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Ross MG, Kavasery MP, Cervantes MK, Han G, Horta B, Coca KP, Costa SO, Desai M. High-Fat, High-Calorie Breast Milk in Women with Overweight or Obesity and Its Association with Maternal Serum Insulin Concentration and Triglycerides Levels. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:141. [PMID: 38397253 PMCID: PMC10887191 DOI: 10.3390/children11020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The childhood obesity epidemic continues to be a challenge. Maternal obesity and excessive infant weight gain are strong predictors of childhood obesity, which itself is a major risk factor for adult obesity. The primary source of nutrition during early life is breast milk, and its composition is impacted by maternal habitus and diet. We thus studied the relationship between maternal BMI, serum lipids and insulin, and breast milk fat and calorie content from foremilk to hindmilk. Women who were exclusively breastfeeding at 7-8 weeks postpartum were BMI classified as Normal (18.5-24.9, n = 9) and women with Overweight/Obese (OW/OB ≥ 25, n = 13). Maternal blood and continuous breast milk samples obtained from foremilk to hindmilk were analyzed, and infant milk intake was assessed. Women with OW/OB had significantly higher milk fat and calorie content in the first foremilk and last hindmilk sample as compared to Normal BMI women. Amongst all women, maternal serum triglycerides, insulin, and HOMA were significantly correlated with foremilk triglyceride concentration, suggesting that maternal serum triglyceride and insulin action contribute to human milk fat content. As the milk fat content of OW/OB women has caloric implications for infant growth and childhood obesity, these results suggest the potential for modulating milk fat content by a reduction in maternal serum lipids or insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Ross
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA 90502, USA;
- The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, RB3 Building, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (M.P.K.); (M.K.C.); (G.H.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Manasa P. Kavasery
- The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, RB3 Building, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (M.P.K.); (M.K.C.); (G.H.)
| | - MacKenzie K. Cervantes
- The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, RB3 Building, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (M.P.K.); (M.K.C.); (G.H.)
| | - Guang Han
- The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, RB3 Building, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (M.P.K.); (M.K.C.); (G.H.)
| | - Bernardo Horta
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, Brazil;
| | - Kelly P. Coca
- Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil;
| | - Suleyma O. Costa
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil;
| | - Mina Desai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA 90502, USA;
- The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, RB3 Building, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (M.P.K.); (M.K.C.); (G.H.)
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Lecoutre S, Maqdasy S, Lambert M, Breton C. The Impact of Maternal Obesity on Adipose Progenitor Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3252. [PMID: 38137473 PMCID: PMC10741630 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) postulates that adult-onset metabolic disorders may originate from suboptimal conditions during critical embryonic and fetal programming windows. In particular, nutritional disturbance during key developmental stages may program the set point of adiposity and its associated metabolic diseases later in life. Numerous studies in mammals have reported that maternal obesity and the resulting accelerated growth in neonates may affect adipocyte development, resulting in persistent alterations in adipose tissue plasticity (i.e., adipocyte proliferation and storage) and adipocyte function (i.e., insulin resistance, impaired adipokine secretion, reduced thermogenesis, and higher inflammation) in a sex- and depot-specific manner. Over recent years, adipose progenitor cells (APCs) have been shown to play a crucial role in adipose tissue plasticity, essential for its development, maintenance, and expansion. In this review, we aim to provide insights into the developmental timeline of lineage commitment and differentiation of APCs and their role in predisposing individuals to obesity and metabolic diseases. We present data supporting the possible implication of dysregulated APCs and aberrant perinatal adipogenesis through epigenetic mechanisms as a primary mechanism responsible for long-lasting adipose tissue dysfunction in offspring born to obese mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lecoutre
- Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approach Research Group, Nutriomics, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Salwan Maqdasy
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet Hospital, C2-94, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Mélanie Lambert
- U978 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-93022 Bobigny, France;
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Alliance Sorbonne Paris Cité, Labex Inflamex, F-93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Christophe Breton
- Maternal Malnutrition and Programming of Metabolic Diseases, Université de Lille, EA4489, F-59000 Lille, France
- U1283-UMR8199-EGID, Université de Lille, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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3
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Gilley SP, Harrall KK, Friedman C, Glueck DH, Cohen CC, Perng W, Sauder KA, Krebs NF, Shankar K, Dabelea D. Association of Maternal BMI and Rapid Infant Weight Gain With Childhood Body Size and Composition. Pediatrics 2023; 151:e2022059244. [PMID: 37016999 PMCID: PMC11033707 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-059244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Maternal prepregnancy BMI (ppBMI) and an infant's rapid weight gain (RWG) are each associated with increased risk for childhood obesity. We hypothesized that ppBMI and RWG interact to further raise childhood obesity risk. METHODS Mother-infant dyads (n = 414) from the Healthy Start Study, an observational prebirth cohort, were included. RWG was defined as a weight-for-age z score increase of ≥0.67 from birth to 3 to 7 months. Body composition was measured by air displacement plethysmography at age 4 to 7 years. General linear regression models were fit to characterize associations between ppBMI, RWG, and their interaction with the outcomes of childhood BMI-for-age z score and percent fat mass (%FM). RESULTS A total of 18.6% (n = 77) of offspring experienced RWG. Maternal ppBMI and RWG were both positively associated with offspring BMI z score and %FM. RWG amplified the association between ppBMI and BMI z score, especially among females. Females exposed to maternal obesity and RWG had an average BMI at the 94th percentile (1.50 increase in childhood BMI z score) compared with those exposed to normal ppBMI and no RWG (average childhood BMI at the 51st percentile). RWG had a weaker effect on the association between ppBMI and %FM. Adjustment for breastfeeding status or childhood daily caloric intake did not significantly alter findings. CONCLUSIONS Rapid infant weight gain interacts with maternal ppBMI to jointly exacerbate risk of childhood obesity. Pediatric providers should monitor infants for RWG, especially in the context of maternal obesity, to reduce future risk of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie P. Gilley
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kylie K. Harrall
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Aurora, Colorado
| | - Chloe Friedman
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Aurora, Colorado
| | - Deborah H. Glueck
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Aurora, Colorado
| | - Catherine C. Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Aurora, Colorado
| | - Wei Perng
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Katherine A. Sauder
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nancy F. Krebs
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado
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4
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Nazareth M, Pinto E, Severo M, Graça P, Lopes C, Rêgo C. Prevalence of nutritional inadequacy in children aged 12-36 months: EPACI Portugal 2012. NUTR BULL 2023; 48:101-114. [PMID: 36722373 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Adequate nutritional intake in the first years of life is crucial for future health. The purpose of this study is to assess the adequacy of nutritional intake in Portuguese toddlers. The EPACI Portugal 2012 is a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of toddlers (n = 2230), aged between 12 and 36 months. Data on diets were collected by trained interviewers. The current analysis included 853 children with full data from 3-day food diaries completed by parents/caregivers. Intakes of energy, macro- and micronutrients were estimated through Statistical Program to Assess Dietary Exposure (SPADE). Nutritional adequacy was evaluated using Dietary Reference Values established by the European Food Safety Authority. A large proportion of children exceeded the recommended energy intake. The median daily protein intake was 4.7 g/kg/day, five times more than that recommended. About 9% and 90% of the children consumed a lower proportion of energy than the lower limit of the Reference Intake range for carbohydrates and fat, respectively. Around a third consumed less fibre and magnesium and 100% less vitamin D than the recommended Adequate Intake (AI). Almost a third consumed less vitamin A than the recommended Average Requirement (AR) and 86% of the children showed excessive sodium consumption. Portuguese toddlers consumed a low proportion of energy from fat, had energy and protein intakes above the recommendations and excessive intakes of sodium, and inadequate intakes of vitamin A. Every child consumed less than the recommended AI for vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Nazareth
