deprivation and Neurological Disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5764017. [PMID: 33381558 PMCID: PMC7755475 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5764017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sleep plays an important role in maintaining neuronal circuitry, signalling and helps maintain overall health and wellbeing. Sleep deprivation (SD) disturbs the circadian physiology and exerts a negative impact on brain and behavioural functions. SD impairs the cellular clearance of misfolded neurotoxin proteins like α-synuclein, amyloid-β, and tau which are involved in major neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In addition, SD is also shown to affect the glymphatic system, a glial-dependent metabolic waste clearance pathway, causing accumulation of misfolded faulty proteins in synaptic compartments resulting in cognitive decline. Also, SD affects the immunological and redox system resulting in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Hence, it is important to understand the molecular and biochemical alterations that are the causative factors leading to these pathophysiological effects on the neuronal system. This review is an attempt in this direction. It provides up-to-date information on the alterations in the key processes, pathways, and proteins that are negatively affected by SD and become reasons for neurological disorders over a prolonged period of time, if left unattended.
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27
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Optogenetic Stimulation of Basal Forebrain Parvalbumin Neurons Activates the Default Mode Network and Associated Behaviors. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108359. [PMID: 33176133 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the basal forebrain (BF) has been associated with increased attention, arousal, and a heightened cortical representation of the external world. In addition, BF has been implicated in the regulation of the default mode network (DMN) and associated behaviors. Here, we provide causal evidence for a role of BF in DMN regulation, highlighting a prominent role of parvalbumin (PV) GABAergic neurons. The optogenetic activation of BF PV neurons reliably drives animals toward DMN-like behaviors, with no effect on memory encoding. In contrast, BF electrical stimulation enhances memory performance and increases DMN-like behaviors. BF stimulation has a correlated impact on peptide regulation in the BF and ACC, enhancing peptides linked to grooming behavior and memory functions, supporting a crucial role of the BF in DMN regulation. We suggest that in addition to enhancing attentional functions, the BF harbors a network encompassing PV GABAergic neurons that promotes self-directed behaviors associated with the DMN.
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28
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Mascetti GG. Adaptation and survival: hypotheses about the neural mechanisms of unihemispheric sleep. Laterality 2020; 26:71-93. [PMID: 33054668 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2020.1828446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and wakefulness are opposite brain and body conditions that accomplish different but complementary functions. However, these opposing conditions have been combined in some animals by the adoption of a sleep/wake strategy that allows them to survive, while maintaining both an interaction with the environment at the same time as enabling brain and body recovery. They sleep with half of the brain while keeping the other half awake: a state known as unihemispheric sleep (US). Sleep of cetaceans is exclusively in the form of US; therefore, they experience neither bihemispheric sleep (BS) nor REM sleep. US episodes have also been recorded in eared seals and some species of birds. In those animals, US episodes are intermingled with episodes of BS and REM sleep. Studies have reported both a lateralized release of some neurotransmitters and a drop of brain temperature during US. The aims of this article are to formulate hypotheses about the neural mechanisms of unihemispheric sleep(US) based on findings regarding the neural mechanisms of the sleep/wake cycle of mammals. The neural mechanisms of the sleep/wake cycle are largely preserved across species, allowing to hypothesize about those triggering and regulating US.
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29
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Cai P, Chen L, Guo YR, Yao J, Chen HY, Lu YP, Huang SN, He P, Zheng ZH, Liu JY, Chen J, Hu LH, Chen SY, Huang LT, Chen GQ, Tang WT, Su WK, Li HY, Wang WX, Yu CX. Basal forebrain GABAergic neurons promote arousal and predatory hunting. Neuropharmacology 2020; 180:108299. [PMID: 32916145 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Predatory hunting is an important approach for animals to obtain valuable nutrition and energy, which critically depends on heightened arousal. Yet the neural substrates underlying predatory hunting remain largely undefined. Here, we report that basal forebrain (BF) GABAergic neurons play an important role in regulating predatory hunting. Our results showed that BF GABAergic neurons were activated during the prey (cricket)-hunting and food feeding in mice. Optogenetic activation of BF GABAergic neurons evoked immediate predatory-like actions to both artificial and natural preys, significantly reducing the attack latency while increasing the attack probability and the number of killed natural prey (crickets). Similar to the effect of activating the soma of BF GABAergic neurons, photoactivation of their terminals in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) also strongly promotes predatory hunting. Moreover, photoactivation of GABAergic BF - VTA pathway significantly increases the intake of various food in mice. By synchronous recording of electroencephalogram and electromyogram, we showed that photoactivation of GABAergic BF - VTA pathway induces instant arousal and maintains long-term wakefulness. In summary, our results clearly demonstrated that the GABAergic BF is a key neural substrate for predatory hunting, and promotes this behavior through GABAergic BF - VTA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Cai
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Yu-Rou Guo
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Jing Yao
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Hui-Yun Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Yi-Ping Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Huang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Peng He
- School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Ze-Hong Zheng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Li-Huan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Shang-Yi Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Le-Tong Huang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Wei-Tao Tang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Wei-Kun Su
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Huang-Yuan Li
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China.
