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Mickael ME, Kubick N, Dragan M, Atanasov AG, Ławiński M, Paszkiewicz J, Horbańczuk JO, Religa P, Thorne A, Sacharczuk M. The impact of BDNF and CD4 + T cell crosstalk on depression. Immunol Res 2024:10.1007/s12026-024-09514-4. [PMID: 38980567 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-024-09514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel-Edwar Mickael
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552, JastrzebiecMagdalenka, Poland.
| | - Norwin Kubick
- Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Dragan
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście26/28, 00-927, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552, JastrzebiecMagdalenka, Poland
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michał Ławiński
- Department of General, Gastroenterology and Oncologic Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Paszkiewicz
- Department of Health, John Paul II University of Applied Sciences in Biala Podlaska, Sidorska 95/97, 21-500, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Jarosław Olav Horbańczuk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552, JastrzebiecMagdalenka, Poland
| | - Piotr Religa
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 77, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ana Thorne
- Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Bulevar Dr Zorana Djidjica 81, 18000, Nis, Serbia
| | - Mariusz Sacharczuk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552, JastrzebiecMagdalenka, Poland.
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Siddiqui AM, Sabljic TF, Ball AK. Anatomical location of injected microglia in different activation states and time course of injury determines survival of retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:677-699. [PMID: 36371721 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2142579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background: Activated microglia release harmful substances to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), but may also benefit by removing cellular debris and secreting neurotrophic factors. These paradoxical roles remain controversial because the nature and time-course of the injury that defines their role is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if pharmacological manipulation of microglia to acquire a pro-inflammatory or pro-survival phenotype will exacerbate or enhance neuronal survival after injury.Material and methods: Treated HAP I (highly aggressively proliferating immortalized) microglia were injected into the vitreous or tail vein (T V) of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Retinas were examined at 4-14 days following optic nerve crush (ONC) and the number of surviving RGCs was determined.Results: Injection of untreated HAP I cells resulted in the greater loss of RGCs early after ONC when injected into the vitreous and later after ONC when injected into the T V. LP S activated HAP I cells injected into the vitreous resulted in greater RGC loss with and without injury. When injected into the T V with ONC there was no loss of RGCs 4 days after ONC but greater loss afterwards. Minocycline treated HAP I cells injected into the vitreous resulted in greater RGC survival than untreated HAP I cells. However, when injected into the T V with ONC there was greater loss of RGCs. These results suggest that optic nerve signals attract extrinsic microglia to the retina, resulting in a proinflammatory response.Conclusion: Neuroprotection or cytotoxicity of microglia depends on the type of activation, time course of the injury, and if they act on the axon or cell body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad M Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas F Sabljic
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander K Ball
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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He H, Zhang X, He H, Xiao C, Xu G, Li L, Liu YE, Yang C, Zhou T, You Z, Zhang J. Priming of hippocampal microglia by IFN-γ/STAT1 pathway impairs social memory in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112191. [PMID: 38759369 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Social behavior is inextricably linked to the immune system. Although IFN-γ is known to be involved in social behavior, yet whether and how it encodes social memory remains unclear. In the current study, we injected with IFN-γ into the lateral ventricle of male C57BL/6J mice, and three-chamber social test was used to examine the effects of IFN-γ on their social preference and social memory. The morphology of microglia in the hippocampus, prelimbic cortex and amygdala was examined using immunohistochemistry, and the phenotype of microglia were examined using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The IFN-γ-injected mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide, and effects of IFN-γ on behavior and microglial responses were evaluated. STAT1 pathway and microglia-neuron interactions were examined in vivo or in vitro using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Finally, we use STAT1 inhibitor or minocycline to evaluated the role of STAT1 in mediating the microglial priming and effects of primed microglia in IFN-γ-induced social dysfunction. We demonstrated that 500 ng of IFN-γ injection results in significant decrease in social index and social novelty recognition index, and induces microglial priming in hippocampus, characterized by enlarged cell bodies, shortened branches, increased expression of CD68, CD86, CD74, CD11b, CD11c, CD47, IL-33, IL-1β, IL-6 and iNOS, and decreased expression of MCR1, Arg-1, IGF-1 and BDNF. This microglia subpopulation is more sensitive to LPS challenge, which characterized by more significant morphological changes and inflammatory responses, as well as induced increased sickness behaviors in mice. IFN-γ upregulated pSTAT1 and STAT1 and promoted the nuclear translocation of STAT1 in the hippocampal microglia and in the primary microglia. Giving minocycline or STAT1 inhibitor fludarabin blocked the priming of hippocampal microglia induced by IFN-γ, ameliorated the dysfunction in hippocampal microglia-neuron interactions and synapse pruning by microglia, thereby improving social memory deficits in IFN-γ injected mice. IFN-γ initiates STAT1 pathway to induce priming of hippocampal microglia, thereby disrupts hippocampal microglia-neuron interactions and neural circuit link to social memory. Blocking STAT1 pathway or inhibiting microglial priming may be strategies to reduce the effects of IFN-γ on social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili He
- Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Hui He
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Chenghong Xiao
- Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Gaojie Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Liangyuan Li
- Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yu-E Liu
- Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chengyan Yang
- Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Zili You
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Lau AA, Jin K, Beard H, Windram T, Xie K, O'Brien JA, Neumann D, King BM, Snel MF, Trim PJ, Mitrofanis J, Hemsley KM, Austin PJ. Photobiomodulation in the infrared spectrum reverses the expansion of circulating natural killer cells and brain microglial activation in Sanfilippo mice. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38849324 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Sanfilippo syndrome results from inherited mutations in genes encoding lysosomal enzymes that catabolise heparan sulfate (HS), leading to early childhood-onset neurodegeneration. This study explores the therapeutic potential of photobiomodulation (PBM), which is neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory in several neurodegenerative diseases; it is also safe and PBM devices are readily available. We investigated the effects of 10-14 days transcranial PBM at 670 nm (2 or 4 J/cm2/day) or 904 nm (4 J/cm2/day) in young (3 weeks) and older (15 weeks) Sanfilippo or mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS IIIA) mice. Although we found no PBM-induced changes in HS accumulation, astrocyte activation, CD206 (an anti-inflammatory marker) and BDNF expression in the brains of Sanfilippo mice, there was a near-normalisation of microglial activation in older MPS IIIA mice by 904 nm PBM, with decreased IBA1 expression and a return of their morphology towards a resting state. Immune cell immunophenotyping of peripheral blood with mass cytometry revealed increased pro-inflammatory signalling through pSTAT1 and p-p38 in NK and T cells in young but not older MPS IIIA mice (5 weeks of age), and expansion of NK, B and CD8+ T cells in older affected mice (17 weeks of age), highlighting the importance of innate and adaptive lymphocytes in Sanfilippo syndrome. Notably, 670 and 904 nm PBM both reversed the Sanfilippo-induced increase in pSTAT1 and p-p38 expression in multiple leukocyte populations in young mice, while 904 nm reversed the increase in NK cells in older mice. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate the beneficial effects of PBM in Sanfilippo mice. The distinct reduction in microglial activation and NK cell pro-inflammatory signalling and number suggests PBM may alleviate neuroinflammation and lymphocyte activation, encouraging further investigation of PBM as a standalone, or complementary therapy in Sanfilippo syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Lau
- Childhood Dementia Research Group, Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - K Jin
- Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - H Beard
- Childhood Dementia Research Group, Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - T Windram
- Childhood Dementia Research Group, Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - K Xie
- Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J A O'Brien
- Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D Neumann
- Childhood Dementia Research Group, Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - B M King
- Childhood Dementia Research Group, Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - M F Snel
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and MS-Imaging Core Facility, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - P J Trim
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and MS-Imaging Core Facility, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - J Mitrofanis
- Fonds Clinatec, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - K M Hemsley
- Childhood Dementia Research Group, Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - P J Austin
- Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Shen J, Bian N, Zhao L, Wei J. The role of T-lymphocytes in central nervous system diseases. Brain Res Bull 2024; 209:110904. [PMID: 38387531 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has been considered an immunologically privileged site. In the past few decades, research on inflammation in CNS diseases has mostly focused on microglia, innate immune cells that respond rapidly to injury and infection to maintain CNS homeostasis. Discoveries of lymphatic vessels within the dura mater and peripheral immune cells in the meningeal layer indicate that the peripheral immune system can monitor and intervene in the CNS. This review summarizes recent advances in the involvement of T lymphocytes in multiple CNS diseases, including brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric disorders. It emphasizes that a deep understanding of the pathogenesis of CNS diseases requires intimate knowledge of T lymphocytes. Aiming to promote a better understanding of the relationship between the immune system and CNS and facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies targeting T lymphocytes in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ning Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Jingkuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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Lu Y, Gao X, Mohammed SAD, Wang T, Fu J, Wang Y, Nan Y, Lu F, Liu S. Efficacy and mechanism study of Baichanting compound, a combination of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. and Maxim.) Harms, Paeonia lactiflora Pall and Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil, on Parkinson's disease based on metagenomics and metabolomics. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117182. [PMID: 37714224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Parkinson's disease (PD) is a rapidly progressing neurological disorder. Currently, Medication for PD has numerous limitations. Baichanting Compound (BCT) is a Chinese herbal prescription, a Combination of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. and Maxim.) Harms, Paeonia lactiflora Pall and Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil, that was developed to treat PD and holds a national patent (ZL, 201110260536.3). AIM OF THE STUDY To clarify the therapeutic effect of BCT on PD and explore its possible mechanism based on metabolomics and metagenomics. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were used as a control group, and α-syn transgenic C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to the PD (without treatment) or BCT (with BCT treatment) group. UPLC-MS was performed to detect dopamine levels in brain tissue, while ELISA was used to determine inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and NO, and oxidative stress indicators such as malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity. Fecal metabolomics was used to detect fecal metabolic profiles, screen differential metabolic markers, and predict metabolic pathways by KEGG enrichment analysis. Metagenomics was used to determine the intestinal microbial composition, and KO enrichment analysis was performed to predict the potential function of different gut microbiota. Finally, Spearman correlation analysis was used to find the possible relationships among intestinal flora, metabolic markers, inflammatory factors, oxidative stress and dopamine levels. RESULTS BCT increased the superoxide dismutase activity of α-Syn transgenic C57BL/6 mice (P < 0.01), decreased the levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, NO and malondialdehyde (P < 0.01, 0.05), and increased the release of dopamine (P < 0.01). Metabolomics results show that BCT could regulate Acetatifactor, Marvinbryantia, Faecalitalea, Anaeromassilibacillus, Anaerobium, Pseudobutyrivibrio and Lachnotalea and Acetatifactor_muris, Marvinbryantia_formatexigens, Lachnotalea_sp_AF33_28, Faecalitalea_sp_Marseille_P3755 and Anaerobium_acetethylicum, Gemmiger_sp_An120 abundance to restore intestinal flora function, and reverse fecal metabolism trend, restoring the content of α-D-glucose, cytidine, L-glutamate, L-glutamine, N-acetyl-L-glutamate, raffinose and uracil. In addition, it regulates arginine biosynthesis, D-glutamine and D-glutamate, pyrimidine, galactose and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolic pathways. CONCLUSION BCT may regulate the composition of the gut microbiota to reverse fecal metabolism in PD mice to protect the substantia nigra and striatum from oxidative stress and inflammatory factors and ultimately play an anti-PD role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Xin Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Shadi A D Mohammed
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China; School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Sana'a, 18644, Yemen
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Jiaqi Fu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Yang Nan
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China.