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina- Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Pinto
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina- Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal.,EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Milton Severo
- EPIUnit/ ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Graça
- EPIUnit/ ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Lopes
- EPIUnit/ ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Rêgo
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina- Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal.,Child and Adolescent Centre, CUF Hospital Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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5
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Dalili S, Koohmanaee S, Badeli H, Rad A, Novin M, Mostofizadeh N, Kazemnejad-Leili E. Predicting childhood overweight status by accelerated weight gain from neonatal period to infancy. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 28:2. [PMID: 36974114 PMCID: PMC10039107 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_1041_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background The increased prevalence of obesity in early childhood is a public health problem. Childhood obesity may affect cardiorespiratory fitness and can induce obesity and its comorbidities in adulthood. We aimed to assess childhood overweight status by accelerated weight gain during infancy. Materials and Methods This is a historical cohort that was conducted on 637 7-year-old students of Guilan province, north of Iran. Data were collected, including demographic characteristics, weight at 4, 6, 12, and 18 months, and clinical examination. The ROC curve was designated based on the standardized z-scores, and the most appropriate cutoff point by sensitivity and specificity was noted for predicting obesity at 7 years. Rapid weight gain (RWG) was also assessed. Results Among participants, 334 (53.3%) were female. In this study, the mean and standard deviation of RWG in 0-4 months, 0-6 months, 0-12 months, and 0-18 months were 3.50 ± 0.89, 4.64 ± 1.02, 6.54 ± 1.21, and 8.00 ± 1.46 kg, respectively. The highest AUC was dedicated to 0-18 months (0.7 ± 0.05) and the suitable cut-off for RWG in this interval was 8.55 kg with 65.5% and 72.0% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. Conclusion Although in the previous investigations, the changes in the first 3 years of life had a significant role in further complications, regarding our results, it seems that even earlier consideration of excess weight gain may be necessary.
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Kim JH, Ha EK, Lee SW, Cha HR, Baek HS, Han MY. Growth pattern during early infancy, body mass index during childhood and childhood asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2023; 53:39-51. [PMID: 36032030 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of longitudinal studies of associations between growth from infancy to childhood and asthma development. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of weight change during infancy, body mass index (BMI) and the interaction of these factors on the risk of childhood asthma. METHODS We enrolled children born in 2008 and 2009 at full-term and with normal birth weight. The weight change in infancy was grouped into slow, on-track and rapid. BMI status in childhood was stratified into low, normal and high groups and used as a time-varying variable. The outcome was asthma, defined as two or more diagnoses of asthma separated by at least 1 year after 2 years of age. The risk of asthma was assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression, with adjustment for sex, residence area at birth, economic status and feeding types in infancy. RESULTS Of 917,707 children born in Korea in 2008 and 2009, 271,871 were eligible for analysis. The risk of asthma was greater in groups with low birth weight (aHR 1.06, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.08), rapid body weight change during early infancy (aHR 1.08, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.10) and high BMI during childhood (aHR 1.06, 95% CI 1.04-1.08). The interaction of weight change during early infancy with BMI during childhood was significant for asthma (p < .01). Rapid weight gain in infancy was associated with lower risk of asthma in those with low BMI during childhood; had no association with asthma in those with normal BMI during childhood; and was associated increased asthma risk in those with high BMI during childhood-aHR 1.26 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.33) and aHR 1.33 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.56) compared with on-track and slow infant weight gain, respectively. CONCLUSION Low birth weight, high BMI during childhood and, in those with high childhood BMI, rapid weight gain during early infancy are associated with increased risk of childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyo Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sunkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hye Ryeong Cha
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sunkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hey-Sung Baek
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Man Yong Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
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Totzauer M, Escribano J, Closa-Monasterolo R, Luque V, Verduci E, ReDionigi A, Langhendries JP, Martin F, Xhonneux A, Gruszfeld D, Socha P, Grote V, Koletzko B, Carlier C, Hoyos J, Poncelet P, Dain E, Martin F, Xhonneux A, Langhendries J, Van Hees J, Closa‐Monasterolo R, Escribano J, Luque V, Mendez G, Ferre N, Zaragoza‐Jordana M, Giovannini M, Riva E, Agostoni C, Scaglioni S, Verduci E, Vecchi F, Re Dionigi A, Socha J, Socha P, Dobrzańska A, Gruszfeld D, Stolarczyk A, Kowalik A, Janas R, Pietraszek E, Perrin E, von Kries R, Groebe H, Reith A, Hofmann R, Koletzko B, Grote V, Totzauer M, Rzehak P, Schiess S, Beyer J, Fritsch M, Handel U, Pawellek I, Verwied‐Jorky S, Hannibal I, Demmelmair H, Haile G, Theurich M. Different protein intake in the first year and its effects on adiposity rebound and obesity throughout childhood: 11 years follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Obes 2022; 17:e12961. [PMID: 36355369 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Infant feeding affects child growth and later obesity risk. We examined whether protein supply in infancy affects the adiposity rebound, body mass index (BMI) and overweight and obesity up to 11 years of age. METHODS We enrolled healthy term infants from five European countries in a double blind randomized trial, with anticipated 16 examinations within 11 years follow-up. Formula-fed infants (n = 1090) were randomized to isoenergetic formula with higher or lower protein content within the range stipulated by EU legislation in 2001. A breastfed reference group (n = 588) was included. Adiposity rebound and BMI trajectories were estimated by generalized additive mixed models in 917 children, with 712 participating in the 11 year follow-up. RESULTS BMI trajectories were elevated in the higher compared to the lower protein group, with significantly different BMI at adiposity rebound (0.24 kg/m2, 0.01-0.47, p = 0.040), and an increased risk for overweight at 11 years (adjusted Odds Ratio 1.70; 1.06-2.73; p = 0.027) but no significant difference for obesity (adjusted Odds Ratio 1.47; 0.66-3.27). The two formula groups did not differ in the timing of adiposity rebound, but all children with obesity at 11 years had an early adiposity rebound before four years. CONCLUSIONS Compared to conventional high protein formula, feeding lower protein formula in infancy lowers BMI trajectories up to 11 years and achieves similar BMI values at adiposity rebound as observed in breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Totzauer
- LMU - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU University Hospitals, Munich, Germany
| | - Joaquin Escribano
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Sant Joan, Reus, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain
| | - Ricardo Closa-Monasterolo
- Neonatal Unit, Hospital Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Veronica Luque
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Sant Joan, Reus, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Paediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice ReDionigi
- Department of Paediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Dariusz Gruszfeld
- Children's Memorial Health Institute, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Socha
- Children's Memorial Health Institute, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Eating Disorders, Warsaw, Poland
