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Park SB, Lur G. Repeated exposure to multiple concurrent stressors alters visual processing in the adult posterior parietal cortex. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 31:100660. [PMID: 39100726 PMCID: PMC11296072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is well known to erode cognitive functions. Yet, our understanding of how repeated stress exposure impacts one of the fundamental bases of cognition: sensory processing, remains limited. The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is a high order visual region, known for its role in visually guided decision making, multimodal integration, attention, and working memory. Here, we used functional measures to determine how repeated exposure to multiple concurrent stressors (RMS) affects sensory processing in the PPC in adult male mice. A longitudinal experimental design, repeatedly surveying the same population of neurons using in vivo two-photon imaging, revealed that RMS disrupts the balanced turnover of visually responsive cells in layer 2/3 of the PPC. Across the population, RMS-induced changes in visual responsiveness followed a bimodal distribution suggesting idiosyncratic stress effects. In cells that maintained their responsiveness across recording sessions, we found that stress reduced visual response magnitudes and feature selectivity. While we did not observe stress-induced elimination of excitatory synapses, noise correlation statistics indicated that RMS altered visual input to the neuronal population. The impact of RMS was restricted to visually evoked responses and was not evident in neuronal activity associated with locomotion onset. Together, our results indicate that despite no apparent synaptic reorganization, stress exposure in adulthood can disrupt sensory processing in the PPC, with the effects showing remarkable individual variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Bin Park
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA, 92697
| | - Gyorgy Lur
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA, 92697
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2
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Huang M, Pieraut S, Cao J, de Souza Polli F, Roncace V, Shen G, Ramos-Medina C, Lee H, Maximov A. Nr4a1 regulates cell-specific transcriptional programs in inhibitory GABAergic interneurons. Neuron 2024; 112:2031-2044.e7. [PMID: 38754414 PMCID: PMC11189749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The patterns of synaptic connectivity and physiological properties of diverse neuron types are shaped by distinct gene sets. Our study demonstrates that, in the mouse forebrain, the transcriptional profiles of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons are regulated by Nr4a1, an orphan nuclear receptor whose expression is transiently induced by sensory experiences and is required for normal learning. Nr4a1 exerts contrasting effects on the local axonal wiring of parvalbumin- and somatostatin-positive interneurons, which innervate different subcellular domains of their postsynaptic partners. The loss of Nr4a1 activity in these interneurons results in bidirectional, cell-type-specific transcriptional switches across multiple gene families, including those involved in surface adhesion and repulsion. Our findings reveal that combinatorial synaptic organizing codes are surprisingly flexible and highlight a mechanism by which inducible transcription factors can influence neural circuit structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Kellogg School of Science and Technology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Simon Pieraut
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jasmine Cao
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Filip de Souza Polli
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vincenzo Roncace
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gloria Shen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carlos Ramos-Medina
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - HeeYang Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Kellogg School of Science and Technology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anton Maximov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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3
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Gao Y, Zou Y, Sokolowskei D, Xing X, Tower RJ, Lai Z, Shi J, Zhu L, Zheng Q, James AW, Xu J, Zhang Z. Nr4a1 enhances Wnt4 transcription to promote mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis and alleviates inflammation-inhibited bone regeneration. Mol Ther 2024; 32:1479-1496. [PMID: 38429926 PMCID: PMC11081873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Intense inflammatory response impairs bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-mediated bone regeneration, with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 being the most highly expressed cytokine. However, how to find effective and safe means to improve bone formation impaired by excessive TGF-β1 remains unclear. In this study, we found that the expression of orphan nuclear receptor Nr4a1, an endogenous repressor of TGF-β1, was suppressed directly by TGF-β1-induced Smad3 and indirectly by Hdac4, respectively. Importantly, Nr4a1 overexpression promoted BMSC osteogenesis and reversed TGF-β1-mediated osteogenic inhibition and pro-fibrotic effects. Transcriptomic and histologic analyses confirmed that upregulation of Nr4a1 increased the transcription of Wnt family member 4 (Wnt4) and activated Wnt pathway. Mechanistically, Nr4a1 bound to the promoter of Wnt4 and regulated its expression, thereby enhancing the osteogenic capacity of BMSCs. Moreover, treatment with Nr4a1 gene therapy or Nr4a1 agonist Csn-B could promote ectopic bone formation, defect repair, and fracture healing. Finally, we demonstrated the correlation of NR4A1 with osteogenesis and the activation of the WNT4/β-catenin pathway in human BMSCs and fracture samples. Taken together, these findings uncover the critical role of Nr4a1 in bone formation and alleviation of inflammation-induced bone regeneration disorders, and suggest that Nr4a1 has the potential to be a therapeutic target for accelerating bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangshuai Gao
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yuming Zou
- Academy of Orthopedics·Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Joint Surgery, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Dimitri Sokolowskei
- Center for Organogenesis, Regeneration and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xin Xing
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert J Tower
- Center for Organogenesis, Regeneration and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zejia Lai
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Liheng Zhu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Quan Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Luan Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Luan, Anhui 237001, China
| | - Aaron W James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Jiajia Xu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Academy of Orthopedics·Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Zhongmin Zhang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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Rozov S, Saarreharju R, Khirug S, Storvik M, Rivera C, Rantamäki T. Effects of nitrous oxide and ketamine on electrophysiological and molecular responses in the prefrontal cortex of mice: A comparative study. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 968:176426. [PMID: 38387719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O; laughing gas) has recently reported to produce rapid antidepressant effects, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. We performed transcriptomics, in situ hybridization, and electrophysiological studies to examine the potential shared signatures induced by 1 h inhalation of 50% N2O and a single subanesthetic dose of ketamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in adult mice. Both treatments similarly affected the transcription of several negative regulators of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), namely, dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs). The effects were primarily located in the pyramidal cells. Notably, the overall effects of N2O on mRNA expression were much more prominent and widespread compared to ketamine. Ketamine caused an elevation of the spiking frequency of putative pyramidal neurons and increased gamma activity (30-100 Hz) of cortical local field potentials. However, N2O produced no such effects. Spiking amplitudes and spike-to-local field potential phase locking of putative pyramidal neurons and interneurons in this brain area showed no uniform changes across treatments. Our findings suggest that N2O and subanesthetic-dose ketamine target MAPK pathway in the mPFC but produce varying acute electrophysiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Rozov
- Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland; SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.
| | - Roosa Saarreharju
- Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland; SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Stanislav Khirug
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | | | - Claudio Rivera
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, 13007, France
| | - Tomi Rantamäki
- Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland; SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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5
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Gallo MT, Dolci B, Fumagalli F, Brivio P, Calabrese F. Prenatal Fluoxetine Exposure Influences Glucocorticoid Receptor-Mediated Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex of Adolescent Rats Exposed to Acute Stress. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1560-1569. [PMID: 38507566 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Any deviation from the programmed processes of brain development may modify its formation and functions, thereby precipitating pathological conditions, which often become manifest in adulthood. Exposure to a challenge during crucial periods of vulnerability, such as adolescence, may reveal molecular changes preceding behavioral outcomes. Based on a previous study showing that prenatal fluoxetine (FLX) leads to the development of an anhedonic-like behavior in adult rats, we aimed to assess whether the same treatment regimen (i.e., fluoxetine during gestation; 15 mg/kg/day) influences the ability to respond to acute restraint stress (ARS) during adolescence. We subjected the rats to a battery of behavioral tests evaluating the development of various phenotypes (cognitive deficit, anhedonia, and anxiety). Furthermore, we carried out molecular analyses in the plasma and prefrontal cortex, a brain region involved in stress response, and whose functions are commonly altered in neuropsychiatric conditions. Our findings confirm that prenatal manipulation did not affect behavior in adolescent rats but impaired the capability to respond properly to ARS. Indeed, we observed changes in several molecular key players of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, particularly influencing genomic effects mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor. This study highlights that prenatal FLX exposure influences the ability of adolescent male rats to respond to an acute challenge, thereby altering the functionality of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and indicates that the prenatal manipulation may prime the response to challenging events during this critical period of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Gallo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Beatrice Dolci
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Fabio Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Paola Brivio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Francesca Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
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6
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Yuan X, Puvogel S, van Rhijn JR, Ciptasari U, Esteve-Codina A, Meijer M, Rouschop S, van Hugte EJH, Oudakker A, Schoenmaker C, Frega M, Schubert D, Franke B, Nadif Kasri N. A human in vitro neuronal model for studying homeostatic plasticity at the network level. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2222-2239. [PMID: 37863044 PMCID: PMC10679660 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that underlie homeostatic plasticity have been extensively investigated at single-cell levels in animal models, but are less well understood at the network level. Here, we used microelectrode arrays to characterize neuronal networks following induction of homeostatic plasticity in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived glutamatergic neurons co-cultured with rat astrocytes. Chronic suppression of neuronal activity through tetrodotoxin (TTX) elicited a time-dependent network re-arrangement. Increased expression of AMPA receptors and the elongation of axon initial segments were associated with increased network excitability following TTX treatment. Transcriptomic profiling of TTX-treated neurons revealed up-regulated genes related to extracellular matrix organization, while down-regulated genes related to cell communication; also astrocytic gene expression was found altered. Overall, our study shows that hiPSC-derived neuronal networks provide a reliable in vitro platform to measure and characterize homeostatic plasticity at network and single-cell levels; this platform can be extended to investigate altered homeostatic plasticity in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Yuan
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sofía Puvogel
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jon-Ruben van Rhijn
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ummi Ciptasari
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mandy Meijer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Simon Rouschop
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eline J H van Hugte
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid Oudakker
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Chantal Schoenmaker
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Monica Frega
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Schubert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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7
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Tang L, Wang Y, Xiang J, Yang D, Zhang Y, Xiang Q, Li J. lncRNA and circRNA expression profiles in the hippocampus of Aβ 25‑35‑induced AD mice treated with Tripterygium glycoside. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:426. [PMID: 37602300 PMCID: PMC10433443 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tripterygium glycosides (TG) have been reported to ameliorate Alzheimer's disease (AD), although the mechanism involved remains to be determined. In the present study, the lncRNA and circRNA expression profiles of an AD mouse model treated with TG were assessed using microarrays. lncRNAs, mRNAs, and circRNAs in the hippocampi of 3 AD+normal saline (NS) mice and 3 AD+TG mice were detected using microarrays. The most differentially expressed lncRNAs, mRNAs, and circRNAs were screened between the AD+NS and AD+TG groups. The differentially expressed lncRNAs and circRNAs were analyzed using GO enrichment and KEGG analyses. Co-expression analysis of lncRNAs, circRNAs, and mRNAs was performed by calculating the correlation coefficients. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was performed on mRNAs using STRING. The lncRNA-target-transcription factor (TF) network was analyzed using the Network software. In total, 661 lncRNAs, 64 circRNAs, and 503 mRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in AD mice treated with TG. Pou4f1, Egr2, Mag, and Nr4a1 were the hub genes in the PPI network. The KEGG results showed that the mRNAs that were co-expressed with lncRNAs were enriched in the TNF, PI3K-Akt, and Wnt signaling pathways. LncRNA-target-TF network analysis indicated that TFs, including Cebpa, Zic2, and Rxra, were the most likely to regulate the detected lncRNAs. The circRNA-miRNA interaction network indicated that 275 miRNAs may bind to the 64 circRNAs. In conclusion, these findings provide a novel perspective on AD pathogenesis, and the detected lncRNAs, mRNAs, and circRNAs may serve as novel therapeutic targets for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tang
