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Moore H, White MJ, Finlayson G, King N. Response inhibition training as an intervention to modify liking and wanting for foods based on energy density: a proof of concept study. J Behav Med 2024; 47:271-281. [PMID: 37814036 PMCID: PMC10944450 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-023-00453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of energy-dense, processed foods has been implicated as a salient feature of the modern 'obesogenic' environment. Cognitive strategies, such as response inhibition training, have been demonstrated to reduce the hedonic value of such foods in previous studies. However, this effect has generally been inconsistent or heterogenous, depending on the outcome measure, characteristics of the sample, and the specificity of food stimuli. Characterising the extent of generalised effects may help define the application of this type of intervention in natural settings. A repeated-measures, proof-of-concept study, using mobile app-based response inhibition training (RIT) versus a control app-based activity (N = 25), was undertaken to establish the valid application of a food reward measure to assess intervention efficacy. Liking (i.e., affect) and wanting (i.e., motivation) for food stimuli categorised by energy density were taken concurrently pre- and post-training. A statistically significant reduction in explicit liking, but not implicit wanting, for foods irrespective of their energy density was observed during the RIT app-based training session relative to the control (p = .041, ηp2 = .16). However, effect sizes associated with devaluation of energy-dense relative to low calorie food stimuli, although non-significant, were higher when measured as implicitly wanting (p = .098, ηp2 = .11) than explicit liking (p = .756, ηp2 = .00). Trends in explicit stimulus evaluations were empirically discordant from implicit evaluations for low calorie foods in particular. Additional research is needed to investigate whether these trends are reproducible with larger samples, trained and novel food stimuli in outcome measures, and more comprehensive training protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halim Moore
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia.
| | - Melanie J White
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia
| | | | - Neil King
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia
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Goldstein SP, Mwenda KM, Hoover AW, Shenkle O, Jones RN, Thomas JG. The Fully Understanding Eating and Lifestyle Behaviors (FUEL) trial: Protocol for a cohort study harnessing digital health tools to phenotype dietary non-adherence behaviors during lifestyle intervention. Digit Health 2024; 10:20552076241271783. [PMID: 39175923 PMCID: PMC11339753 DOI: 10.1177/20552076241271783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Lifestyle intervention can produce clinically significant weight loss and reduced disease risk/severity for many individuals with overweight/obesity. Dietary lapses, instances of non-adherence to the recommended dietary goal(s) in lifestyle intervention, are associated with less weight loss and higher energy intake. There are distinct "types" of dietary lapse (e.g., eating an off-plan food, eating a larger portion), and behavioral, psychosocial, and contextual mechanisms may differ across dietary lapse types. Some lapse types also appear to impact weight more than others. Elucidating clear lapse types thus has potential for understanding and improving adherence to lifestyle intervention. Methods This 18-month observational cohort study will use real-time digital assessment tools within a multi-level factor analysis framework to uncover "lapse phenotypes" and understand their impact on clinical outcomes. Adults with overweight/obesity (n = 150) will participate in a 12-month online lifestyle intervention and 6-month weight loss maintenance period. Participants will complete 14-day lapse phenotyping assessment periods at baseline, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months in which smartphone surveys, wearable devices, and geolocation will assess dietary lapses and relevant phenotyping characteristics. Energy intake (via 24-h dietary recall) and weight will be collected at each assessment period. Results This trial is ongoing; data collection began on 31 October 2022 and is scheduled to complete by February 2027. Conclusion Results will inform novel precision tools to improve dietary adherence in lifestyle intervention, and support updated theoretical models of adherence behavior. Additionally, these phenotyping methods can likely be leveraged to better understand non-adherence to other health behavior interventions. Trial Registration This study was prospectively registered https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05562427.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie P. Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kevin M. Mwenda
- Spatial Structures in the Social Sciences, Population Studies and Training Center, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Adam W. Hoover
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Olivia Shenkle
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Richard N. Jones
- Quantitative Science Program, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - John Graham Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Beaumont JD, Dalton M, Davis D, Finlayson G, Nowicky A, Russell M, Barwood MJ. No effect of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on food craving, food reward and subjective appetite in females displaying mild-to-moderate binge-type behaviour. Appetite 2023; 189:106997. [PMID: 37574640 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous work suggests there may be an effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on appetite control in people at risk of overconsumption, however findings are inconsistent. This study aimed to further understand the potential eating behaviour trait-dependent effect of tDCS, specifically in those with binge-type behaviour. Seventeen females (23 ± 7 years, 25.4 ± 3.8 kg m-2) with mild-to-moderate binge eating behaviour completed two sessions of double-blind, randomised and counterbalanced anodal and sham tDCS applied over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at 2.0 mA for 20 min. Subjective appetite visual analogue scales (VAS), the Food Craving Questionnaire-State (FCQ-S), and Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire (LFPQ) were completed pre- and post-tDCS. Participants then consumed a fixed-energy meal, followed by the VAS, FCQ-S and LFPQ. No difference between pre- and post-tDCS scores were found across fullness (p = 0.275, BF10 = 0.040), prospective consumption (p = 0.127, BF10 = 0.063), desire to eat (p = 0.247, BF10 = 0.054) or FCQ-S measures (p = 0.918, BF10 = 0.040) when comparing active and sham protocols. Only explicit liking and wanting for high-fat sweet foods were significantly different between conditions, with increased scores following active tDCS. When controlling for baseline hunger, the significant differences were removed (p = 0.138 to 0.161, BF10 = 0.810 to 1.074). The present data does not support the eating behaviour trait dependency of tDCS in a specific cohort of female participants with mild-to-moderate binge eating scores, and results align with those from individuals with healthy trait scores. This suggests participants with sub-clinical binge eating behaviour do not respond to tDCS. Future work should further explore effects in clinical and sub-clinical populations displaying susceptibility to overconsumption and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Beaumont
- Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, LS18 5HD, UK; Food and Nutrition Group, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK.
| | - Michelle Dalton
- Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, LS18 5HD, UK
| | - Danielle Davis
- Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, LS18 5HD, UK
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JU, UK
| | - Alexander Nowicky
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Mark Russell
- Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, LS18 5HD, UK
| | - Martin J Barwood
- Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, LS18 5HD, UK
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Moore H, White MJ, Finlayson G, King N. Exploring acute and non-specific effects of mobile app-based response inhibition training on food evaluation and intake. Appetite 2022; 178:106181. [PMID: 35870536 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that response inhibition training can modify the appeal of palatable and energy-dense foods, thus serving as a potential intervention for weight management, via changes in food selection and intake. However, empirical findings of efficacy have been inconsistent across studies due to heterogenous approaches to measuring salient appetitive outcomes, training implementation strategies, and sample recruitment. Systematic assessment of both affective and motivational components of food reward may help characterise to what extent devaluation can be generalised to nutritionally similar foods post-training. In this mixed factorial experiment, a non-clinical, adult sample completed time-matched single sessions with mobile app-based response inhibition training and control tasks of short (12 min; n = 27) or long (20 min; n = 25) duration. Participants were assessed on two discrete facets of food reward pre- and post-training: pleasure (i.e., explicit liking) and desire (i.e., implicit wanting) for non-specific (i.e., novel) food stimuli differing in energy-density. Consumption of snacks categorised by energy density was also assessed in a laboratory ad libitum taste test post-training. No significant differences were found between intervention and control sessions on explicit liking or implicit wanting for non-specific energy-dense foods. Moreover, participants ate a similar volume of snack foods during both sessions. Training duration did not significantly moderate differences between intervention and control sessions in primary outcomes. Variance between intervention and control sessions in chocolate intake and frequency of choice for energy-dense foods, but not explicit liking, was associated with a higher BMI. Methodological and theoretical implications for appropriate intervention implementation and underlying mechanisms, respectively, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halim Moore
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia.