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Shah AS, Zeitler PS, Wong J, Pena AS, Wicklow B, Arslanian S, Chang N, Fu J, Dabadghao P, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Urakami T, Craig ME. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2022; 23:872-902. [PMID: 36161685 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2018 ISPAD guidelines on this topic, follow-up of large cohorts from around the globe have continued informing the current incidence and prevalence of co-morbidities and complications in young adults with youth-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D). This chapter focuses on the risk factors, diagnosis and presentation of youth-onset T2D, the initial and subsequent management of youth-onset T2D, and management of co-morbidities and complications. We include key updates from the observational phase of the multi-center Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) clinical trial, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) study and new data from the Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE) study, a head-to-head comparison of youth onset vs adult-onset T2D. We also include an expanded section on risk factors associated with T2D, algorithms and tables for treatment, management, and assessment of co-morbidities and complications, and sections on recently approved pharmacologic therapies for the treatment of youth-onset T2D, social determinants of health, and settings of care given COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Shah
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Philip S Zeitler
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jencia Wong
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexia S Pena
- The University of Adelaide, Robinson Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Brandy Wicklow
- Division of Endocrinology, Winnipeg Children's Hospital and University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Silva Arslanian
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes Mellitus, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nancy Chang
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Junfen Fu
- Division of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Preeti Dabadghao
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Orit Pinhas-Hamiel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Tatsuhiko Urakami
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria E Craig
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pediatrics & Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of NSW Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Rajamoorthi A, LeDuc CA, Thaker VV. The metabolic conditioning of obesity: A review of the pathogenesis of obesity and the epigenetic pathways that "program" obesity from conception. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1032491. [PMID: 36329895 PMCID: PMC9622759 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1032491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the developmental origins of health and disease is integral to overcome the global tide of obesity and its metabolic consequences, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The rising prevalence of obesity has been attributed, in part, to environmental factors including the globalization of the western diet and unhealthy lifestyle choices. In this review we argue that how and when such exposures come into play from conception significantly impact overall risk of obesity and later health outcomes. While the laws of thermodynamics dictate that obesity is caused by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, the drivers of each of these may be laid down before the manifestation of the phenotype. We present evidence over the last half-century that suggests that the temporospatial evolution of obesity from intrauterine life and beyond is, in part, due to the conditioning of physiological processes at critical developmental periods that results in maladaptive responses to obesogenic exposures later in life. We begin the review by introducing studies that describe an association between perinatal factors and later risk of obesity. After a brief discussion of the pathogenesis of obesity, including the systemic regulation of appetite, adiposity, and basal metabolic rate, we delve into the mechanics of how intrauterine, postnatal and early childhood metabolic environments may contribute to adult obesity risk through the process of metabolic conditioning. Finally, we detail the specific epigenetic pathways identified both in preclinical and clinical studies that synergistically "program" obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthi Rajamoorthi
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Charles A. LeDuc
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- The Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University IRVING Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vidhu V. Thaker
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- The Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University IRVING Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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10
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Mo J, Liu X, Huang Y, He R, Zhang Y, Huang H. Developmental origins of adult diseases. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:450-470. [PMID: 37724166 PMCID: PMC10388800 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and mechanisms of developmental adult diseases have gradually attracted attention in recent years. Exposure of gametes and embryos to adverse environments, especially during plastic development, can alter the expression of certain tissue-specific genes, leading to increased susceptibility to certain diseases in adulthood, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neuropsychiatric, and reproductive system diseases, etc. The occurrence of chronic disease in adulthood is partly due to genetic factors, and the remaining risk is partly due to environmental-dependent epigenetic information alteration, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs. Changes in this epigenetic information potentially damage our health, which has also been supported by numerous epidemiological and animal studies in recent years. Environmental factors functionally affect embryo development through epimutation, transmitting diseases to offspring and even later generations. This review mainly elaborated on the concept of developmental origins of adult diseases, and revealed the epigenetic mechanisms underlying these events, discussed the theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Mo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuanqi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yutong Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Renke He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hefeng Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU056), Shanghai, China
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11
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Cheshmeh S, Nachvak SM, Hojati N, Elahi N, Heidarzadeh‐Esfahani N, Saber A. The effects of breastfeeding and formula feeding on the metabolic factors and the expression level of obesity and diabetes-predisposing genes in healthy infants. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15469. [PMID: 36200185 PMCID: PMC9535349 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity are common illnesses characterized by glucose metabolism issues and excessive weight gain. Breastfeeding is the best way to feed a newborn up to 6 months old and it has been shown to reduce the risk of diabetes and obesity later in life due to its nutritional properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of breastfeeding, formula feeding, and formula-plus breastfeeding (mix-feeding) on the anthropometric indices, metabolic variables, and the expression level of obesity and diabetes-predisposing genes of healthy infants. A total of 150 healthy infants were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. All infants (aged 24 months) were divided into three groups based on the type of feeding, breastfeeding, formula feeding, and mix-feeding. The anthropometric indices, glycemic indexes, lipid profile, and the expression levels of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase beta (ACACB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), liver X receptor α (LXR-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) genes were measured in all infants using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. The anthropometric indices including weight, height, head circumference, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were lower in the breastfeeding infants in comparison to other groups. As well, the expression level of the ACACB gene was significantly downregulated in breastfeeding infants, while the PPAR-γ gene was significantly upregulated, but the expression levels of LXR- α, PTEN and BDNF did not change significantly across groups. Breastfeeding compared to formula feeding had positive effects on anthropometric indices, metabolic variables, and diabetes-predisposing genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Cheshmeh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food TechnologyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food TechnologyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Nachvak
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food TechnologyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Niloofar Hojati
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food TechnologyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food TechnologyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Negin Elahi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food TechnologyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food TechnologyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Neda Heidarzadeh‐Esfahani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food TechnologyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food TechnologyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Amir Saber