| | - Shumin Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China.
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Asamu MO, Oladipo OO, Abayomi OA, Adebayo AA. Alzheimer's disease: The role of T lymphocytes in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Brain Res 2023; 1821:148589. [PMID: 37734576 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, the leading cause of progressive cognitive decline globally, has been reported to be enhanced by neuroinflammation. Brain-resident innate immune cells and adaptive immune cells work together to produce neuroinflammation. Studies over the past decade have established the neuroimmune axis present in Alzheimer's disease; the crosstalk between adaptive and innate immune cells within and outside the brain is crucial to the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Although the role of the adaptive immune system in Alzheimer's disease is not fully understood, it has been hypothesized that the brain's immune homeostasis is significantly disrupted, which greatly contributes to neuroinflammation. Brain-infiltrating T cells possess proinflammatory phenotypes and activities that directly contribute to neuroinflammation. The pro-inflammatory activities of the adaptive immune system in Alzheimer's disease are characterized by the upregulation of effector T cell activities and the downregulation of regulatory T cell activities in the brain, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. In this review, we discuss the major impact of T lymphocytes on the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the role and mechanism of action of T cells in Alzheimer's disease would significantly contribute to the identification of novel biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring the progression of the disease. This knowledge could also be crucial to the development of immunotherapies for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses O Asamu
- Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oladapo O Oladipo
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Oluseun A Abayomi
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital (OOUTH), Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Afeez A Adebayo
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Chen J, Chen C, Ma S, Li J, Li M, Huang Q. An immunomodulatory role of Fc receptor γ chain independent of FcγR ligation by IgG in acute neuroinflammation triggered by MPTP intoxication. Neurochem Int 2023; 171:105638. [PMID: 37923297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant microglial activation is a prominent feature of neuroinflammation, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Fc receptor common γ-chain (FcRγ), one of the two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-bearing adaptor proteins, is abundantly expressed in microglia. It couples with different receptors, such as receptors for the Fc portion of IgG. In this study, we observed increased FcRγ expression along with increased IgG-binding during acute neuroinflammation triggered by MPTP intoxication, where adaptive immune responses should not be involved. Notably, FcRγ was expressed not only in the cell membrane but also in the cytoplasm in the activated microglia. FcRγ deficiency exacerbated microglial activation, pro-inflammatory factor upregulation, nigral dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor deficits, implicating a beneficial role of FcRγ in this model. Blockade of Fcγ receptor ligation by IgG in mice by Endoglycosidase S treatment, a bacterial endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase cleaving specifically the Asn297-linked glycan of IgG, or by using the mice deficient in mature B cells (muMT) with IgG production defects, did not show similar phenotypes to those observed in FcRγ-deficient mice, indicating that the beneficial effect mediated by FcRγ did not depend on FcγR ligation by IgG. Further, FcRγ knockout aggravated the expression and activation of STAT1 in microglia, suggesting FcRγ modulated neuroinflammation by dampening STAT1 signaling. Collectively, these results revealed that FcRγ-associated receptors could function as negative regulators of neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Congmin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Junyu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qiaoying Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Bai XB, Xu S, Zhou LJ, Meng XQ, Li YL, Chen YL, Jiang YH, Lin WZ, Chen BY, Du LJ, Tian GC, Liu Y, Duan SZ, Zhu YQ. Oral pathogens exacerbate Parkinson's disease by promoting Th1 cell infiltration in mice. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:254. [PMID: 37978405 PMCID: PMC10655362 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01685-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common chronic neurological disorder with a high risk of disability and no cure. Periodontitis is an infectious bacterial disease occurring in periodontal supporting tissues. Studies have shown that periodontitis is closely related to PD. However, direct evidence of the effect of periodontitis on PD is lacking. Here, we demonstrated that ligature-induced periodontitis with application of subgingival plaque (LIP-SP) exacerbated motor dysfunction, microglial activation, and dopaminergic neuron loss in 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mice. RESULTS The 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that LIP-SP induced oral and gut dysbiosis. Particularly, Veillonella parvula (V. parvula) and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) from oral ligatures were increased in the fecal samples of MPTP + LIP-SP treated mice. We further demonstrated that V. parvula and S. mutans played crucial roles in LIP-SP mediated exacerbation of motor dysfunction and neurodegeneration in PD mice. V. parvula and S. mutans caused microglial activation in the brain, as well as T helper 1 (Th1) cells infiltration in the brain, cervical lymph nodes, ileum and colon in PD mice. Moreover, we observed a protective effect of IFNγ neutralization on dopaminergic neurons in V. parvula- and S. mutans-treated PD mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that oral pathogens V. parvula and S. mutans necessitate the existence of periodontitis to exacerbate motor dysfunction and neurodegeneration in MPTP-induced PD mice. The underlying mechanisms include alterations of oral and gut microbiota, along with immune activation in both brain and peripheral regions. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bing Bai
- Department of General Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Lu-Jun Zhou
- Department of General Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Meng
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yu-Lin Li
- Department of General Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yan-Lin Chen
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yi-Han Jiang
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Wen-Zhen Lin
- Department of General Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Bo-Yan Chen
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Lin-Juan Du
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Guo-Cai Tian
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Sheng-Zhong Duan
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Ya-Qin Zhu
- Department of General Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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10
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Miao J, Chen L, Pan X, Li L, Zhao B, Lan J. Microglial Metabolic Reprogramming: Emerging Insights and Therapeutic Strategies in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3191-3210. [PMID: 37341833 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, play a critical role in maintaining brain homeostasis. However, in neurodegenerative conditions, microglial cells undergo metabolic reprogramming in response to pathological stimuli, including Aβ plaques, Tau tangles, and α-synuclein aggregates. This metabolic shift is characterized by a transition from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis, increased glucose uptake, enhanced production of lactate, lipids, and succinate, and upregulation of glycolytic enzymes. These metabolic adaptations result in altered microglial functions, such as amplified inflammatory responses and diminished phagocytic capacity, which exacerbate neurodegeneration. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial metabolic reprogramming in neurodegenerative diseases and discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting microglial metabolism to mitigate neuroinflammation and promote brain health. Microglial Metabolic Reprogramming in Neurodegenerative Diseases This graphical abstract illustrates the metabolic shift in microglial cells in response to pathological stimuli and highlights potential therapeutic strategies targeting microglial metabolism for improved brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifei Miao
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaojin Pan
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liqing Li
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Beibei Zhao
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jiao Lan
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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11
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Hobson BD, Stanley AT, De Los Santos MB, Culbertson B, Mosharov EV, Sims PA, Sulzer D. Conserved and cell type-specific transcriptional responses to IFN-γ in the ventral midbrain. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:277-291. [PMID: 37100211 PMCID: PMC10460506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated inflammation within the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to neuropathology in infectious, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disease. With the exception of microglia, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are virtually undetectable in the mature, healthy central nervous system (CNS). Neurons have generally been considered incapable of antigen presentation, and although interferon gamma (IFN-γ) can elicit neuronal MHC class I (MHC-I) expression and antigen presentation in vitro, it has been unclear whether similar responses occur in vivo. Here we directly injected IFN-γ into the ventral midbrain of mature mice and analyzed gene expression profiles of specific CNS cell types. We found that IFN-γ upregulated MHC-I and associated mRNAs in ventral midbrain microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and GABAergic, glutamatergic, and dopaminergic neurons. The core set of IFN-γ-induced genes and their response kinetics were similar in neurons and glia, but with a lower amplitude of expression in neurons. A diverse repertoire of genes was upregulated in glia, particularly microglia, which were the only cells to undergo cellular proliferation and express MHC classII (MHC-II) and associated genes. To determine if neurons respond directly via cell-autonomous IFN-γ receptor (IFNGR) signaling, we produced mutant mice with a deletion of the IFN-γ-binding domain of IFNGR1 in dopaminergic neurons, which resulted in a complete loss of dopaminergic neuronal responses to IFN-γ. Our results demonstrate that IFN-γ induces neuronal IFNGR signaling and upregulation of MHC-I and related genes in vivo, although the expression level is low compared to oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hobson
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Adrien T Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Mark B De Los Santos
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Bruce Culbertson
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Eugene V Mosharov
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States.