| | - Melanie J White
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Psychology and Counselling, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia
| | | | - Neil King
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia
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Serna A, Marhuenda J, Arcusa R, Pérez-Piñero S, Sánchez-Macarro M, García-Muñoz AM, Victoria-Montesinos D, Cánovas F, López-Román FJ. Effectiveness of a polyphenolic extract (Lippia citriodora and Hibiscus sabdariffa) on appetite regulation in overweight and obese grade I population: an 8-week randomized, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:825-841. [PMID: 34591168 PMCID: PMC8854308 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polyphenols have shown capacity to improve appetite sensation, leading to enhanced control of body weight. However, despite being related with hunger-related hormones, metabolic and mechanism are not well known. METHODS The effectiveness of a nutraceutical composed of extract to Lippia citriodora and Hibiscus sabdarrifa (Lc-Hs) for controlling satiety and hunger was analyzed in a cross-over, placebo-controlled (Pla) clinical intervention. The study was divided in two 60-day periods separated by 30-day length wash-out period. At the end of each period, overweight and obese subjects (n = 33; age = 33.76 ± 12.23; BMI = 28.20 kg/m2 ± 2.47; fat mass 30.65 ± 8.39%; both sexes were proposed to eat an ad-libitum meal. Meanwhile, appetite sensation was determined by visual analog scales at different times. Moreover, blood extraction was performed to determine biochemical parameters (lipid and glucidic profile and safety parameters) and to evaluate hunger-related hormones (insulin, leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, GLP-1 and peptide YY). RESULTS A decrease in appetite sensation was observed in Lc-Hs treatment, showing higher satiety quotient (Pla = 3.36 ± 2.33%mm/kcal; Lc-Hs = 5.53 ± 2.91%mm/kcal; p < 0.0001). Area under the curve was higher in Pla compared to Lc-Hs during the test, from baseline to minute 240 (240 (Pla 9136.65 ± 2261.46% x min-1; Lc-Hs 8279.73 ± 2745.71% x min-1; p < 0.014). Energy consumption was lower for subjects treated with Lc-Hs (774.44 ± 247.77 kcal) compared to those treated with Pla (849.52 ± 246.54 kcal) (p < 0.004). Leptin values varied from baseline (Pla 12.36 ± 1.98 ng/mL; Lc-Hs 13.13 ± 1.99 ng/mL) to the end of the study (Pla 12.60 ± 2.02 ng/mL; Lc-Hs 12.06 ± 2.05 ng/mL; p < 0.047). GLP-1 values varied (p < 0.001) in Lc-Hs treatment from baseline (4.34 ± 0.49 ng/mL) to the end of the study (3.23 ± 0.52 ng/mL). CONCLUSION The supplementation with the Lc-Hs extract decreases appetite sensation in overweight and obese population, reducing calorie intake after an ad-libitum meal. Due to variation on hunger-related hormones and the relationship between satiety feeling, it would be interesting to develop future research focused on the variation of the hormones themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Serna
- Faculty of Health Sciences, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Marhuenda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Raúl Arcusa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Piñero
- Faculty of Health Sciences, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Ana María García-Muñoz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Cánovas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - F Javier López-Román
- Faculty of Health Sciences, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107, Murcia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
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Beaumont JD, Smith NC, Starr D, Davis D, Dalton M, Nowicky A, Russell M, Barwood MJ. Modulating eating behavior with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): A systematic literature review on the impact of eating behavior traits. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13364. [PMID: 34786811 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is becoming an increasingly popular technique for altering eating behaviors. Recent research suggests a possible eating behavior trait-dependent effect of tDCS. However, studies recruit participant populations with heterogeneous trait characteristics, including "healthy" individuals who do not present with eating behavior traits suggesting susceptibility to overconsumption. The present review considers the effects of tDCS across eating-related measures and explores whether a trait-dependent effect is evident across the literature. A literature search identified 28 articles using sham-controlled tDCS to modify eating-related measures. Random effects meta-analyses were performed, with subgroup analyses to identify differences between "healthy" and trait groups. Trivial overall effects (g = -0.12 to 0.09) of active versus sham tDCS were found. Subgroup analyses showed a more consistent effect for trait groups, with small and moderate effect size (g = -1.03 to 0.60), suggesting tDCS is dependent on participants' eating behavior traits. Larger effect sizes were found for those displaying traits associated with study outcomes (e.g., heightened food cravings). "Healthy" individuals appear to be unresponsive to stimulation. Based on this meta data, future work should recruit those with eating behavior trait susceptibilities to overconsumption, focusing on those who present with traits associated with the outcome of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Beaumont
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
| | - Natalie C Smith
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
| | - David Starr
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
| | - Danielle Davis
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
| | - Michelle Dalton
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexander Nowicky
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
| | - Martin J Barwood
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
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Pink AE, Cheon BK. Development of a Simplified Portion Size Selection Task. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051121. [PMID: 34070072 PMCID: PMC8158092 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Portion size is an important determinant of energy intake and the development of easy to use and valid tools for measuring portion size are required. Standard measures, such as ad libitum designs and currently available computerized portion selection tasks (PSTs), have several limitations including only being able to capture responses to a limited number of foods, requiring participants’ physical presence and logistical/technical demands. The objective of the current study was to develop and test robust and valid measures of portion size that can be readily prepared by researchers and be reliably utilized for remote online data collection. We developed and tested two simplified PSTs that could be utilized online: (1) portion size images presented simultaneously along a horizontal continuum slider and (2) multiple-choice images presented vertically. One hundred and fifty participants (M = 21.35 years old) completed both simplified PSTs, a standard computerized PST and a series of questionnaires of variables associated with portion size (e.g., hunger, food item characteristics, Three Factor Eating Questionnaire). We found average liking of foods was a significant predictor of all three tasks and cognitive restraint also predicted the two simplified PSTs. We also found significant agreement between the standard PST and estimated portion sizes derived from the simplified PSTs when accounting for average liking. Overall, we show that simplified versions of the standard PST can be used online as an analogue of estimating ideal portion size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee E. Pink
- School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore;
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Bobby K. Cheon
- School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore;
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6592-1570
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Palmer B, Irwin C, McCartney D, Cox GR, Desbrow B. The Impact of Post-Prandial Delay Periods on Ad Libitum Consumption of a Laboratory Breakfast Meal. APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, NUTRITION, AND METABOLISM = PHYSIOLOGIE APPLIQUEE, NUTRITION ET METABOLISME 2021; 46:1290-1297. [PMID: 33984247 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of varying the holding time following an ad libitum laboratory breakfast on acute dietary behaviour and subsequent intake. 24 participants (20 females (age: 23.4±6.3 y; BMI: 23.9±3.9 kg·m-2, mean±SD)) completed three trials following a quasi-randomized, crossover design. Each trial (seven day separation) incorporated a defined post-prandial delay (DPD) period of either zero (no delay), one or three hours following a buffet breakfast consumed over 30-minutes. Dietary intake outcomes included energy, macronutrient and core food group intakes. On completion of the DPD period, participants left the laboratory and recorded all food/beverages consumed for the remainder of the day. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA assessed all outcomes, with post hoc analysis conducted on significant main effects. Energy and carbohydrate intakes were significantly lower on no delay vs one hour (p = 0.014) and three hour (p = 0.06) DPD trials (EI: 1853±814 kJ vs. 2250±1345 kJ vs. 1948±1289 kJ; CHO: 68±34 g vs. 77±44 vs. 69±43 g; respectively). DPD periods did not influence the time to consume next meal or energy, macronutrient and core food group intakes for the remainder of the day. Delaying participants from leaving a laboratory alters dietary intake at an ad libitum test meal. The post-meal holding period is an important methodological consideration when planning laboratory studies to assess appetite. Novelty Bullets: 1. Delaying participants from leaving a laboratory alters dietary intake at ad libitum breakfast meals. 2. The length of the delay period did not affect dietary intake at ad libitum breakfast meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Palmer
- Griffith University School of Allied Health Sciences, 548148, Nutrition and Dietetics, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, Australia, 4222;
| | - Christopher Irwin
- Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia, 4222;
| | - Danielle McCartney
- The University of Sydney, 4334, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Gregory Ronald Cox
- Bond University Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, 104559, Nutrition and Dietetics, 2 Promethean Way, Robina, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, 4226;
| | - Ben Desbrow
- Griffith University, School of Allied Health Sciences and Griffith Health Institute, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, 4222.,Gold Coast Campus;
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The potential nutrition-, physical- and health-related benefits of cow's milk for primary-school-aged children. Nutr Res Rev 2021; 35:50-69. [PMID: 33902780 DOI: 10.1017/s095442242100007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cow's milk is a naturally nutrient-dense foodstuff. A significant source of many essential nutrients, its inclusion as a component of a healthy balanced diet has been long recommended. Beyond milk's nutritional value, an increasing body of evidence illustrates cow's milk may confer numerous benefits related to health. Evidence from adult populations suggests that cow's milk may have a role in overall dietary quality, appetite control, hydration and cognitive function. Although evidence is limited compared with the adult literature, these benefits may be echoed in recent paediatric studies. This article, therefore, reviews the scientific literature to provide an evidence-based evaluation of the associated health benefits of cow's milk consumption in primary-school-aged children (4-11 years). We focus on seven key areas related to nutrition and health comprising nutritional status, hydration, dental and bone health, physical stature, cognitive function, and appetite control. The evidence consistently demonstrates cow's milk (plain and flavoured) improves nutritional status in primary-school-aged children. With some confidence, cow's milk also appears beneficial for hydration, dental and bone health and beneficial to neutral concerning physical stature and appetite. Due to conflicting studies, reaching a conclusion has proven difficult concerning cow's milk and cognitive function; therefore, a level of caution should be exercised when interpreting these results. All areas, however, would benefit from further robust investigation, especially in free-living school settings, to verify conclusions. Nonetheless, when the nutritional-, physical- and health-related impact of cow's milk avoidance is considered, the evidence highlights the importance of increasing cow's milk consumption.