| | - Chang-Xi Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 350108, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian, 350108, China.
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30
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Ballester P, Richdale AL, Baker EK, Peiró AM. Sleep in autism: A biomolecular approach to aetiology and treatment. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 54:101357. [PMID: 32759030 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) commonly experience other comorbidities. Studies indicate that between 50% and 83% of individuals with ASD have sleep problems or disorders. The most commonly reported sleep problems are: (a) insomnia symptoms including the inability to get to sleep or stay asleep; and (b) circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, defined as a misalignment between the timing of endogenous circadian rhythms and the external environment. The circadian system provides timing information for the sleep-wake cycle that is regulated by the interaction of an endogenous processes (circadian - Process C, and homeostatic - Process S) and synchronizing agents (neurohormones and neurotransmitters), which produce somnogenic activity. A clinical priority in ASD is understanding the cause of these sleep problems in order to improve treatment outcomes. This review approaches sleep in autism from several perspectives: Sleep-wake mechanisms and problems, and brain areas and molecules controlling sleep (e.g., GABA and melatonin) and wake maintenance (e.g., serotonin, acetylcholine and glutamate). Specifically, this review examines how altered sleep structure could be related to neurobiological alterations or genetic mutations and the implications this may have for potential pharmacological treatments in individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ballester
- Neuropharmacology on Pain and Functional Diversity (NED) Research Group, Alicante Institute of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Organic Chemistry and Pediatrics, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain.
| | - A L Richdale
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E K Baker
- Diagnosis and Development, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A M Peiró
- Neuropharmacology on Pain and Functional Diversity (NED) Research Group, Alicante Institute of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Organic Chemistry and Pediatrics, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
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31
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Böhm E, Brunert D, Rothermel M. Input dependent modulation of olfactory bulb activity by HDB GABAergic projections. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10696. [PMID: 32612119 PMCID: PMC7329849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal forebrain modulation of central circuits is associated with active sensation, attention, and learning. While cholinergic modulations have been studied extensively the effect of non-cholinergic basal forebrain subpopulations on sensory processing remains largely unclear. Here, we directly compare optogenetic manipulation effects of two major basal forebrain subpopulations on principal neuron activity in an early sensory processing area, i.e. mitral/tufted cells (MTCs) in the olfactory bulb. In contrast to cholinergic projections, which consistently increased MTC firing, activation of GABAergic fibers from basal forebrain to the olfactory bulb leads to differential modulation effects: while spontaneous MTC activity is mainly inhibited, odor-evoked firing is predominantly enhanced. Moreover, sniff-triggered averages revealed an enhancement of maximal sniff evoked firing amplitude and an inhibition of firing rates outside the maximal sniff phase. These findings demonstrate that GABAergic neuromodulation affects MTC firing in a bimodal, sensory-input dependent way, suggesting that GABAergic basal forebrain modulation could be an important factor in attention mediated filtering of sensory information to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Böhm
- Department of Chemosensation, AG Neuromodulation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Daniela Brunert
- Department of Chemosensation, AG Neuromodulation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Markus Rothermel
- Department of Chemosensation, AG Neuromodulation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany.