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
- Department of Basic Biology, Wuzhou Medical College, Wuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang 543000, P.R. China
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of The Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
- Department of Basic Biology, Wuzhou Medical College, Wuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang 543000, P.R. China
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
| | - Ju Xiang
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of The Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Yang
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of The Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of The Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P.R. China
| | - Qin Xiang
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of The Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Li
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of The Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
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8
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Jeanneteau F. Stress and the risk of Alzheimer dementia: Can deconstructed engrams be rebuilt? J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13235. [PMID: 36775895 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The exact neuropathological mechanism by which the dementia process unfolds is under intense scrutiny. The disease affects about 38 million people worldwide, 70% of which are clinically diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD). If the destruction of synapses essential for learning, planning and decision-making is part of the problem, must the restoration of previously lost synapses be part of the solution? It is plausible that neuronal capacity to restitute information corresponds with the adaptive capacity of its connectivity reserve. A challenge will be to promote the functional connectivity that can compensate for the lost one. This will require better clarification of the remodeling of functional connectivity during the progression of AD dementia and its reversal upon experimental treatment. A major difficulty is to promote the neural pathways that are atrophied in AD dementia while suppressing others that are bolstered. Therapeutic strategies should aim at scaling functional connectivity to a just balance between the atrophic and hypertrophic systems. However, the exact factors that can help reach this objective are still unclear. Similarities between the effects of chronic stress and some neuropathological mechanisms underlying AD dementia support the idea that common components deserve prime attention as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Jeanneteau
- Institut de génomique fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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9
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Brivio P, Gallo MT, Gruca P, Lason M, Litwa E, Fumagalli F, Papp M, Calabrese F. Chronic N-Acetyl-Cysteine Treatment Enhances the Expression of the Immediate Early Gene Nr4a1 in Response to an Acute Challenge in Male Rats: Comparison with the Antidepressant Venlafaxine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087321. [PMID: 37108481 PMCID: PMC10139155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite several antidepressant treatments being available in clinics, they are not effective in all patients. In recent years, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been explored as adjunctive therapy for many psychiatric disorders, including depression, for its antioxidant properties. Given the promising efficacy of this compound for the treatment of such pathologies, it is fundamental to investigate, at the preclinical level, the ability of the drug to act in the modulation of neuroplastic mechanisms in basal conditions and during challenging events in order to highlight the potential features of the drug useful for clinical efficacy. To this aim, adult male Wistar rats were treated with the antidepressant venlafaxine (VLX) (10 mg/kg) or NAC (300 mg/kg) for 21 days and then subjected to 1 h of acute restraint stress (ARS). We found that NAC enhanced the expression of several immediate early genes, markers of neuronal plasticity in the ventral and dorsal hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala, and in particular it mediated the acute-stress-induced upregulation of Nr4a1 expression more than VLX. These data suggested the ability of NAC to induce coping strategies to face external challenges, highlighting its potential for the improvement of neuroplastic mechanisms for the promotion of resilience, in particular via the modulation of Nr4a1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Brivio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Gallo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Piotr Gruca
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lason
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Litwa
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Fabio Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mariusz Papp
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Francesca Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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10
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Morello G, La Cognata V, Guarnaccia M, D'Agata V, Cavallaro S. Cracking the Code of Neuronal Cell Fate. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071057. [PMID: 37048129 PMCID: PMC10093029 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is fundamental to most biological processes and reverse-engineering programs can be used to decipher the underlying programs. In this review, we describe how genomics is offering a systems biology-based perspective of the intricate and temporally coordinated transcriptional programs that control neuronal apoptosis and survival. In addition to providing a new standpoint in human pathology focused on the regulatory program, cracking the code of neuronal cell fate may offer innovative therapeutic approaches focused on downstream targets and regulatory networks. Similar to computers, where faults often arise from a software bug, neuronal fate may critically depend on its transcription program. Thus, cracking the code of neuronal life or death may help finding a patch for neurodegeneration and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Morello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR-IRIB), 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina La Cognata
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR-IRIB), 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Guarnaccia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR-IRIB), 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR-IRIB), 95126 Catania, Italy
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11
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Kaplan GB, Dadhi NA, Whitaker CS. Mitochondrial dysfunction in animal models of PTSD: Relationships between behavioral models, neural regions, and cellular maladaptation. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1105839. [PMID: 36923289 PMCID: PMC10009692 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1105839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-related condition that produces distressing fear memory intrusions, avoidance behaviors, hyperarousal, stress responses, insomnia and other symptoms. This review of rodent models of PTSD examines trauma effects on fear-related learning, cognition, and avoidance, emotional and arousal behaviors and on mitochondrial dysfunction in relevant neural pathways. The review focuses on research that includes four elements: consensus PTSD rodent models, behavioral phenotyping, mitochondrial dysfunction within key neural regions. This approach allows for the integration of behavioral, neural and cellular findings in PTSD models. The PTSD models reviewed include fear conditioning, predator/social stress, chronic restraint stress, single prolonged stress, social isolation, chronic unpredictable stress and early life stress. These models produce a variety of PTSD-related behaviors that include associative and non-associative fear- and stress-related responses, hyperarousal, avoidance behaviors, cognitive disturbances, social withdrawal, compulsive behaviors, anhedonia-, anxiety- and depression-related behaviors. Neural regions included fear- and stress-related regions of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampal, amygdala, nucleus accumbens and hypothalamus. PTSD models produced mitochondrial dysfunction that includes dysregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and other metabolic pathways including β-oxidation of fatty acids and the tricarboxylic acid pathway. These models generated neural reactive oxygen species that damage DNA, proteins, and lipids. Trauma models further altered mitochondrial structure and replication and affected neuroinflammatory responses, signal transduction and apoptosis. Antidepressant medications used for the treatment of PTSD reversed stress-induced changes in some PTSD-like behaviors and many elements of brain mitochondrial dysfunction. Future studies can develop PTSD models which are ecologically valid and result in a broader manifestation of PTSD-related behaviors as it is clinically defined. This review highlights mitochondrial mechanisms associated with PTSD-like behaviors that have been produced in an array of consensus PTSD models and identifies putative circuit-based targets for more effective treatment for this debilitating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B Kaplan
- Mental Health Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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12
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Stankiewicz AM, Jaszczyk A, Goscik J, Juszczak GR. Stress and the brain transcriptome: Identifying commonalities and clusters in standardized data from published experiments. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 119:110558. [PMID: 35405299 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interpretation of transcriptomic experiments is hindered by many problems including false positives/negatives inherent to big-data methods and changes in gene nomenclature. To find the most consistent effect of stress on brain transcriptome, we retrieved data from 79 studies applying animal models and 3 human studies investigating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The analyzed data were obtained either with microarrays or RNA sequencing applied to samples collected from more than 1887 laboratory animals and from 121 human subjects. Based on the initial database containing a quarter million differential expression effect sizes representing transcripts in three species, we identified the most frequently reported genes in 223 stress-control comparisons. Additionally, the analysis considers sex, individual vulnerability and contribution of glucocorticoids. We also found an overlap between gene expression in PTSD patients and animals which indicates relevance of laboratory models for human stress response. Our analysis points to genes that, as far as we know, were not specifically tested for their role in stress response (Pllp, Arrdc2, Midn, Mfsd2a, Ccn1, Htra1, Csrnp1, Tenm4, Tnfrsf25, Sema3b, Fmo2, Adamts4, Gjb1, Errfi1, Fgf18, Galnt6, Slc25a42, Ifi30, Slc4a1, Cemip, Klf10, Tom1, Dcdc2c, Fancd2, Luzp2, Trpm1, Abcc12, Osbpl1a, Ptp4a2). Provided transcriptomic resource will be useful for guiding the new research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Aneta Jaszczyk
- Department of Animal Behavior and Welfare, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Joanna Goscik
- Faculty of Computer Science, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Grzegorz R Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior and Welfare, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland.
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Yellajoshyula D, Opeyemi S, Dauer WT, Pappas SS. Genetic evidence of aberrant striatal synaptic maturation and secretory pathway alteration in a dystonia mouse model. DYSTONIA 2022; 1:10892. [PMID: 36874764 PMCID: PMC9980434 DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2022.10892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of DYT-TOR1A dystonia consistently demonstrate abnormalities of striatal cholinergic function, but the molecular pathways underlying this pathophysiology are unclear. To probe these molecular pathways in a genetic model of DYT-TOR1A, we performed laser microdissection in juvenile mice to isolate striatal cholinergic interneurons and non-cholinergic striatal tissue largely comprising spiny projection neurons during maturation. Both cholinergic and GABAergic enriched samples demonstrated a defined set of gene expression changes consistent with a role of torsinA in the secretory pathway. GABAergic enriched striatum samples also showed alteration to genes regulating synaptic transmission and an upregulation of activity dependent immediate early genes. Reconstruction of Golgi-Cox stained striatal spiny projection neurons from adult mice demonstrated significantly increased spiny density, suggesting that torsinA null striatal neurons have increased excitability during striatal maturation and long lasting increases in afferent input. These findings are consistent with a developmental role for torsinA in the secretory pathway and link torsinA loss of function with functional and structural changes of striatal cholinergic and GABAergic neurons. These transcriptomic datasets are freely available as a resource for future studies of torsinA loss of function-mediated striatal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunday Opeyemi
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - William T. Dauer
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Samuel S. Pappas
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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14
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Transcriptomic Studies of Antidepressant Action in Rodent Models of Depression: A First Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113543. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antidepressants (ADs) are, for now, the best everyday treatment we have for moderate to severe major depressive episodes (MDEs). ADs are among the most prescribed drugs in the Western Hemisphere; however, the trial-and-error prescription strategy and side-effects leave a lot to be desired. More than 60% of patients suffering from major depression fail to respond to the first AD they are prescribed. For those who respond, full response is only observed after several weeks of treatment. In addition, there are no biomarkers that could help with therapeutic decisions; meanwhile, this is already true in cancer and other fields of medicine. For years, many investigators have been working to decipher the underlying mechanisms of AD response. Here, we provide the first systematic review of animal models. We thoroughly searched all the studies involving rodents, profiling transcriptomic alterations consecutive to AD treatment in naïve animals or in animals subjected to stress-induced models of depression. We have been confronted by an important heterogeneity regarding the drugs and the experimental settings. Thus, we perform a meta-analysis of the AD signature of fluoxetine (FLX) in the hippocampus, the most studied target. Among genes and pathways consistently modulated across species, we identify both old players of AD action and novel transcriptional biomarker candidates that warrant further investigation. We discuss the most prominent transcripts (immediate early genes and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity pathways). We also stress the need for systematic studies of AD action in animal models that span across sex, peripheral and central tissues, and pharmacological classes.