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O'Connor D, Pang M, Castelnuovo G, Finlayson G, Blaak E, Gibbons C, Navas-Carretero S, Almiron-Roig E, Harrold J, Raben A, Martinez JA. A rational review on the effects of sweeteners and sweetness enhancers on appetite, food reward and metabolic/adiposity outcomes in adults. Food Funct 2020; 12:442-465. [PMID: 33325948 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02424d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous strategies have been investigated to overcome the excessive weight gain that accompanies a chronic positive energy balance. Most approaches focus on a reduction of energy intake and the improvement of lifestyle habits. The use of high intensity artificial sweeteners, also known as non-caloric sweeteners (NCS), as sugar substitutes in foods and beverages, is rapidly developing. NCS are commonly defined as molecules with a sweetness profile of 30 times higher or more that of sucrose, scarcely contributing to the individual's net energy intake as they are hardly metabolized. The purpose of this review is first, to assess the impact of NCS on eating behaviour, including subjective appetite, food intake, food reward and sensory stimulation; and secondly, to assess the metabolic impact of NCS on body weight regulation, glucose homeostasis and gut health. The evidence reviewed suggests that while some sweeteners have the potential to increase subjective appetite, these effects do not translate in changes in food intake. This is supported by a large body of empirical evidence advocating that the use of NCS facilitates weight management when used alongside other weight management strategies. On the other hand, although NCS are very unlikely to impair insulin metabolism and glycaemic control, some studies suggest that NCS could have putatively undesirable effects, through various indirect mechanisms, on body weight, glycemia, adipogenesis and the gut microbiota; however there is insufficient evidence to determine the degree of such effects. Overall, the available data suggests that NCS can be used to facilitate a reduction in dietary energy content without significant negative effects on food intake behaviour or body metabolism, which would support their potential role in the prevention of obesity as a complementary strategy to other weight management approaches. More research is needed to determine the impact of NCS on metabolic health, in particular gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic O'Connor
- Biopsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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An exploratory investigation of the impact of 'fast' and 'feed' days during intermittent energy restriction on free-living energy balance behaviours and subjective states in women with overweight/obesity. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 75:430-437. [PMID: 32873926 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES This controlled-feeding randomised controlled trial examined free-living appetite and physical activity (PA) on 'fast' and 'feed' days during intermittent energy restriction (IER), compared to continuous energy restriction (CER). SUBJECTS/METHODS Forty-six women with overweight/obesity (age = 35 ± 10 years, BMI = 29.1 ± 2.3 kg/m2) were randomised to IER (n = 24; alternate fast days at 25% energy requirements and ad libitum feed days) or CER (n = 22; 75% energy requirements daily) to ≥5% weight loss (WL) or up to 12 weeks. Self-reported energy intake (EI; online food record), objectively measured PA (SenseWear Armband) and retrospective daily hunger and food cravings were measured over 7 days at baseline, week 2 and final week. Intent-to-treat analyses were performed using linear mixed models. RESULTS Final WL (MΔ = 4.7 [95% confidence interval 4.2, 5.2] kg, 5.9%) did not differ between IER and CER (interaction P = 0.307). During IER, feed-day EI did not differ from baseline and was lower in the final week compared to week 2 (MΔ = 295 [81, 509] kcal, P = 0.004). Daily hunger was greater on fast compared to feed days (MΔ = 15 [10, 21] mm, P < 0.001), but food cravings did not differ. Light PA was lower on fast relative to feed days (MΔ = 18 [2, 34] min/day, P = 0.024), with no other differences in PA. Compared to CER, IER increased hunger and led to smaller improvements in craving control (both interactions P ≤ 0.034). CONCLUSIONS IER fast days were associated with increased free-living hunger and lower light PA compared to feed days, but had no impact on food cravings or self-reported ad libitum daily EI. IER may be less favourable than CER for the free-living day-to-day control of hunger and food cravings.
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Change in eating pattern as a contributor to energy intake and weight gain during the winter holiday period in obese adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1586-1595. [PMID: 32203107 PMCID: PMC7332403 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The winter holiday season in the US, which spans mid-November to mid-January, contributes to over half of annual body weight gain. Although self-reported data has linked this weight change to both increased energy intake and reduced physical activity, objective techniques have never been used and thus the actual cause of holiday weight gain is controversial. Here, we aimed to determine changes in components of energy balance leading to the holiday weight gain. Methods: Body weight change was compared between the pre-holiday (mid-September to mid-November) and the holiday period (mid-November to early January). Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured using doubly labeled water during holiday time (early to mid-December). Subjective (ratings) and physiological (appetite-regulating hormones) measures of appetite, eating-away-from-home frequency, and incentive salience of food pictures were also evaluated. Results: In 23 obese adults (87% female), body weight change during the holidays (0.41 ± 0.42 kg) was significantly higher (P=0.02) than the body weight change during the pre-holiday period (−0.86 kg ± 0.42 kg). The TEE was unchanged during the two periods, suggesting no role of energy expenditure on weight gain. However, participants reported lower satisfaction after a meal pre-load which was significantly correlated with increased body weight during the holiday period. An increase in number of episodes of eating at sit-down restaurants was also reported during that period. Overall, these changing behaviors were supported by a non-significant increase in energy intake (+80 kcal/day, P=0.07) observed during the study holiday period. Conclusion: We conclude that a decrease in energy expenditure does not result in the weight increase, but that an increase in food intake is the more likely cause. Our data imply that compromised internal satiety mechanisms in presence of external food cues and diet related behavioral variables during the holidays may influence this weight gain.
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Oustric P, Thivel D, Dalton M, Beaulieu K, Gibbons C, Hopkins M, Blundell J, Finlayson G. Measuring food preference and reward: Application and cross-cultural adaptation of the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire in human experimental research. Food Qual Prefer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.103824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Mahmud I, Kabir M, Haque R, Garrett TJ. Decoding the Metabolome and Lipidome of Child Malnutrition by Mass Spectrometric Techniques: Present Status and Future Perspectives. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14784-14791. [PMID: 31682425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Child malnutrition (CM) is a global public health problem. It contributes to poor health in one in four children under five years worldwide and causes serious health problems in children, including stunted, wasted, and overweight growth. These serious public health issues lead to a higher chance of living in poverty in adulthood. Malnutrition is related with reduced economic productivity and increases the serious national and international burden. Currently, there is no meaningful therapeutic intervention of CM, and the use of different therapeutic foods has shown poor outcomes among supplemented malnourished children. The role of metabolites and lipids has been extensively recognized as early determinants of child health, but their contribution in CM and its pathobiology are poorly understood. This perspective provides a most recent update on these aspects. After briefly introducing the disciplines of metabolomics and lipidomics, we describe a mass spectrometry-based metabolic workflow for analysis of both metabolites and lipids and summarize several recent applications of metabolomics and lipidomics in CM. Finally, we discuss the future directions of the field toward the development of meaningful interventions for CM through metabolomics and lipidomics advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Mahmud
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine , University of Florida, College of Medicine , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States.,Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics (SECIM), Clinical and Translational Science Institute , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Mamun Kabir
- Emerging Infections and Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Division , International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research , Dhaka 1213 , Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Emerging Infections and Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Division , International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research , Dhaka 1213 , Bangladesh
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine , University of Florida, College of Medicine , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States.,Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics (SECIM), Clinical and Translational Science Institute , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
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15
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Control-theory models of body-weight regulation and body-weight-regulatory appetite. Appetite 2019; 144:104440. [PMID: 31494154 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human body weight (BW), or some variable related to it, is physiologically regulated. That is, negative feedback from changes in BW elicits compensatory influences on appetite, which may be called BW-regulatory appetite, and a component of energy expenditure (EE) called adaptive thermogenesis (AdEE). BW-regulatory appetite is of general significance because it appears to be related to a variety of aspects of human appetite beyond just energy intake. BW regulation, BW-regulatory appetite and AdEE are frequently discussed using concepts derived from control theory, which is the mathematical description of dynamic systems involving negative feedback. The aim of this review is to critically assess these discussions. Two general types of negative-feedback control have been invoked to describe BW regulation, set-point control and simple negative-feedback control, often called settling-point control in the BW literature. The distinguishing feature of set-point systems is the existence of an externally controlled target level of regulation, the set point. The performance of almost any negative-feedback regulatory system, however, can be modeled on the basis of feedback gain without including a set point. In both set-point and simple negative-feedback models of BW regulation, the precision of regulation is usually determined mainly by feedback gain, which refers to the transformations of feedback into compensatory changes in BW-regulatory appetite and AdEE. Stable BW most probably represents equilibria shaped by feedback gain and tonic open-loop challenges, especially obesogenic environments. Data indicate that simple negative-feedback control accurately models human BW regulation and that the set-point concept is superfluous unless its neuroendocrine representation is found in the brain. Additional research aimed at testing control-theory models in humans and non-human animals is warranted.