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States.
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12
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Isik S, Yeman Kiyak B, Akbayir R, Seyhali R, Arpaci T. Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071012. [PMID: 37048085 PMCID: PMC10093562 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder seen, especially in the elderly. Tremor, shaking, movement problems, and difficulty with balance and coordination are among the hallmarks, and dopaminergic neuronal loss in substantia nigra pars compacta of the brain and aggregation of intracellular protein α-synuclein are the pathological characterizations. Neuroinflammation has emerged as an involving mechanism at the initiation and development of PD. It is a complex network of interactions comprising immune and non-immune cells in addition to mediators of the immune response. Microglia, the resident macrophages in the CNS, take on the leading role in regulating neuroinflammation and maintaining homeostasis. Under normal physiological conditions, they exist as “homeostatic” but upon pathological stimuli, they switch to the “reactive state”. Pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes are used to classify microglial activity with each phenotype having its own markers and released mediators. When M1 microglia are persistent, they will contribute to various inflammatory diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD. In this review, we focus on the role of microglia mediated neuroinflammation in PD and also signaling pathways, receptors, and mediators involved in the process, presenting the studies that associate microglia-mediated inflammation with PD. A better understanding of this complex network and interactions is important in seeking new therapies for PD and possibly other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Isik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
- Stem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-216-400-2222 (ext. 2462)
| | - Bercem Yeman Kiyak
- Stem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Hamidiye Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Uskudar, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Rumeysa Akbayir
- Stem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Science, Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
| | - Rama Seyhali
- Stem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Science, Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
| | - Tahire Arpaci
- Stem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Science, Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
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13
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of inflammatory biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:18. [PMID: 36739284 PMCID: PMC9899271 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), but controversies persist. Studies reporting concentrations of blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers for patients with PD and controls were included and extracted. Pooled Hedges'g was adopted to illustrate comparisons, and covariates were used to explore sources of heterogeneity. Finally, 152 studies were included. Increased IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, STNFR1, CRP, CCL2, CX3CL1, and CXCL12 levels and decreased INF-γ and IL-4 levels were noted in the PD group. In addition, increased CSF levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, CRP and CCL2 were revealed in patients with PD compared to controls. Consequently, significantly altered levels of inflammatory markers were verified between PD group and control, suggesting that PD is accompanied by inflammatory responses in both the peripheral blood and CSF. This study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022349182.
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14
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Esteves AR, Munoz-Pinto MF, Nunes-Costa D, Candeias E, Silva DF, Magalhães JD, Pereira-Santos AR, Ferreira IL, Alarico S, Tiago I, Empadinhas N, Cardoso SM. Footprints of a microbial toxin from the gut microbiome to mesencephalic mitochondria. Gut 2023; 72:73-89. [PMID: 34836918 PMCID: PMC9763194 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by alpha-synuclein (aSyn) aggregation and death of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. Recent evidence posits that PD may initiate in the gut by microbes or their toxins that promote chronic gut inflammation that will ultimately impact the brain. In this work, we sought to demonstrate that the effects of the microbial toxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in the gut may trigger some PD cases, which is especially worrying as this toxin is present in certain foods but not routinely monitored by public health authorities. DESIGN To test the hypothesis, we treated wild-type mice, primary neuronal cultures, cell lines and isolated mitochondria with BMAA, and analysed its impact on gut microbiota composition, barrier permeability, inflammation and aSyn aggregation as well as in brain inflammation, dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor behaviour. To further examine the key role of mitochondria, we also determined the specific effects of BMAA on mitochondrial function and on inflammasome activation. RESULTS BMAA induced extensive depletion of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) that regulate gut immunity, thus triggering gut dysbiosis, immune cell migration, increased intestinal inflammation, loss of barrier integrity and caudo-rostral progression of aSyn. Additionally, BMAA induced in vitro and in vivo mitochondrial dysfunction with cardiolipin exposure and consequent activation of neuronal innate immunity. These events primed neuroinflammation, dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor deficits. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results demonstrate that chronic exposure to dietary BMAA can trigger a chain of events that recapitulate the evolution of the PD pathology from the gut to the brain, which is consistent with 'gut-first' PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raquel Esteves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,IIIUC-Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário F Munoz-Pinto
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,IIIUC-Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Nunes-Costa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,PDBEB–Ph.D. Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emanuel Candeias
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,PDBEB–Ph.D. Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana F Silva
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,IIIUC-Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João D Magalhães
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,PDBEB–Ph.D. Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Raquel Pereira-Santos
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,PDBEB–Ph.D. Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I Luisa Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,IIIUC-Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Alarico
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,IIIUC-Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Igor Tiago
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal .,IIIUC-Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Morais Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal .,Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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15
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De Chirico F, Poeta E, Babini G, Piccolino I, Monti B, Massenzio F. New models of Parkinson's like neuroinflammation in human microglia clone 3: Activation profiles induced by INF-γ plus high glucose and mitochondrial inhibitors. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1038721. [PMID: 36523814 PMCID: PMC9744797 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1038721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia activation and neuroinflammation have been extensively studied in murine models of neurodegenerative diseases; however, to overcome the genetic differences between species, a human cell model of microglia able to recapitulate the activation profiles described in patients is needed. Here we developed human models of Parkinson's like neuroinflammation by using the human microglia clone 3 (HMC3) cells, whose activation profile in response to classic inflammatory stimuli has been controversial and reported only at mRNA levels so far. In fact, we showed the increased expression of the pro-inflammatory markers iNOS, Caspase 1, IL-1β, in response to IFN-γ plus high glucose, a non-specific disease stimulus that emphasized the dynamic polarization and heterogenicity of the microglial population. More specifically, we demonstrated the polarization of HMC3 cells through the upregulation of iNOS expression and nitrite production in response to the Parkinson's like stimuli, 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), the latter depending on the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, we identified inflammatory mediators that promote the pro-inflammatory activation of human microglia as function of different pathways that can simulate the phenotypic transition according to the stage of the pathology. In conclusion, we established and characterized different systems of HMC3 cells activation as in vitro models of Parkinson's like neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Francesca Massenzio
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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16
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Tansey MG, Wallings RL, Houser MC, Herrick MK, Keating CE, Joers V. Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:657-673. [PMID: 35246670 PMCID: PMC8895080 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 189.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects peripheral organs as well as the central nervous system and involves a fundamental role of neuroinflammation in its pathophysiology. Neurohistological and neuroimaging studies support the presence of ongoing and end-stage neuroinflammatory processes in PD. Moreover, numerous studies of peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with PD suggest alterations in markers of inflammation and immune cell populations that could initiate or exacerbate neuroinflammation and perpetuate the neurodegenerative process. A number of disease genes and risk factors have been identified as modulators of immune function in PD and evidence is mounting for a role of viral or bacterial exposure, pesticides and alterations in gut microbiota in disease pathogenesis. This has led to the hypothesis that complex gene-by-environment interactions combine with an ageing immune system to create the 'perfect storm' that enables the development and progression of PD. We discuss the evidence for this hypothesis and opportunities to harness the emerging immunological knowledge from patients with PD to create better preclinical models with the long-term goal of enabling earlier identification of at-risk individuals to prevent, delay and more effectively treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Rebecca L Wallings
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Madelyn C Houser
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary K Herrick
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cody E Keating
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Valerie Joers
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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17
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Princiotta Cariddi L, Mauri M, Cosentino M, Versino M, Marino F. Alzheimer’s Disease: From Immune Homeostasis to Neuroinflammatory Condition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13008. [PMID: 36361799 PMCID: PMC9658357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease is the most common cause in the world of progressive cognitive decline. Although many modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors have been proposed, in recent years, neuroinflammation has been hypothesized to be an important contributing factor of Alzheimer’s Disease pathogenesis. Neuroinflammation can occur through the combined action of the Central Nervous System resident immune cells and adaptive peripheral immune system. In the past years, immunotherapies for neurodegenerative diseases have focused wrongly on targeting protein aggregates Aβ plaques and NFT treatment. The role of both innate and adaptive immune cells has not been fully clarified, but several data suggest that immune system dysregulation plays a key role in neuroinflammation. Recent studies have focused especially on the role of the adaptive immune system and have shown that inflammatory markers are characterized by increased CD4+ Teff cells’ activities and reduced circulating CD4+ Treg cells. In this review, we discuss the key role of both innate and adaptive immune systems in the degeneration and regeneration mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease, with a focus on how the crosstalk between these two systems is able to sustain brain homeostasis or shift it to a neurodegenerative condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Princiotta Cariddi
- PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Medical Humanities, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi Hospital, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Mauri
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi Hospital, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Maurizio Versino
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi Hospital, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
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18
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Menees KB, Lee JK. New Insights and Implications of Natural Killer Cells in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S83-S92. [PMID: 35570499 PMCID: PMC9535577 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the abnormal aggregation and accumulation of the alpha-synuclein (α-syn) protein into Lewy bodies. It is established that there is an association between inflammation and PD; however, the time course of the inflammatory process as well as the immune cells involved are still debated. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes with numerous functions including targeting and killing infected or malignant cells, antimicrobial defense, and resolving inflammation. NK cell subsets differ in their effector function capacities which are modulated by activating and inhibitory receptors expressed at the cell surface. Alterations in NK cell numbers and receptor expression have been reported in PD patients. Recently, NK cell numbers and frequency were shown to be altered in the periphery and in the central nervous system in a preclinical mouse model of PD. Moreover, NK cells have recently been shown to internalize and degrade α-syn aggregates and systemic NK cell depletion exacerbated synuclein pathology in a preclinical mouse model of PD, indicating a potential protective role of NK cells. Here, we review the inflammatory process in PD with a particular focus on alterations in NK cell numbers, phenotypes, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly B Menees
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jae-Kyung Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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19
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Mamais A, Kaganovich A, Harvey K. Convergence of signalling pathways in innate immune responses and genetic forms of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 169:105721. [PMID: 35405260 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years progress in molecular biology and genetics have advanced our understanding of neurological disorders and highlighted synergistic relationships with inflammatory and age-related processes. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Increasing extensive evidence supports the contribution of genetic risk variants and inflammation in the pathobiology of this disease. Functional and genetic studies demonstrate an overlap between genes linked to increased risk for PD and autoimmune diseases. Variants identified in loci adjacent to LRRK2, GBA, and HLA establish a crosstalk between the pathobiologies of the two disease spectra. Furthermore, common signalling pathways associated with the pathogenesis of genetic PD are also relevant to inflammatory signaling include MAPK, NF-κB, Wnt and inflammasome signaling. Importantly, post-mortem analyses of brain and cerebrospinal fluid from PD patients show the accumulation of proinflammatory cytokines. In this review we will focus on the principal mechanisms of genetic, inflammatory and age-related risk that intersect in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantios Mamais
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alice Kaganovich
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kirsten Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK..
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20
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Yeapuri P, Olson KE, Lu Y, Abdelmoaty MM, Namminga KL, Markovic M, Machhi J, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Development of an extended half-life GM-CSF fusion protein for Parkinson's disease. J Control Release 2022; 348:951-965. [PMID: 35738463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transformation of CD4+ T cell effector to regulatory (Teff to Treg) cells have been shown to attenuate disease progression by restoring immunological balance during the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In our prior studies, we defined a safe and effective pathway to restore this balance by restoring Treg numbers and function through the daily administration of the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These studies were conducted as a proof-of-concept testing in Parkinson's disease (PD) preclinical models and early phase I clinical investigations. In both instances, they served to ameliorate disease associated signs and symptoms. However, despite the recorded efficacy, the cytokine's short half-life, low bioavailability, and injection site reactions proved to be limitations for any broader use. To overcome these limitations, mRNA lipid nanoparticles encoding an extended half-life albumin-GM-CSF fusion protein were developed for both mouse (Msa-GM-CSF) and rat (Rsa-GM-CSF). These formulations were tested for immunomodulatory and neuroprotective efficacy using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and human wild-type alpha-synuclein (αSyn) overexpression preclinical models of PD. A single dose of the extended half-life mouse and rat mRNA lipid nanoparticles generated measurable GM-CSF plasma cytokine levels up to four days. Increased Treg frequency and function were associated with a resting microglial phenotype, nigrostriatal neuroprotection, and restoration of brain tissue immune homeostasis. These findings were substantively beyond the recorded efficacy of daily recombinant wild-type GM-CSF with a recorded half-life of six hours. Mechanistic evaluation of neuropathological transcriptional profiles performed in the disease-affected nigral brain region demonstrated an upregulation of neuroprotective CREB and synaptogenesis signaling and neurovascular coupling pathways. These findings highlight the mRNA-encoded albumin GM-CSF fusion protein modification linked to improvements in therapeutic efficacy. The improvements achieved were associated with the medicine's increased bioavailability. Taken together, the data demonstrate that mRNA LNP encoding the extended half-life albumin-GM-CSF fusion protein can serve as a benchmark for PD immune-based therapeutics. This is especially notable for improving adherence of drug regimens in a disease-affected patient population with known tremors and gait abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Yeapuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Mai Mohamed Abdelmoaty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Krista L Namminga
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Milica Markovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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21
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Abdi IY, Ghanem SS, El-Agnaf OM. Immune-related biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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22
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Behl T, Madaan P, Sehgal A, Singh S, Makeen HA, Albratty M, Alhazmi HA, Meraya AM, Bungau S. Demystifying the Neuroprotective Role of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease: A Newfangled and Eloquent Therapeutic Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094565. [PMID: 35562956 PMCID: PMC9099669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) refers to one of the eminently grievous, preponderant, tortuous nerve-cell-devastating ailments that markedly impacts the dopaminergic (DArgic) nerve cells of the midbrain region, namely the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN-PC). Even though the exact etiopathology of the ailment is yet indefinite, the existing corroborations have suggested that aging, genetic predisposition, and environmental toxins tremendously influence the PD advancement. Additionally, pathophysiological mechanisms entailed in PD advancement encompass the clumping of α-synuclein inside the lewy bodies (LBs) and lewy neurites, oxidative stress, apoptosis, neuronal-inflammation, and abnormalities in the operation of mitochondria, autophagy lysosomal pathway (ALP), and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The ongoing therapeutic approaches can merely mitigate the PD-associated manifestations, but until now, no therapeutic candidate has been depicted to fully arrest the disease advancement. Neuropeptides (NPs) are little, protein-comprehending additional messenger substances that are typically produced and liberated by nerve cells within the entire nervous system. Numerous NPs, for instance, substance P (SP), ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), neurotensin, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), nesfatin-1, and somatostatin, have been displayed to exhibit consequential neuroprotection in both in vivo and in vitro PD models via suppressing apoptosis, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, neuronal toxicity, microglia stimulation, attenuating disease-associated manifestations, and stimulating chondriosomal bioenergetics. The current scrutiny is an effort to illuminate the neuroprotective action of NPs in various PD-experiencing models. The authors carried out a methodical inspection of the published work procured through reputable online portals like PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Frontier, by employing specific keywords in the subject of our article. Additionally, the manuscript concentrates on representing the pathways concerned in bringing neuroprotective action of NPs in PD. In sum, NPs exert substantial neuroprotection through regulating paramount pathways indulged in PD advancement, and consequently, might be a newfangled and eloquent perspective in PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Piyush Madaan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.M.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (H.A.A.)
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim M. Meraya
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.M.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.)
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23
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Ganapathy S. R, Levová K, Kotačková L, Trnka J, Zogala D, Rusz J, Zima T, Devos D, Šonka K, Růžička E, Kalousová M, Dušek P. Increased Transferrin Sialylation Predicts Phenoconversion in Isolated
REM
Sleep Behavior Disorder. Mov Disord 2022; 37:983-992. [PMID: 35128728 PMCID: PMC9305135 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sialic acid–protein interactions are involved in regulating central nervous system immunity; therefore, derangements in sialylation could be involved in neurodegeneration. Objectives We evaluate the differences in serum transferrin sialylation in prodromal and early‐stage Parkinson's disease (PD), its relation to substantia nigra degeneration, and the risk of phenoconversion to manifest disease. Methods Sixty treatment‐naive PD patients; 72 polysomnography‐confirmed isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) patients, that is, patients with prodromal synucleinopathy; and 46 healthy volunteers aged ≥45 years and drinking ≤60 standard drinks per month were included. The proportion of serum low‐sialylated, carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin (CDT) isoforms was assessed using high‐performance liquid chromatography, and the values were adjusted for alcohol intake (CDTadj). Dopamine transporter single‐photon emission computed tomography (DaT‐SPECT) imaging was performed. In iRBD, phenoconversion risk of DaT‐SPECT and CDTadj was evaluated using Cox regression adjusted for age and sex. Results Median CDTadj was lower in PD (1.1 [interquartile range: 1.0–1.3]%) compared to controls (1.2 [1.1–1.6]%) (P = 0.001). In iRBD, median CDTadj was lower in subjects with abnormal (1.1 [0.9–1.3]%) than normal (1.3 [1.2–1.6]%) DaT‐SPECT (P = 0.005). After a median 44‐month follow‐up, 20% of iRBD patients progressed to a manifest disease. Although iRBD converters and nonconverters did not significantly differ in CDTadj levels (P = 0.189), low CDTadj increased the risk of phenoconversion with hazard ratio 3.2 (P = 0.045) but did not refine the phenoconversion risk associated with abnormal DaT‐SPECT yielding hazard ratio 15.8 (P < 0.001). Conclusions Decreased serum CDTadj is associated with substantia nigra degeneration in synucleinopathies. iRBD patients with low CDTadj are more likely to phenoconvert to manifest disease. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjani Ganapathy S.