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Engeln M, Fox ME, Chandra R, Choi EY, Nam H, Qadir H, Thomas SS, Rhodes VM, Turner MD, Herman RJ, Calarco CA, Lobo MK. Transcriptome profiling of the ventral pallidum reveals a role for pallido-thalamic neurons in cocaine reward. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3980-3991. [PMID: 35764708 PMCID: PMC9722585 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Psychostimulant exposure alters the activity of ventral pallidum (VP) projection neurons. However, the molecular underpinnings of these circuit dysfunctions are unclear. We used RNA-sequencing to reveal alterations in the transcriptional landscape of the VP that are induced by cocaine self-administration in mice. We then probed gene expression in select VP neuronal subpopulations to isolate a circuit associated with cocaine intake. Finally, we used both overexpression and CRISPR-mediated knockdown to test the role of a gene target on cocaine-mediated behaviors as well as dendritic spine density. Our results showed that a large proportion (55%) of genes associated with structural plasticity were changed 24 h following cocaine intake. Among them, the transcription factor Nr4a1 (Nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 1, or Nur77) showed high expression levels. We found that the VP to mediodorsal thalamus (VP → MDT) projection neurons specifically were recapitulating this increase in Nr4a1 expression. Overexpressing Nr4a1 in VP → MDT neurons enhanced drug-seeking and drug-induced reinstatement, while Nr4a1 knockdown prevented self-administration acquisition and subsequent cocaine-mediated behaviors. Moreover, we showed that Nr4a1 negatively regulated spine dynamics in this specific cell subpopulation. Together, our study identifies for the first time the transcriptional mechanisms occurring in VP in drug exposure. Our study provides further understanding on the role of Nr4a1 in cocaine-related behaviors and identifies the crucial role of the VP → MDT circuit in drug intake and relapse-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Engeln
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Megan E Fox
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric Y Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hyungwoo Nam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Houman Qadir
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shavin S Thomas
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Victoria M Rhodes
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Makeda D Turner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rae J Herman
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cali A Calarco
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary Kay Lobo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Hemonnot-Girard AL, Meersseman C, Pastore M, Garcia V, Linck N, Rey C, Chebbi A, Jeanneteau F, Ginsberg SD, Lachuer J, Reynes C, Rassendren F, Hirbec H. Comparative analysis of transcriptome remodeling in plaque-associated and plaque-distant microglia during amyloid-β pathology progression in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:234. [PMID: 36153535 PMCID: PMC9508749 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research in recent years firmly established that microglial cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In parallel, a series of studies showed that, under both homeostatic and pathological conditions, microglia are a heterogeneous cell population. In AD, amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque-associated microglia (PAM) display a clearly distinct phenotype compared to plaque-distant microglia (PCM), suggesting that these two microglia subtypes likely differently contribute to disease progression. So far, molecular characterization of PAM was performed indirectly using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) approaches or based on markers that are supposedly up-regulated in this microglia subpopulation. Methods In this study based on a well-characterized AD mouse model, we combined cell-specific laser capture microdissection and RNA-seq analysis to i) identify, without preconceived notions of the molecular and/or functional changes that would affect these cells, the genes and gene networks that are dysregulated in PAM or PCM at three critical stages of the disease, and ii) to investigate the potential contribution of both plaque-associated and plaque-distant microglia. Results First, we established that our approach allows selective isolation of microglia, while preserving spatial information and preventing transcriptome changes induced by classical purification approaches. Then, we identified, in PAM and PCM subpopulations, networks of co-deregulated genes and analyzed their potential functional roles in AD. Finally, we investigated the dynamics of microglia transcriptomic remodeling at early, intermediate and late stages of the disease and validated select findings in postmortem human AD brain. Conclusions Our comprehensive study provides useful transcriptomic information regarding the respective contribution of PAM and PCM across the Aβ pathology progression. It highlights specific pathways that would require further study to decipher their roles across disease progression. It demonstrates that the proximity of microglia to Aβ-plaques dramatically alters the microglial transcriptome and reveals that these changes can have both positive and negative impacts on the surrounding cells. These opposing effects may be driven by local microglia heterogeneity also demonstrated by this study. Our approach leads to molecularly define the less well studied plaque-distant microglia. We show that plaque-distant microglia are not bystanders of the disease, although the transcriptomic changes are far less striking compared to what is observed in plaque-associated microglia. In particular, our results suggest they may be involved in Aβ oligomer detection and in Aβ-plaque initiation, with increased contribution as the disease progresses.
Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02581-0.
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Cantabella E, Camilleri V, Cavalie I, Dubourg N, Gagnaire B, Charlier TD, Adam-Guillermin C, Cousin X, Armant O. Revealing the Increased Stress Response Behavior through Transcriptomic Analysis of Adult Zebrafish Brain after Chronic Low to Moderate Dose Rates of Ionizing Radiation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153793. [PMID: 35954455 PMCID: PMC9367516 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The increasing use of radiopharmaceuticals for medical diagnostics and radiotherapy raises concerns regarding health risks for both humans and the environment. Additionally, in the context of major nuclear accidents like in Chernobyl and Fukushima, very little is known about the effects of chronic exposure to low and moderate dose rates of ionizing radiation (IR). Many studies demonstrated the sensibility of the developmental brain, but little data exists for IR at low dose rates and their impact on adults. In this study, we characterized the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate stress behavior caused by chronic exposure to low to moderate dose rates of IR using the adult zebrafish model. We observed the establishment of a congruent stress response at both the molecular and individual levels. Abstract High levels of ionizing radiation (IR) are known to induce neurogenesis defects with harmful consequences on brain morphogenesis and cognitive functions, but the effects of chronic low to moderate dose rates of IR remain largely unknown. In this study, we aim at defining the main molecular pathways impacted by IR and how these effects can translate to higher organizational levels such as behavior. Adult zebrafish were exposed to gamma radiation for 36 days at 0.05 mGy/h, 0.5 mGy/h and 5 mGy/h. RNA sequencing was performed on the telencephalon and completed by RNA in situ hybridization that confirmed the upregulation of oxytocin and cone rod homeobox in the parvocellular preoptic nucleus. A dose rate-dependent increase in differentially expressed genes (DEG) was observed with 27 DEG at 0.05 mGy/h, 200 DEG at 0.5 mGy/h and 530 DEG at 5 mGy/h. Genes involved in neurotransmission, neurohormones and hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis functions were specifically affected, strongly suggesting their involvement in the stress response behavior observed after exposure to dose rates superior or equal to 0.5 mGy/h. At the individual scale, hypolocomotion, increased freezing and social stress were detected. Together, these data highlight the intricate interaction between neurohormones (and particularly oxytocin), neurotransmission and neurogenesis in response to chronic exposure to IR and the establishment of anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Cantabella
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Pôle Santé Environnement-Environnement (PSE-ENV)/Service de Recherche sur les Transferts et les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (SRTE)/Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (LECO), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (O.A.)
| | - Virginie Camilleri
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Pôle Santé Environnement-Environnement (PSE-ENV)/Service de Recherche sur les Transferts et les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (SRTE)/Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (LECO), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Isabelle Cavalie
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Pôle Santé Environnement-Environnement (PSE-ENV)/Service de Recherche sur les Transferts et les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (SRTE)/Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (LECO), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Nicolas Dubourg
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Pôle Santé Environnement-Environnement (PSE-ENV)/Service de Recherche sur les Transferts et les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (SRTE)/Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (LECO), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Béatrice Gagnaire
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Pôle Santé Environnement-Environnement (PSE-ENV)/Service de Recherche sur les Transferts et les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (SRTE)/Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (LECO), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Thierry D. Charlier
- Univ. Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christelle Adam-Guillermin
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Pôle Santé Environnement-Santé (PSE-Santé)/Service de Recherche en Dosimétrie (SDOS)/Laboratoire de Micro-Irradiation, de Métrologie et de Dosimétrie des Neutrons (LMDN), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Xavier Cousin
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, INRAE, 34250 Palavas Les Flots, France
| | - Oliver Armant
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Pôle Santé Environnement-Environnement (PSE-ENV)/Service de Recherche sur les Transferts et les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (SRTE)/Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (LECO), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (O.A.)
