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Wells M, Kelly PJ, Robson D, Haynes C, Hatton E, Larance B. Systematic review of treatment completion rates and correlates among young people accessing alcohol and other drug treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 262:111376. [PMID: 38971027 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Treatment completion is associated with improved alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment outcomes. Unfortunately, treatment disengagement is common, particularly among young people. We reviewed and synthesised research on AOD treatment completion and/or early disengagement among young people. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting on completion rates and/or early disengagement from psychosocial AOD treatment among adolescents and young adults. An overall estimated treatment completion rate was calculated using inverse-variance random effects meta-analysis, and random-effects meta-regression was used to identify between-study level moderators of completion rate. We completed a narrative review summarising literature on early treatment disengagement and within-study level correlates of treatment completion. Study quality was assessed using the EPHPP. RESULTS Of the 6158 studies screened, we retained 410 for full text review and included 98 studies in the review. Treatment completion rates were reported in 88 studies, and early disengagement rates were reported in 13. The estimated overall treatment completion rate was 59 % (95 % CI=57-61 %), with experimental studies reporting higher rates of completion than observational studies. There was limited evidence for demographic or substance-related correlates of treatment completion. Contingency management was associated with increased completion rates, as was family-based intervention. CONCLUSIONS Disengagement from AOD treatment among youth populations is common and contributes to poor treatment outcomes. Existing research has yielded little consensus on the factors associated with treatment completion. The use of contingency management strategies and involving family/social supports in treatment were identified as potential avenues for promoting ongoing treatment engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Wells
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Peter J Kelly
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Davina Robson
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia; School of Education, Faculty of Arts, Design and Architecture, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chloe Haynes
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Emma Hatton
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Briony Larance
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia
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Horan H, Thompson A, Willard K, Mobley E, McDaniel J, Robertson E, McIntosh S, Albright DL. Social Determinants Associated with Substance Use and Treatment Seeking in Females of Reproductive Age in the United States. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2024; 33:584-593. [PMID: 38533906 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Females of reproductive age (FoRA; 15-49 years) are the demographic most likely to be diagnosed with a substance use disorder. Preventative treatment prior to or during pregnancy is critical. Stigma and social inequities can delay access to care. There is limited research examining social determinants of health (SDoH) and how they are related to substance use and treatment seeking in this demographic. Methods: We analyzed the 2016-2019 data from the United States National Survey on Drug Use and Health using multivariable logistic regression models. Statistically significant variables were conceptually linked to the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion's (ODPHP's) SDoH framework's five domains. Results: From a total sample of 1,477,336 (weighted) pregnant people and 39,600,523 (weighted) FoRA, substance use was reported by 879,209 (2.14% [95% confidence interval = 2.13-2.15]). Pregnancy status was not associated with substance use or treatment seeking. Past-month substance use was associated with high educational attainment, an annual income <$20,000, a history of criminality, low religiosity, and having health insurance. Past-month treatment-seeking behavior was associated with older age, an annual income >$20,000, a history of criminality, and greater religiosity. Behavioral health support seeking in the past month was associated with some college education. Higher depression severity was associated with all the three models. Conclusions: Using the ODPHP's SDoH framework, we begin to elicit critical connections that can describe substance use and treatment-seeking practices in FoRA. We encourage additional research to inform public health, health care, behavioral health, and other support service programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Horan
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Heersink School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alyssa Thompson
- The University of Alabama, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Department of Anthropology, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Kendall Willard
- The University of Alabama, College of Human and Environmental Sciences, Public Health - Health Professions Concentration, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Emmily Mobley
- The University of Alabama, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Department of Anthropology, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Justin McDaniel
- Southern Illinois University, School of Human Sciences, Public Health Program, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Ellen Robertson
- The University of Alabama, VitAL Program, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Shanna McIntosh
- The University of Alabama, VitAL Program, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - David L Albright
- The University of Alabama, VitAL Program, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
- The University of Alabama, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Political Science, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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3
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Smith MA. Social Learning and Addiction. Behav Brain Res 2020; 398:112954. [PMID: 33053384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Social learning theory, as originally proposed by Albert Bandura, followed 2000 years of intellectual inquiry into the determinants of human behavior. Reciprocal determinism is a central component of this theory and proposes that human behavior is determined by functional relationships between (1) personal factors, (2) the external environment, and (3) the behavior itself. Using this model, drug addiction can be viewed as resulting from the functional relationships between an individual's personal characteristics, social environment, and drug-centric behaviors. In other words, addiction can be viewed as a chronically evolving biopsychosocial disorder, encompassing dimensions that are both internal and external to the individual. Effective treatment interventions should thus target all nodes of the model and the functional relationships between them, and they must constantly evolve with the progression of the disorder. An argument is thus constructed that emphasizes the need for an organized structure of metacontingencies, operating within an individual's social environment, that targets the functional relationships between the factors that drive drug use. Optimally, these metacontingencies would operate within socially connected individuals who have the power to control the functional relationships that influence drug use, the vested interest to monitor individual and collective outcomes, the skills to determine what moment-to-moment decisions are needed to influence behavioral change, and the relative permanence necessary to carry through with the implementation of new strategies to produce outcomes that are cumulatively significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Smith
- Department of Psychology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC, 28035, United States.