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32
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Discharge and Role of GABA Pontomesencephalic Neurons in Cortical Activity and Sleep-Wake States Examined by Optogenetics and Juxtacellular Recordings in Mice. J Neurosci 2020; 40:5970-5989. [PMID: 32576622 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2875-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic neurons in the pontomesencephalic tegmentum have been shown to discharge in association with and promote cortical activation during active or attentive waking and paradoxical or rapid eye movement sleep. However, GABA neurons lie intermingled with the cholinergic neurons and may contribute to or oppose this activity and role. Here we investigated in vitro and in vivo the properties, activities, and role of GABA neurons within the laterodorsal tegmental and sublaterodorsal tegmental nuclei (LDT/SubLDT) using male and female transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-(ChR2)-EYFP in vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)-expressing neurons. Presumed GABA (pGABA) neurons were identified by response to photostimulation and verified by immunohistochemical staining following juxtacellular labeling in vivo pGABA neurons were found to be fast-firing neurons with the capacity to burst when depolarized from a hyperpolarized membrane potential. When stimulated in vivo in urethane-anesthetized or unanesthetized mice, the pGABA neurons fired repetitively at relatively fast rates (∼40 Hz) during a continuous light pulse or phasically in bursts (>100 Hz) when driven by rhythmic light pulses at theta (4 or 8 Hz) frequencies. pNon-GABA, which likely included cholinergic, neurons were inhibited during each light pulse to discharge rhythmically in antiphase to the pGABA neurons. The reciprocal rhythmic bursting by the pGABA and pNon-GABA neurons drove rhythmic theta activity in the EEG. Such phasic bursting by GABA neurons also occurred in WT mice in association with theta activity during attentive waking and paradoxical sleep.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neurons in the pontomesencephalic tegmentum, particularly cholinergic neurons, play an important role in cortical activation, which occurs during active or attentive waking and paradoxical or rapid eye movement sleep. Yet the cholinergic neurons lie intermingled with GABA neurons, which could play a similar or opposing role. Optogenetic stimulation and recording of these GABA neurons in mice revealed that they can discharge in rhythmic bursts at theta frequencies and drive theta activity in limbic cortex. Such phasic burst firing also occurs during natural attentive waking and paradoxical sleep in association with theta activity and could serve to enhance sensory-motor processing and memory consolidation during these states.
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Sandhu MRS, Dhaher R, Gruenbaum SE, Raaisa R, Spencer DD, Pavlova MK, Zaveri HP, Eid T. Circadian-Like Rhythmicity of Extracellular Brain Glutamate in Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2020; 11:398. [PMID: 32499751 PMCID: PMC7242976 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures often exhibit striking circadian-like (~24-h) rhythms. While chronotherapy has shown promise in treating epilepsy, it is not widely used, in part because the patterns of seizure rhythmicity vary considerably among patients and types of epilepsy. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying rhythmicity in epilepsy could be expected to result in more effective approaches which can be tailored to each individual patient. The excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is an essential modulator of circadian rhythms, and changes in the extracellular levels of glutamate likely affect the threshold to seizures. We used a reverse translational rodent model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) combined with long-term intracerebral microdialysis to monitor the hourly concentrations of glutamate in the seizure onset area (epileptogenic hippocampus) over several days. We observed significant 24-h oscillations of extracellular glutamate in the epileptogenic hippocampus (n = 4, JTK_CYCLE test, p < 0.05), but not in the hippocampus of control animals (n = 4). To our knowledge, circadian glutamate oscillations have not been observed in a seizure onset region, and we speculate that the oscillations contribute to the rhythmicity of seizures in MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Ratnesh S Sandhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Roni Dhaher
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shaun E Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, FL, United States
| | - Raaisa Raaisa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Dennis D Spencer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Milena K Pavlova
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Hitten P Zaveri
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Tukker JJ, Beed P, Schmitz D, Larkum ME, Sachdev RNS. Up and Down States and Memory Consolidation Across Somatosensory, Entorhinal, and Hippocampal Cortices. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:22. [PMID: 32457582 PMCID: PMC7227438 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the course of a day, brain states fluctuate, from conscious awake information-acquiring states to sleep states, during which previously acquired information is further processed and stored as memories. One hypothesis is that memories are consolidated and stored during "offline" states such as sleep, a process thought to involve transfer of information from the hippocampus to other cortical areas. Up and Down states (UDS), patterns of activity that occur under anesthesia and sleep states, are likely to play a role in this process, although the nature of this role remains unclear. Here we review what is currently known about these mechanisms in three anatomically distinct but interconnected cortical areas: somatosensory cortex, entorhinal cortex, and the hippocampus. In doing so, we consider the role of this activity in the coordination of "replay" during sleep states, particularly during hippocampal sharp-wave ripples. We conclude that understanding the generation and propagation of UDS may provide key insights into the cortico-hippocampal dialogue linking archi- and neocortical areas during memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Tukker