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Jeanneteau F, Coutellier L. The glucocorticoid footprint on the memory engram. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2022; 25:100378. [PMID: 38486965 PMCID: PMC10938917 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2022.100378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The complexity of the classical inverted U-shaped relationship between cortisol levels and responses transposable to stress reactivity has led to an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms enabling healthy and toxic effects of stress on brain and behavior. A clearer, more detailed, picture of those relationships can be obtained by integrating cortisol effects on large-scale brain networks, in particular, by focusing on neural network configurations from the perspective of inhibition and excitation. A unifying view of Semon and Hebb's theories of cellular memory links the biophysical and metabolic changes in neuronal ensembles to the strengthening of collective synapses. In that sense, the neuronal capacity to record, store, and retrieve information directly relates to the adaptive capacity of its connectivity and metabolic reserves. Here, we use task-activated cell ensembles or simply engram cells as an example to demonstrate that the adaptive behavioral responses to stress result from collective synapse strength within and across networks of interneurons and excitatory ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Jeanneteau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Coutellier
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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Kim JJ, Sapio MR, Vazquez FA, Maric D, Loydpierson AJ, Ma W, Zarate CA, Iadarola MJ, Mannes AJ. Transcriptional Activation, Deactivation and Rebound Patterns in Cortex, Hippocampus and Amygdala in Response to Ketamine Infusion in Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:892345. [PMID: 35706427 PMCID: PMC9190438 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.892345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist, is a recently revitalized treatment for pain and depression, yet its actions at the molecular level remain incompletely defined. In this molecular-pharmacological investigation in the rat, we used short- and longer-term infusions of high dose ketamine to stimulate neuronal transcription processes. We hypothesized that a progressively stronger modulation of neuronal gene networks would occur over time in cortical and limbic pathways. A continuous intravenous administration paradigm for ketamine was developed in rat consisting of short (1 h) and long duration (10 h, and 10 h + 24 h recovery) infusions of anesthetic concentrations to activate or inhibit gene transcription in a pharmacokinetically controlled fashion. Transcription was measured by RNA-Seq in three brain regions: frontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Cellular level gene localization was performed with multiplex fluorescent in situ hybridization. Induction of a shared transcriptional regulatory network occurred within 1 h in all three brain regions consisting of (a) genes involved in stimulus-transcription factor coupling that are induced during altered synaptic activity (immediate early genes, IEGs, such as c-Fos, 9–12 significant genes per brain region, p < 0.01 per gene) and (b) the Nrf2 oxidative stress-antioxidant response pathway downstream from glutamate signaling (Nuclear Factor Erythroid-Derived 2-Like 2) containing 12–25 increasing genes (p < 0.01) per brain region. By 10 h of infusion, the acute results were further reinforced and consisted of more and stronger gene alterations reflecting a sustained and accentuated ketamine modulation of regional excitation and plasticity. At the cellular level, in situ hybridization localized up-regulation of the plasticity-associated gene Bdnf, and the transcription factors Nr4a1 and Fos, in cortical layers III and V. After 24 h recovery, we observed overshoot of transcriptional processes rather than a smooth return to homeostasis suggesting an oscillation of plasticity occurs during the transition to a new phase of neuronal regulation. These data elucidate critical molecular regulatory actions during and downstream of ketamine administration that may contribute to the unique drug actions of this anesthetic agent. These molecular investigations point to pathways linked to therapeutically useful attributes of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny J. Kim
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew R. Sapio
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fernando A. Vazquez
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Amelia J. Loydpierson
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wenting Ma
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Carlos A. Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael J. Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael J. Iadarola, ,
| | - Andrew J. Mannes
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Chen F, Sun J, Chen C, Zhang Y, Zou L, Zhang Z, Chen M, Wu H, Tian W, Liu Y, Xu Y, Luo H, Zhu M, Yu J, Wang Q, Wang K. Quercetin Mitigates Methamphetamine-Induced Anxiety-Like Behavior Through Ameliorating Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:829886. [PMID: 35295707 PMCID: PMC8919775 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.829886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) abuse results in neurotoxic outcomes, including increased anxiety and depression. Studies have reported an association between MA exposure and anxiety, nonetheless, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, we developed a mouse model of anxiety-like behavior induced by MA administration. RNA-seq was then performed to profile the gene expression patterns of hippocampus (HIPP), and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in signaling pathways related to psychiatric disorders and mitochondrial function. Based on these, mitochondria was hypothesized to be involved in MA-induced anxiety. Quercetin, as a mitochondrial protector, was used to investigate whether to be a potential treatment for MA-induced anxiety; accordingly, it alleviated anxiety-like behavior and improved mitochondrial impairment in vivo. Further experiments in vitro suggested that quercetin alleviated the dysfunction and morphological abnormalities of mitochondria induced by MA, via decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and increasing the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ATP production. Moreover, the study examined the effect of quercetin on astrocytes activation and neuroinflammation, and the results indicated that it significantly attenuated the activation of astrocytes and reduced the levels of IL-1β, TNFα but not IL-6. In light of these findings, quantitative evidence is presented in the study supporting the view that MA can evoke anxiety-like behavior via the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction. Quercetin exerted antipsychotic activity through modulation of mitochondrial function and neuroinflammation, suggesting its potential for further therapeutic development in MA-induced anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengrong Chen
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiaxue Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yongjin Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Center for Experimental Studies and Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Zou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Organ Transplant, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zunyue Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Minghui Chen
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hongjin Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Weiwei Tian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Liu
- The School of Foreign Languages, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Huayou Luo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Mei Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Juehua Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Center for Experimental Studies and Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Tianhua College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kunhua Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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21
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Laine M, Shansky R. Rodent models of stress and dendritic plasticity – Implications for psychopathology. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 17:100438. [PMID: 35257016 PMCID: PMC8897597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress, as commonplace as it is, is a major environmental risk factor for psychopathology. While this association intuitively, anecdotally, and empirically makes sense, we are still very early in the process of understanding what the neurobiological manifestations of this risk truly are. Seminal work from the past few decades has established structural plasticity in the brain as a potential key mechanism. In this review we discuss evidence linking particularly chronic stress exposure in rodent models to plasticity at the dendrites, like remodeling of dendritic branches and spines, in a range of brain regions. A number of candidate mechanisms that seek to explain how stress influences neuroanatomy at this level have been proposed, utilizing in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro methods. However, a large gap still remains in our knowledge of how such dynamic structural changes ultimately relate to downstream effects such as altered affective and cognitive states relevant for psychopathology. We propose that future work expand our understanding of plasticity of specific stress-related brain circuits and cell-types. We also note that the vast majority of the work has been conducted solely on male rodents. The next big strides in our understanding of the neurobiology of psychopathology will require the inclusion of female subjects, as several studies have suggested both sex divergent and convergent features. By understanding plasticity, we can harness it. The growth of this body of knowledge will inform our efforts to improve the therapeutic options for stress-related psychopathology.
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22
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Kim S, Larrous F, Varet H, Legendre R, Feige L, Dumas G, Matsas R, Kouroupi G, Grailhe R, Bourhy H. Early Transcriptional Changes in Rabies Virus-Infected Neurons and Their Impact on Neuronal Functions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:730892. [PMID: 34970230 PMCID: PMC8713068 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.730892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic disease caused by rabies virus (RABV). As rabies advances, patients develop a variety of severe neurological symptoms that inevitably lead to coma and death. Unlike other neurotropic viruses that can induce symptoms of a similar range, RABV-infected post-mortem brains do not show significant signs of inflammation nor the structural damages on neurons. This suggests that the observed neurological symptoms possibly originate from dysfunctions of neurons. However, many aspects of neuronal dysfunctions in the context of RABV infection are only partially understood, and therefore require further investigation. In this study, we used differentiated neurons to characterize the RABV-induced transcriptomic changes at the early time-points of infection. We found that the genes modulated in response to the infection are particularly involved in cell cycle, gene expression, immune response, and neuronal function-associated processes. Comparing a wild-type RABV to a mutant virus harboring altered matrix proteins, we found that the RABV matrix protein plays an important role in the early down-regulation of host genes, of which a significant number is involved in neuronal functions. The kinetics of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are also different between the wild type and mutant virus datasets. The number of modulated genes remained constant upon wild-type RABV infection up to 24 h post-infection, but dramatically increased in the mutant condition. This result suggests that the intact viral matrix protein is important to control the size of host gene modulation. We then examined the signaling pathways previously studied in relation to the innate immune responses against RABV, and found that these pathways contribute to the changes in neuronal function-associated processes. We further examined a set of regulated genes that could impact neuronal functions collectively, and demonstrated in calcium imaging that indeed the spontaneous activity of neurons is influenced by RABV infection. Overall, our findings suggest that neuronal function-associated genes are modulated by RABV early on, potentially through the viral matrix protein-interacting signaling molecules and their downstream pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonhee Kim
- Technology Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Doctoral School Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Florence Larrous
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Département Biologie Computationnelle, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Plate-Forme Technologique Biomics, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Département Biologie Computationnelle, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Plate-Forme Technologique Biomics, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France
| | - Lena Feige
- Technology Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Doctoral School Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Mila, Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Kouroupi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Regis Grailhe
- Technology Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
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23
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Morello G, Villari A, Spampinato AG, La Cognata V, Guarnaccia M, Gentile G, Ciotti MT, Calissano P, D’Agata V, Severini C, Cavallaro S. Transcriptional Profiles of Cell Fate Transitions Reveal Early Drivers of Neuronal Apoptosis and Survival. Cells 2021; 10:3238. [PMID: 34831459 PMCID: PMC8620386 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis and survival are regulated at the transcriptional level. To identify key genes and upstream regulators primarily responsible for these processes, we overlayed the temporal transcriptome of cerebellar granule neurons following induction of apoptosis and their rescue by three different neurotrophic factors. We identified a core set of 175 genes showing opposite expression trends at the intersection of apoptosis and survival. Their functional annotations and expression signatures significantly correlated to neurological, psychiatric and oncological disorders. Transcription regulatory network analysis revealed the action of nine upstream transcription factors, converging pro-apoptosis and pro-survival-inducing signals in a highly interconnected functionally and temporally ordered manner. Five of these transcription factors are potential drug targets. Transcriptome-based computational drug repurposing produced a list of drug candidates that may revert the apoptotic core set signature. Besides elucidating early drivers of neuronal apoptosis and survival, our systems biology-based perspective paves the way to innovative pharmacology focused on upstream targets and regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Morello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (A.V.); (A.G.S.); (V.L.C.); (M.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Ambra Villari
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (A.V.); (A.G.S.); (V.L.C.); (M.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Antonio Gianmaria Spampinato
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (A.V.); (A.G.S.); (V.L.C.); (M.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Valentina La Cognata
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (A.V.); (A.G.S.); (V.L.C.); (M.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Maria Guarnaccia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (A.V.); (A.G.S.); (V.L.C.); (M.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Giulia Gentile
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (A.V.); (A.G.S.); (V.L.C.); (M.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Maria Teresa Ciotti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (IBBC-CNR), Via E. Ramarini, 32, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy; (M.T.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Pietro Calissano
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI Foundation), Viale Regina Elena, 295, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Velia D’Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 87, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Severini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (IBBC-CNR), Via E. Ramarini, 32, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy; (M.T.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (A.V.); (A.G.S.); (V.L.C.); (M.G.); (G.G.)