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Nash AJ, Hennessy EA, Collier C, Kelly JF. Young People’s Perceptions of the 12-Steps’ Role in Supporting Their Recovery (or Not). JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2020.1766619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela J. Nash
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Lo TW, Yeung JWK, Tam CHL. Substance Abuse and Public Health: A Multilevel Perspective and Multiple Responses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072610. [PMID: 32290248 PMCID: PMC7177685 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Substance abuse has been a thorny public health concern throughout human history. Manifestly, prevention and treatment are the two main strategies commonly adopted to tackle the problem of substance abuse. They are in fact cross-disciplinary, and they relate to the various domains of heredity, biology, psychology, cognitive science, family, social development and cultural structures. This special issue, "Substance Abuse, Environment and Public Health," has published empirical studies from different regions and countries globally to enhance the international exchange of latest views and findings on the etiology, processes and influences of substance abuse across different domains, through which a multilevel perspective is considered more helpful for analyzing its complex nature, courses and consequences. This in turn suggests the possible need to employ multiple responses dynamically and integratively in the prevention and treatment of substance abuse.
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Nash AJ. The Twelve Steps and Adolescent Recovery: A Concise Review. SUBSTANCE ABUSE-RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2020; 14:1178221820904397. [PMID: 32071541 PMCID: PMC6997953 DOI: 10.1177/1178221820904397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recovery and long-term remission are the goals of treatment for substance use disorders, yet the majority of treated adolescents never stop using or resume using substances quickly after treatment. Thus, continuing care or recovery support services are common post-treatment recommendations for this group. Almost half of people who resolved significant substance use problems did so through participation in 12-step programs like Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous. These recovery support programs are available online and in communities around the world. Yet <2% of these programs' members are under 21 years old. To help clinicians understand the 12-step explanatory model and facilitate clinical decision making on whether or when to refer individuals to these groups, this article summarizes the 12-step philosophy and practices and provides a concise review of research on adolescents' involvement in 12-step groups, including qualitative work that illuminates adolescents' reasons for resisting or engaging in 12-step practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Nash
- Cizik School of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Stein L, Martin R, Clair-Michaud M, Lebeau R, Hurlbut W, Kahler CW, Monti PM, Rohsenow D. A randomized clinical trial of motivational interviewing plus skills training vs. Relaxation plus education and 12-Steps for substance using incarcerated youth: Effects on alcohol, marijuana and crimes of aggression. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 207:107774. [PMID: 31927162 PMCID: PMC7316199 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motivational Interviewing plus Cognitive Behavior Therapy (MI/CBT) has been used to reduce adolescent substance use, but has rarely been applied in youth correctional settings. This trial compared MI/CBT against Relaxation Training plus Substance-Education/12-Steps (RT/SET) to reduce substance use and crime among incarcerated youth. METHODS Participants (N = 199) were incarcerated juveniles (64.8 % non-White, 10.1 % girls, mean age of 17.1 years). Two individual sessions of MI (or RT) were followed by 10 group sessions of CBT (or SET). Youth were randomized to condition with follow-ups at 3- and 6-months after release. Major outcomes included alcohol, marijuana and crimes involving aggression. RESULTS A marginal treatment by time interaction was found for percent heavy drinking days, with follow-up tests indicating less alcohol use in RT/SET than MI/CBT at 6 months, and increased use within MI/CBT from 3 to 6 months. A significant treatment by time interaction was found for alcohol-related predatory aggression, with follow-up tests indicating fewer youth engaged in this behavior from 3 to 6 months within RT/SET, and weak evidence favoring MI/CBT over RT/SET at 3 months. General predatory aggression decreased from 3 to 6-months for both treatments. CONCLUSIONS Although weak evidence was found favoring MI/CBT with respect to alcohol-related predatory aggression, results generally support RT/SET in reducing percent heavy drinking days.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.A.R. Stein
- Department of Psychology, The University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881,Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912,Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912,Rhode Island Training School, 300 New London Avenue, Cranston, RI 02920,Corresponding Author:
| | - Rosemarie Martin
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912
| | | | - Rebecca Lebeau
- Rhode Island Executive Office of Health & Human Services, 3 West Road, Cranston, RI 02920
| | - Warren Hurlbut
- Administration of Justice, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Street, Newport, RI 02840
| | - Christopher W. Kahler
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912,Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Peter M. Monti
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Damaris Rohsenow
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912
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Grim BJ, Grim ME. Belief, Behavior, and Belonging: How Faith is Indispensable in Preventing and Recovering from Substance Abuse. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2019; 58:1713-1750. [PMID: 31359242 PMCID: PMC6759672 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-019-00876-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study reviews the voluminous empirical evidence on faith's contribution to preventing people from falling victim to substance abuse and helping them recover from it. We find that 73% of addiction treatment programs in the USA include a spirituality-based element, as embodied in the 12-step programs and fellowships initially popularized by Alcoholics Anonymous, the vast majority of which emphasize reliance on God or a Higher Power to stay sober. We introduce and flesh out a typology of faith-based substance abuse treatment facilities, recovery programs, and support groups. This typology provides important background as we then move on to make an economic valuation of nearly 130,000 congregation-based substance abuse recovery support programs in the USA. We find that these faith-based volunteer support groups contribute up to $316.6 billion in savings to the US economy every year at no cost to tax payers. While negative experiences with religion (e.g., clergy sex abuse and other horrendous examples) have been a contributory factor to substance abuse among some victims, given that more than 84% of scientific studies show that faith is a positive factor in addiction prevention or recovery and a risk in less than 2% of the studies reviewed, we conclude that the value of faith-oriented approaches to substance abuse prevention and recovery is indisputable. And, by extension, we also conclude that the decline in religious affiliation in the USA is not only a concern for religious organizations but constitutes a national health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Grim