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Neuroscience Research Center, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Prateep Beed
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Neuroscience Research Center, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Neuroscience Research Center, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew E Larkum
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany
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35
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Espinosa N, Alonso A, Morales C, Espinosa P, Chávez AE, Fuentealba P. Basal Forebrain Gating by Somatostatin Neurons Drives Prefrontal Cortical Activity. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:42-53. [PMID: 29161383 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal forebrain provides modulatory input to the cortex regulating brain states and cognitive processing. Somatostatin-expressing neurons constitute a heterogeneous GABAergic population known to functionally inhibit basal forebrain cortically projecting cells thus favoring sleep and cortical synchronization. However, it remains unclear if somatostatin cells can regulate population activity patterns in the basal forebrain and modulate cortical dynamics. Here, we demonstrate that somatostatin neurons regulate the corticopetal synaptic output of the basal forebrain impinging on cortical activity and behavior. Optogenetic inactivation of somatostatin neurons in vivo rapidly modified neural activity in the basal forebrain, with the consequent enhancement and desynchronization of activity in the prefrontal cortex, reflected in both neuronal spiking and network oscillations. Cortical activation was partially dependent on cholinergic transmission, suppressing slow waves and potentiating gamma oscillations. In addition, recruitment dynamics was cell type-specific, with interneurons showing similar temporal profiles, but stronger responses than pyramidal cells. Finally, optogenetic stimulation of quiescent animals during resting periods prompted locomotor activity, suggesting generalized cortical activation and increased arousal. Altogether, we provide physiological and behavioral evidence indicating that somatostatin neurons are pivotal in gating the synaptic output of the basal forebrain, thus indirectly controlling cortical operations via both cholinergic and non-cholinergic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Espinosa
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia UC,Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Alonso
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia UC,Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Morales
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia UC,Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Espinosa
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso and Núcleo Milenio Biología de Enfermedades Neuropsiquiátricas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andrés E Chávez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso and Núcleo Milenio Biología de Enfermedades Neuropsiquiátricas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Pablo Fuentealba
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia UC,Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados CIEN-UC, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
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36
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Jones BE. Arousal and sleep circuits. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:6-20. [PMID: 31216564 PMCID: PMC6879642 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The principal neurons of the arousal and sleep circuits are comprised by glutamate and GABA neurons, which are distributed within the reticular core of the brain and, through local and distant projections and interactions, regulate cortical activity and behavior across wake-sleep states. These are in turn modulated by the neuromodulatory systems that are comprised by acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, histamine, orexin (hypocretin), and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons. Glutamate and GABA neurons are heterogeneous in their profiles of discharge, forming distinct functional cell types by selective or maximal discharge during (1) waking and paradoxical (REM) sleep, (2) during slow wave sleep, (3) during waking, or (4) during paradoxical (REM) sleep. The neuromodulatory systems are each homogeneous in their profile of discharge, the majority discharging maximally during waking and paradoxical sleep or during waking. Only MCH neurons discharge maximally during sleep. They each exert their modulatory influence upon other neurons through excitatory and inhibitory receptors thus effecting a concerted differential change in the functionally different cell groups. Both arousal and sleep circuit neurons are homeostatically regulated as a function of their activity in part through changes in receptors. The major pharmacological agents used for the treatment of wake and sleep disorders act upon GABA and neuromodulatory transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E. Jones
- 0000 0004 1936 8649grid.14709.3bDepartment of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4 Canada
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Abstract
The neural mechanisms of sleep, a fundamental biological behavior from invertebrates to humans, have been a long-standing mystery and present an enormous challenge. Gradually, perspectives on the neurobiology of sleep have been more various with the technical innovations over the recent decades, and studies have now identified many specific neural circuits that selectively regulate the initiation and maintenance of wake, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM (NREM) sleep. The cholinergic system in basal forebrain (BF) that fire maximally during waking and REM sleep is one of the key neuromodulation systems related to waking and REM sleep. Here we outline the recent progress of the BF cholinergic system in sleep-wake cycle. The intricate local connectivity and multiple projections to other cortical and subcortical regions of the BF cholinergic system elaborately presented here form a conceptual framework for understanding the coordinating effects with the dissecting regions. This framework also provides evidences regarding the relationships between the general anesthesia and wakefulness/sleep cycle focusing on the neural circuitry of unconsciousness induced by anesthetic drugs.