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Levová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kotačková
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Trnka
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - David Zogala
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Rusz
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Circuit Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering Czech Technical University in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Zima
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - David Devos
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center for Parkinson, CHU‐Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Inserm, UMR‐S1172, LICEND, NS‐Park Network University of Lille Lille France
| | - Karel Šonka
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Evžen Růžička
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kalousová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dušek
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague Prague Czech Republic
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24
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Microbes and Parkinson’s disease: from associations to mechanisms. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:749-760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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The Cyclic Nitroxide TEMPOL Ameliorates Oxidative Stress but Not Inflammation in a Cell Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020257. [PMID: 35204139 PMCID: PMC8868255 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic nitroxide TEMPOL exerts anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, and thus may provide therapeutic benefit in Parkinson’s disease (PD), in which mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and inflammation have been implicated as pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons. Markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were investigated in a cell model of differentiated human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells treated with the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Treatment with TEMPOL ameliorated 6-OHDA-mediated cytotoxicity and attenuated biomarkers of oxidative stress including: mitochondrial superoxide anion free radical production, lipid peroxidation, induction of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) protein expression and NFκB activation. Treatment with TEMPOL abated decreased gene expression of DRD2S and DRD2L induced by 6-OHDA indicating that TEMPOL may prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of pathways that result in receptor desensitization. 6-OHDA insult decreased gene expression of the antioxidant, SOD-1, and this diminution was also mitigated by TEMPOL. Activation of NFκB increased pro-inflammatory IFNy and decreased IL-6, however, TEMPOL had no effect on these inflammation mediators. Overall, this data suggests that cyclic nitroxides may preserve dopaminergic neuronal cell viability by attenuating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, but are unable to affect inflammatory mediators that propagate cellular damage and neurodegeneration in PD.
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26
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Jiang X, He H, Mo L, Liu Q, Yang F, Zhou Y, Li L, Su D, Yi S, Zhang J. Mapping the Plasticity of Morphology, Molecular Properties and Function in Mouse Primary Microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:811061. [PMID: 35153675 PMCID: PMC8825496 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.811061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia exert diverse functions by responding in diverse ways to different stimuli, yet little is known about the plasticity of various phenotypes that microglia display. We used interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 to induce different phenotypes in mouse primary microglia. RNA sequencing was used to identify genes differentially expressed in response to stimulation, and the different stimulated populations were compared in terms of morphology, proliferative capacity, phagocytic ability and neurotoxicity. IFN-γ induced an “immunodefensive” phenotype characterizing both induction of filopodia and upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor α. Microglia with this phenotype mediated an acute inflammatory response accompanied by excellent proliferative capacity and neurotoxicity, and remained susceptible to remodeling for up to 48 h after initial stimulation. IL-4 induced an enduring “neuroimmunoregulatory” phenotype involving induction of lamellipodium and persistent upregulation of arginase (Arg)-1 and YM-1 expression. Microglia with this phenotype remained susceptible to remodeling for up to 24 h after initial stimulation. IL-10 induced an “immunosuppressive” phenotype involving induction of ameba-like morphology and upregulation of transforming growth factor β and IL-10 as well as inhibition of inflammation. This phenotype was accompanied by inhibition of self-proliferation, while its morphology, molecular properties and function were the least susceptible to remodeling. IFN-γ, IL-4, or IL-10 appear to induce substantially different phenotypes in microglia. The immunodefensive microglia induced by IFN-γ showed remarkable plasticity, which may help repair CNS inflammation damage under pathological condition. Chronic activation with IL-10 decreases microglial plasticity, which may help protect the brain form the immune response. Our research justifies and guides further studies into the molecular pathways that operate in each phenotype to help multitasking microglia regulate homeostasis in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hui He
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Mo
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Liangyuan Li
- Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Dapeng Su
- Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Saini Yi
- Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jinqiang Zhang,
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Sian-Hülsmann J. Wilful pathogens provoke a gut feeling in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 129:557-562. [PMID: 34923593 PMCID: PMC8684782 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurological disorder marked by characteristic poverty and dysfunction in movement. There are many mechanisms and factors which have been postulated to be associated with the neurodegenerative pathway(s) resulting in distinctive loss of neurons in the substantia nigra. Subsequently, the neuropathology is more widespread and exhibited in other areas of the brain, and enteric nervous system. Aggregates of misfolded α-synuclein or Lewy bodies are the hallmark of the illness and appear to be central in the whole cascade of cell destruction. There are many processes implicated in neuronal destruction including: oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, an imbalance in protein homeostasis and neuroinflammation. Interesting, inflammation induced by pathogens (including, bacteria and viruses) has been associated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter suis appear to colonise the gut, and elicit systemic immune responses, which is them transmitted via the gut-axis to the brain, where cytotoxic cytokines induce neuroinflammation and cell death. This conforms to the bottom–top hypothesis proposed by Braak. The gut is also implicated in two other theories postulated in the development and progression of the disorder, namely, the top–down and the threshold. There is a possibility that these theories may be inter-linked and operate together to certain degree. Ultimately specific trigger factors or conditions may govern the occurrences of these processes in genetically predisposed individuals. Nevertheless, the importance of pathogen-related gut infections cannot be overlooked, since it can result in dysbiosis of gut microbes, which may orchestrate α-synuclein pathology and eventually cell destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeswinder Sian-Hülsmann
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
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Fu KA, Paul KC, Lu AT, Horvath S, Keener AM, Bordelon Y, Bronstein JM, Ritz B. DNA methylation-based surrogates of plasma proteins are associated with Parkinson's disease risk. J Neurol Sci 2021; 431:120046. [PMID: 34768133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.120046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epigenome may reflect Parkinson's disease (PD) risk, which serves as a point of convergence of genetic and environmental risk factors. Here, we investigate whether blood DNA methylation (DNAm) markers are associated with PD risk. METHODS We selected 12 plasma proteins known as predictors of cardiovascular conditions and mortality to evaluate their effects on PD risk in a case-control study. In lieu of protein level measures, however, we assessed the influence of their DNAm surrogates. Primary analysis was restricted to 569 PD patients and 238 controls with DNAm data available. Using univariate logistic regression, we evaluated associations between the DNAm markers and PD. RESULTS Of the 12 DNAm surrogates, the most robustly associated were DNAm EFEMP-1 and DNAm CD56, which were associated with PD with and without controlling for blood cell composition. DNAm EFEMP-1 was associated with a decreased risk of PD (OR = 0.83 per SD, 95% CI = 0.70, 0.98) whereas DNAm CD56 was associated with an increased risk of PD (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.79). CONCLUSIONS Several DNAm markers, selected as part of a panel to track cardiovascular outcomes and mortality, were associated with PD risk. DNAm markers may inform of factors that are affected differentially in early PD patients compared with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Fu
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Kimberly C Paul
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ake T Lu
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Adrienne M Keener
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Yvette Bordelon
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeff M Bronstein
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Abstract
The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway was discovered more than a quarter-century ago. As a fulcrum of many vital cellular processes, the JAK/STAT pathway constitutes a rapid membrane-to-nucleus signaling module and induces the expression of various critical mediators of cancer and inflammation. Growing evidence suggests that dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway is associated with various cancers and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about the composition, activation, and regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Moreover, we highlight the role of the JAK/STAT pathway and its inhibitors in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Maorong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China.
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Hu X, Li J, Fu M, Zhao X, Wang W. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway: from bench to clinic. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:402. [PMID: 34824210 PMCID: PMC8617206 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 698] [Impact Index Per Article: 232.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway was discovered more than a quarter-century ago. As a fulcrum of many vital cellular processes, the JAK/STAT pathway constitutes a rapid membrane-to-nucleus signaling module and induces the expression of various critical mediators of cancer and inflammation. Growing evidence suggests that dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway is associated with various cancers and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about the composition, activation, and regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Moreover, we highlight the role of the JAK/STAT pathway and its inhibitors in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Maorong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China.
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31
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Pediaditakis I, Kodella KR, Manatakis DV, Le CY, Hinojosa CD, Tien-Street W, Manolakos ES, Vekrellis K, Hamilton GA, Ewart L, Rubin LL, Karalis K. Modeling alpha-synuclein pathology in a human brain-chip to assess blood-brain barrier disruption. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5907. [PMID: 34625559 PMCID: PMC8501050 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies are characterized by the abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates, loss of dopaminergic neurons, and gliosis of the substantia nigra. Although clinical evidence and in vitro studies indicate disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Parkinson's disease, the mechanisms mediating the endothelial dysfunction is not well understood. Here we leveraged the Organs-on-Chips technology to develop a human Brain-Chip representative of the substantia nigra area of the brain containing dopaminergic neurons, astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and microvascular brain endothelial cells, cultured under fluid flow. Our αSyn fibril-induced model was capable of reproducing several key aspects of Parkinson's disease, including accumulation of phosphorylated αSyn (pSer129-αSyn), mitochondrial impairment, neuroinflammation, and compromised barrier function. This model may enable research into the dynamics of cell-cell interactions in human synucleinopathies and serve as a testing platform for target identification and validation of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosif Pediaditakis
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
- Serqet Therapeutics, Inc. 55 Cambridge Parkway, Suite 800E, Boston, MA, 02142, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elias S Manolakos
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Northeastern University, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Lorna Ewart
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee L Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katia Karalis
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
- Endocrine Division, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA.