- Institute for Studies of Religion, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97236, Waco, TX 76798 USA
| | - Melissa E. Grim
- Religious Freedom & Business Foundation, 1A Perry Circle, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA
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Pagano ME, Raj NM, Rhodes C, Krentzman AR, Little M. Identifying strengths in youths at substance use treatment admission. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2019; 45:410-420. [DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2019.1603302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Pagano
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nadia M. Raj
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christine Rhodes
- Department of Counseling and Health and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Amy R. Krentzman
- School of Social Work, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Michelle Little
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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10
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Kuerbis A, Tonigan JS. More than Taking a Chair: The Perceived Group Social Dynamics of Alcoholics Anonymous Related to Changes in Spiritual Practices. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2018; 36:314-329. [PMID: 30397366 DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2017.1420437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meeting attendance and spiritual practices are established predictors of abstinence. This study utilized longitudinal data from two studies of AA to investigate 1) how perceived within meeting social dynamics in AA meetings affect later AA attendance, and thus exposure to the emphasis of spiritual practices and 2) influence the extent that spiritual gains are mobilized, beyond AA attendance. Findings revealed that greater group cohesion was associated with lower AA attrition, and that expressiveness, or openness, of the group predicted reported practice of spiritual behaviors. Findings reveal distinct group dynamics may foster distinct mechanism of change of AA attendees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Kuerbis
- Silberman School of Social Work, Hunter College at the City University of New York
| | - J Scott Tonigan
- University of New Mexico and the Center for Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addiction
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Yeterian JD, Bursik K, Kelly JF. "God put weed here for us to smoke": A mixed-methods study of religion and spirituality among adolescents with cannabis use disorders. Subst Abus 2018; 39:484-492. [PMID: 29558286 PMCID: PMC6430642 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2018.1449168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing literature on adults with substance use disorders (SUDs) suggests that religious and spiritual processes can support recovery, such that higher levels of religiosity and/or spirituality predict better substance use outcomes. However, studies of the role of religion and spirituality in adolescent SUD treatment response have produced mixed findings, and religiosity and spirituality have rarely been examined separately. METHODS The present study examined religiosity and spirituality as predictors of outcomes in an outpatient treatment adolescent sample (N = 101) in which cannabis was the predominant drug of choice. Qualitative data were used to contextualize the quantitative findings. RESULTS Results showed that higher levels of spirituality at posttreatment predicted increased cannabis use at 6-month follow-up (β = .237, p = .043), whereas higher levels of baseline spirituality predicted a lower likelihood of heavy drinking at posttreatment (odds ratio [OR] = .316, P = .040). Religiosity did not predict substance use outcomes at later time points. When asked to describe the relation between their religious/spiritual views and their substance use, adolescents described believing that they had a choice about their substance use and were in control of it, feeling more spiritual when under the influence of cannabis, and being helped by substance use. CONCLUSIONS Together, findings suggest that for adolescents with SUDs, religion and spirituality may not counteract the use of cannabis, which may be explained by adolescents' views of their substance use as being consistent with their spirituality and under their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D. Yeterian
- Suffolk University, Boston, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - John F. Kelly
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Buckheit KA, Moskal D, Spinola S, Maisto SA. Clinical Course and Relapse among Adolescents Presenting for Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Recent Findings. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Johnson BR, Pagano ME, Lee MT, Post SG. Alone on the Inside: The Impact of Social Isolation and Helping Others on AOD Use and Criminal Activity. YOUTH & SOCIETY 2018; 50:529-550. [PMID: 29628533 PMCID: PMC5889144 DOI: 10.1177/0044118x15617400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Because addiction is a socially isolating disease, social support for recovery is an important element of treatment planning. This study examines the relationship between social isolation, giving and receiving social support in Alcoholics Anonymous during treatment, and post-treatment outcomes among juvenile offenders court-referred to addiction treatment. Adolescents (N = 195) aged 14 to 18 years were prospectively assessed at treatment admission, treatment discharge, 6 months, and 12 months after treatment discharge. The influence of social isolation variables on relapse and severe criminal activity in the 12-months post-treatment was examined using negative binomial logistic regressions and event history methods. Juveniles entering treatment with social estrangement were significantly more likely to relapse, be incarcerated, and commit a violent crime in the 12-months post-treatment. Giving help to others in Alcoholics Anonymous during treatment significantly reduced the risk of relapse, incarceration, and violent crime in the 12-months post-treatment whereas receiving help did not.