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Ahrens AM, Ahmed OJ. Neural circuits linking sleep and addiction: Animal models to understand why select individuals are more vulnerable to substance use disorders after sleep deprivation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 108:435-444. [PMID: 31756346 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Individuals differ widely in their drug-craving behaviors. One reason for these differences involves sleep. Sleep disturbances lead to an increased risk of substance use disorders and relapse in only some individuals. While animal studies have examined the impact of sleep on reward circuitry, few have addressed the role of individual differences in the effects of altered sleep. There does, however, exist a rodent model of individual differences in reward-seeking behavior: the sign/goal-tracker model of Pavlovian conditioned approach. In this model, only some rats show the key behavioral traits associated with addiction, including impulsivity and poor attentional control, making this an ideal model system to examine individually distinct sleep-reward interactions. Here, we describe how the limbic neural circuits responsible for individual differences in incentive motivation overlap with those involved in sleep-wake regulation, and how this model can elucidate the common underlying mechanisms. Consideration of individual differences in preclinical models would improve our understanding of how sleep interacts with motivational systems, and why sleep deprivation contributes to addiction in only select individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omar J Ahmed
- Dept. of Psychology, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, United States; Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, United States; Kresge Hearing Research Institute, United States; Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States.
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39
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Control of Non-REM Sleep by Midbrain Neurotensinergic Neurons. Neuron 2019; 104:795-809.e6. [PMID: 31582313 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The periaqueductal gray (PAG) in the midbrain is known to coordinate behavioral and autonomic responses to threat and injury through its descending projections to the brainstem. Here, we show that neurotensin (NTS)-expressing glutamatergic neurons in the ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG) powerfully promote non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep partly through their projection to the caudal medulla. Optogenetic and chemogenetic activation of vlPAG NTS neurons strongly enhanced NREM sleep, whereas their inactivation increased wakefulness. Calcium imaging and optrode recording showed that they are preferentially active during NREM sleep. The NREM-promoting effect of vlPAG NTS neurons is partly mediated by their projection to the caudal ventromedial medulla, where they excite GABAergic neurons. Bidirectional optogenetic and chemogenetic manipulations showed that the medullary GABAergic neurons also promote NREM sleep, and they innervate multiple monoaminergic populations. Together, these findings reveal a novel pathway for NREM sleep generation, in which glutamatergic neurons drive broad GABAergic inhibition of wake-promoting neuronal populations.
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40
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Alam MA, Kostin A, Siegel J, McGinty D, Szymusiak R, Alam MN. Characteristics of sleep-active neurons in the medullary parafacial zone in rats. Sleep 2019; 41:5050231. [PMID: 29986116 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports a role for the medullary parafacial zone in non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep regulation. Cell-body specific lesions of the parafacial zone or disruption of its GABAergic/glycinergic transmission causes suppression of non-REM sleep, whereas, targeted activation of parafacial GABAergic/glycinergic neurons reduce sleep latency and increase non-REM sleep amount, bout duration, and cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) slow-wave activity. Parafacial GABAergic/glycinergic neurons also express sleep-associated c-fos immunoreactivity. Currently, it is not clear if parafacial neurons are non-REM sleep-active and/or REM sleep-active or play a role in the initiation or maintenance of non-REM sleep. We recorded extracellular discharge activity of parafacial neurons across the spontaneous sleep-waking cycle using microwire technique in freely behaving rats. Waking-, non-REM sleep-, and REM sleep-active neuronal groups were segregated by the ratios of their discharge rate changes during non-REM and REM sleep versus waking and non-REM sleep versus REM sleep. Parafacial neurons exhibited heterogeneity in sleep-waking discharge patterns, but 34 of 86 (40%) recorded neurons exhibited increased discharge rate during non-REM sleep compared to waking. These neurons also exhibited increased discharge prior to non-REM sleep onset, similar to median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) and ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) sleep-active neurons. However, unlike MnPO and VLPO sleep-active neurons, parafacial neurons were weakly-moderately sleep-active and exhibited a stable rather than decreasing discharge across sustained non-REM sleep episode. We show for the first time that the medullary parafacial zone contains non-REM sleep-active neurons. These neurons are likely functionally important brainstem compliments to the preoptic-hypothalamic sleep-promoting neuronal networks that underlie sleep onset and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Aftab Alam