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Muzio L, Viotti A, Martino G. Microglia in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration: From Understanding to Therapy. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:742065. [PMID: 34630027 PMCID: PMC8497816 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.742065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) acting as the first line of defense in the brain by phagocytosing harmful pathogens and cellular debris. Microglia emerge from early erythromyeloid progenitors of the yolk sac and enter the developing brain before the establishment of a fully mature blood-brain barrier. In physiological conditions, during brain development, microglia contribute to CNS homeostasis by supporting cell proliferation of neural precursors. In post-natal life, such cells contribute to preserving the integrity of neuronal circuits by sculpting synapses. After a CNS injury, microglia change their morphology and down-regulate those genes supporting homeostatic functions. However, it is still unclear whether such changes are accompanied by molecular and functional modifications that might contribute to the pathological process. While comprehensive transcriptome analyses at the single-cell level have identified specific gene perturbations occurring in the "pathological" microglia, still the precise protective/detrimental role of microglia in neurological disorders is far from being fully elucidated. In this review, the results so far obtained regarding the role of microglia in neurodegenerative disorders will be discussed. There is solid and sound evidence suggesting that regulating microglia functions during disease pathology might represent a strategy to develop future therapies aimed at counteracting brain degeneration in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Muzio
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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33
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Olson CA, Iñiguez AJ, Yang GE, Fang P, Pronovost GN, Jameson KG, Rendon TK, Paramo J, Barlow JT, Ismagilov RF, Hsiao EY. Alterations in the gut microbiota contribute to cognitive impairment induced by the ketogenic diet and hypoxia. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1378-1392.e6. [PMID: 34358434 PMCID: PMC8429275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Many genetic and environmental factors increase susceptibility to cognitive impairment (CI), and the gut microbiome is increasingly implicated. However, the identity of gut microbes associated with CI risk, their effects on CI, and their mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that a carbohydrate-restricted (ketogenic) diet potentiates CI induced by intermittent hypoxia in mice and alters the gut microbiota. Depleting the microbiome reduces CI, whereas transplantation of the risk-associated microbiome or monocolonization with Bilophila wadsworthia confers CI in mice fed a standard diet. B. wadsworthia and the risk-associated microbiome disrupt hippocampal synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and gene expression. The CI is associated with microbiome-dependent increases in intestinal interferon-gamma (IFNg)-producing Th1 cells. Inhibiting Th1 cell development abrogates the adverse effects of both B. wadsworthia and environmental risk factors on CI. Together, these findings identify select gut bacteria that contribute to environmental risk for CI in mice by promoting inflammation and hippocampal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Olson
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Correspondence to: ,
| | - Alonso J. Iñiguez
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Grace E. Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ping Fang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Geoffrey N. Pronovost
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kelly G. Jameson
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tomiko K. Rendon
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jorge Paramo
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jacob T. Barlow
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91108, USA
| | - Rustem F. Ismagilov
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91108, USA
| | - Elaine Y. Hsiao
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Correspondence to: ,
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34
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Beaino W, Janssen B, Vugts DJ, de Vries HE, Windhorst AD. Towards PET imaging of the dynamic phenotypes of microglia. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:282-300. [PMID: 34331705 PMCID: PMC8561701 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence showing the heterogeneity of microglia activation in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. It has been hypothesized that pro‐inflammatory microglia are detrimental and contribute to disease progression, while anti‐inflammatory microglia play a role in damage repair and remission. The development of therapeutics targeting the deleterious glial activity and modulating it into a regenerative phenotype relies heavily upon a clearer understanding of the microglia dynamics during disease progression and the ability to monitor therapeutic outcome in vivo. To that end, molecular imaging techniques are required to assess microglia dynamics and study their role in disease progression as well as to evaluate the outcome of therapeutic interventions. Positron emission tomography (PET) is such a molecular imaging technique, and provides unique capabilities for non‐invasive quantification of neuroinflammation and has the potential to discriminate between microglia phenotypes and define their role in the disease process. However, several obstacles limit the possibility for selective in vivo imaging of microglia phenotypes mainly related to the poor characterization of specific targets that distinguish the two ends of the microglia activation spectrum and lack of suitable tracers. PET tracers targeting translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) have been extensively explored, but despite the success in evaluating neuroinflammation they failed to discriminate between microglia activation statuses. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge on the microglia phenotypes in the major neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss the current and emerging PET imaging targets, the tracers and their potential in discriminating between the pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory microglia activation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Beaino
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bieneke Janssen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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35
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Yang H. LncRNA MALAT1 potentiates inflammation disorder in Parkinson's disease. Int J Immunogenet 2021; 48:419-428. [PMID: 34291564 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With this investigation, we investigated on the contribution of lncRNA MALAT1 to inflammation disorder in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Serum samples were gathered from sporadic PD patients and healthy controls, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MALAT1, including rs11227209, rs3200401, rs4102217, rs591291, rs619586 and rs664589, were identified. Serum level of MALAT1 was quantified using RT-PCR, and IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ levels in serum were measured with ELISA kits. Inflammation cell models were established by treating PC12 cells with LPS, and cytokine production of pcDNA3.1-MALAT1/si-MALAT1-transfected PC12 cells was evaluated. The results showed that PD patients with high serum level of MALAT1 were associated with lower MMSE score and higher serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ than patients carrying low serum level of MALAT1 (p < .05). Mutant alleles of SNPs in MALAT1, including rs3200401 (C>T) and rs4102217 (G>C), tended to elevate PD susceptibility and facilitate cytokine production, as compared with their wild alleles (p < .05). And LPS-exposed PC12 cells secreted larger amounts of inflammation cytokines in the pcDNA3.1-MALAT1 group than in the Mock group (p < .05). In conclusion, MALAT1 participated in modifying inflammation disorder underlying PD aetiology, suggesting that it might be a promising therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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36
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Lotz SK, Blackhurst BM, Reagin KL, Funk KE. Microbial Infections Are a Risk Factor for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:691136. [PMID: 34305533 PMCID: PMC8292681 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.691136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, comprise a family of disorders characterized by progressive loss of nervous system function. Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized to be associated with many neurodegenerative diseases but whether it is a cause or consequence of the disease process is unclear. Of growing interest is the role of microbial infections in inciting degenerative neuroinflammatory responses and genetic factors that may regulate those responses. Microbial infections cause inflammation within the central nervous system through activation of brain-resident immune cells and infiltration of peripheral immune cells. These responses are necessary to protect the brain from lethal infections but may also induce neuropathological changes that lead to neurodegeneration. This review discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which microbial infections may increase susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases. Elucidating these mechanisms is critical for developing targeted therapeutic approaches that prevent the onset and slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristen E. Funk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
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37
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Ma SX, Seo BA, Kim D, Xiong Y, Kwon SH, Brahmachari S, Kim S, Kam TI, Nirujogi RS, Kwon SH, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Pandey A, Na CH, Ko HS. Complement and Coagulation Cascades are Potentially Involved in Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in α-Synuclein-Based Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3428-3443. [PMID: 34061533 PMCID: PMC8628316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder that results in motor dysfunction and, eventually, cognitive impairment. α-Synuclein protein is known as a central protein to the pathophysiology of PD, but the underlying pathological mechanism still remains to be elucidated. In an effort to understand how α-synuclein underlies the pathology of PD, various PD mouse models with α-synuclein overexpression have been developed. However, systemic analysis of the brain proteome of those mouse models is lacking. In this study, we established two mouse models of PD by injecting α-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFF) or by inducing overexpression of human A53T α-synuclein to investigate common pathways in the two different types of the PD mouse models. For more accurate quantification of mouse brain proteome, the proteins were quantified using the method of stable isotope labeling with amino acids in mammals . We identified a total of 8355 proteins from the two mouse models; ∼6800 and ∼7200 proteins from α-synuclein PFF-injected mice and human A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice, respectively. Through pathway analysis of the differentially expressed proteins common to both PD mouse models, it was discovered that the complement and coagulation cascade pathways were enriched in the PD mice compared to control animals. Notably, a validation study demonstrated that complement component 3 (C3)-positive astrocytes were increased in the ventral midbrain of the intrastriatal α-synuclein PFF-injected mice and C3 secreted from astrocytes could induce the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. This is the first study that highlights the significance of the complement and coagulation pathways in the pathogenesis of PD through proteome analyses with two sophisticated mouse models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xun Ma
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
| | - Bo Am Seo
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, South Korea
| | - Yulan Xiong
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
| | - Seung-Hwan Kwon
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
| | - Saurav Brahmachari
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
| | - Sangjune Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
| | - Tae-In Kam
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
| | - Raja Sekhar Nirujogi
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
| | - Sang Ho Kwon
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans 70130, Louisiana, United States
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans 70130, Louisiana, United States
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans 70130, Louisiana, United States
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Chan Hyun Na
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
| | - Han Seok Ko
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205-2105, Maryland, United States
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans 70130, Louisiana, United States
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans 70130, Louisiana, United States
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The Neuroinflammatory Role of Pericytes in Epilepsy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070759. [PMID: 34209145 PMCID: PMC8301485 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are a component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) neurovascular unit, in which they play a crucial role in BBB integrity and are also implicated in neuroinflammation. The association between pericytes, BBB dysfunction, and the pathophysiology of epilepsy has been investigated, and links between epilepsy and pericytes have been identified. Here, we review current knowledge about the role of pericytes in epilepsy. Clinical evidence has shown an accumulation of pericytes with altered morphology in the cerebral vascular territories of patients with intractable epilepsy. In vitro, proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6, cause morphological changes in human-derived pericytes, where IL-6 leads to cell damage. Experimental studies using epileptic animal models have shown that cerebrovascular pericytes undergo redistribution and remodeling, potentially contributing to BBB permeability. These series of pericyte-related modifications are promoted by proinflammatory cytokines, of which the most pronounced alterations are caused by IL-1β, a cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Furthermore, the pericyte-glial scarring process in leaky capillaries was detected in the hippocampus during seizure progression. In addition, pericytes respond more sensitively to proinflammatory cytokines than microglia and can also activate microglia. Thus, pericytes may function as sensors of the inflammatory response. Finally, both in vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted the potential of pericytes as a therapeutic target for seizure disorders.