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Hall KD, Ayuketah A, Brychta R, Cai H, Cassimatis T, Chen KY, Chung ST, Costa E, Courville A, Darcey V, Fletcher LA, Forde CG, Gharib AM, Guo J, Howard R, Joseph PV, McGehee S, Ouwerkerk R, Raisinger K, Rozga I, Stagliano M, Walter M, Walter PJ, Yang S, Zhou M. Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake. Cell Metab 2019; 30:67-77.e3. [PMID: 31105044 PMCID: PMC7946062 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether ultra-processed foods affect energy intake in 20 weight-stable adults, aged (mean ± SE) 31.2 ± 1.6 years and BMI = 27 ± 1.5 kg/m2. Subjects were admitted to the NIH Clinical Center and randomized to receive either ultra-processed or unprocessed diets for 2 weeks immediately followed by the alternate diet for 2 weeks. Meals were designed to be matched for presented calories, energy density, macronutrients, sugar, sodium, and fiber. Subjects were instructed to consume as much or as little as desired. Energy intake was greater during the ultra-processed diet (508 ± 106 kcal/day; p = 0.0001), with increased consumption of carbohydrate (280 ± 54 kcal/day; p < 0.0001) and fat (230 ± 53 kcal/day; p = 0.0004), but not protein (-2 ± 12 kcal/day; p = 0.85). Weight changes were highly correlated with energy intake (r = 0.8, p < 0.0001), with participants gaining 0.9 ± 0.3 kg (p = 0.009) during the ultra-processed diet and losing 0.9 ± 0.3 kg (p = 0.007) during the unprocessed diet. Limiting consumption of ultra-processed foods may be an effective strategy for obesity prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Hall
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Alexis Ayuketah
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert Brychta
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongyi Cai
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Cassimatis
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kong Y Chen
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie T Chung
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elise Costa
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amber Courville
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Valerie Darcey
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura A Fletcher
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ciaran G Forde
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ahmed M Gharib
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juen Guo
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Howard
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paule V Joseph
- National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suzanne McGehee
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ronald Ouwerkerk
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Irene Rozga
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Stagliano
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary Walter
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Walter
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shanna Yang
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Megan Zhou
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Gibbons C, Hopkins M, Beaulieu K, Oustric P, Blundell JE. Issues in Measuring and Interpreting Human Appetite (Satiety/Satiation) and Its Contribution to Obesity. Curr Obes Rep 2019; 8:77-87. [PMID: 31037612 PMCID: PMC6517339 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-019-00340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goals of this paper are to report current research practices in investigations of human appetite control and to assess their relationships with emerging theoretical principles. Appetite is often distinguished by the separation of homeostatic and hedonic processes. RECENT FINDINGS This report assesses the validity of a homeostatic toolkit to measure subjectively perceived hunger and its relationship to the developing processes of satiation (control of meal size) and satiety (control of the post-eating period). The capacity of a procedure to measure the influence of hedonic processes on food intake is also evaluated. A major issue is the relationship between the pattern of eating behaviour (influenced by the underlying drive to eat and the inhibition induced by the act of eating itself) and the parallel underlying profile of hormonal and other metabolic biomarkers. Increasing recognition is being given to individual variability in the expression of appetite, and the fact that the use of the average (mean) response conceals important information about the nature of appetite control. There is a growing interest in the identification of satiety phenotypes that operate in parallel to metabolic phenotypes. Interestingly, energy expenditure (metabolic and behavioural) contributes to an energy balance framework for understanding energy intake (appetite).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gibbons
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, 4 Lifton Place, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Mark Hopkins
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Kristine Beaulieu
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, 4 Lifton Place, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Pauline Oustric
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, 4 Lifton Place, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - John E Blundell
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, 4 Lifton Place, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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18
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Carughi A, Bellisle F, Dougkas A, Giboreau A, Feeney MJ, Higgs J. A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study to Assess Effects of a Daily Pistachio (Pistacia Vera) Afternoon Snack on Next-Meal Energy Intake, Satiety, and Anthropometry in French Women. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040767. [PMID: 30986958 PMCID: PMC6521071 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Including nuts in the diet improves appetite control and does not lead to weight gain. However, for pistachios, evidence from randomized intervention studies is limited and there are no data on the effect of pistachios on satiety. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of daily consumption of pistachios as an afternoon snack on satiety, self-reported energy, self-reported nutrient intake, body weight, and body composition. This randomized controlled pilot study included two parallel groups of 30 healthy French women, in a free-living setting. For four weeks, groups were instructed to consume either 56 g (1318 kJ) of pistachios or 56 g of isoenergetic/equiprotein savory biscuits as an afternoon snack. Evening energy intake, changes in anthropometric measures, and daily intake of energy and selected nutrients were assessed. Visual analogue scales (VAS) were used to rate hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective consumption. Satiety effects were not different between groups, as assessed by evening energy intake or VAS scores. Consuming pistachios or biscuits had no impact on body weight. Thiamin, vitamin B6, copper, and potassium intakes were significantly higher in the pistachio group. Consuming pistachios or biscuits as an afternoon snack resulted in similar post-snack food intake and subjective feelings of satiety. A daily pistachio snack for a month did not affect body weight or composition but it did improve micronutrient intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anestis Dougkas
- Institut Paul Bocuse Research Centre, BP 25-69130 Ecully CEDEX, France.
| | - Agnès Giboreau
- Institut Paul Bocuse Research Centre, BP 25-69130 Ecully CEDEX, France.
| | - Mary Jo Feeney
- Consultant, California Agricultural Boards, Los Altos Hills, CA 94024, USA.
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A carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet acutely decreases postprandial and diurnal glucose excursions in type 2 diabetes patients. Br J Nutr 2019; 119:910-917. [PMID: 29644957 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess whether a simple substitution of carbohydrate in the conventionally recommended diet with protein and fat would result in a clinically meaningful reduction in postprandial hyperglycaemia in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In all, sixteen subjects with T2DM treated with metformin only, fourteen male, with a median age of 65 (43-70) years, HbA1c of 6·5 % (47 mmol/l) (5·5-8·3 % (37-67 mmol/l)) and a BMI of 30 (sd 4·4) kg/m2 participated in the randomised, cross-over study. A carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) diet was compared with an iso-energetic conventional diabetes (CD) diet. Macronutrient contents of the CRHP/CD diets consisted of 31/54 % energy from carbohydrate, 29/16 % energy from protein and 40/30 % energy from fat, respectively. Each diet was consumed on 2 consecutive days in a randomised order. Postprandial glycaemia, pancreatic and gut hormones, as well as satiety, were evaluated at breakfast and lunch. Compared with the CD diet, the CRHP diet reduced postprandial AUC of glucose by 14 %, insulin by 22 % and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide by 17 % (all P<0·001), respectively. Correspondingly, glucagon AUC increased by 33 % (P<0·001), cholecystokinin by 24 % (P=0·004) and satiety scores by 7 % (P=0·035), respectively. A moderate reduction in carbohydrate with an increase in fat and protein in the diet, compared with an energy-matched CD diet, greatly reduced postprandial glucose excursions and resulted in increased satiety in patients with well-controlled T2DM.