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McCutcheon VV, Schuckit MA, Kramer JR, Chan G, Edenberg HJ, Smith TL, Bender AK, Hesselbrock V, Hesselbrock M, Bucholz KK. Familial association of abstinent remission from alcohol use disorder in first-degree relatives of alcohol-dependent treatment-seeking probands. Addiction 2017; 112:1909-1917. [PMID: 28556494 PMCID: PMC5633502 DOI: 10.1111/add.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies that have included family history of alcohol use disorder (AUD) as a predictor of remission from AUD have yielded few significant results. The goals of this study were to estimate the association of persistent AUD, non-abstinent remission and abstinent remission ('AUD/remission status') in a proband with AUD/remission status in a relative and to test whether this association differed in related and unrelated proband-relative pairs. DESIGN High-risk family study of alcohol dependence. Probands were recruited from treatment settings and relatives were invited to participate. Baseline assessments occurred between 1991 and 1998 with follow-up between 1996 and 2005. Half of probands were matched with a biological 1st-degree relative with life-time AUD (related group) and half of probands were paired with an unrelated individual with life-time AUD (unrelated group). SETTING Brooklyn, New York; Indianapolis, Indiana; Iowa City, Iowa; San Diego, California; Farmington, Connecticut; and St Louis, Missouri, USA. PARTICIPANTS A total of 606 probands (25.7% female, mean age 37.7) with baseline and follow-up data and 606 of their 1st-degree relatives who had life-ime AUDs (45.8% female, mean age 36.2 years). MEASUREMENTS Persistent AUD, non-abstinent remission and abstinent remission were based on self-report interview data on most recent AUD symptoms and alcohol consumption. Dependent variable was relatives' AUD/remission status. Independent variable was probands' AUD/remission status. FINDINGS A total of 34.6% of probands and 20.6% of relatives were abstinent and 11.1% of probands and 22.8% of relatives were in non-abstinent remission. AUD/remission status was correlated significantly in related (r = 0.23, P = 0.0037) but not in unrelated pairs. A significant interaction of probands' abstinent remission with a variable representing related (versus unrelated, P = 0.003) pairs suggested a familial association for abstinent remission. In related pairs, individuals with an abstinent proband were more likely to be abstinent themselves than were individuals whose proband had persistent AUD [relative risk ratio = 3.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.56-6.85, P = 0.002]; this association was not significant in unrelated pairs. CONCLUSIONS The likelihood of abstinent remission among people with alcohol use disorder appears to be more than three times greater for individuals who are related to an abstinent proband versus those related to a proband with persistent alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivia V. McCutcheon
- Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Marc A. Schuckit
- University of California, San Diego, Dept. of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA 92093
| | | | - Grace Chan
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Howard J. Edenberg
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Tom L. Smith
- University of California, San Diego, Dept. of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Annah K. Bender
- University of Missouri, College of Nursing, St. Louis, MO 63121
| | - Victor Hesselbrock
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Michie Hesselbrock
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Kathleen K. Bucholz
- Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO 63110
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White W, Galanter M, Humphreys K, Kelly J. The Paucity of Attention to Narcotics Anonymous in Current Public, Professional, and Policy Responses to Rising Opioid Addiction. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2016.1217712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Pagano ME, Swaringen SE, Frank SH. Low Other-Regard and Adolescent Addiction. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2016; 25:268-276. [PMID: 27482148 PMCID: PMC4964961 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2015.1039684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although 12-step literature posits inconsiderate behaviors to characterize alcoholics and addicts, there is little data to support this association among adolescent populations. Using a matched-pair study design with 579 youth aged 14-18 (52% female, 30% minority), a significant, dose-response relationship was found between greater alcohol and drug use severity and increased likelihood of driving under the influence, having unprotected sex with and without a history of sexually transmitted incidence, and low volunteerism among boys. Findings suggest that alcohol and drug use severity is associated with poor awareness of the impact of behaviors on others.
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Pagano ME, Delos-Reyes CM, Wasilow S, Svala KM, Kurtz SP. Smoking Cessation and Adolescent Treatment Response With Comorbid ADHD. J Subst Abuse Treat 2016; 70:21-27. [PMID: 27692184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Minors entering treatment for alcohol and other drug (AOD) use disorders tend to smoke at high rates, and many have comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Clear-air laws force patients to refrain from smoking on the premises of AOD treatment facilities, which may hinder the progress of treatment-seeking populations who smoke and struggle with ADHD comorbidity in particular. This study explores clinical characteristics associated with smoking among youths presenting for residential treatment, clinical characteristics associated with smoking cessation, and the impact of smoking cessation with ADHD comorbidity on AOD treatment response. Participants were 195 adolescents (52% female, aged 14-18 years) court-referred to residential treatment. Data were collected at intake, prospectively each week for the 10-week treatment period, and at discharge. Two-thirds (67%) of the enrollment sample entered treatment smoking half a pack a day on average, a large proportion (50%) of which did not smoke during treatment. ADHD patients were more likely to smoke before and during treatment except for those who got active in service and step-work. Quitting smoking did not adversely affect AOD outcomes and was associated with better prognosis of lowered AOD cravings for youths with and without ADHD. Smoking cessation during adolescent AOD treatment is recommended with provision of pharmaceutical and/or behavioral modalities that reduce nicotine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Pagano
- Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Department of Psychiatry, Cleveland, OH.