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Andrey Kostin
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA
| | - Jerome Siegel
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dennis McGinty
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ronald Szymusiak
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Md Noor Alam
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
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41
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Sakai K. What single‐unit recording studies tell us about the basic mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 52:3507-3530. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Sakai
- Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System Lyon Neuroscience Research Center INSERM U1028 University Lyon 1 Lyon France
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42
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Abstract
Wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep are characterized by distinct electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG), and autonomic profiles. The circuit mechanism coordinating these changes during sleep-wake transitions remains poorly understood. The past few years have witnessed rapid progress in the identification of REM and NREM sleep neurons, which constitute highly distributed networks spanning the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Here we propose an arousal-action circuit for sleep-wake control in which wakefulness is supported by separate arousal and action neurons, while REM and NREM sleep neurons are part of the central somatic and autonomic motor circuits. This model is well supported by the currently known sleep and wake neurons. It can also account for the EEG, EMG, and autonomic profiles of wake, REM, and NREM states and several key features of their transitions. The intimate association between the sleep and autonomic/somatic motor control circuits suggests that a primary function of sleep is to suppress motor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqian Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Yang Dan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
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43
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Iyer M, Essner RA, Klingenberg B, Carter ME. Identification of discrete, intermingled hypocretin neuronal populations. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2937-2954. [PMID: 30019757 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area that express hypocretin (Hcrt) neuropeptides help regulate many behaviors including wakefulness and reward seeking. These neurons project throughout the brain, including to neural populations that regulate wakefulness, such as the locus coeruleus (LC) and tuberomammilary nucleus (TMN), as well as to populations that regulate reward, such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). To address the roles of Hcrt neurons in seemingly disparate behaviors, it has been proposed that Hcrt neurons can be anatomically subdivided into at least two distinct subpopulations: a "medial group" that projects to the LC and TMN, and a "lateral group" that projects to the NAc and VTA. Here, we use a dual retrograde tracer strategy to test the hypotheses that Hcrt neurons can be classified based on their downstream projections and medial/lateral location within the hypothalamus. We found that individual Hcrt neurons were significantly more likely to project to both the LC and TMN or to both the VTA and NAc than would be predicted by chance. In contrast, we found that Hcrt neurons that projected to the LC or TMN were mostly distinct from Hcrt neurons that projected to the VTA or NAc. Interestingly, these two populations of Hcrt neurons are intermingled within the hypothalamus and cannot be classified into medial or lateral groups. These results suggest that Hcrt neurons can be distinguished based on their downstream projections but are intermingled within the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Iyer
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts.,Program in Neuroscience, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel A Essner
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts.,Program in Neuroscience, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | - Bernhard Klingenberg
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew E Carter
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts.,Program in Neuroscience, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
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44
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Abstract
A great pioneer in sleep research, Michel Jouvet applied rigorous scientific methods to the study of sleep-wake states and associated changes in consciousness which, with his vivid imagination and creative mind, he unveiled as the mysteries of sleep and waking such as to inspire a generation of researchers in the field. His initial discovery of a third state distinguished from waking (W) and slow wave sleep (SWS) by the paradoxical association of W-like cortical activity with sleep-like behavior and muscle atonia that he accordingly called "paradoxical sleep" (PS) began his investigation over some 50 years of the mechanisms of these three sleep-wake states. Using primarily lesion and pharmacological manipulations, he sought the systems which are necessary and sufficient, and he thereby provided an early blueprint of how the neuromodulatory systems could determine the sleep-wake states. With the application of increasingly more selective lesion and other advanced techniques including, notably, single unit recording combined with histochemical identification of recorded units, the monoamines and acetylcholine, together with peptidergic systems have been revealed to play modulatory, yet not essential, roles acting upon other intermingled glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons that are the effector neurons of the sleep-wake states and their cortical and behavioral correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Jones