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24
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Bhalla M, Heinzinger LR, Morenikeji OB, Marzullo B, Thomas BN, Bou Ghanem EN. Transcriptome Profiling Reveals CD73 and Age-Driven Changes in Neutrophil Responses against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0025821. [PMID: 34310891 PMCID: PMC8519284 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00258-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are required for host resistance against Streptococcus pneumoniae, but their function declines with age. We previously found that CD73, an enzyme required for antimicrobial activity, is downregulated in neutrophils (also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]) from aged mice. This study explored transcriptional changes in neutrophils induced by S. pneumoniae to identify pathways controlled by CD73 and dysregulated with age. Pure bone marrow-derived neutrophils isolated from wild-type (WT) young and old and CD73 knockout (CD73KO) young mice were mock challenged or infected with S. pneumoniae ex vivo. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We found that infection triggered distinct global transcriptional changes across hosts that were strongest in CD73KO neutrophils. Surprisingly, there were more downregulated than upregulated genes in all groups upon infection. Downregulated DEGs indicated a dampening of immune responses in old and CD73KO hosts. Further analysis revealed that CD73KO neutrophils expressed higher numbers of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) than those in WT controls. Predicted network analysis indicated that CD73KO-specific lncRNAs control several signaling pathways. We found that genes in the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway were upregulated upon infection in CD73KO mice and in WT old mice, but not in WT young mice. This corresponded to functional differences, as phosphorylation of the downstream AP-1 transcription factor component c-Jun was significantly higher in neutrophils from infected CD73KO mice and old mice. Importantly, inhibition of JNK/AP-1 rescued the ability of these neutrophils to kill S. pneumoniae. Together, our findings revealed that the ability of neutrophils to modify their gene expression to better adapt to bacterial infection is in part regulated by CD73 and declines with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmeet Bhalla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Lauren R. Heinzinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Olanrewaju B. Morenikeji
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
- Division of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh–Bradford, Bradford, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brandon Marzullo
- Department of Biochemistry and Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Bolaji N. Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Elsa N. Bou Ghanem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA
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25
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Dual imaging of dendritic spines and mitochondria in vivo reveals hotspots of plasticity and metabolic adaptation to stress. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100402. [PMID: 34611532 PMCID: PMC8477201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic adaptation is a critical feature of synaptic plasticity. Indeed, synaptic plasticity requires the utilization and resupply of metabolites, in particular when the turnover is high and fast such as in stress conditions. What accounts for the localized energy burden of the post-synaptic compartment to the build up of chronic stress is currently not understood. We used in vivo microscopy of genetically encoded fluorescent probes to track changes of mitochondria, dendritic spines, ATP and H2O2 levels in pyramidal neurons of cortex before and after chronic unpredictable mild stress. Data revealed hotspots of postsynaptic mitochondria and dendritic spine turnover. Pharmacogenetic approach to force expression of the metabolic stress gene NR4A1 caused the fragmentation of postsynaptic mitochondria and loss of proximal dendritic spine clusters, whereas a dominant-negative mutant counteracted the effect of chronic stress. When fragmented, dendritic mitochondria produced lesser ATP at resting state and more on acute demand. This corresponded with significant production of mitochondrial H2O2 oxidative species in the dendritic compartment. Together, data indicate that pyramidal neurons adjust proximal dendritic spine turnover and mitochondria functions in keeping with synaptic demands. Addition of dendritic spine clusters match with more proximal mitochondria coverage. Loss of dendritic spine clusters match with less proximal mitochondria coverage. Dendrites alter spine dynamics, ATP and H202 production in keeping with excitation. In excess, the transcription factor NR4A1 promotes cross-clustering losses. Blocking NR4A1 prevents net cross-clustering losses mediated by chronic stress.
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Cebrian Silla A, Nascimento MA, Redmond SA, Mansky B, Wu D, Obernier K, Romero Rodriguez R, Gonzalez Granero S, García-Verdugo JM, Lim D, Álvarez-Buylla A. Single-cell analysis of the ventricular-subventricular zone reveals signatures of dorsal & ventral adult neurogenesis. eLife 2021; 10:67436. [PMID: 34259628 PMCID: PMC8443251 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), on the walls of the lateral ventricles, harbors the largest neurogenic niche in the adult mouse brain. Previous work has shown that neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in different locations within the V-SVZ produce different subtypes of new neurons for the olfactory bulb. The molecular signatures that underlie this regional heterogeneity remain largely unknown. Here, we present a single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset of the adult mouse V-SVZ revealing two populations of NSPCs that reside in largely non-overlapping domains in either the dorsal or ventral V-SVZ. These regional differences in gene expression were further validated using a single-nucleus RNA-sequencing reference dataset of regionally microdissected domains of the V-SVZ and by immunocytochemistry and RNAscope localization. We also identify two subpopulations of young neurons that have gene expression profiles consistent with a dorsal or ventral origin. Interestingly, a subset of genes are dynamically expressed, but maintained, in the ventral or dorsal lineages. The study provides novel markers and territories to understand the region-specific regulation of adult neurogenesis. Nerve cells, or neurons, are the central building blocks of brain circuits. Their damage, death or loss of function leads to cognitive decline. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) first appear during embryo development, generating most of the neurons found in the nervous system. However, the adult brain retains a small subpopulation of NSPCs, which in some species are an important source of new neurons throughout life. In the adult mouse brain the largest population of NSPCs, known as B cells, is found in an area called the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ). These V-SVZ B cells have properties of specialized support cells known as astrocytes, but they can also divide and generate intermediate ‘progenitor cells’ called C cells. These, in turn, divide to generate large numbers of young ‘A cells’ neurons that undertake a long and complex migration from V-SVZ to the olfactory bulb, the first relay in the central nervous system for the processing of smells. Depending on their location in the V-SVZ, B cells can generate different kinds of neurons, leading to at least ten subtypes of neurons. Why this is the case is still poorly understood. To examine this question, Cebrián-Silla, Nascimento, Redmond, Mansky et al. determined which genes were expressed in B, C and A cells from different parts of the V-SVZ. While cells within each of these populations had different expression patterns, those that originated in the same V-SVZ locations shared a set of genes, many of which associated with regional specification in the developing brain. Some, however, were intriguingly linked to hormonal regulation. Salient differences between B cells depended on whether the cells originated closer to the top (‘dorsal’ position) or to the bottom of the brain (‘ventral’ position). This information was used to stain slices of mouse brains for the RNA and proteins produced by these genes in different regions. These experiments revealed dorsal and ventral territories containing B cells with distinct ‘gene expression’. This study highlights the heterogeneity of NSPCs, revealing key molecular differences among B cells in dorsal and ventral areas of the V-SVZ and reinforcing the concept that the location of NSPCs determines the types of neuron they generate. Furthermore, the birth of specific types of neurons from B cells that are so strictly localized highlights the importance of neuronal migration to ensure that young neurons with specific properties reach their appropriate destination in the olfactory bulb. The work by Cebrián-Silla, Nascimento, Redmond, Mansky et al. has identified sets of genes that are differentially expressed in dorsal and ventral regions which may contribute to regional regulation. Furthering the understanding of how adult NSPCs differ according to their location will help determine how various neuron types emerge in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa Cebrian Silla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Marcos Assis Nascimento
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Stephanie A Redmond
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Benjamin Mansky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - David Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Kirsten Obernier
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ricardo Romero Rodriguez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Susana Gonzalez Granero
- Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, y Unidad Mixta de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neurorregeneración, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel García-Verdugo
- Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, y Unidad Mixta de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neurorregeneración, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Arturo Álvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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27
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Araujo I, Henriksen A, Gamsby J, Gulick D. Impact of Alcohol Abuse on Susceptibility to Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:643273. [PMID: 34179073 PMCID: PMC8220155 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.643273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the prevalence and well-recognized adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and alcohol use disorder in the causation of numerous diseases, their potential roles in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases remain poorly characterized. This is especially true of the rare neurodegenerative diseases, for which small population sizes make it difficult to conduct broad studies of specific etiological factors. Nonetheless, alcohol has potent and long-lasting effects on neurodegenerative substrates, at both the cellular and systems levels. This review highlights the general effects of alcohol in the brain that contribute to neurodegeneration across diseases, and then focuses on specific diseases in which alcohol exposure is likely to play a major role. These specific diseases include dementias (alcohol-induced, frontotemporal, and Korsakoff syndrome), ataxias (cerebellar and frontal), and Niemann-Pick disease (primarily a Type B variant and Type C). We conclude that there is ample evidence to support a role of alcohol abuse in the etiology of these diseases, but more work is needed to identify the primary mechanisms of alcohol's effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskra Araujo
- Gulick Laboratory, Byrd Neuroscience Institute, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Amy Henriksen
- Gulick Laboratory, Byrd Neuroscience Institute, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Joshua Gamsby
- Gulick Laboratory, Byrd Neuroscience Institute, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FL, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Danielle Gulick
- Gulick Laboratory, Byrd Neuroscience Institute, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FL, Tampa, FL, United States
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28
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Liu R, Tearle R, Low WY, Chen T, Thomsen D, Smith TPL, Hiendleder S, Williams JL. Distinctive gene expression patterns and imprinting signatures revealed in reciprocal crosses between cattle sub-species. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:410. [PMID: 34082698 PMCID: PMC8176687 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07667-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There are two genetically distinct subspecies of cattle, Bos taurus taurus and Bos taurus indicus, which arose from independent domestication events. The two types of cattle show substantial phenotypic differences, some of which emerge during fetal development and are reflected in birth outcomes, including birth weight. We explored gene expression profiles in the placenta and four fetal tissues at mid-gestation from one taurine (Bos taurus taurus; Angus) and one indicine (Bos taurus indicus; Brahman) breed and their reciprocal crosses. Results In total 120 samples were analysed from a pure taurine breed, an indicine breed and their reciprocal cross fetuses, which identified 6456 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two pure breeds in at least one fetal tissue of which 110 genes were differentially expressed in all five tissues examined. DEGs shared across tissues were enriched for pathways related to immune and stress response functions. Only the liver had a substantial number of DEGs when reciprocal crossed were compared among which 310 DEGs were found to be in common with DEGs identified between purebred livers; these DEGs were significantly enriched for metabolic process GO terms. Analysis of DEGs across purebred and crossbred tissues suggested an additive expression pattern for most genes, where both paternal and maternal alleles contributed to variation in gene expression levels. However, expression of 5% of DEGs in each tissue was consistent with parent of origin effects, with both paternal and maternal dominance effects identified. Conclusions These data identify candidate genes potentially driving the tissue-specific differences between these taurine and indicine breeds and provide a biological insight into parental genome effects underlying phenotypic differences in bovine fetal development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07667-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Liu
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rick Tearle
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Wai Yee Low
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tong Chen
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dana Thomsen
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Timothy P L Smith
- USMARC, USDA-ARS-US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - Stefan Hiendleder
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John L Williams
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. .,Present address: Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
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Acupuncture alleviates chronic pain and comorbid conditions in a mouse model of neuropathic pain: the involvement of DNA methylation in the prefrontal cortex. Pain 2021; 162:514-530. [PMID: 32796318 PMCID: PMC7808350 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chronic pain reduces life quality and is an important clinical problem associated with emotional and cognitive dysfunction. Epigenetic regulation of DNA methylation is involved in the induction of abnormal behaviors and pathological gene expression. We examined whether acupuncture can restore epigenetic changes caused by chronic pain, and identified the underlying mechanisms in neuropathic pain mice. Acupuncture treatment for 6 months (3 days/week) improved mechanical/cold allodynia and the emotional/cognitive dysfunction caused by left partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL)-induced neuropathic pain. The effects of acupuncture were associated with global DNA methylation recovery in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Analysis of DNA methylation patterns in PFC indicated that 1364 overlapping genes among 4442 and 4416 methylated genes in the PSNL vs sham and PSNL vs acupuncture points groups, respectively, were highly associated with the DNA methylation process. Acupuncture restored the reduced expression of 5-methylcytosine, methyl-cytosine-phospho-guanine binding protein 2, and DNA methyltransferase family enzymes induced by PSNL in PFC. Methylation levels of Nr4a1 and Chkb associated with mitochondrial dysfunction were decreased in PFC of the PSNL mice, and increased by acupuncture. By contrast, high expression of Nr4a1 and Chkb mRNA in PSNL mice decreased after acupuncture. We also found that acupuncture inhibited the expression of Ras pathway-related genes such as Rasgrp1 and Rassf1. Finally, the expression of Nr4a1, Rasgrp1, Rassf1, and Chkb mRNA increased in the neuronal cells treated with Mecp2 small interfering RNA. These results suggest that acupuncture can relieve chronic pain-induced comorbid conditions by altering DNA methylation of Nr4a1, Rasgrp1, Rassf1, and Chkb in the PFC.