| | | | - Sherry Wasilow
- Carleton University, School of Journalism and Communication, Ottawa, ON
| | - Kathleen M Svala
- Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Department of Psychiatry, Cleveland, OH
| | - Steven P Kurtz
- Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, Department of Justice and Human Services, Nova Southeastern University, Miami, FL
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Bekkering GE, Mariën D, Parylo O, Hannes K. The Effectiveness of Self-Help Groups for Adolescent Substance Misuse: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2014.981772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pagano ME, Wang AR, Rowles BM, Lee MT, Johnson BR. Social anxiety and peer helping in adolescent addiction treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 39:887-95. [PMID: 25872598 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The developmental need to fit in may lead to higher alcohol and other drug use among socially anxious youths which exacerbates the drink/trouble cycle. In treatment, youths with social anxiety disorder (SAD) may avoid participating in therapeutic activities with risk of negative peer appraisal. Peer-helping is a low-intensity, social activity in the 12-step program associated with greater abstinence among treatment-seeking adults. This study examined the influence of SAD on clinical severity at intake, peer-helping during treatment, and outcomes in a large sample of adolescents court-referred to residential treatment. METHODS Adolescents (N = 195; 52% female, 30% Black) aged 14 to 18 were prospectively assessed at treatment admission, treatment discharge, and 6 months after treatment discharge. Data were collected using rater-administered assessments, youth reports, clinician reports, medical charts, and electronic court records. The influence of SAD on peer-helping and outcomes was examined using hierarchical linear regression and event history methods. RESULTS Forty-two percent of youths reported a persistent fear of being humiliated or scrutinized in social situations, and 15% met current diagnostic criteria for SAD. SAD onset preceded initial use for two-thirds of youths with SAD and substance dependency. SAD youths presented for treatment with greater clinical severity in terms of earlier age of first use (p < 0.01), greater lifetime use of heroin and polysubstance use (p < 0.05), incarceration history (p < 0.01), and lifetime trauma (p < 0.001). Twelve-step participation patterns during treatment did not differ between youths with and without SAD except for peer-helping, which was associated with reduced risk of relapse (p < 0.01) and incarceration (p < 0.05) in the 6 months posttreatment. CONCLUSIONS This study found evidence of an association between SAD and earlier age of first use, greater lifetime use of heroin, incarceration history, and lifetime trauma. SAD was associated with higher service participation during treatment, which was associated with reduced risk of relapse and incarceration in the 6 months posttreatment. Findings indicate the benefits of service participation for juveniles with SAD which provides a nonjudgmental, task-focused venue for developing sober networks in the transition back into the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Pagano
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Lee MT, Pagano ME, Johnson BR, Post SG. Love and Service in Adolescent Addiction Recovery. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2016; 34:197-222. [PMID: 27482142 DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2016.1148513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This article is one of the first to examine the relationships among a specific combination of "spiritual virtues" (helping others and the experience of divine love) and outcomes related to criminal involvement, sobriety, and character development among adolescents. One-hundred ninety five adolescents with substance dependency court-referred to residential treatment were assessed at intake, discharge, and 6 months post-treatment. Higher service to others predicted reduced recidivism, reduced relapse, and greater character development. Experiencing divine love enhanced the effect of service on recidivism. Greater attention to spiritual virtues might improve treatment for youth involved with alcohol, drugs, and certain forms of crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Lee
- Department of Sociology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio USA
| | - Maria E Pagano
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Byron R Johnson
- Program on Prosocial Behavior, Institute for Studies of Religion, Baylor University, Waco, Texas USA
| | - Stephen G Post
- Center for Medical Humanities, Compassionate Care, and Bioethics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York USA
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Johnson BR, Lee MT, Pagano ME, Post SG. Positive Criminology and Rethinking the Response to Adolescent Addiction: Evidence on the Role of Social Support, Religiosity, and Service to Others. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CRIMINOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY 2016; 5:172-181. [PMID: 28090237 PMCID: PMC5234490 DOI: 10.6000/1929-4409.2016.05.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent addiction has emerged as a major public health problem. The greatest increase in alcohol and other drug use disorders can be found among youth. Concurrently, technological advances in policing coupled with aggressive prosecuting and sentencing practices have contributed to the growth of America's correctional system. The assertive response of policing, courts, and corrections, however, have not prevented the dramatic rise of adolescent addiction. Unfortunately, there is no national data tracking addicted youth in the criminal justice system to evaluate what works when it comes to youth with addiction. This article reviews justice system responses to adolescent offenders with addiction, and promising approaches engaging juveniles in programmatic components of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). This study highlights the role of spirituality, service to others, and social support in maintaining sobriety, reducing arrests, and lowering recidivism for adolescents court-referred to treatment. Recommendations for improving the response to adolescent offenders with addiction are offered.