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food TechnologyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
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12
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Macchi AK, Banna J, Moreira S, Campos M, Palacios C. Effect of a Short Messaging Service (SMS) intervention delivered to caregivers on energy, nutrients, and food groups intake in infant participants of the WIC program. Front Public Health 2022; 10:986330. [PMID: 36249246 PMCID: PMC9559930 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.986330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To test the effect of a weekly test message (SMS) intervention for improving feeding practices on infant intake of energy, nutrients, and specific food groups. Methods This study was a multi-site, randomized clinical trial, in 202 caregivers of healthy term infants participating in either the Puerto Rico or Hawaii WIC program. Participants were randomized to receive weekly SMS about either infant's general health issues (control) or SMS for improving feeding practices (intervention) to complement WIC messages for 4 months. Anthropometrics and demographics were assessed at baseline. A validated infant food frequency questionnaire was assessed at the four-month visit to assess intake of general food groups. Data was summarized as median (25th and 75th percentiles) or percentage and differences between study arms was compared using Mann Whitney or chi-square. Results A total of 163 participants completed the study (n = 84 control and n = 79 intervention). Baseline characteristics were similar between both groups. At 4-6 months of age, compared to the control group, the intervention group had a significantly higher intake of total grains (0.28 oz; 0.00, 0.60; P = 0.033), protein (13.5 g, 10.5, 18.3; P = 0.022), calcium (472 mg; 418, 667; P = 0.012), and zinc (4.39 mg; 2.61, 6.51; P = 0.028). No differences were seen in the other food groups, including breastmilk. Conclusions for practice Feeding SMS to complement WIC messages led to higher intakes of some key nutrients but did not have an overall improvement in the intake of food groups. Messaging also did not delay the introduction of complimentary foods or improve breastfeeding rates. Future studies should evaluate the use of more intensive SMS interventions for continued care between WIC visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K. Macchi
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jinan Banna
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Stephanie Moreira
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Maribel Campos
- Center for Community Outreach for Health Across the Lifespan (COHeAL), University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Cristina Palacios
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Cristina Palacios
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13
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Kawuki J, Musa TH, Ghimire U, Obore N, Papabathini SS. The 100 top-cited articles on childhood obesity: a bibliometric analysis. GLOBAL HEALTH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.glohj.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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14
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Gupta M, Phan TLT, Bunnell HT, Beheshti R. Obesity Prediction with EHR Data: A deep learning approach with interpretable elements. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTING FOR HEALTHCARE 2022; 3:32. [PMID: 35756858 PMCID: PMC9221869 DOI: 10.1145/3506719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a major public health challenge. Early prediction and identification of the children at an elevated risk of developing childhood obesity may help in engaging earlier and more effective interventions to prevent and manage obesity. Most existing predictive tools for childhood obesity primarily rely on traditional regression-type methods using only a few hand-picked features and without exploiting longitudinal patterns of children's data. Deep learning methods allow the use of high-dimensional longitudinal datasets. In this paper, we present a deep learning model designed for predicting future obesity patterns from generally available items on children's medical history. To do this, we use a large unaugmented electronic health records dataset from a large pediatric health system in the US. We adopt a general LSTM network architecture and train our proposed model using both static and dynamic EHR data. To add interpretability, we have additionally included an attention layer to calculate the attention scores for the timestamps and rank features of each timestamp. Our model is used to predict obesity for ages between 3-20 years using the data from 1-3 years in advance. We compare the performance of our LSTM model with a series of existing studies in the literature and show it outperforms their performance in most age ranges.
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15
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Low-Protein Infant Formula and Obesity Risk. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132728. [PMID: 35807908 PMCID: PMC9268498 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant formulas have been designed to mimic human milk for infants who cannot be breastfed. The overall goal is to establish similar functional outcomes to assure optimal growth, development, maturation of the immune system, and programming of the metabolic system. However, after decades of improving infant formula, growth patterns and body composition development are still different in formula-fed infants compared to breastfed infants, which could contribute to an increased risk of obesity among formula-fed infants. It has been hypothesized that the lower protein concentration of breast milk compared to infant formula influences infants’ growth and body composition. Thus, several trials in formula-fed infants with different protein intake levels have been performed to test this hypothesis. In this review, we discuss the current evidence on low-protein infant formula and obesity risk, including future perspectives and implications.
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16
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Engevik MA, Stripe LK, Baatz JE, Wagner CL, Chetta KE. Identifying single-strain growth patterns of human gut microbes in response to preterm human milk and formula. Food Funct 2022; 13:5571-5589. [PMID: 35481924 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00447j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota of the preterm neonate has become a major research focus, with evidence emerging that the microbiota influences both short and long-term health outcomes, in the neonatal intensive care unit and beyond. Similar to the term microbiome, the preterm gut microbiome is highly influenced by diet, specifically formula and human milk use. This study aims to analyze next-generation products including preterm formula, human milk-oligosaccharide term formula, and preterm breastmilk. We used a culture-based model to differentially compare the growth patterns of individual bacterial strains found in the human intestine. This model probed 24 strains of commensal bacteria and 8 pathobiont species which have previously been found to cause sepsis in preterm neonates. Remarkable differences between strain growth and culture pH were noted after comparing models of formulas and between human milk and formula. Both formula and human milk supported the growth of commensal bacteria; however, the formula products, but not human milk, supported the growth of several specific pathogenic strains. Computational analysis revealed potential connections between long-chain fatty acid and iron uptake from formula in pathobiont organisms. These findings indicate that there is a unique profile of growth in response to human milk and formula and shed light into how the infant gut microbiota could be influenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A Engevik
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Leah K Stripe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - John E Baatz
- Department of Pediatrics, C.P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital, 10 McClennan Banks Drive, MSC 915, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Carol L Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, C.P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital, 10 McClennan Banks Drive, MSC 915, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Katherine E Chetta
- Department of Pediatrics, C.P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital, 10 McClennan Banks Drive, MSC 915, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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17