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Jefsen OH, Elfving B, Wegener G, Müller HK. Transcriptional regulation in the rat prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after a single administration of psilocybin. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:483-493. [PMID: 33143539 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120959614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic found in "magic mushrooms" with a putative therapeutic potential for treatment-resistant depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and addiction. In rodents, psilocybin acutely induces plasticity-related immediate early genes in cortical tissue; however, studies into the effects on subcortical regions, of different doses, and the subsequent translation of corresponding proteins are lacking. METHODS We examined the acute effects of a single administration of psilocybin (0.5-20 mg/kg) on the expression of selected genes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In total, 46 target genes and eight reference genes were assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Corresponding protein levels of the three most commonly regulated genes were assessed using Western blotting. RESULTS In the prefrontal cortex, psilocybin increased the expression of Cebpb, c-Fos, Dups1, Fosb, Junb, Iκβ-α, Nr4a1, P11, Psd95, and Sgk1, and decreased the expression of Clk1. In the hippocampus, psilocybin strongly increased the expression of Arrdc2, Dusp1, Iκβ-α, and Sgk1 in a dose-dependent manner, and decreased the expression of Arc, Clk1, Egr2, and Ptgs2. Protein levels of Sgk1, Dusp1, and Iκβ-α showed only partial agreement with transcriptional patterns, stressing the importance of assessing downstream translation when investigating rapid gene responses. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that psilocybin rapidly induces gene expression related to neuroplasticity, biased towards the prefrontal cortex, compared to the hippocampus. Our findings provide further evidence for the rapid plasticity-promoting effects of psilocybin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Hougaard Jefsen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,AUGUST Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Heidi Kaastrup Müller
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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HUZARD D, RAPPENEAU V, MEIJER OC, TOUMA C, ARANGO-LIEVANO M, GARABEDIAN MJ, JEANNETEAU F. Experience and activity-dependent control of glucocorticoid receptors during the stress response in large-scale brain networks. Stress 2021; 24:130-153. [PMID: 32755268 PMCID: PMC7907260 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1806226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of actions of the glucocorticoid stress hormones among individuals and within organs, tissues and cells is shaped by age, gender, genetics, metabolism, and the quantity of exposure. However, such factors cannot explain the heterogeneity of responses in the brain within cells of the same lineage, or similar tissue environment, or in the same individual. Here, we argue that the stress response is continuously updated by synchronized neural activity on large-scale brain networks. This occurs at the molecular, cellular and behavioral levels by crosstalk communication between activity-dependent and glucocorticoid signaling pathways, which updates the diversity of responses based on prior experience. Such a Bayesian process determines adaptation to the demands of the body and external world. We propose a framework for understanding how the diversity of glucocorticoid actions throughout brain networks is essential for supporting optimal health, while its disruption may contribute to the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders, such as major depression, and resistance to therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien HUZARD
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie RAPPENEAU
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Onno C. MEIJER
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Chadi TOUMA
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Margarita ARANGO-LIEVANO
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Freddy JEANNETEAU
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
- Corresponding author:
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Choi GE, Han HJ. Glucocorticoid impairs mitochondrial quality control in neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 152:105301. [PMID: 33609641 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction due to high energy demand and an inability to proliferate. Therefore, dysfunctional mitochondria cause various neuropathologies. Mitochondrial damage induces maintenance pathways to repair or eliminate damaged organelles. This mitochondrial quality control (MQC) system maintains appropriate morphology, localization, and removal/replacement of mitochondria to sustain brain homeostasis and counter progression of neurological disorders. Glucocorticoid release is an essential response to stressors for adaptation; however, it often culminates in maladaptation if neurons are exposed to chronic and severe stress. Long-term exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids induces mitochondrial dysfunction via genomic and nongenomic mechanisms. Glucocorticoids induce abnormal mitochondrial morphology and dysregulate fusion and fission. Moreover, mitochondrial trafficking is arrested by glucocorticoids and dysfunctional mitochondria are subsequently accumulated around the soma. These alterations lead to energy deficiency, particularly for synaptic transmission that requires large amounts of energy. Glucocorticoids also impair mitochondrial clearance by preventing mitophagy of damaged organelle and suppress mitochondrial biogenesis, resulting in the reduced number of healthy mitochondria. Failure to maintain MQC degrades brain function and contributes to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. However, mechanisms of glucocorticoid action on the regulation of MQC during chronic stress conditions are not well understood. The present review discusses pathways involved in the impairment of MQC and the clinical significance of high glucocorticoid blood levels for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gee Euhn Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Wu J, Yang D, Gong H, Qi Y, Sun H, Liu Y, Liu Y, Qiu X. Multiple omics analysis reveals that high fiber diets promote gluconeogenesis and inhibit glycolysis in muscle. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:660. [PMID: 32972369 PMCID: PMC7513505 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meat quality is a complex trait affected by genotypic and environmental factors. In a previous study, it was found that feedstuffs have various effects on the growth rate and meat quality of lambs. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not entirely clear. RESULTS In this study, to investigate the mechanisms that impact meat quality in twin sheep fed either with high fiber low protein (HFLP) forage (Ceratoides) or low fiber high protein (LFHP) forage (alfalfa) diets, multi omics techniques were utilized for integration analysis based on the feed nutritional value and the sheep microbiome, transcriptome, metabolome, and fatty acid profile. Results showed that the production performance and the muscle components of lambs were significantly affected by feeds. The essential fatty acid (linoleic acid and arachidonic acid) content of the muscle, based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, was increased when lambs were fed with HFLP. The microbes in the lambs' rumen fed a HFLP diet were more diverse than those of the LFHP fed group. Besides, the ratio of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in the rumen of the sheep fed a LFHP diet was 2.6 times higher than that of the HFLP fed group. Transcriptome analysis of the muscle revealed that the genes related to glucose metabolic processes and fatty acid biosynthesis were significantly differentially expressed between the two groups. Potential cross talk was found between the sfour omics data layers, which helps to understand the mechanism by which feedstuffs affect meat quality of lambs. CONCLUSION Feed systems may affect the epigenetic regulation of genes involved in the glucose metabolic pathway. HFLP feeds could induce gluconeogenesis to maintain glucose levels in blood, resulting in decreased fat content in muscle. The multiple omics analysis showed that the microbiota structure is significantly correlated with the metabolome and gene expression in muscle. This study laid a theoretical foundation for controlling the nutrient intake of sheep; it suggested that its fatty acid spectrum modifications and the removal of meat quality detrimental material could guide sheep feeding for functional mutton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028000, China. .,Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, China.
| | - Ding Yang
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, China
| | - Husile Gong
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - Yunxia Qi
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, China
| | - Hailian Sun
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, China
| | - Yongbin Liu
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, China
| | - Yahong Liu
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, China
| | - Xiao Qiu
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, China
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34
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Runge K, Cardoso C, de Chevigny A. Dendritic Spine Plasticity: Function and Mechanisms. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00036
expr 823669561 + 872784217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
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35
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Runge K, Cardoso C, de Chevigny A. Dendritic Spine Plasticity: Function and Mechanisms. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:36. [PMID: 32982715 PMCID: PMC7484486 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small protrusions studding neuronal dendrites, first described in 1888 by Ramón y Cajal using his famous Golgi stainings. Around 50 years later the advance of electron microscopy (EM) confirmed Cajal's intuition that spines constitute the postsynaptic site of most excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain. The finding that spine density decreases between young and adult ages in fixed tissues suggested that spines are dynamic. It is only a decade ago that two-photon microscopy (TPM) has unambiguously proven the dynamic nature of spines, through the repeated imaging of single spines in live animals. Spine dynamics comprise formation, disappearance, and stabilization of spines and are modulated by neuronal activity and developmental age. Here, we review several emerging concepts in the field that start to answer the following key questions: What are the external signals triggering spine dynamics and the molecular mechanisms involved? What is, in return, the role of spine dynamics in circuit-rewiring, learning, and neuropsychiatric disorders?