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20
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Stote K, Corkum A, Sweeney M, Shakerley N, Kean T, Gottschall-Pass K. Postprandial Effects of Blueberry ( Vaccinium angustifolium) Consumption on Glucose Metabolism, Gastrointestinal Hormone Response, and Perceived Appetite in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010202. [PMID: 30669469 PMCID: PMC6356777 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of blueberries, as well as the phenolic compounds they contain, may alter metabolic processes related to type 2 diabetes. The study investigated the effects of adding 140 g of blueberries to a higher-carbohydrate breakfast meal on postprandial glucose metabolism, gastrointestinal hormone response, and perceived appetite. As part of a randomized crossover design study, 17 healthy adults consumed a standardized higher-carbohydrate breakfast along with 2 treatments: (1) 140 g (1 cup) of whole blueberries and (2) a placebo gel (matched for calories, sugars, and fiber of the whole blueberries). Each subject participated in two 2-h meal tests on separate visits ≥8 days apart. Venous blood samples and perceived appetite ratings using visual analog scales were obtained prior to and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after consuming the breakfast meals. Results show that glucose metabolism, several gastrointestinal hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), peptide YY (PYY) concentrations and perceived appetite did not change significantly with blueberry consumption. However, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) concentrations were statistically significantly higher (p = 0.0367), and the concentrations were higher during 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after consumption of the blueberry breakfast meal than the placebo breakfast meal. Additional research is needed to determine whether blueberries and other flavonoid-rich foods reduce type 2 diabetes risk by modifying gastrointestinal hormones and perceived appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Stote
- Division of Science, Mathematics and Technology, State University of New York, Empire State College, 113 West Avenue, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Adele Corkum
- Departments of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Marva Sweeney
- Departments of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Nicole Shakerley
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | - Terri Kean
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Katherine Gottschall-Pass
- Departments of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
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Myers A, Dalton M, Gibbons C, Finlayson G, Blundell J. Structured, aerobic exercise reduces fat mass and is partially compensated through energy intake but not energy expenditure in women. Physiol Behav 2018; 199:56-65. [PMID: 30414399 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise-induced weight loss is often less than expected and highly variable in men and women. Behavioural compensation for the exercise-induced energy deficit could be through energy intake (EI), non-exercise physical activity (NEPA) or sedentary behaviour (SB). We investigated this issue in women. METHODS Twenty-four overweight [body mass index (BMI) M = 27.9 kg/m2, SD = 2.7] women [age M = 33.1 years, SD = 11.7] completed 12-weeks of supervised exercise (5×500kcal per week) in a non-randomised, pre-post intervention study. Body mass (BM), waist circumference (WC), body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), total daily EI, individual meals, appetite sensations and appetite-related peptides were measured at baseline (week 0) and post-intervention (week 12). Free-living physical activity (PA) and SB were measured (SenseWear) at baseline, week 1 and 10 of the exercise intervention, and at post-intervention (week 13). RESULTS Following the 12-week exercise intervention BM [p = .04], BMI [p = .035], WC [p < .001] and fat mass (FM) [p = .003] were significantly reduced, and fat-free mass (FFM) significantly increased [p = .003]. Total [p = .028], ad libitum [p = .03] and snack box EI [p = .048] were significantly increased and this was accompanied by an increase in hunger [p = .01] and a decrease in fullness [p = .03] before meals. The peptides did not explain changes in appetite [p > .05]. There was no compensatory reduction in NEPA [p > .05] and no increase in SB, rather there was a decrease in SB during the exercise intervention [p = .03]. CONCLUSIONS Twelve-weeks of supervised aerobic exercise resulted in a significant reduction in FM and an increase in FFM. Exercise increased hunger and EI which only partially compensated for the increase in energy expenditure. There was no evidence for a compensatory reduction in NEPA or an increase in SB. Dietary intervention, as an adjunct to exercise, may offset the compensatory increase in EI and result in a greater reduction in BM. TRIAL REGISTRATION Our trial was retrospectively registered on the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Registry (ISRCTN78021668, 27th September 2016) and can be found here: https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN78021668.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Myers
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| | - Michelle Dalton
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Catherine Gibbons
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Research, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Research, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - John Blundell
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Research, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Commentary: Methodological and reporting practices for laboratory studies assessing food intake using fixed and ad libitum test meals. Appetite 2018; 130:336-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Meule A. Standardizing versus measuring food deprivation and hunger. Appetite 2018; 130:328-329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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Reprint of "Methodological and reporting quality in laboratory studies of human eating behavior". Appetite 2018; 130:321-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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25
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Peos JJ, Helms ER, Fournier PA, Sainsbury A. Continuous versus intermittent moderate energy restriction for increased fat mass loss and fat free mass retention in adult athletes: protocol for a randomised controlled trial-the ICECAP trial (Intermittent versus Continuous Energy restriction Compared in an Athlete Population). BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000423. [PMID: 30364484 PMCID: PMC6196972 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Reducing fat mass (FM) while retaining fat free mass (FFM) is a common goal of athletes. Evidence suggests that some-but not all-forms of intermittent energy restriction (IER) may be superior to the conventional method of continuous energy restriction (CER) for people with excess body fat that are sedentary, by reducing some of the adaptive responses to ER. However, it is yet to be established whether this dietary approach is effective for athletes. Methods and analysis A single-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio is proposed. Sixty healthy athletes aged ≥18 years will be recruited from local sporting facilities and randomised to an intervention of either moderate CER (mCER) or moderate IER (mIER). Both interventions will consist of 12 weeks of moderate ER, plus 3 weeks in energy balance (EB). The mCER intervention will entail 12 weeks of continuous moderate ER, followed by 3 weeks in EB. The mIER intervention will entail 12 weeks of moderate ER, administered as 4×3 week blocks of moderate ER, interspersed with 3×1 week blocks of EB. The co-primary outcomes are changes in FM and FFM after 12 weeks of moderate ER. Secondary outcomes will be changes in FM and FFM at 15 weeks after intervention commencement, as well as muscle performance, physical activity, sleep quality, changes in resting energy expenditure, subjective drive to eat, circulating concentrations of appetite-regulating hormones, mood states and diet acceptability. Trial registration ACTRN12618000638235p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson J Peos
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eric R Helms
- Sports Performance Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, at AUT Millennium, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul A Fournier
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Chen Y, Lauren S, Chang BP, Shechter A. Objective Food Intake in Night and Day Shift Workers: A Laboratory Study. Clocks Sleep 2018; 1:42-49. [PMID: 30467558 PMCID: PMC6241525 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep1010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Night shift work is associated with risk of overweight and obesity. In night shift workers, short sleep duration combined with circadian misalignment may contribute to altered food intake regulation, favoring positive energy balance and weight gain. Prior work investigating food intake in shift workers has suffered methodologically due to reliance on subjective self-report for dietary assessment. No study has yet been done to examine the impact of night shift work on food intake in real-life shift workers using objective measures. Female day (n = 12) and night (n = 12) shift workers from a hospital setting participated in a laboratory-based objective food intake assessment. Participants entered the laboratory in the fasted state after awakening from the sleep episode following a final work shift, and underwent an ad libitum 14-item test meal buffet to objectively quantify food choice/intake. Sleep duration (measured via wrist-accelerometry) during the sleep episode before laboratory assessment was significantly longer in day vs. night workers (373.9 ± 127.5 vs. 260.6 ± 102.9 min, p = 0.03). No significant group difference was observed in calories consumed during the test meal (943.08 ± 469.55 vs. 878.58 ± 442.68 kcal, p = 0.74). When expressed as percent of energy consumed, day workers had higher protein consumption vs. night workers (16.03 ± 5.69 vs. 11.82 ± 4.05%; p = 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first laboratory-based behavioral assessment of food choice/intake in actual night and day shift workers. Although not studied here, work by others has linked protein intake to satiety. This may be a potential pathway placing shift workers at risk for overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichi Chen
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (Y.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Shaza Lauren
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (Y.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Bernard P Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Ari Shechter
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Samkani A, Skytte MJ, Thomsen MN, Astrup A, Deacon CF, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Rehfeld JF, Krarup T, Haugaard SB. Acute Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Restriction on Glycemia, Lipemia and Appetite Regulating Hormones in Normal-Weight to Obese Subjects. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091285. [PMID: 30213037 PMCID: PMC6163561 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial responses to food are highly dependent on the macronutrient composition of the diet. We investigated the acute effects of transition from the recommended moderately high carbohydrate (HC) diet towards a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) diet on postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, lipemia, and appetite-regulating hormones in non-diabetic adults. Fourteen subjects, including five males (Mean ± SD: age 62 ± 6.5; BMI 32 ± 7.6 kg/m2; hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 40 ± 3.0 mmol/mol; HOMA2-IR 2.1 ± 0.9) were included in this randomized, cross-over study. Iso-caloric diets were consumed for two consecutive days with a median wash-out period of 21 days (range 2–8 weeks) between diets (macronutrient energy composition: CRHP/HC; 31%/54% carbohydrate, 29%/16% protein, 40%/30% fat). Postprandial glucose, insulin secretion rate (ISR), triglycerides (TGs), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and satiety ratings were assessed after ingestion of breakfast (Br) and lunch (Lu), and gut hormones and glucagon were assessed after ingestion of Br. Compared with the HC diet, the CRHP diet reduced peak glucose concentrations (Br 11%, p = 0.024; Lu 11%, p < 0.001), glucose excursions (Br 80%, p = 0.20; Lu 85%, p < 0.001), and ISR (Br 31%; Lu 64%, both p < 0.001) whereas CRHP, as compared with HC, increased glucagon-like peptide-1 (Br 27%, p = 0.015) and glucagon values (Br 249%, p < 0.001). NEFA and TG levels increased in the CRHP diet as compared with the HC diet after Br, but no difference was found after Lu (NEFA Br 22%, p < 0.01; TG Br 42%, p = 0.012). Beta-cell glucose sensitivity, insulin clearance, cholecystokinin values, and subjective satiety ratings were unaffected. It is possible to achieve a reduction in postprandial glycemia and insulin without a deleterious effect on beta-cell glucose sensitivity by substituting part of dietary carbohydrate with iso-caloric protein and fat in subjects without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The metabolic effects are more pronounced after the second meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirsalar Samkani
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
| | - Mads J Skytte