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Yeterian JD, Bursik K, Kelly JF. Religiosity as a Predictor of Adolescents' Substance Use Disorder Treatment Outcomes. Subst Abus 2014; 36:453-61. [PMID: 25222569 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2014.960550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of research on adults with substance use disorders (SUDs) suggests that higher levels of religiosity and/or spirituality are associated with better treatment outcomes. However, investigation into the role of religiosity and spirituality in adolescent SUD treatment response remains scarce. The present study examines religiosity as a predictor of treatment outcomes in an adolescent sample, with alcohol/other drug problem recognition as a hypothesized moderator of this relationship. Problem recognition was selected as a moderator in an attempt to identify a subset of adolescents who would be more likely to use religious resources when attempting to change their substance use. METHODS One hundred twenty-seven outpatient adolescents aged 14 to 19 (Mage=16.7, SD=1.2, 24% female) were followed for 1 year after treatment intake. Growth curve analyses were used to assess the impact of baseline religiosity and problem recognition on subsequent abstinence rates, drug-related consequences, and psychological distress. RESULTS On average, abstinence did not change significantly during the follow-up period, whereas drug-related consequences and psychological distress decreased significantly. Religiosity did not predict changes in abstinence or psychological distress over time. Religiosity did predict reductions in drug-related consequences over time (b=-0.20, t=-2.18, P=.03). However, when problem recognition was added to the model, the impact of religiosity on consequences became nonsignificant, and there was no interaction between religiosity and problem recognition on consequences. CONCLUSIONS The main hypothesis was largely unsupported. Possible explanations include that the sample was low in religiosity and few participants were actively seeking sobriety at treatment intake. Findings suggest adolescent outpatients with SUD may differ from their adult counterparts in the role that religiosity plays in recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D Yeterian
- a Department of Psychology, Suffolk University , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry, Center for Addiction Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Krisanne Bursik
- b Department of Psychiatry, Center for Addiction Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - John F Kelly
- b Department of Psychiatry, Center for Addiction Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,c Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
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Pagano ME, Maietti CM, Levine AD. Risk factors of repeated infectious disease incidence among substance-dependent girls and boys court-referred to treatment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2014; 41:230-6. [PMID: 25140672 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2014.939753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A small portion of Americans account for a disproportionate amount of the incidences of sexually transmitted infection observed over a short period of time. Studies with adults have begun to characterize this population, yet there is very little data on adolescent sexually transmitted infection repeaters (STIR). This study explores characteristics associated with STIR among 102 girls and 93 boys (aged 14-18) court-referred for residential treatment. METHODS Background characteristics, substance use disorders, risky and interpersonal behaviors, and history of sexually transmitted infections were collected at intake using valid and reliable instruments. A negative binomial logistic regression was performed to determine the background, risky behaviors, and social patterns associated with adolescent STIR. RESULTS Approximately two out of three adolescents (62%) did not use contraception the last time they had sex, and 15% had at least one sexually transmitted infection recorded in their medical chart. Sexually transmitted infection repeaters entered treatment with higher rates of cocaine abuse (13%) than youth without multiple infections (3%, p < 0.05). History of sexual abuse, having sex with a person who said no, higher exhibitionism, and social estrangement increased the odds of adolescent STIR. Main effects of exhibitionism and social estrangement on increased odds of STIR were more pronounced for sexually abused adolescents. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest a need for incorporating HIV education during residential treatment to improve health outcomes and intervention strategies that further connectedness for youth and victims of sexual abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Pagano
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and
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Pagano ME, Kelly JF, Scur MD, Ionescu RA, Stout RL, Post SG. Assessing youth participation in AA-related helping: validity of the Service to Others in Sobriety (SOS) questionnaire in an adolescent sample. Am J Addict 2014; 22:60-6. [PMID: 23398228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The positive outcomes derived from participation in Alcoholics Anonymous-related helping (AAH) found among adults has spurred study of AAH among minors with addiction. AAH includes acts of good citizenship in AA, formal service positions, public outreach, and transmitting personal experience to another fellow sufferer. Addiction research with adolescents is hindered by few validated assessments of 12-step activity among minors. This study provides psychometric findings of the "Service to Others in Sobriety (SOS)" questionnaire as completed by youths. METHODS Multi-informant data was collected prospectively from youth self-reports, clinician-rated assessments, biomarkers, and medical chart records for youths (N = 195) after residential treatment. RESULTS Few youths (7%) did not participate in any AAH during treatment. Results indicated the SOS as a unidimensional scale with adequate psychometric properties, including inter-informant reliability (r = .5), internal consistency (alpha = .90), and convergent validity (rs = -.3 to .3). Programmatic AAH activities distinguished abstinent youths in a random half-sample, and replicated on the other half-sample. The SOS cut-point of 40 indicated high AAH participation. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE The SOS appears to be a valid measure of AAH, suggesting clinical utility for enhancing treatment and identifying service opportunities salient to sobriety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Pagano