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Runge
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED) INSERM U1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Carlos Cardoso
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED) INSERM U1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Antoine de Chevigny
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED) INSERM U1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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36
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The effect of voluntary wheel running on the antioxidant status is dependent on sociability conditions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 198:173018. [PMID: 32827504 PMCID: PMC7438373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Voluntary wheel running is widely used as a physical activity (PA) model in rodents, but most studies investigate the beneficial effects of this intervention in socially isolated mice. Social isolation stress (SIS) is associated with vulnerability to oxidative stress and reduced mitochondrial activity. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of free access to a running wheel for 21 days on the various markers of the cellular redox/antioxidant status as well as mitochondrial function of mice subjected to SIS or maintained in groups of 3 in the homecage. SIS increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels in the cerebral cortex, and PA intervention was not able to reverse such alteration. PA reduced TBARS levels in the liver of grouped mice and gastrocnemius of socially isolated mice. PA increased nonprotein thiol (NPSH) levels in the cerebral cortex of grouped mice. Furthermore, socially isolated mice presented lower glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the cerebellum and gastrocnemius, and glutathione reductase (GR) activity in the cerebral cortex and liver. By contrast, SIS induced higher GPx activity in the cerebral cortex and heart. PA reduced GPx (cerebral cortex) and GR (cerebral cortex and liver) activities of socially isolated mice. SIS caused higher activity of mitochondrial complexes I and II in the cerebral cortex, and the PA paradigm was not able to alter this effect. Interestingly, the PA produced antidepressant-like effect at both SIS and control groups. In conclusion, the results showed the influence of SIS for the effects of PA on the antioxidant status, but not on the mitochondrial function and emotionality. PA intervention produces antioxidant responses dependent on sociability conditions. SIS induces mitochondria function and antioxidant defense abnormalities. Running produces antidepressant-like behavior and does not change the ambulation. The distance travelled on the running wheel is correlated with immobility time in the TST. The lipoperoxidation index is negatively correlated with time spent on the running wheel.
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Roversi K, Buizza C, Brivio P, Calabrese F, Verheij MMM, Antoniazzi CTD, Burger ME, Riva MA, Homberg JR. Neonatal Tactile Stimulation Alters Behaviors in Heterozygous Serotonin Transporter Male Rats: Role of the Amygdala. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:142. [PMID: 32903627 PMCID: PMC7438747 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) gene, especially the short allele of the human serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR), has been associated with the development of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. In line, exposure to early life stress in SERT knockout animals contributes to anxiety- and depression-like behavior. However, there is a lack of investigation of how early-life exposure to beneficial stimuli, such as tactile stimulation (TS), affects later life behavior in these animals. In this study, we investigated the effect of TS on social, anxiety, and anhedonic behavior in heterozygous SERT knockouts rats and wild-type controls and its impact on gene expression in the basolateral amygdala. Heterozygous SERT+/– rats were submitted to TS during postnatal days 8–14, for 10 min per day. In adulthood, rats were assessed for social and affective behavior. Besides, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) gene expression and its isoforms, components of glutamatergic and GABAergic systems as well as glucocorticoid-responsive genes were measured in the basolateral amygdala. We found that exposure to neonatal TS improved social and affective behavior in SERT+/– animals compared to naïve SERT+/– animals and was normalized to the level of naïve SERT+/+ animals. At the molecular level, we observed that TS per se affected Bdnf, the glucocorticoid-responsive genes Nr4a1, Gadd45β, the co-chaperone Fkbp5 as well as glutamatergic and GABAergic gene expression markers including the enzyme Gad67, the vesicular GABA transporter, and the vesicular glutamate transporter genes. Our results suggest that exposure of SERT+/– rats to neonatal TS can normalize their phenotype in adulthood and that TS per se alters the expression of plasticity and stress-related genes in the basolateral amygdala. These findings demonstrate the potential effect of a supportive stimulus in SERT rodents, which are more susceptible to develop psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Roversi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Carolina Buizza
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Brivio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michel M M Verheij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Caren T D Antoniazzi
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marilise E Burger
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Marco A Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Szpirer C. Rat models of human diseases and related phenotypes: a systematic inventory of the causative genes. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:84. [PMID: 32741357 PMCID: PMC7395987 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratory rat has been used for a long time as the model of choice in several biomedical disciplines. Numerous inbred strains have been isolated, displaying a wide range of phenotypes and providing many models of human traits and diseases. Rat genome mapping and genomics was considerably developed in the last decades. The availability of these resources has stimulated numerous studies aimed at discovering causal disease genes by positional identification. Numerous rat genes have now been identified that underlie monogenic or complex diseases and remarkably, these results have been translated to the human in a significant proportion of cases, leading to the identification of novel human disease susceptibility genes, helping in studying the mechanisms underlying the pathological abnormalities and also suggesting new therapeutic approaches. In addition, reverse genetic tools have been developed. Several genome-editing methods were introduced to generate targeted mutations in genes the function of which could be clarified in this manner [generally these are knockout mutations]. Furthermore, even when the human gene causing a disease had been identified without resorting to a rat model, mutated rat strains (in particular KO strains) were created to analyze the gene function and the disease pathogenesis. Today, over 350 rat genes have been identified as underlying diseases or playing a key role in critical biological processes that are altered in diseases, thereby providing a rich resource of disease models. This article is an update of the progress made in this research and provides the reader with an inventory of these disease genes, a significant number of which have similar effects in rat and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Szpirer
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium.
- , Waterloo, Belgium.
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van der Kooij MA. The impact of chronic stress on energy metabolism. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 107:103525. [PMID: 32629109 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is exceptionally demanding in terms of energy metabolism. Approximately 20% of the calories consumed are devoted to our cerebral faculties, with the lion's share provided in the form of glucose. The brain's stringent energy dependency requires a high degree of harmonization between the elements responsible for supplying- and metabolizing energetic substrates. However, chronic stress may jeopardize this homeostatic energy balance by disruption of critical metabolic processes. In agreement, stress-related mental disorders have been linked with perturbations in energy metabolism. Prominent stress-induced metabolic alterations include the actions of hormones, glucose uptake and mitochondrial adjustments. Importantly, fundamental stress-responsive metabolic adjustments in humans and animal models bear a striking resemblance. Here, an overview is provided of key findings, demonstrating the pervasive impact of chronic stress on energy metabolism. Furthermore, I argue that medications, aimed primarily at restoring metabolic homeostasis, may constitute a novel approach to treat mental disorders.
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Peña-Bautista C, Casas-Fernández E, Vento M, Baquero M, Cháfer-Pericás C. Stress and neurodegeneration. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 503:163-168. [PMID: 31987795 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a great concern because of aging worldwide population. Despite substantial effort to advance our understanding of the etiology and potential treatment of neurodegeneration, there remains a paucity of information with respect to this complex disease process. Interestingly, stress has been implicated among the potential mechanisms implicated in neurodegenerative pathology. Given the increase in chronic stress in modern society, this premise warrants further investigation. The aim of this review is to evaluate the influence of stress on neurodegeneration, the effect of neurodegenerative diseases diagnosis on stress, and therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases with a special focus on stress reduction. Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's Disease showed an acceleration in disease progression and a worsening of symptoms under stress. Some therapies (e.g., yoga, meditation) focused on reducing stress showed beneficial effects against neurodegeneration. Nevertheless, more studies are necessary in order to completely understand the implications of stress in neurodegeneration and the usefulness of stress reduction in the treatment thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Máximo Vento
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Baquero
- Division of Neurology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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Carpenter MD, Hu Q, Bond AM, Lombroso SI, Czarnecki KS, Lim CJ, Song H, Wimmer ME, Pierce RC, Heller EA. Nr4a1 suppresses cocaine-induced behavior via epigenetic regulation of homeostatic target genes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:504. [PMID: 31980629 PMCID: PMC6981219 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous homeostatic mechanisms can restore normal neuronal function following cocaine-induced neuroadaptations. Such mechanisms may be exploited to develop novel therapies for cocaine addiction, but a molecular target has not yet been identified. Here we profiled mouse gene expression during early and late cocaine abstinence to identify putative regulators of neural homeostasis. Cocaine activated the transcription factor, Nr4a1, and its target gene, Cartpt, a key molecule involved in dopamine metabolism. Sustained activation of Cartpt at late abstinence was coupled with depletion of the repressive histone modification, H3K27me3, and enrichment of activating marks, H3K27ac and H3K4me3. Using both CRISPR-mediated and small molecule Nr4a1 activation, we demonstrated the direct causal role of Nr4a1 in sustained activation of Cartpt and in attenuation of cocaine-evoked behavior. Our findings provide evidence that targeting abstinence-induced homeostatic gene expression is a potential therapeutic target in cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco D Carpenter
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Qiwen Hu
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Allison M Bond
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sonia I Lombroso
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kyle S Czarnecki
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Carissa J Lim
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mathieu E Wimmer
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Temple University, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - R Christopher Pierce
- Center for Nurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Heller