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
| | - Mads N Thomsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-1017 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Carolyn F Deacon
- Endocrinology Research Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1017 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
- Section for Translational Physiology, NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-1017 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Jens J Holst
- Endocrinology Research Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1017 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
- Section for Translational Physiology, NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-1017 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager Hvidovre, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thure Krarup
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
| | - Steen B Haugaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager Hvidovre, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
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Pasman WJ, Hendriks HFJ, Minekus MM, de Ligt RAF, Scholtes-Timmerman MJ, Clabbers NDS, Leonards NM, Johnson J, Bellmann S. Subjective feelings of appetite of wholegrain breakfasts evaluated under controlled, laboratory and 'at home' conditions. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:285-291. [PMID: 29913230 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appetite regulating properties of foods are usually investigated under laboratory conditions, whereas in real life, foods are consumed under at home conditions. The objective of this study was to compare the acute effects of breakfasts when tested in a laboratory condition and in an at home condition. Appetite regulating properties of two bread breakfasts and two cereal breakfasts were also compared. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In this randomized cross-over trial balanced for laboratory and at home test conditions, thirty-two women consumed five breakfasts, i.e. two bread breakfasts, two cereal breakfasts and one fried-egg breakfast. Visual analogue scales for measuring appetite were captured via an on-line scoring system and were analyzed as incremental area under the curve, as satiation phase and as satiety phase. RESULTS Location effects were limited to two small effects only. An overall location effect in hunger feelings was observed (p = 0.040), which occurred specifically during the short satiation period (p = 0.0002) where hunger feelings scored higher under laboratory conditions. Similarly, a location effect was observed for desire to eat (p = 0.001); this was again higher under laboratory conditions. No other location effects were observed. Bread breakfasts did not differ in their appetite regulating properties. The Steel Cut oatmeal breakfast was reported to be more satiating (p = 0.001) as compared to the ready-to-eat cereal. CONCLUSIONS Whereas the five breakfasts varied somewhat in their appetite regulating properties, evaluation under laboratory conditions overall did not result in different appetite scores compared to the at home conditions. This suggests that at home testing may be a useful alternative to laboratory test conditions for nutrition research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jodee Johnson
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo R&D Nutrition Sciences, Barrington, IL, USA
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Robinson E, Bevelander KE, Field M, Jones A. Methodological and reporting quality in laboratory studies of human eating behavior. Appetite 2018; 125:486-491. [PMID: 29452224 PMCID: PMC5890731 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The methodological quality and reporting practices of laboratory studies of human eating behavior determine the validity and replicability of nutrition science. The aim of this research was to examine basic methodology and reporting practices in recent representative laboratory studies of human eating behavior. We examined laboratory studies of human eating behavior (N = 140 studies) published during 2016. Basic methodology (e.g., sample size, use of participant blinding) and reporting practices (e.g., information on participant characteristics) were assessed for each study. Some information relating to participant characteristics (e.g., age, gender) and study methodology (e.g., length of washout periods in within-subjects studies) were reported in the majority of studies. However, other aspects of study reporting, including participant eligibility criteria and how sample size was determined were frequently not reported. Studies often did not appear to standardize pre-test meal appetite or attempt to blind participants to study aims. The average sample size of studies was small (between-subjects design studies in particular) and the primary statistical analyses in a number of studies (24%) were reliant on very small sample sizes that would be likely to produce unreliable results. There are basic methodology and reporting practices in the laboratory study of human eating behavior that are sub-optimal and this is likely to be affecting the validity and replicability of research. Recommendations to address these issues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Robinson
- Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK.
| | - Kirsten E Bevelander
- Behavioural Science Institute, Communication Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matt Field
- Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Andrew Jones
- Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
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30
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Coumans JM, Danner UN, Intemann T, De Decker A, Hadjigeorgiou C, Hunsberger M, Moreno LA, Russo P, Stomfai S, Veidebaum T, Adan RA, Hebestreit A. Emotion-driven impulsiveness and snack food consumption of European adolescents: Results from the I.Family study. Appetite 2018; 123:152-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Rock CL, Flatt SW, Barkai HS, Pakiz B, Heath DD. Walnut consumption in a weight reduction intervention: effects on body weight, biological measures, blood pressure and satiety. Nutr J 2017; 16:76. [PMID: 29202751 PMCID: PMC5715655 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary strategies that help patients adhere to a weight reduction diet may increase the likelihood of weight loss maintenance and improved long-term health outcomes. Regular nut consumption has been associated with better weight management and less adiposity. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of a walnut-enriched reduced-energy diet to a standard reduced-energy-density diet on weight, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and satiety. METHODS Overweight and obese men and women (n = 100) were randomly assigned to a standard reduced-energy-density diet or a walnut-enriched (15% of energy) reduced-energy diet in the context of a behavioral weight loss intervention. Measurements were obtained at baseline and 3- and 6-month clinic visits. Participants rated hunger, fullness and anticipated prospective consumption at 3 time points during the intervention. Body measurements, blood pressure, physical activity, lipids, tocopherols and fatty acids were analyzed using repeated measures mixed models. RESULTS Both study groups reduced body weight, body mass index and waist circumference (time effect p < 0.001 for each). Change in weight was -9.4 (0.9)% vs. -8.9 (0.7)% (mean [SE]), for the standard vs. walnut-enriched diet groups, respectively. Systolic blood pressure decreased in both groups at 3 months, but only the walnut-enriched diet group maintained a lower systolic blood pressure at 6 months. The walnut-enriched diet group, but not the standard reduced-energy-density diet group, reduced total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) at 6 months, from 203 to 194 mg/dL and 121 to 112 mg/dL, respectively (p < 0.05). Self-reported satiety was similar in the groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide further evidence that a walnut-enriched reduced-energy diet can promote weight loss that is comparable to a standard reduced-energy-density diet in the context of a behavioral weight loss intervention. Although weight loss in response to both dietary strategies was associated with improvements in cardiovascular disease risk factors, the walnut-enriched diet promoted more favorable effects on LDL-C and systolic blood pressure. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered at ( NCT02501889 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Rock
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 3077, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0901, USA.
| | - Shirley W Flatt
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 3077, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0901, USA
| | - Hava-Shoshana Barkai
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 3077, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0901, USA
| | - Bilge Pakiz
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 3077, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0901, USA
| | - Dennis D Heath
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 3077, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0901, USA
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32
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Hopkins M, Beaulieu K, Myers A, Gibbons C, Blundell JE. Mechanisms responsible for homeostatic appetite control: theoretical advances and practical implications. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2017; 12:401-415. [PMID: 30063436 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2017.1395693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Homeostatic appetite control is part of a psychobiological system that has evolved to maintain an adequate supply of nutrients for growth and maintenance. The system links the physiological needs for energy with the behaviour that satisfies these needs (feeding), and is shaped by excitatory and inhibitory signals. Owing to rapid shifts in the food environment, homeostatic appetite control is not well adapted for modern-day human functioning. Areas covered: Homeostatic appetite control has two divisions. Tonic processes exert stable and enduring influences, with signals arising from bodily tissues and metabolism. Episodic processes fluctuate rapidly and are related to nutrient ingestion and the composition of foods consumed. Research in these areas incorporates potent endocrine signals that can influence behaviour. Expert commentary: The regulation of adipose tissue, and its impact on appetite (energy) homeostasis, has been heavily researched. More recently however, it has been demonstrated that fat-free mass has the potential to act as a tonic driver of food intake. A challenging issue is to determine how the post-prandial action of episodic satiety hormones and gastrointestinal mechanisms can effectively brake the metabolic drive to eat, in order to keep food intake under control and prevent a positive energy balance and fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hopkins
- a School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Kristine Beaulieu
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Anna Myers
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Catherine Gibbons
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - John E Blundell
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
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33
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Rock CL, Flatt SW, Barkai HS, Pakiz B, Heath DD. A walnut-containing meal had similar effects on early satiety, CCK, and PYY, but attenuated the postprandial GLP-1 and insulin response compared to a nut-free control meal. Appetite 2017; 117:51-57. [PMID: 28610906 PMCID: PMC5822690 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Regular nut consumption is associated with lower adiposity and reduced weight gain in adulthood. Walnut feeding studies have observed minimal effect on body weight despite potential additional energy intake. Several mechanisms may explain why consuming nuts promotes weight control, including increased early phase satiety, possibly reflected in postprandial response of gastrointestinal and pancreatic peptides hypothesized to affect appetite. The purpose of this study was to compare postprandial insulin, glucagon and gastrointestinal peptide response and satiety following a meal with ∼54% of energy from walnuts or cream cheese, using a within-subject crossover study design in overweight/obese adults (N = 28). Sixty minutes after the walnut-containing meal, glucagon-like peptide-1 was lower than after the reference meal (p=0.0433), and peptide YY, cholecystokinin and ghrelin did not differ after the two meals. Sixty and 120 min after the walnut-containing meal, pancreatic polypeptide (p = 0.0014 and p = 0.0002) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0079) were lower than after the reference meal, and 120 min after the walnut-containing meal, glucagon was higher (p=0.0069). Insulin and C-peptide increased at 60 min in response to both meals but were lower at 120 min after the walnut-containing meal (p=0.0349 and 0.0237, respectively). Satiety measures were similar after both meals. These findings fail to support the hypothesis that acute postprandial gastrointestinal peptide response to a walnut-containing meal contributes to increased satiety. However, inclusion of walnuts attenuated the postprandial insulin response, which may contribute to the more favorable lipid profile observed in association with regular walnut consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Rock
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901, USA.