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Hafizi S, Tabatabaei D, Koenig HG. Borderline Personality Disorder and Religion: A perspective from a Muslim country. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2014; 9:137-41. [PMID: 25561953 PMCID: PMC4277802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are still many unanswered questions about psychological and social factors that may affect the development and treatment of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Religion/spirituality (R/S) is a factor that could influence the lives of people with BPD. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between religiosity, religious attendance and borderline personality traits. METHOD Four hundred twenty- nine medical students of Tehran University of medical sciences participated in this study, and their information on demographics, responses to the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL), and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (the self-administered section on BPD) was obtained. RESULTS The total score of SCID-II questionnaire and the number of positive borderline personality characteristics on the SCID-II were inversely related with the DUREL total score and individual DUREL items. Those with higher levels of borderline personality traits had lower total DUREL score and lower DUREL subscale scores. CONCLUSION Religiosity and religious attendance are negatively correlated with borderline personality traits, especially with anger, instability of mood, feeling of emptiness and self-harming behaviors. These findings are important for understanding the causes of BPD and in developing treatments for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Hafizi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dina Tabatabaei
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Harold G Koenig
- Center for Spirituality, Theology and Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Lee MT, Veta PS, Johnson BR, Pagano ME. Daily Spiritual Experiences and Adolescent Treatment Response. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2014; 32:271-298. [PMID: 25525291 DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2014.907029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore changes in belief orientation during treatment and the impact of increased daily spiritual experiences (DSE) on adolescent treatment response. One-hundred ninety-five adolescents court-referred to a 2-month residential treatment program were assessed at intake and discharge. Forty percent of youth who entered treatment as agnostic or atheist identified themselves as spiritual or religious at discharge. Increased DSE was associated with greater likelihood of abstinence, increased prosocial behaviors, and reduced narcissistic behaviors. Results indicate a shift in DSE that improves youth self-care and care for others that may inform intervention approaches for adolescents with addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Lee
- Department of Sociology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio USA
| | - Paige S Veta
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio USA
| | - Byron R Johnson
- Institute for Studies on Religion, Baylor University, Waco, Texas USA
| | - Maria E Pagano
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio USA
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Kelly JF, Greene MC. Toward an Enhanced Understanding of the Psychological Mechanisms by which Spirituality Aids Recovery in Alcoholics Anonymous. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2014.907015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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McCutcheon VV, Kramer JR, Edenberg HJ, Nurnberger JI, Kuperman S, Schuckit MA, Heath AC, Bucholz KK. Social contexts of remission from DSM-5 alcohol use disorder in a high-risk sample. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:2015-23. [PMID: 24942361 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measures of social context, such as marriage and religious participation, are associated with remission from alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in population-based and treatment samples, but whether these associations hold among individuals at high familial risk for AUD is unknown. This study tests associations of measures of social context and treatment with different types of remission from DSM-5 AUD in a high-risk sample. METHODS Subjects were 686 relatives of probands (85.7% first-degree) who participated in a high-risk family study of alcohol dependence. All subjects met criteria for AUD at baseline and were re-interviewed 5 years later. Follow-up status was categorized as persistent AUD, high-risk drinking, remitted low-risk drinking, and abstinence. Social context measures were defined as stable or changing from baseline to follow-up, and their bivariate and multivariate associations with follow-up status were tested. RESULTS At follow-up, 62.8% of subjects had persistent AUD, 6.4% were high-risk drinkers, 22.2% were remitted low-risk drinkers, and 8.6% were abstinent. Birth of first child during the interval was the only measure of social context associated with remitted low-risk drinking and was significant for women only. Abstinent remission was characterized by being stably separated or divorced for women, new marriage for both sexes, experiencing low levels of family support and high levels of friend support, and receiving treatment. High-risk drinkers were more likely than individuals with persistent AUD to have a stable number of children and to have been recently unemployed. CONCLUSIONS The social contexts accompanying different types of remission in this high-risk sample resemble those found in population-based and clinical samples. Low-risk drinkers resemble natural remitters from population-based samples who change their drinking habits with life transitions. Abstainers resemble clinical samples in marital context, support from friends, and treatment. High-risk drinkers appear to continue to experience negative consequences of heavy drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivia V McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry , Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Castaldelli-Maia JM, Bhugra D. Investigating the interlinkages of alcohol use and misuse, spirituality and culture - Insights from a systematic review. Int Rev Psychiatry 2014; 26:352-67. [PMID: 24953154 DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2014.899999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Religious values are part of cultures, but spirituality is an internal dimension which may be present in varying degrees across all nations. As both cultural and spiritual factors are important in determining the pattern of alcohol consumption by individuals, it is important to study the relationships between them. The present systematic review aims to summarize the knowledge on the relationship between alcohol use and misuse, religiousness/spirituality and culture drawn from medical studies. Data from the medical literature to date indicate that for some racial and ethnic minorities a return to the traditional culture linked with concepts of spiritual or religious factors can produce a major degree of support for people trying to maintain abstinence from alcohol. This can be seen even in the worst environments. On the other hand, among the general population, religion and/or spirituality can play a positive role in the maintenance of abstinence, but a local heavy drinking culture is a strong risk factor for relapse. These factors are important and can be used for interventions and prevention strategies. However, possible mediating effects need to be explored further. It is likely that both types of intervention (classical medical treatment plus spiritual-based treatment) may work in individuals.