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Zvonar M, Štefan L, Kasović M, Piler P. Tracking of anthropometric characteristics from childhood to adolescence: an 8-year follow-up findings from the Czech ELSPAC study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:727. [PMID: 35413828 PMCID: PMC9004100 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13178-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although evidence suggests that obesity track well from childhood to adolescence, most of the research has been done in Western and high-income countries. Moreover, most of the studies have tracked body-mass index, as a proxy of nutritional status, while tracking characteristics of circumferences and skinfold thicknesses have been less studies. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to explore tracking characteristics of complete anthropometric data from childhood to adolescence. METHODS This sub-study was part of the Czech ELSPAC study. In the present 8-year longitudinal study, we collected information from pediatrician's medical records at the ages of 8 y (n = 888), 11 y (n = 1065), 13 y (n = 811) and 15 y (n = 974), including circumferences (head, chest, waist, hips, and arm), indices (body-mass index, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio) and skinfold thicknesses (biceps, triceps, subscapula, suprailiaca, thigh and the sum of 5 skinfolds). Participants were recruited from the two selected regions of the Czech Republic (Brno and Znojmo). Linear generalized estimating equations were conducted to analyze tracking patterns over an 8-year follow-up period for all anthropometric measurements. RESULTS Tracking coefficients were moderate to strong, ranging from 0.40 to 0.62 for circumferences, 0.41 to 0.74 for indices and 0.72 to 0.86 for skinfolds. According to body-mass index and waist circumference standards, overweight/obese children and children with abdominal obesity at the age of 8 y were 11.31 (95% CI = 8.41 to 15.22, p < 0.001) and 10.73 (95% CI = 7.93 to 14.52, p < 0.001) more likely to remain overweight/obese and to have abdominal obesity at the age of 15 y. CONCLUSIONS Findings show moderate to strong tracking of anthropometric characteristics, i.e. circumferences track moderately well, while strong tracking for indices and skinfold thicknesses is observed. Moreover, strong tracking of general overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity between ages 8 y and 15 y indicates that the detection of these risk factors at the beginning of primary school should be advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zvonar
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lovro Štefan
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of General and Applied Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvaćanski zavoj 15, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Department of Sport Motorics and Methodology in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Mario Kasović
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of General and Applied Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvaćanski zavoj 15, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Pavel Piler
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
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18
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Aghaee S, Quesenberry CP, Deardorff J, Kushi LH, Greenspan LC, Ferrara A, Kubo A. Associations between infant growth and pubertal onset timing in a multiethnic prospective cohort of girls. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:171. [PMID: 35361165 PMCID: PMC8969386 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early puberty increases risk of adverse health conditions throughout the life course. US girls are experiencing earlier puberty without clear reasons. Studies suggest early life factors, such as infant growth, may influence pubertal timing. We assessed the associations between infant growth and onset of breast development (thelarche), pubic hair development (pubarche), and menarche in girls. Methods A prospective cohort of girls born at a Kaiser Permanente Northern California medical facility in 2005–11 was used. Weight-for-age z-scores were calculated at birth and 24 months. Difference in z-scores greater than 0.67 represent rapid “catch-up” growth, less than -0.67 represent delayed “catch-down” growth, and between -0.67 and 0.67 represent “normal” growth. Pubertal onset was measured using clinician-assessed sexual maturity ratings (SMRs) and defined as the age at transition from SMR 1 to SMR 2 + for both thelarche and pubarche. SMR data was collected through June 2020. Menarche was analyzed as a secondary outcome. Weibull and modified Poisson regression models were used. Models were adjusted for potential confounders. Results There were 15,196 girls included in the study. Approximately 30.2% experienced catch-up growth, 25.8% experienced catch-down growth, and 44% had normal growth. Girls with catch-up growth had increased risk of earlier thelarche (hazard ratio = 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.18, 1.35), pubarche (1.38, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.48), and menarche (< 12y, relative risk = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.36, 1.69) compared to those with normal growth, after adjusting for covariates. These associations were partially mediated by childhood body mass index. Catch-down growth was associated with later pubertal onset. Conclusions Girls who experience infant catch-up growth have higher risk of earlier pubertal development compared to girls with normal growth and the associations are partially explained by childhood obesity. This information may help clinicians to monitor girls who are at high risk of developing earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Aghaee
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
| | - Charles P Quesenberry
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
| | - Julianna Deardorff
- Division of Maternal and Child Health, University of California, School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lawrence H Kushi
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
| | - Louise C Greenspan
- Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center, 2425 Geary Boulevard, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Assiamira Ferrara
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
| | - Ai Kubo
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA.
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Asahara SI, Inoue H, Kido Y. Regulation of Pancreatic β-Cell Mass by Gene-Environment Interaction. Diabetes Metab J 2022; 46:38-48. [PMID: 35135077 PMCID: PMC8831821 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The main pathogenic mechanism of diabetes consists of an increase in insulin resistance and a decrease in insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. The number of diabetic patients has been increasing dramatically worldwide, especially in Asian people whose capacity for insulin secretion is inherently lower than that of other ethnic populations. Causally, changes of environmental factors in addition to intrinsic genetic factors have been considered to have an influence on the increased prevalence of diabetes. Particular focus has been placed on "gene-environment interactions" in the development of a reduced pancreatic β-cell mass, as well as type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Changes in the intrauterine environment, such as intrauterine growth restriction, contribute to alterations of gene expression in pancreatic β-cells, ultimately resulting in the development of pancreatic β-cell failure and diabetes. As a molecular mechanism underlying the effect of the intrauterine environment, epigenetic modifications have been widely investigated. The association of diabetes susceptibility genes or dietary habits with gene-environment interactions has been reported. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of gene-environment interactions in pancreatic β-cell failure as revealed by previous reports and data from experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-ichiro Asahara
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- Division of Medical Chemistry, Department of Metabolism and Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kido
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Medical Chemistry, Department of Metabolism and Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
- Corresponding author: Yoshiaki Kido https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2433-5799 Department of Metabolism and Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan E-mail:
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20
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Lizarraga-Mollinedo E, Carreras-Badosa G, Xargay-Torrent S, Remesar X, Mas-Pares B, Prats-Puig A, de Zegher F, Ibáñez L, López-Bermejo A, Bassols J. Catch-up growth in juvenile rats, fat expansion, and dysregulation of visceral adipose tissue. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:107-115. [PMID: 33654281 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accelerated catch-up growth following intrauterine restriction increases the risk of developing visceral adiposity and metabolic abnormalities. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of such metabolic programming are still poorly understood. METHODS A Wistar rat model of catch-up growth following intrauterine restriction was used. A gene expression array was performed in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue sampled at postnatal day (PD) 42. RESULTS Five hundred and forty-six differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified (adjusted p value < 0.05). Gene ontology enrichment analysis identified pathways related to immune and lipid metabolic processes, brown fat cell differentiation, and regulation of PI3K. Ccl21, Npr3, Serpina3n, Pnpla3, Slc2a4, and Serpina12 were validated to be upregulated in catch-up pups (all p < 0.01) and related to several fat expansion and metabolic parameters, including body weight at PD42, postnatal body weight gain, white and brown adipose tissue mass, plasma triglycerides, and insulin resistance index (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Genes related to immune and metabolic processes were upregulated in retroperitoneal adipose tissue following catch-up growth in juvenile rats and were found to be associated with fat expansion and metabolic parameters. Our results provide evidence for several dysregulated genes in white adipose tissue that could help develop novel strategies to prevent the metabolic abnormalities associated with catch-up growth. IMPACT Catch-up growth presents several dysregulated genes in white adipose tissue related to metabolic abnormalities. Ccl21, Npr3, Serpina3n, Pnpla3, Slc2a4, and Serpina12 were validated to be upregulated in catch-up pups and related to visceral fat expansion and metabolic parameters. Profiling and validation of these dysregulated genes in visceral adipose tissue could help develop novel strategies to prevent the metabolic abnormalities associated with catch-up growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xavier Remesar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Mas-Pares