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Anderson RM, Johnson SB, Lingg RT, Hinz DC, Romig-Martin SA, Radley JJ. Evidence for Similar Prefrontal Structural and Functional Alterations in Male and Female Rats Following Chronic Stress or Glucocorticoid Exposure. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:353-370. [PMID: 31184364 PMCID: PMC7029687 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work of ours and others has documented regressive changes in neuronal architecture and function in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of male rats following chronic stress. As recent focus has shifted toward understanding whether chronic stress effects on mPFC are sexually dimorphic, here we undertake a comprehensive analysis to address this issue. First, we show that chronic variable stress (14-day daily exposure to different challenges) resulted in a comparable degree of adrenocortical hyperactivity, working memory impairment, and dendritic spine loss in mPFC pyramidal neurons in both sexes. Next, exposure of female rats to 21-day regimen of corticosterone resulted in a similar pattern of mPFC dendritic spine attrition and increase in spine volume. Finally, we examined the effects of another widely used regimen, chronic restraint stress (CRS, 21-day of daily 6-h restraint), on dendritic spine changes in mPFC in both sexes. CRS resulted in response decrements in adrenocortical output (habituation), and induced a pattern of consistent, but less widespread, dendritic spine loss similar to the foregoing challenges. Our data suggest that chronic stress or glucocorticoid exposure induces a relatively undifferentiated pattern of structural and functional alterations in mPFC in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Anderson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Shane B Johnson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ryan T Lingg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Dalton C Hinz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sara A Romig-Martin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jason J Radley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Zheng Z, Xiang S, Wang Y, Dong Y, Li Z, Xiang Y, Bian Y, Feng B, Yang B, Weng X. NR4A1 promotes TNF‑α‑induced chondrocyte death and migration injury via activating the AMPK/Drp1/mitochondrial fission pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:151-161. [PMID: 31746366 PMCID: PMC6889925 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1)-induced chondrocyte death plays a critical role in the development of osteoarthritis through poorly defined mechanisms. The present study aimed to investigate the role of NR4A1 in regulating chondrocyte death in response to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cycloheximide (CHX) treatment, with a focus on mitochondrial fission and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. The results demonstrated that NR4A1 was significantly upregulated in TNF-α and CHX exposed chondrocytes. Increased NR4A1 triggered mitochondrial fission via the AMPK/dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) pathway, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening-related cell death. Furthermore, excessive mitochondrial fission impaired chondrocyte migration through imbalance of F-actin homeo-stasis. Inhibiting NR4A1 attenuated TNF-α and CHX-induced mitochondrial fission and, thus, reduced mitochondrial dysfunction in chondrocytes, mPTP opening-related cell death and migration injury. Altogether, the present data confirmed that mitochondrial fission was involved in NR4A1-mediated chondrocyte injury via regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction, mPTP opening-induced cell death and F-actin-related migratory inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Xiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yulei Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Zeng Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yongbo Xiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Bian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xisheng Weng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Class IIa HDACs regulate learning and memory through dynamic experience-dependent repression of transcription. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3469. [PMID: 31375688 PMCID: PMC6677776 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of new memories requires transcription. However, the mechanisms that limit signaling of relevant gene programs in space and time for precision of information coding remain poorly understood. We found that, during learning, the cellular patterns of expression of early response genes (ERGs) are regulated by class IIa HDACs 4 and 5, transcriptional repressors that transiently enter neuronal nuclei from cytoplasm after sensory input. Mice lacking these repressors in the forebrain have abnormally broad experience-dependent expression of ERGs, altered synaptic architecture and function, elevated anxiety, and severely impaired memory. By acutely manipulating the nuclear activity of class IIa HDACs in behaving animals using a chemical-genetic technique, we further demonstrate that rapid induction of transcriptional programs is critical for memory acquisition but these programs may become dispensable when a stable memory is formed. These results provide new insights into the molecular basis of memory storage. The molecular mechanisms of memory storage remain poorly understood. In this study, authors describe a new mechanism that regulates the cellular patterns of early response gene signaling during learning via the recruitment of two functionally redundant nuclear repressors, class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs) 4 and 5
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45
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Persistence of learning-induced synapses depends on neurotrophic priming of glucocorticoid receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13097-13106. [PMID: 31182610 PMCID: PMC6601006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903203116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction upon activation of receptor tyrosine kinases by neurotrophins and nuclear receptors by glucocorticoids is essential for homeostasis. Phosphorylation (PO4) is one way these receptors communicate with one another to support homeostatic reactions in learning and memory. Using a newly developed glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-PO4–deficient knock-in mouse, we show that consolidation of learning-induced neuroplasticity depends on both GR-PO4 and neurotrophic signaling. Cross-talk between these pathways affects experience-dependent neuroplasticity and behavior, extending previous implications of neurotrophic priming of glucocorticoid response for adaptive plasticity to chronic stress and antidepressant response. Therefore, a disruption of cross-talk between these pathways by, for example, the misalignment of circadian glucocorticoid release and experience-dependent neurotrophic signaling may contribute to the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. Stress can either promote or impair learning and memory. Such opposing effects depend on whether synapses persist or decay after learning. Maintenance of new synapses formed at the time of learning upon neuronal network activation depends on the stress hormone-activated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and neurotrophic factor release. Whether and how concurrent GR and neurotrophin signaling integrate to modulate synaptic plasticity and learning is not fully understood. Here, we show that deletion of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)–dependent GR-phosphorylation (PO4) sites impairs long-term memory retention and maintenance of newly formed postsynaptic dendritic spines in the mouse cortex after motor skills training. Chronic stress and the BDNF polymorphism Val66Met disrupt the BDNF-dependent GR-PO4 pathway necessary for preserving training-induced spines and previously acquired memories. Conversely, enrichment living promotes spine formation but fails to salvage training-related spines in mice lacking BDNF-dependent GR-PO4 sites, suggesting it is essential for spine consolidation and memory retention. Mechanistically, spine maturation and persistence in the motor cortex depend on synaptic mobilization of the glutamate receptor subunit A1 (GluA1) mediated by GR-PO4. Together, these findings indicate that regulation of GR-PO4 via activity-dependent BDNF signaling is important for the formation and maintenance of learning-dependent synapses. They also define a signaling mechanism underlying these effects.
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46
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Pan X, Liu B, Chen S, Ding H, Yao X, Cheng Y, Xu D, Yin Y, Dai X, Sun J, Xu G, Pan J, Xiao L, Xie L. Nr4a1 as a myogenic factor is upregulated in satellite cells/myoblast under proliferation and differentiation state. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:573-581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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47
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Jeanneteau F, Borie A, Chao MV, Garabedian MJ. Bridging the Gap between Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Glucocorticoid Effects on Brain Networks. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 109:277-284. [PMID: 30572337 DOI: 10.1159/000496392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral choices made by the brain during stress depend on glucocorticoid and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathways acting in synchrony in the mesolimbic (reward) and corticolimbic (emotion) neural networks. Deregulated expression of BDNF and glucocorticoid receptors in brain valuation areas may compromise the integration of signals. Glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation upon BDNF signaling in neurons represents one mechanism underlying the integration of BDNF and glucocorticoid signals that when off balance may lay the foundation of maladaptations to stress. Here, we propose that BDNF signaling conditions glucocorticoid responses impacting neural plasticity in the mesocorticolimbic system. This provides a novel molecular framework for understanding how brain networks use BDNF and glucocorticoid signaling contingencies to forge receptive neuronal fields in temporal domains defined by behavioral experience, and in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Jeanneteau
- Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle, Inserm, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France,
| | - Amélie Borie
- Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle, Inserm, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Moses V Chao
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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48
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Barfield ET, Gourley SL. Prefrontal cortical trkB, glucocorticoids, and their interactions in stress and developmental contexts. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:535-558. [PMID: 30477984 PMCID: PMC6392187 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tropomyosin/tyrosine receptor kinase B (trkB) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulate neuron structure and function and the hormonal stress response. Meanwhile, disruption of trkB and GR activity (e.g., by chronic stress) can perturb neuronal morphology in cortico-limbic regions implicated in stressor-related illnesses like depression. Further, several of the short- and long-term neurobehavioral consequences of stress depend on the developmental timing and context of stressor exposure. We review how the levels and activities of trkB and GR in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) change during development, interact, are modulated by stress, and are implicated in depression. We review evidence that trkB- and GR-mediated signaling events impact the density and morphology of dendritic spines, the primary sites of excitatory synapses in the brain, highlighting effects in adolescents when possible. Finally, we review the role of neurotrophin and glucocorticoid systems in stress-related metaplasticity. We argue that better understanding the long-term effects of developmental stressors on PFC trkB, GR, and related factors may yield insights into risk for chronic, remitting depression and related neuropsychiatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Barfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Shannon L Gourley
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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49
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Bhardwaj SK, Dodat F, Lévesque D, Srivastava LK. Altered regulation of Nur77 nuclear receptor gene expression in the mesocorticolimbic regions of rat brain by amphetamine sensitization. Brain Res 2018; 1694:46-54. [PMID: 29750935 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying psychostimulant drug-induced sensitization include long-term cellular and molecular adaptations in dopaminergic circuits. Nur77, a member of the Nur family of transcription factors, is expressed in brain regions receiving dopamine inputs and plays a role in activity-induced synaptic modification. Here we evaluated changes in Nur77 mRNA levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal striatum (Str) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) of rats receiving a repeated, sensitizing regimen of amphetamine (AMPH). Results were compared to two groups of controls - animals receiving repeated injections of saline (Rp-SAL) or with no treatment (CON). Two weeks after the last injection, the effect of an acute challenge dose of AMPH on Nur77 expression was evaluated using in-situ hybridization. Repeated AMPH treatment (Rp-AMPH) increased the levels of Nur77 mRNA in the mPFC, NAc core and shell regions. However, the effects of an acute injection of AMPH in each of the three groups of animals was distinct. Whereas an acute AMPH led to a significant increase of Nur77 in all brain regions of the CON animals, it had no significant effect in Rp-SAL animals. Interestingly, in acute AMPH-injected Rp-AMPH animals, Nur77 mRNA levels in the mPFC, Str and NAc regions were significantly lower compared to CON and Rp-SAL animals treated with acute AMPH. There was a positive correlation between AMPH -induced locomotor activity and Nur77 mRNA expression in CON animals; however, this relationship was absent in Rp-SAL and Rp-AMPH animals. The data suggest that Nur77 is a part of neuroadaptive changes caused by either mild stress of repeated injections as well as AMPH-sensitization and may play a role in abnormal behaviors induced by the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Bhardwaj
- Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fatéma Dodat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Lévesque
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lalit K Srivastava
- Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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50
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Persistent Stress-Induced Neuroplastic Changes in the Locus Coeruleus/Norepinephrine System. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:1892570. [PMID: 30008741 PMCID: PMC6020552 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1892570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural plasticity plays a critical role in mediating short- and long-term brain responses to environmental stimuli. A major effector of plasticity throughout many regions of the brain is stress. Activation of the locus coeruleus (LC) is a critical step in mediating the neuroendocrine and behavioral limbs of the stress response. During stressor exposure, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis promotes release of corticotropin-releasing factor in LC, where its signaling promotes a number of physiological and cellular changes. While the acute effects of stress on LC physiology have been described, its long-term effects are less clear. This review will describe how stress changes LC neuronal physiology, function, and morphology from a genetic, cellular, and neuronal circuitry/transmission perspective. Specifically, we describe morphological changes of LC neurons in response to stressful stimuli and signal transduction pathways underlying them. Also, we will review changes in excitatory glutamatergic synaptic transmission in LC neurons and possible stress-induced modifications of AMPA receptors. This review will also address stress-related behavioral adaptations and specific noradrenergic receptors responsible for them. Finally, we summarize the results of several human studies which suggest a link between stress, altered LC function, and pathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder.
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