| | - Shirley W Flatt
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901, USA
| | - Hava-Shoshana Barkai
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901, USA
| | - Bilge Pakiz
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901, USA
| | - Dennis D Heath
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901, USA
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Polugrudov A, Popov S, Smirnov V, Panev A, Ascheulova E, Kuznetsova E, Tserne T, Borisenkov M. Association of social jetlag experienced by young northerners with their appetite after having breakfast. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2017.1323391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Artem Polugrudov
- Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Centre, The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Sergey Popov
- Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Centre, The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Vasily Smirnov
- Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Centre, The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Alexander Panev
- Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Centre, The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Ascheulova
- Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Centre, The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Kuznetsova
- Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Centre, The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Tatyana Tserne
- Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Centre, The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Mikhail Borisenkov
- Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Centre, The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Syktyvkar, Russia
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Robinson E, Haynes A, Hardman CA, Kemps E, Higgs S, Jones A. The bogus taste test: Validity as a measure of laboratory food intake. Appetite 2017; 116:223-231. [PMID: 28476629 PMCID: PMC5504774 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Because overconsumption of food contributes to ill health, understanding what affects how much people eat is of importance. The ‘bogus’ taste test is a measure widely used in eating behaviour research to identify factors that may have a causal effect on food intake. However, there has been no examination of the validity of the bogus taste test as a measure of food intake. We conducted a participant level analysis of 31 published laboratory studies that used the taste test to measure food intake. We assessed whether the taste test was sensitive to experimental manipulations hypothesized to increase or decrease food intake. We examined construct validity by testing whether participant sex, hunger and liking of taste test food were associated with the amount of food consumed in the taste test. In addition, we also examined whether BMI (body mass index), trait measures of dietary restraint and over-eating in response to palatable food cues were associated with food consumption. Results indicated that the taste test was sensitive to experimental manipulations hypothesized to increase or decrease food intake. Factors that were reliably associated with increased consumption during the taste test were being male, have a higher baseline hunger, liking of the taste test food and a greater tendency to overeat in response to palatable food cues, whereas trait dietary restraint and BMI were not. These results indicate that the bogus taste test is likely to be a valid measure of food intake and can be used to identify factors that have a causal effect on food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Robinson
- Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, UK.
| | - Ashleigh Haynes
- Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Eva Kemps
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Jones
- Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, UK
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36
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Hall KD, Guo J. Obesity Energetics: Body Weight Regulation and the Effects of Diet Composition. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1718-1727.e3. [PMID: 28193517 PMCID: PMC5568065 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Weight changes are accompanied by imbalances between calorie intake and expenditure. This fact is often misinterpreted to suggest that obesity is caused by gluttony and sloth and can be treated by simply advising people to eat less and move more. Rather various components of energy balance are dynamically interrelated and weight loss is resisted by counterbalancing physiological processes. While low-carbohydrate diets have been suggested to partially subvert these processes by increasing energy expenditure and promoting fat loss, our meta-analysis of 32 controlled feeding studies with isocaloric substitution of carbohydrate for fat found that both energy expenditure (26 kcal/d; P <.0001) and fat loss (16 g/d; P <.0001) were greater with lower fat diets. We review the components of energy balance and the mechanisms acting to resist weight loss in the context of static, settling point, and set-point models of body weight regulation, with the set-point model being most commensurate with current data.
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Polidori D, Sanghvi A, Seeley RJ, Hall KD. How Strongly Does Appetite Counter Weight Loss? Quantification of the Feedback Control of Human Energy Intake. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:2289-2295. [PMID: 27804272 PMCID: PMC5108589 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the feedback control of energy intake in response to long-term covert manipulation of energy balance in free-living humans. METHODS A validated mathematical method was used to calculate energy intake changes during a 52-week placebo-controlled trial in 153 patients treated with canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitor that increases urinary glucose excretion, thereby resulting in weight loss without patients being directly aware of the energy deficit. The relationship between the body weight time course and the calculated energy intake changes was analyzed using principles from engineering control theory. RESULTS It was discovered that weight loss leads to a proportional increase in appetite resulting in eating above baseline by ∼100 kcal/day per kilogram of lost weight-an amount more than threefold larger than the corresponding energy expenditure adaptations. CONCLUSIONS While energy expenditure adaptations have often been considered the main reason for slowing of weight loss and subsequent regain, feedback control of energy intake plays an even larger role and helps explain why long-term maintenance of a reduced body weight is so difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Polidori
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Arjun Sanghvi
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin D Hall
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Tucker AJ, Heap S, Ingram J, Law M, Wright AJ. Postprandial appetite ratings are reproducible and moderately related to total day energy intakes, but not ad libitum lunch energy intakes, in healthy young women. Appetite 2016; 99:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gibbons C, Finlayson G, Caudwell P, Webb DL, Hellström PM, Näslund E, Blundell JE. Postprandial profiles of CCK after high fat and high carbohydrate meals and the relationship to satiety in humans. Peptides 2016; 77:3-8. [PMID: 26429068 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT CCK is understood to play a major role in appetite regulation. Difficulties in measuring CCK have limited the potential to assess its profile in relation to food-induced satiety. Improvements in methodology and progress in theoretical understanding of satiety/satiation make it timely for this to be revisited. OBJECTIVE First, examine how physiologically relevant postprandial CCK8/33(s) profiles are influenced by fat (HF) or carbohydrate (HCHO) meals. Second, to examine relationships between postprandial CCK and profiles of satiety (hunger/fullness) and satiation (meal size). PARTICIPANTS AND DESIGN Sixteen overweight/obese adults (11 females/5 males) participated in a randomised-crossover study (46 years, 29.8 kg/m(2)) in a university research centre. Plasma was collected preprandially and for 180 min postprandially. Simultaneously, ratings of hunger/fullness were tracked for 180 min before an ad libitum lunch was provided. RESULTS CCK8/33(s) levels increased more rapidly and reached a higher peak following HF compared to HCHO breakfast (F(1,15)=14.737, p<0.01). Profiles of hunger/fullness did not differ between conditions (F(1,15)=0.505, p=0.488; F(1,15)=2.277, p=0.152). There was no difference in energy intake from the ad libitum meal (HF-3958 versus HCHO-3925 kJ; t(14)=0.201, p=0.844). CCK8/33(s) profiles were not associated with subjective appetite during early and late phases of satiety; nor was there an association between CCK8/33(s) and meal size. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate CCK levels were higher after HF meal compared to HCHO isocaloric meal. There was no association between CCK levels and intensity of satiety, or with meal size. Under these circumstances, CCK does not appear to play a unique independent role in satiety/satiation. CCK probably acts in conjunction with other peptides and the action of the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gibbons
- Biopsychology Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Biopsychology Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Phillipa Caudwell
- Biopsychology Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Dominic-Luc Webb
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per M Hellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Näslund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John E Blundell
- Biopsychology Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Camilleri M, Acosta A. Gastrointestinal traits: individualizing therapy for obesity with drugs and devices. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 83:48-56. [PMID: 26271184 PMCID: PMC4548831 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aims of this article were to review the discrepancy between numbers of people requiring weight loss treatment and results and to assess the potential effects of pharmacologic treatments (recently approved for obesity) and endoscopically deployed devices on quantitative GI traits in development for obesity treatment. METHODS We conducted a review of relevant literature to achieve our objectives. RESULTS The 2013 guidelines increased the number of adults recommended for weight loss treatment by 20.9% (116.0 million to 140.2 million). There is an imbalance between efficacy and costs of commercial weight loss programs and drug therapy (average weight loss about 5 kg). The number of bariatric procedures performed in the United States has doubled in the past decade. The efficacy of bariatric surgery is attributed to reduction in the volume of the stomach, nutrient malabsorption with some types of surgery, increased postprandial incretin responses, and activation of farnesoid X receptor mechanisms. These GI and behavioral traits identify sub-phenotypes of obesity, based on recent research. CONCLUSIONS The mechanisms or traits targeted by drug and device treatments include centrally mediated alterations of appetite or satiation, diversion of nutrients, and alteration of stomach capacity, gastric emptying, or incretin hormones. Future treatment may be individualized based on quantitative GI and behavioral traits measured in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andres Acosta