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Sarkar S. Mechanism of Gene-Environment Interactions Driving Glial Activation in Parkinson's Diseases. Curr Environ Health Rep 2021; 8:203-211. [PMID: 34043217 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-021-00320-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent motor disorder and is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) region of the brain. Though the pathology of PD is well established, the cause of this neuronal loss is not well understood. Approximately 90% of PD cases are sporadic, and the environment plays a significant role in disease pathogenesis. The etiology of PD is highly complex, with neuroinflammation being one of the most critical factors implicated in PD. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation and its interaction with environmental factors are unclear. RECENT FINDINGS Astroglia and microglia are the two principal cells that play an essential role in maintaining neuronal health in many ways, including through immunological means. Exposure to environmental stressors from various sources affects these glial cells leading to chronic and sustained inflammation. Recent epidemiological studies have identified an interaction among environmental factors and glial genes in Parkinson's disease. Mechanistic studies have shown that exposure to pesticides like rotenone and paraquat, neurotoxic metals like manganese and lead, and even diesel exhaust fumes induce glial activation by regulating various key inflammatory pathways, including the inflammasomes, NOX pathways, and others. This review aims to discuss the recent advances in understanding the mechanism of glial induction in response to environmental stressors and discuss the potential role of gene-environment interaction in driving glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvarish Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Microglial Extracellular Vesicles as Vehicles for Neurodegeneration Spreading. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060770. [PMID: 34063832 PMCID: PMC8224033 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are the neuroimmune competent cells of the central nervous system. In the adult, microglia are responsible for screening the neuronal parenchyma searching for alterations in homeostasis. Chronic neuroinflammation plays a role in neurodegenerative disease. Indeed, microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is involved in the onset and progression of several disorders in the brain and retina. Microglial cell reactivity occurs in an orchestrated manner and propagates across the neural parenchyma spreading the neuroinflammatory signal from cell to cell. Extracellular vesicles are important vehicles of intercellular communication and act as message carriers across boundaries. Extracellular vesicles can be subdivided in several categories according to their cellular origin (apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes), each presenting, different but sometimes overlapping functions in cell communication. Mounting evidence suggests a role for extracellular vesicles in regulating microglial cell action. Herein, we explore the role of microglial extracellular vesicles as vehicles for cell communication and the mechanisms that trigger their release. In this review we covered the role of microglial extracellular vesicles, focusing on apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes, in the context of neurodegeneration and the impact of these vesicles derived from other cells in microglial cell reactivity.
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Rasheed M, Liang J, Wang C, Deng Y, Chen Z. Epigenetic Regulation of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4956. [PMID: 34066949 PMCID: PMC8125491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the most significant factors involved in the initiation and progression of Parkinson's disease. PD is a neurodegenerative disorder with a motor disability linked with various complex and diversified risk factors. These factors trigger myriads of cellular and molecular processes, such as misfolding defective proteins, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurotoxic substances that induce selective neurodegeneration of dopamine neurons. This neuronal damage activates the neuronal immune system, including glial cells and inflammatory cytokines, to trigger neuroinflammation. The transition of acute to chronic neuroinflammation enhances the susceptibility of inflammation-induced dopaminergic neuron damage, forming a vicious cycle and prompting an individual to PD development. Epigenetic mechanisms recently have been at the forefront of the regulation of neuroinflammatory factors in PD, proposing a new dawn for breaking this vicious cycle. This review examined the core epigenetic mechanisms involved in the activation and phenotypic transformation of glial cells mediated neuroinflammation in PD. We found that epigenetic mechanisms do not work independently, despite being coordinated with each other to activate neuroinflammatory pathways. In this regard, we attempted to find the synergic correlation and contribution of these epigenetic modifications with various neuroinflammatory pathways to broaden the canvas of underlying pathological mechanisms involved in PD development. Moreover, this study highlighted the dual characteristics (neuroprotective/neurotoxic) of these epigenetic marks, which may counteract PD pathogenesis and make them potential candidates for devising future PD diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zixuan Chen
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.R.); (J.L.); (C.W.); (Y.D.)
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Badanjak K, Fixemer S, Smajić S, Skupin A, Grünewald A. The Contribution of Microglia to Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4676. [PMID: 33925154 PMCID: PMC8125756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the world's population ageing, the incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is on the rise. In recent years, inflammatory processes have emerged as prominent contributors to the pathology of PD. There is great evidence that microglia have a significant neuroprotective role, and that impaired and over activated microglial phenotypes are present in brains of PD patients. Thereby, PD progression is potentially driven by a vicious cycle between dying neurons and microglia through the instigation of oxidative stress, mitophagy and autophagy dysfunctions, a-synuclein accumulation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Hence, investigating the involvement of microglia is of great importance for future research and treatment of PD. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent findings concerning the microglia-neuronal interplay in PD with a focus on human postmortem immunohistochemistry and single-cell studies, their relation to animal and iPSC-derived models, newly emerging technologies, and the resulting potential of new anti-inflammatory therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Badanjak
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (K.B.); (S.F.); (S.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Sonja Fixemer
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (K.B.); (S.F.); (S.S.); (A.S.)
- Luxembourg Centre for Neuropathology (LCNP), L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Semra Smajić
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (K.B.); (S.F.); (S.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Alexander Skupin
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (K.B.); (S.F.); (S.S.); (A.S.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (K.B.); (S.F.); (S.S.); (A.S.)
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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Duwa R, Jeong JH, Yook S. Development of immunotherapy and nanoparticles-based strategies for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ferrari DP, Bortolanza M, Del Bel EA. Interferon-γ Involvement in the Neuroinflammation Associated with Parkinson's Disease and L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:705-719. [PMID: 33687725 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a proinflammatory cytokine that activates glial cells. IFN-γ is increased in the plasma and brain of Parkinson's disease patients, suggesting its potential role in the disease. We investigated whether the IFN-γ deficiency could interfere with nigrostriatal degeneration induced by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine, L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, and the neuroinflammatory features as astrogliosis, microgliosis, and induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunoreactivity induced by L-DOPA treatment. Wild type (WT) and IFN-γ knockout (IFN-γ/KO) mice received unilateral striatal microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine. Animals were sacrificed 1, 3, 7, and 21 days after lesions. Additional group of WT and IFN-γ/KO parkinsonian mice, after 3 weeks of neurotoxin injection, received L-DOPA (intraperitoneally, for 21 days) resulting in dyskinetic-like behavior. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining indicated the starting of dopaminergic lesion since the first day past toxin administration, progressively increased until the third day when it stabilized. There was no difference in the lesion and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia intensity between WT and IFN-γ/KO mice. Remarkably, IFN-γ/KO mice treated with L-DOPA presented in the lesioned striatum an increase of iNOS and glial fibrilary acid protein (GFAP) density, compared with the WT group. Morphological analysis revealed the rise of astrocytes and microglia reactivity in IFN-γ/KO mice exibiting dyskinesia. In conclusion, IFN-γ/KO mice presented an intensification of the inflammatory reaction accompanying L-DOPA treatment and suggest that iNOS and GFAP increase, and the activation of astrocytes and microglia induced afterward L-DOPA treatment was IFN-γ independent events. Intriguingly, IFN-γ absence did not affect the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons or LID development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Ferrari
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, 14040-900, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - M Bortolanza
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - E A Del Bel
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, 14040-900, Brazil. .,Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, 14040-904, Brazil.