- Maternal-Fetal Metabolic Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Prats-Puig
- Department of Physiotherapy, EUSES University School, Girona, Spain
| | - Francis de Zegher
- Department of Development AND Regeneration, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lourdes Ibáñez
- Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital Pediatric Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abel López-Bermejo
- Pediatric Endocrinology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Girona, Spain. .,Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain. .,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - Judit Bassols
- Maternal-Fetal Metabolic Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Girona, Spain
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Li P, Lu Y, Qie D, Feng L, He G, Yang S, Yang F. Early-life weight gain patterns of term small-for-gestational-age infants and the predictive ability for later childhood overweight/obesity: A prospective cohort study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1030216. [PMID: 36482989 PMCID: PMC9723138 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1030216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify the weight gain patterns of small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants in early life and to explore the predictive value for later overweight/obesity in childhood. METHODS We obtained data from a prospective cohort including term SGA infants born between January 2006 and November 2015 who received regular health care from birth to 5 years in West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China. A latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was applied to group children with similar growth trajectory patterns. Multiple logistic regression was performed to examine the association between weight gain patterns and later overweight/obesity. RESULTS A total of 296 term SGA infants were finally included. Five weight gain trajectories were identified, including excessive rapid catch-up growth (ERCG) (class 1, 10.9%), rapid catch-up growth (RCG) (class 2, 17.9%), appropriate catch-up growth (ACG) (class 3, 53.0%), slow catch-up growth (SCG) (class 4, 13.4%) and almost no catch growth (NCG) (class 5, 4.8%). SGA infants in class 1 and class 2 had a higher BMI according to age- and sex-specific Z scores from 2-5 years of age. In addition, 25% of SGA infants in class 1 and 13.2% of SGA infants in class 2 were found to be overweight/obese at 2-5 years of age. After adjusting for confounders, we found that extremely rapid weight gain (class 1) in the first 2 years of life increased the risk of overweight/obesity by 2.1 times at 2 to 5 years of age (aOR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.3~4.8; P<0.05). Furthermore, the increment of ΔWAZ between 0 and 4 mo was prominently related to the risk of overweight/obesity at 2 to 5 years for term SGA infants (aOR=3.2, 95% CI: 1.7~8.1; P<0.001). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed the area under curve (AUC) was 0.7, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) from 0.6 to 0.8 (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The extremely rapid weight gain pattern of term SGA infants in the first 2 years of life increased the risk of overweight/obesity at 2 to 5 years of age. It suggests monitoring weight gain across the infant period represents a first step towards primary prevention of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - You Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Qie
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoqian He
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Sufei Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Fan Yang,
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Gnawali A. Prematurity and the Risk of Development of Childhood Obesity: Piecing Together the Pathophysiological Puzzle. A Literature Review. Cureus 2021; 13:e20518. [PMID: 35070553 PMCID: PMC8765585 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most devastating public health challenges in the twenty-first century is childhood obesity, and its prevalence is growing at a frightening rate. Premature infants have a greater likelihood of childhood obesity at age six to 16 compared to term infants. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanism of developing childhood obesity in this high-risk group. There are most likely multiple interconnected and supporting mechanisms that put this vulnerable population at risk of childhood obesity. Inflammation is a possible root cause. Prenatal causes included epigenetic changes as well as placental inflammation. Disturbances in hormonal pathways and elevated levels of serum bilirubin are possible explanations. Furthermore, preventable factors in the postnatal period were identified, such as weight gain and exclusive breastfeeding. The prevalence of childhood obesity in preterm infants is high; thus, it is essential to understand the pathophysiology and address any preventable factors to decrease this disease burden.
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Grigg-Damberger M. Increased risk for excessive weight gain in infants who sleep less than 12 hours per 24 hours. J Clin Sleep Med 2021; 17:2141-2143. [PMID: 34666880 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.9662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sun X, Liu C, Liang H, Miao M, Wang Z, Ji H, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Kan H, Yuan W. Prenatal exposure to residential PM 2.5 and its chemical constituents and weight in preschool children: A longitudinal study from Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 154:106580. [PMID: 33905944 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have reported that prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) might be associated with adverse birth outcomes in offspring. However, evidence with regard to the effects of prenatal exposure to PM2.5 and, especially, its main chemical constituents on offspring's weight in childhood is limited and inconsistent. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to examine associations of prenatal exposure to PM2.5 total mass and its chemical constituents in each trimester with children's weight from birth to 6 years of age using data from Shanghai-Minhang Birth Cohort Study. METHODS A total of 1,084 mother-infant pairs were included with both PM2.5 exposure data and at least one measurement of weight and height. Weight-for-Length (WLZ), BMI-for-Age (BMIz), and Weight-for-Age (WAZ) z-scores were generated according to the World Health Organization guidelines. Exposure to PM2.5 total mass and its chemical constituents [organic carbon (OC), black carbon (BC), ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-), and soil dust (SOIL)] during pregnancy was estimated from a satellite based modelling framework. We used multiple informant model to estimate the associations of trimester-specific PM2.5 total mass and its specific constituents concentrations with WLZ/BMIz and WAZ of offspring at birth and 1, 4, and 6 years of age. RESULTS In multiple informant model, we observed consistent patterns of associations between exposure to PM2.5 total mass, OC, BC, NH4+, NO3-, and SO42- during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters and decreased WLZ/BMIz and WAZ at 1, 4, and 6 years of age in boys. We observed associations between prenatal exposure to PM2.5 total mass, NH4+, and NO3- during the 1st and 2nd trimesters and increased WLZ/BMIz and WAZ in girls at birth. However, there were null associations at 1 and 4 years of age and inverse associations at 6 years of age. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to PM2.5 total mass and its main chemical constituents was associated with decreased weight in boys from 1 to 6 years of age, with increased weight at birth and decreased weight at 6 years of age in girls. Our findings suggest that prenatal exposure to PM2.5 and its chemical constituents may have a lasting effect on offspring's weight in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sun
- NHC Key Lab. Of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), School of Public Health, Fudan University, 779 Old Hu Min Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong Liang
- NHC Key Lab. Of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), School of Public Health, Fudan University, 779 Old Hu Min Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Maohua Miao
- NHC Key Lab. Of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), School of Public Health, Fudan University, 779 Old Hu Min Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- NHC Key Lab. Of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), School of Public Health, Fudan University, 779 Old Hu Min Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Honglei Ji
- NHC Key Lab. Of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), School of Public Health, Fudan University, 779 Old Hu Min Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health, Shanghai 201102, China.