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Abstract
This study addresses the relative importance of specific 12-step activities to recovery, and how treatment affects participation in those activities. Data were from a clinical trial testing a 12-step facilitation intervention called MAAEZ (Making AA [Alcohol Anonymous] Easier). Participants (N = 508) were recruited at treatment entry. Analyses examined 8 activities measured at baseline, 7 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months. In simultaneous equations, meeting attendance and having a sponsor were the only strong and consistent predictors of abstinence across time points, though other activities (i.e., use of a home group, befriending members, service work, and reading the literature) were significant in some analyses. Treatment involvement had mixed effects on activity participation over time. Contradicting research suggesting that meeting attendance contributes little beyond other 12-step activities, the current results highlight the importance of consistent meeting attendance and sponsorship in recovery. The results suggest a need for enhanced facilitation of key activities even in typical 12-step-oriented treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Zemore
- Alcohol Research Group, 6475 Christie Avenue, Emeryville, CA 94608-1010, USA.
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Sung HE, Chu DC. The varieties of religious experience and the retention of clients in Taiwanese faith-based residential drug user treatment. Subst Use Misuse 2013; 48:1219-32. [PMID: 24041184 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2013.805597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether subgroups of faith-based treatment clients displaying similar religious experiences and treatment performance can be theoretically specified and empirically identified. Highlighting the volitional dimension of the change process, four subgroups (i.e., non-Christians, baseline Christians, rededicated Christians, and newly converted Christians) were proposed according to the direction and magnitude of clients' change in religiosity during treatment. Data obtained for 707 subjects who entered a Christian residential therapeutic community program in Taiwan between 2000 and 2009 were analyzed. Results showed that the typology of religious experiences powerfully predicted treatment retention and completion. Issues of therapeutic specificity and relapse prevention are discussed and study's limitations are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-En Sung
- 1Department of Criminal Justice, John Jay College of Criminal Justice , New York, New York , USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The focus of this review is to examine service utilization, treatment effectiveness, and future directions for adolescents who misuse substances. RECENT FINDINGS Although the effectiveness of treatments has improved in the last two decades, young people's utilization of services has remained relatively stable. This is disconcerting because early intervention improves outcomes and deterioration is associated with physical, psychological, and social problems. The requirement for coordinated service provision across a wide range of treatment agencies cannot be emphasized enough, because young substance misusers come to services with a variety of symptoms and problems. It is encouraging that, to date, treatment studies indicate that adolescents in almost all types of treatment reduce their use of substances. The greatest reductions are shown for family therapy, followed by cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), motivational enhancement therapy (MET)/CBT, MET behavior therapy, and pharmacological treatment. Despite the developing treatment literature, important methodological limitations restrict comparability between studies. SUMMARY The requirement for holistic, systematic assessments should include adolescents' social contexts, trauma, and psychiatric and physical illnesses because they are the cornerstones to understanding engagement and retention. Our review shows the importance of coordinating primary healthcare, mental health, and substance abuse treatment facilities, and highlights networking between other providers as integral to providing an optimal response to this unpredictable, often marginalized, group.
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Krentzman AR, Battle D, Pagano ME, Andrade FH, Bradley JC, Delva J, Johnson SM, Robinson EAR. The Role of Religiousness on Substance-Use Disorder Treatment Outcomes: A Comparison of Black and White Adolescents. JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR SOCIAL WORK AND RESEARCH 2012; 3:113-128. [PMID: 22970338 PMCID: PMC3437261 DOI: 10.5243/jsswr.2012.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study compares 41 Black and 124 White adolescents at intake and discharge from a residential treatment program for substance-use disorders. Study data were obtained as part of a larger study (N = 195) that sought to assess the relationship of helping behavior and addiction recovery. This post-hoc analysis aims to identify cultural strengths that may be associated with recovery from substance-use disorders among Black adolescents. Using regression analyses and controlling for the severity of substance use and background variables that distinguish racial groups, religious practices and behaviors at intake were examined. Specifically, Black youth and White youth were compared on treatment outcomes, including alcohol or drug use during treatment, drug craving, 12-Step work, and 12-Step helping. The burden of health and socioeconomic disparities at intake did not disproportionately disfavor Black adolescents. Outcomes related to 12-Step measures were similar between Black and White youth. White adolescents reported higher craving scores at discharge, and Black adolescents were more likely to use drugs during treatment. High levels of religiousness at treatment intake were linked to greater 12-Step work and greater 12-Step helping at discharge. High levels of religiousness at intake were not related to drug use during treatment or to craving scores at discharge. The relationship between intake levels of religiousness and treatment-related outcomes did not differ by race.
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