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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45
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Sakai K. Behavioural state-specific neurons in the mouse medulla involved in sleep-wake switching. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:1482-1503. [PMID: 29791042 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The medullary reticular formation (RF) is involved in the maintenance of several vital physiological functions and level of vigilance. In this study, in nonanesthetised, head-fixed mice, I examined the role of medullary RF neurons in the control of sleep-wake states, that is, wakefulness (W), slow-wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical (or rapid eye movement) sleep (PS). I showed, for the first time, that the mouse medullary RF contains presumed SWS-promoting, SWS-on neurons that remain silent during W, display a sharp increase in discharge rate at sleep onset, and discharge tonically and selectively during SWS. In addition, I showed the presence in the medullary RF of both PS-on and PS-off neurons, which, respectively, commence discharging or cease firing selectively just prior to, and during, PS. PS-off neurons were located in the raphe nuclei and ventral medulla, while PS-on neurons were found in both the lateral part of the ventral gigantocellular reticular nucleus and the raphe nuclei, as were SWS-on neurons. PS-off and SWS-on neurons appear to play an important role in both the W-SWS and SWS-PS switches, while PS-on and PS-off neurons play an important role in the PS-W switch. The present findings on the trends in spike activity at the transitions from SWS to PS and from PS to W are in line with the reciprocal interaction hypothesis according to which PS occurs as a result of the cessation of discharge of PS-off neurons, while PS ends as a result of the start of discharge of PS-off neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Sakai
- Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR5292, School of Medicine, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France
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46
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Genetic Activation, Inactivation, and Deletion Reveal a Limited And Nuanced Role for Somatostatin-Containing Basal Forebrain Neurons in Behavioral State Control. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5168-5181. [PMID: 29735555 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2955-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified an especially important role for basal forebrain GABAergic (BFVGAT) neurons in the regulation of behavioral waking and fast cortical rhythms associated with cognition. However, BFVGAT neurons comprise several neurochemically and anatomically distinct subpopulations, including parvalbumin-containing BFVGAT neurons and somatostatin-containing BFVGAT neurons (BFSOM neurons), and it was recently reported that optogenetic activation of BFSOM neurons increases the probability of a wakefulness to non-rapid-eye movement (NREM) sleep transition when stimulated during the rest period of the animal. This finding was unexpected given that most BFSOM neurons are not NREM sleep active and that central administration of the synthetic somatostatin analog, octreotide, suppresses NREM sleep or increases REM sleep. Here we used a combination of genetically driven chemogenetic and optogenetic activation, chemogenetic inhibition, and ablation approaches to further explore the in vivo role of BFSOM neurons in arousal control. Our findings indicate that acute activation or inhibition of BFSOM neurons is neither wakefulness nor NREM sleep promoting and is without significant effect on the EEG, and that chronic loss of these neurons is without effect on total 24 h sleep amounts, although a small but significant increase in waking was observed in the lesioned mice during the early active period. Our in vitro cell recordings further reveal electrophysiological heterogeneity in BFSOM neurons, specifically suggesting at least two distinct subpopulations. Together, our data support the more nuanced view that BFSOM neurons are electrically heterogeneous and are not NREM sleep or wake promoting per se, but may exert, in particular during the early active period, a modest inhibitory influence on arousal circuitry.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The cellular basal forebrain (BF) is a highly complex area of the brain that is implicated in a wide range of higher-level neurobiological processes, including regulating and maintaining normal levels of electrocortical and behavioral arousal. The respective in vivo roles of BF cell populations and their neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of electrocortical and behavioral arousal remains incompletely understood. Here we seek to define the neurobiological contribution of GABAergic somatostatin-containing BF neurons to arousal control. Understanding the respective contribution of BF cell populations to arousal control may provide critical insight into the pathogenesis of a host of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and the cognitive impairments of normal aging.