| | - Wei Yuan
- NHC Key Lab. Of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), School of Public Health, Fudan University, 779 Old Hu Min Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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Petrov ME, Jiao N, Panchanathan SS, Reifsnider E, Coonrod DV, Liu L, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Gu H, Davidson LA, Chapkin RS, Whisner CM. Protocol of the Snuggle Bug/Acurrucadito Study: a longitudinal study investigating the influences of sleep-wake patterns and gut microbiome development in infancy on rapid weight gain, an early risk factor for obesity. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:374. [PMID: 34465311 PMCID: PMC8405858 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight, obesity, and associated comorbidities are a pressing global issue among children of all ages, particularly among low-income populations. Rapid weight gain (RWG) in the first 6 months of infancy contributes to childhood obesity. Suboptimal sleep-wake patterns and gut microbiota (GM) have also been associated with childhood obesity, but little is known about their influences on early infant RWG. Sleep may alter the GM and infant metabolism, and ultimately impact obesity; however, data on the interaction between sleep-wake patterns and GM development on infant growth are scarce. In this study, we aim to investigate associations of infant sleep-wake patterns and GM development with RWG at 6 months and weight gain at 12 months. We also aim to evaluate whether temporal interactions exist between infant sleep-wake patterns and GM, and if these relations influence RWG. METHODS The Snuggle Bug/ Acurrucadito study is an observational, longitudinal study investigating whether 24-h, actigraphy-assessed, sleep-wake patterns and GM development are associated with RWG among infants in their first year. Based on the Ecological Model of Growth, we propose a novel conceptual framework to incorporate sleep-wake patterns and the GM as metabolic contributors for RWG in the context of maternal-infant interactions, and familial and socio-physical environments. In total, 192 mother-infant pairs will be recruited, and sleep-wake patterns and GM development assessed at 3 and 8 weeks, and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postpartum. Covariates including maternal and child characteristics, family and environmental factors, feeding practices and dietary intake of infants and mothers, and stool-derived metabolome and exfoliome data will be assessed. The study will apply machine learning techniques combined with logistic time-varying effect models to capture infant growth and aid in elucidating the dynamic associations between study variables and RWG. DISCUSSION Repeated, valid, and objective assessment at clinically and developmentally meaningful intervals will provide robust measures of longitudinal sleep, GM, and growth. Project findings will provide evidence for future interventions to prevent RWG in infancy and subsequent obesity. The work also may spur the development of evidence-based guidelines to address modifiable factors that influence sleep-wake and GM development and prevent childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Petrov
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd Street, Suite 301, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Nana Jiao
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd Street, Suite 301, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Sarada S Panchanathan
- Valleywise Comprehensive Health Center - Phoenix (Pediatric Clinic), 2525 E. Roosevelt St., Phoenix, AZ, 85008, USA
- College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, 85007, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reifsnider
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd Street, Suite 301, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Dean V Coonrod
- Valleywise Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2525 E. Roosevelt St., Phoenix, AZ, 85008, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave BDA230B, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, PO Box 875701, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd. Street, Suite 501, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Laurie A Davidson
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, 2253 TAMU, 112 Cater-Mattil, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, 2253 TAMU, 112 Cater-Mattil, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Corrie M Whisner
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd. Street, Suite 501, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
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Díaz-Rodríguez M, Pérez-Muñoz C, Carretero-Bravo J, Ruíz-Ruíz C, Serrano-Santamaría M, Ferriz-Mas BC. Early Risk Factors for Obesity in the First 1000 Days-Relationship with Body Fat and BMI at 2 Years. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8179. [PMID: 34360471 PMCID: PMC8346117 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Obesity is defined as an excessive accumulation of body fat. Several early developmental factors have been identified which are associated with an increased risk of childhood obesity and increased adiposity in childhood. The primary objective of the present study is to analyse the effect of various early risk factors on Body Mass Index (BMI) and body fat percentage at 2 years of age. (2) Methods: A prospective cohort study design was used, with the sample consisting of 109 mother-child pairs from whom data were collected between early pregnancy and 2 years old. Adiposity was determined based on skinfold measurements using the Brooks and Siri formulae. Mean comparison tests (Student's t-test and ANOVAs) and multiple linear regression models were used to analyse the relationship between early programming factors and dependent variables. (3) Results: Maternal excess weight during early pregnancy (β = 0.203, p = 0.026), gestational smoking (β = 0.192, p = 0.036), and accelerated weight gain in the first 2 years (β = - 0.269, p = 0.004) were significantly associated with high body fat percentage. Pre-pregnancy BMI and accelerated weight gain in the first 2 years were associated with high BMI z-score (β = 0.174, p = 0.047 and β = 0.417, p = 0.000 respectively). The cumulative effect of these variables resulted in high values compared to the baseline zero-factor group, with significant differences in BMI z-score (F = 8.640, p = 0.000) and body fat percentage (F = 5.402, p = 0.002) when three factors were present. (4) Conclusions: The presence of several early risk factors related to obesity in infancy was significantly associated with higher BMI z-score and body fat percentage at 2 years of age. The presence of more than one of these variables was also associated with higher adiposity at 2 years of age. Early prevention strategies should address as many of these factors as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Díaz-Rodríguez
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (M.D.-R.); (C.P.-M.); (J.C.-B.)
| | - Celia Pérez-Muñoz
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (M.D.-R.); (C.P.-M.); (J.C.-B.)
| | - Jesús Carretero-Bravo
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (M.D.-R.); (C.P.-M.); (J.C.-B.)
| | - Catalina Ruíz-Ruíz
- Clinic Management Unit (CMU), Andalusian Health System, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (C.R.-R.); (M.S.-S.)
| | | | - Bernardo C. Ferriz-Mas
- Clinic Management Unit (CMU), Andalusian Health System, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (C.R.-R.); (M.S.-S.)