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Raffan E, Smith SP, O'Rahilly S, Wardle J. Development, factor structure and application of the Dog Obesity Risk and Appetite (DORA) questionnaire. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1278. [PMID: 26468435 PMCID: PMC4592153 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Dogs are compelling models in which to study obesity since the condition shares many characteristics between humans and dogs. Differences in eating behaviour are recognised to contribute to obesity susceptibility in other species but this has not been systematically studied in dogs. Aim. To develop and validate an owner-reported measure of canine eating behaviour and owner or dog related factors which can alter the development of obesity. Further, to then test variation in food-motivation in dogs and its association with obesity and owner management. Methods. Owner interviews, a literature review and existing human appetite scales were used to identify relevant topics and generate items for the questionnaire. Following a pilot phase, a 75 item online questionnaire was distributed via social media. Responses from 302 dog/owner dyads were analysed and factor structure and descriptive statistics calculated. Results were compared with descriptions of dog behaviour and management from a subset of respondents during semi-structured interviews. The optimum questions were disseminated as a 34 item final questionnaire completed by 213 owners, with a subset of respondents repeating the questionnaire 3 weeks later to assess test–retest reliability. Results. Analysis of responses to the final questionnaire relating to 213 dog/owner dyads showed a coherent factor structure and good test–retest reliability. There were three dog factors (food responsiveness and satiety, lack of selectivity, Interest in food), four owner factors (owner motivation to control dog weight, owner intervention to control dog weight, restriction of human food, exercise taken) and two dog health factors (signs of gastrointestinal disease, current poor health). Eating behaviour differed between individuals and between breed groups. High scores on dog factors (high food-motivation) and low scores on owner factors (less rigorous control of diet/exercise) were associated with obesity. Owners of more highly food-motivated dogs exerted more control over their dogs’ food intake than those of less food-motivated dogs. Conclusions. The DORA questionnaire is a reliable and informative owner-reported measure of canine eating behaviour and health and management factors which can be associated with obesity development. The tool will be applicable to study of the canine obesity model and to clinical veterinarians. Results revealed eating behaviour to be similarly associated with obesity as exercise and owners giving titbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Raffan
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Smith
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Jane Wardle
- Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, University of London , London , United Kingdom
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Acosta A, Camilleri M, Shin A, Vazquez-Roque MI, Iturrino J, Lanza IR, Nair KS, Burton D, O'Neill J, Eckert D, Carlson P, Vella A, Zinsmeister AR. Association of UCP-3 rs1626521 with obesity and stomach functions in humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:898-906. [PMID: 25755013 PMCID: PMC4380685 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of gene variants of uncoupling proteins (UCP)-2 and -3 with obesity and gastrointestinal (GI) traits. METHODS In 255 overweight or obese adults, the associations of gene variants in UCP-2 (-3474, rs659366) and UCP-3 (rs1626521, rs2075577, rs15763) with body weight (BW) and GI traits were studied. Gene variants were genotyped by TaqMan® assay. The associations of genotypes with BW and GI traits (gastric emptying, gastric volume, satiety by buffet meal, satiation by nutrient drink test and GI hormones) were assessed using ANOVA corrected for false detection rate (FDR). RESULTS A novel UCP-3 gene variant, rs1626521, was identified; it was associated with BW (P = 0.039), waist circumference (P = 0.035), and significantly higher postprandial gastric volume (P = 0.003) and calories ingested at buffet meal (P = 0.006, both significant with FDR). In a subgroup of 11 participants, rs1626521 was also associated with reduced mitochondrial bioenergetics efficiency in skeletal muscle (P = 0.051). In an in vitro study in HEK293 cells, rs1626521 reduced UCP-3 protein expression (P = 0.049). Associations detected between other genotypes and GI traits were nonsignificant with FDR. CONCLUSIONS A newly identified functional variant (rs1626521) in UCP-3 affects postprandial gastric functions and satiety and may contribute to weight gain and alter human mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Acosta
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Val-Laillet D, Aarts E, Weber B, Ferrari M, Quaresima V, Stoeckel L, Alonso-Alonso M, Audette M, Malbert C, Stice E. Neuroimaging and neuromodulation approaches to study eating behavior and prevent and treat eating disorders and obesity. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 8:1-31. [PMID: 26110109 PMCID: PMC4473270 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Functional, molecular and genetic neuroimaging has highlighted the existence of brain anomalies and neural vulnerability factors related to obesity and eating disorders such as binge eating or anorexia nervosa. In particular, decreased basal metabolism in the prefrontal cortex and striatum as well as dopaminergic alterations have been described in obese subjects, in parallel with increased activation of reward brain areas in response to palatable food cues. Elevated reward region responsivity may trigger food craving and predict future weight gain. This opens the way to prevention studies using functional and molecular neuroimaging to perform early diagnostics and to phenotype subjects at risk by exploring different neurobehavioral dimensions of the food choices and motivation processes. In the first part of this review, advantages and limitations of neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), pharmacogenetic fMRI and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) will be discussed in the context of recent work dealing with eating behavior, with a particular focus on obesity. In the second part of the review, non-invasive strategies to modulate food-related brain processes and functions will be presented. At the leading edge of non-invasive brain-based technologies is real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) neurofeedback, which is a powerful tool to better understand the complexity of human brain-behavior relationships. rtfMRI, alone or when combined with other techniques and tools such as EEG and cognitive therapy, could be used to alter neural plasticity and learned behavior to optimize and/or restore healthy cognition and eating behavior. Other promising non-invasive neuromodulation approaches being explored are repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS). Converging evidence points at the value of these non-invasive neuromodulation strategies to study basic mechanisms underlying eating behavior and to treat its disorders. Both of these approaches will be compared in light of recent work in this field, while addressing technical and practical questions. The third part of this review will be dedicated to invasive neuromodulation strategies, such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS). In combination with neuroimaging approaches, these techniques are promising experimental tools to unravel the intricate relationships between homeostatic and hedonic brain circuits. Their potential as additional therapeutic tools to combat pharmacorefractory morbid obesity or acute eating disorders will be discussed, in terms of technical challenges, applicability and ethics. In a general discussion, we will put the brain at the core of fundamental research, prevention and therapy in the context of obesity and eating disorders. First, we will discuss the possibility to identify new biological markers of brain functions. Second, we will highlight the potential of neuroimaging and neuromodulation in individualized medicine. Third, we will introduce the ethical questions that are concomitant to the emergence of new neuromodulation therapies.
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Key Words
- 5-HT, serotonin
- ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- AN, anorexia nervosa
- ANT, anterior nucleus of the thalamus
- B N, bulimia nervosa
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- BED, binge eating disorder
- BMI, body mass index
- BOLD, blood oxygenation level dependent
- BS, bariatric surgery
- Brain
- CBF, cerebral blood flow
- CCK, cholecystokinin
- Cg25, subgenual cingulate cortex
- DA, dopamine
- DAT, dopamine transporter
- DBS, deep brain stimulation
- DBT, deep brain therapy
- DTI, diffusion tensor imaging
- ED, eating disorders
- EEG, electroencephalography
- Eating disorders
- GP, globus pallidus
- HD-tDCS, high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HHb, deoxygenated-hemoglobin
- Human
- LHA, lateral hypothalamus
- MER, microelectrode recording
- MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Nac, nucleus accumbens
- Neuroimaging
- Neuromodulation
- O2Hb, oxygenated-hemoglobin
- OCD, obsessive–compulsive disorder
- OFC, orbitofrontal cortex
- Obesity
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PFC, prefrontal cortex
- PYY, peptide tyrosine tyrosine
- SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography
- STN, subthalamic nucleus
- TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation
- TRD, treatment-resistant depression
- VBM, voxel-based morphometry
- VN, vagus nerve
- VNS, vagus nerve stimulation
- VS, ventral striatum
- VTA, ventral tegmental area
- aCC, anterior cingulate cortex
- dTMS, deep transcranial magnetic stimulation
- daCC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
- dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging
- fNIRS, functional near-infrared spectroscopy
- lPFC, lateral prefrontal cortex
- pCC, posterior cingulate cortex
- rCBF, regional cerebral blood flow
- rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
- rtfMRI, real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging
- tACS, transcranial alternate current stimulation
- tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation
- tRNS, transcranial random noise stimulation
- vlPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
- vmH, ventromedial hypothalamus
- vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Aarts
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B. Weber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - M. Ferrari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - V. Quaresima
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - L.E. Stoeckel
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - M. Alonso-Alonso
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, USA
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