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Sian-Hulsmann J, Riederer P. The Nigral Coup in Parkinson's Disease by α-Synuclein and Its Associated Rebels. Cells 2021; 10:598. [PMID: 33803185 PMCID: PMC8000327 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of Parkinson's disease increases with age. However, the etiology of the illness remains obscure. It appears highly likely that the neurodegenerative processes involve an array of elements that influence each other. In addition, genetic, endogenous, or exogenous toxins need to be considered as viable partners to the cellular degeneration. There is compelling evidence that indicate the key involvement of modified α-synuclein (Lewy bodies) at the very core of the pathogenesis of the disease. The accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein may be a consequence of some genetic defect or/and a failure of the protein clearance system. Importantly, α-synuclein pathology appears to be a common denominator for many cellular deleterious events such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, dopamine synaptic dysregulation, iron dyshomeostasis, and neuroinflammation. These factors probably employ a common apoptotic/or autophagic route in the final stages to execute cell death. The misfolded α-synuclein inclusions skillfully trigger or navigate these processes and thus amplify the dopamine neuron fatalities. Although the process of neuroinflammation may represent a secondary event, nevertheless, it executes a fundamental role in neurodegeneration. Some viral infections produce parkinsonism and exhibit similar characteristic neuropathological changes such as a modest brain dopamine deficit and α-synuclein pathology. Thus, viral infections may heighten the risk of developing PD. Alternatively, α-synuclein pathology may induce a dysfunctional immune system. Thus, sporadic Parkinson's disease is caused by multifactorial trigger factors and metabolic disturbances, which need to be considered for the development of potential drugs in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeswinder Sian-Hulsmann
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter Riederer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy Margarete-Hoeppel-Platz 1, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany;
- Department Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark Odense, J.B. Winslows Vey 18, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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Gundersen V. Parkinson's Disease: Can Targeting Inflammation Be an Effective Neuroprotective Strategy? Front Neurosci 2021; 14:580311. [PMID: 33716638 PMCID: PMC7946840 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.580311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The reason why dopamine neurons die in Parkinson’s disease remains largely unknown. Emerging evidence points to a role for brain inflammation in neurodegeneration. Essential questions are whether brain inflammation happens sufficiently early so that interfering with this process can be expected to slow down neuronal death and whether the contribution from inflammation is large enough so that anti-inflammatory agents can be expected to work. Here I discuss data from human PD studies indicating that brain inflammation is an early event in PD. I also discuss the role of T-lymphocytes and peripheral inflammation for neurodegeneration. I critically discuss the failure of clinical trials targeting inflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidar Gundersen
- Section for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Menees KB, Earls RH, Chung J, Jernigan J, Filipov NM, Carpenter JM, Lee JK. Sex- and age-dependent alterations of splenic immune cell profile and NK cell phenotypes and function in C57BL/6J mice. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2021; 18:3. [PMID: 33419446 PMCID: PMC7791703 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Physiological homeostasis decline, immunosenescence, and increased risk for multiple diseases, including neurodegeneration, are all hallmarks of ageing. Importantly, it is known that the ageing process is sex-biased. For example, there are sex differences in predisposition for multiple age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. However, sex differences in age-associated immune phenotypes are not clearly understood. Results Here, we examined the effects of age on immune cell phenotypes in both sexes of C57BL/6J mice with a particular focus on NK cells. We found female-specific spleen weight increases with age and concordant reduction in the number of splenocytes per gram of spleen weight compared to young females. To evaluate sex- and age-associated changes in splenic immune cell composition, we performed flow cytometry analysis. In male mice, we observed an age-associated reduction in the frequencies of monocytes and NK cells; female mice displayed a reduction in B cells, NK cells, and CD8 + T cells and increased frequency of monocytes and neutrophils with age. We then performed a whole blood stimulation assay and multiplex analyses of plasma cytokines and observed age- and sex-specific differences in immune cell reactivity and basal circulating cytokine concentrations. As we have previously illustrated a potential role of NK cells in Parkinson’s disease, an age-related neurodegenerative disease, we further analyzed age-associated changes in NK cell phenotypes and function. There were distinct differences between the sexes in age-associated changes in the expression of NK cell receptors, IFN-γ production, and impairment of α-synuclein endocytosis. Conclusions This study demonstrates sex- and age-specific alterations in splenic lymphocyte composition, circulating cytokine/chemokine profiles, and NK cell phenotype and effector functions. Our data provide evidence that age-related physiological perturbations differ between the sexes which may help elucidate sex differences in age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Parkinson’s disease, where immune dysfunction is implicated in their etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly B Menees
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Rachael H Earls
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jaegwon Chung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Janna Jernigan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Nikolay M Filipov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jessica M Carpenter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jae-Kyung Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Feng YK, Wu QL, Peng YW, Liang FY, You HJ, Feng YW, Li G, Li XJ, Liu SH, Li YC, Zhang Y, Pei Z. Oral P. gingivalis impairs gut permeability and mediates immune responses associated with neurodegeneration in LRRK2 R1441G mice. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:347. [PMID: 33213462 PMCID: PMC7677837 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The R1441G mutation in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene results in late-onset Parkinson’s disease (PD). Peripheral inflammation and gut microbiota are closely associated with the pathogenesis of PD. Chronic periodontitis is a common type of peripheral inflammation, which is associated with PD. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), the most common bacterium causing chronic periodontitis, can cause alteration of gut microbiota. It is not known whether Pg-induced dysbiosis plays a role in the pathophysiology of PD. Methods In this study, live Pg were orally administrated to animals, three times a week for 1 month. Pg-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to stimulate mononuclear cells in vitro. The effects of oral Pg administration on the gut and brain were evaluated through behaviors, morphology, and cytokine expression. Results Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra were reduced, and activated microglial cells were increased in R1441G mice given oral Pg. In addition, an increase in mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as well as protein level of α-synuclein together with a decrease in zonula occludens-1 (Zo-1) was detected in the colon in Pg-treated R1441G mice. Furthermore, serum interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and brain IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) were increased in Pg-treated R1441G mice. Conclusions These findings suggest that oral Pg-induced inflammation may play an important role in the pathophysiology of LRRK2-associated PD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-020-02027-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kun Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital; Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Qiong-Li Wu
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yan-Wen Peng
- The Biotherapy Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Feng-Yin Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hua-Jing You
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yi-Wei Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Ge Li
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510663, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Li
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510663, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Hua Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510663, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong-Chao Li
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510663, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510663, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Panagiotakopoulou V, Ivanyuk D, De Cicco S, Haq W, Arsić A, Yu C, Messelodi D, Oldrati M, Schöndorf DC, Perez MJ, Cassatella RP, Jakobi M, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Gasser T, Nikić-Spiegel I, Deleidi M. Interferon-γ signaling synergizes with LRRK2 in neurons and microglia derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5163. [PMID: 33057020 PMCID: PMC7560616 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease-associated kinase LRRK2 has been linked to IFN type II (IFN-γ) response in infections and to dopaminergic neuronal loss. However, whether and how LRRK2 synergizes with IFN-γ remains unclear. In this study, we employed dopaminergic neurons and microglia differentiated from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells carrying LRRK2 G2019S, the most common Parkinson's disease-associated mutation. We show that IFN-γ enhances the LRRK2 G2019S-dependent negative regulation of AKT phosphorylation and NFAT activation, thereby increasing neuronal vulnerability to immune challenge. Mechanistically, LRRK2 G2019S suppresses NFAT translocation via calcium signaling and possibly through microtubule reorganization. In microglia, LRRK2 modulates cytokine production and the glycolytic switch in response to IFN-γ in an NFAT-independent manner. Activated LRRK2 G2019S microglia cause neurite shortening, indicating that LRRK2-driven immunological changes can be neurotoxic. We propose that synergistic LRRK2/IFN-γ activation serves as a potential link between inflammation and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Panagiotakopoulou
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Dina Ivanyuk
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Silvia De Cicco
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Wadood Haq
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research University of Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Arsić
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Cong Yu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Daria Messelodi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Marvin Oldrati
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - David C Schöndorf
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Maria-Jose Perez
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Ruggiero Pio Cassatella
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Meike Jakobi
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schneiderhan-Marra
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Ivana Nikić-Spiegel
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Michela Deleidi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
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Li W, Goshima Y, Ohshima T. Loss of Collapsin Response Mediator Protein 4 Attenuates 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Impairments in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2286-2301. [PMID: 32648145 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by impaired motor symptoms induced by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Many factors are speculated to operate in the mechanism of PD, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal protein handling, and PD induced apoptosis. Besides, researchers have recently shown that inflammatory secretions may engage neighboring cells such as astrocytes, which then induce autocrine and paracrine responses that amplify the inflammation, leading to neurodegeneration. In the present study, we analyzed the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of collapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4) deletion in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-injected male mice, as well as its effects on motor impairments. Our findings indicated that the deletion of CRMP4 could maintain the TH-positive fibers in the striatum and the TH-positive cells in SNc, attenuate the inflammatory responses, and improve motor coordination and rotational behavior. Furthermore, based on our findings at the early time points, we hypothesized that primary differences between the Crmp4+/+ and Crmp4-/- mice may occur in microglia instead of neurons. Although further work should be carried out to clarify the specific role of CRMP4 in the pathogenesis of PD, our findings suggest that it could be a possible target for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
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