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47
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Sakai K. Single unit activity of periaqueductal gray and deep mesencephalic nucleus neurons involved in sleep stage switching in the mouse. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:1110-1126. [PMID: 29498771 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A total of 668 single units were recorded in the mouse periaqueductal gray (PAG) and adjacent deep mesencephalic nucleus (DpMe) to determine their role in the switching of sleep-wake states, that is, wakefulness (W), slow-wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical (or rapid eye movement) sleep (PS) in general, and, in particular, to determine whether PS-on and PS-off neurons involved in PS state switching are present in these structures and to identify neuronal substrates for the SWS-PS switching mediated by DpMe neurons. Both structures were found to contain similar percentages of W/PS-active neurons, which discharge at a higher rate during W and PS than during SWS, while W-active neurons, which discharge maximally during W, were found mainly in the PAG. Both also contained similar percentages of SWS/PS-active neurons, which discharge at higher rates during SWS and PS than during W, and PS-active neurons, which discharge maximally during PS, while SWS-active neurons, which discharge maximally during SWS, were found almost exclusively in the PAG. Both structures contained virtually no PS-on or PS-off neurons, which, respectively, discharge or cease firing selectively and tonically just prior to, and during, PS. Unlike the PAG, the DpMe contained many SWS/PS-on neurons, which discharge selectively at high rates during SWS and PS, but show a decrease in discharge rate at the transition from SWS to PS. Analysis of discharge profiles and trends in spike activity at the state transitions strongly suggests that PAG and DpMe neurons play an important role in the W-SWS, SWS-PS and/or PS-W switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakai
- Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS, UMR5292, School of Medicine, Claude Bernard University, F-69373, Lyon, France
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48
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Wigren HK, Porkka-Heiskanen T. Novel concepts in sleep regulation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222:e13017. [PMID: 29253320 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge regarding the cellular mechanisms of sleep regulation is accumulating rapidly. In addition to neurones, also non-neuronal brain cells (astrocytes and microglia) are emerging as potential players. New techniques, particularly optogenetics and designed receptors activated by artificial ligands (DREADD), have provided also sleep research with important additional tools to study the effect of either silencing or activating specific neuronal groups/neuronal networks by opening or shutting ion channels on cells. The advantages of these strategies are the possibility to genetically target specific cell populations and the possibility to either activate or inhibit them with inducing light signal into the brain. Studies probing circuits of NREM and REM sleep regulation, as well as their role in memory consolidation, have been conducted recently. In addition, fundamentally new thoughts and potential mechanisms have been introduced to the field. The role of non-neuronal tissues in the regulation of many brain functions has become evident. These non-neuronal cells, particularly astrocytes, integrate large number of neurones, and it has been suggested that one of their functions is to integrate the (neural) activity in larger brain areas-a feature that is one of the prominent features of also the state of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.-K. Wigren
- Department of Physiology; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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49
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Eban-Rothschild A, Appelbaum L, de Lecea L. Neuronal Mechanisms for Sleep/Wake Regulation and Modulatory Drive. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:937-952. [PMID: 29206811 PMCID: PMC5854814 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Humans have been fascinated by sleep for millennia. After almost a century of scientific interrogation, significant progress has been made in understanding the neuronal regulation and functions of sleep. The application of new methods in neuroscience that enable the analysis of genetically defined neuronal circuits with unprecedented specificity and precision has been paramount in this endeavor. In this review, we first discuss electrophysiological and behavioral features of sleep/wake states and the principal neuronal populations involved in their regulation. Next, we describe the main modulatory drives of sleep and wakefulness, including homeostatic, circadian, and motivational processes. Finally, we describe a revised integrative model for sleep/wake regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lior Appelbaum
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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50
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Zhu C, Yao Y, Xiong Y, Cheng M, Chen J, Zhao R, Liao F, Shi R, Song S. Somatostatin Neurons in the Basal Forebrain Promote High-Calorie Food Intake. Cell Rep 2018; 20:112-123. [PMID: 28683305 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a global issue, and the overconsumption of food is thought to be a major contributor. However, the regulatory neural circuits that regulate palatable food consumption remain unclear. Here, we report that somatostatin (SOM) neurons and GABAergic (VGAT) neurons in the basal forebrain (BF) play specific roles in regulating feeding. Optogenetic stimulation of BF SOM neurons increased fat and sucrose intake within minutes and promoted anxiety-like behaviors. Furthermore, optogenetic stimulation of projections from BF SOM neurons to the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) selectively resulted in fat intake. In addition, activation of BF VGAT neurons rapidly induced general food intake and gnawing behaviors. Whole-brain mapping of inputs and outputs showed that BF SOM neurons form bidirectional connections with several brain areas important in feeding and regulation of emotion. Collectively, these results suggest that BF SOM neurons play a selective role in hedonic feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Yun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Brain-Inspired Computing Research, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Brain-Inspired Computing Research, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Mingxiu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Brain-Inspired Computing Research, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Brain-Inspired Computing Research, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Brain-Inspired Computing Research, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Fangzhou Liao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Brain-Inspired Computing Research, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Runsheng Shi
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Sen Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Brain-Inspired Computing Research, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China.
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