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Hudak KM, Benjamin-Neelon SE. Timing of WIC Enrollment and Responsive Feeding among Low-Income Women in the US. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147695. [PMID: 34300147 PMCID: PMC8305462 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined associations between the timing of The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) enrollment and responsive feeding and assessed food security as a possible effect modifier. We used data from the nationally representative WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2. Our sample includes women-infant dyads interviewed through the first 13 months of age (n = 1672). We dichotomized WIC enrollment as occurring prenatally or after childbirth. The responsive feeding outcome was feeding on demand versus feeding on schedule. We used covariate-adjusted logistic regressions. Of women, 61.8% had a high school education or less and 62.9% lived at 75% or less of the federal poverty guideline. The majority (84.5%) of women enrolled in WIC before childbirth. In unadjusted estimates, 34% of women who enrolled prenatally practiced responsive feeding, compared to 25% of women who enrolled after childbirth. We found no evidence of food security as an effect modifier. In adjusted estimates, women who enrolled in WIC prenatally had 78% higher odds of practicing responsive feeding (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.16, 2.73), compared to women who enrolled after childbirth. Prenatal enrollment in WIC was associated with higher odds of responsive feeding. Future studies should examine how the timing of WIC enrollment relates to responsive feeding in older children and over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelin M. Hudak
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara E. Benjamin-Neelon
- Lerner Center for Public Health Promotion, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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Huvinen E, Tuomaala AK, Bergman PH, Meinilä J, Tammelin T, Kulmala J, Engberg E, Koivusalo SB. Ascending Growth is Associated with Offspring Adiposity in Pregnancies Complicated with Obesity or Gestational Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e1993-e2004. [PMID: 33524144 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Early growth is associated with childhood adiposity, but the influence of lifestyle remains unknown. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to investigate the association of growth profiles from high-risk pregnancies with adiposity at age 5 years, taking into account lifestyle and several antenatal/postnatal exposures. METHODS This prospective cohort study. INCLUDED 609 children born during the Finnish Gestational Diabetes Prevention Study (RADIEL), recruiting women with body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 and/or prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (2008-2013). Altogether 332 children attended the 5-year follow-up (2014-2017). Main outcome measures included growth profiles based on ponderal index (PI = weight/height3), investigated using latent class mixed models. Adiposity was assessed with anthropometrics and body composition (InBody720). RESULTS We identified 3 growth profiles: ascending (n = 82), intermediate (n = 351), and descending (n = 149). Children with ascending growth had a higher body fat percentage, ISO-BMI, and waist circumference (P < .05) at age 5 years. Ascending (β 4.09; CI, 1.60-6.58) and intermediate (β 2.27; CI, 0.50-4.03) profiles were associated with higher fat percentage, even after adjustment for age, sex, gestational age, diet, physical activity, education, and prepregnancy BMI. Similar associations existed with ISO-BMI. After adjusting for age and education, ascending growth was associated with prepregnancy BMI (odds ratio [OR] 1.06; CI, 1.01-1.12), primiparity (OR 3.07; CI, 1.68-5.62), cesarean delivery (OR 2.23; CI, 1.18-4.21), and lifestyle intervention (OR 2.56; CI, 1.44-4.57). However, meeting the intervention goals and exclusive breastfeeding for 3 months or more were associated with lower odds of ascending growth. CONCLUSION Accelerated early growth was associated with higher adiposity in 5-year-old children from high-risk pregnancies, even when adjusted for lifestyle. Reducing cesarean deliveries and promoting breastfeeding may be beneficial for postnatal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Huvinen
- Teratology Information Service, Emergency Medicine, Department of Prehospital Emergency Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Tuomaala
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula H Bergman
- Biostatistics Consulting, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jelena Meinilä
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuija Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Janne Kulmala
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Elina Engberg
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saila B Koivusalo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Huang G, Aroner SA, Bay CP, Gilman SE, Ghassabian A, Loucks EB, Buka SL, Handa RJ, Lasley BL, Bhasin S, Goldstein JM. Sex-dependent associations of maternal androgen levels with offspring BMI and weight trajectory from birth to early childhood. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:851-863. [PMID: 32776198 PMCID: PMC7873156 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In preclinical studies, high androgen levels during pregnancy are associated with low birth weight and rapid postnatal weight gain in the offspring. However, human data linking prenatal androgens with birth weight and early life weight gain in the offspring are scarce. DESIGN We evaluated 516 mother-child pairs enrolled in the New England birth cohorts of the Collaborative Perinatal Project (1959-1966). We assayed androgen bioactivity in maternal sera during third-trimester using a receptor-mediated luciferase expression bioassay. Age and sex-specific BMI Z-scores (BMIz), defined using established standards, were assessed at birth, 4 months, 1 year, 4 years, and 7 years. We used linear mixed models to evaluate the relation of maternal androgens with childhood BMIz overall and by sex. We examined the association of maternal androgens with fetal growth restriction. The association of weight trajectories with maternal androgens was examined using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Higher maternal androgen levels associated with lower BMIz at birth (β = - 0.39, 95% CI: - 0.73, - 0.06); this relation was sex-dependent, such that maternal androgens significantly associated with BMIz at birth in girls alone (β = - 0.72, 95% CI: - 1.40, - 0.04). The relation of maternal androgens with fetal growth restriction revealed dose threshold effects that differed by sex. There was no significant association between maternal androgens and weight trajectory overall. However, we found a significant sex interaction (p = 0.01); higher maternal androgen levels associated with accelerated catch-up growth in boys (aOR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.14, 4.03). CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence that maternal androgens may have differential effects on the programming of intrauterine growth and postnatal weight gain depending on fetal sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Huang
- Section of Men's Health, Aging and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - S A Aroner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C P Bay
- Center for Clinical Investigation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S E Gilman
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Ghassabian
- Departments of Pediatrics, Environmental Medicine, and Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - E B Loucks
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - S L Buka
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - R J Handa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - B L Lasley
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S Bhasin
- Section of Men's Health, Aging and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J M Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Han J, Jiang Y, Huang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Chen X, Li Y, Yan W. Postnatal growth of preterm infants during the first two years of life: catch-up growth accompanied by risk of overweight. Ital J Pediatr 2021; 47:66. [PMID: 33726805 PMCID: PMC7968173 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-01019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early postanal growth of preterm infants has many effects on early and late health. However, evidence on growth pattern in Chinese preterm infant population during early life is insufficient. This study aims to describe the growth trajectory, catch-up growth, and risk of overweight of preterm infants during the first 2 years of life in a Chinese community population. METHODS All preterm infants (n = 10,624) received routine childcare in one primary maternal and child healthcare network in 8 years were included. Body weight and length/height at corrected age (CA) 40 weeks, CA 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months were extracted and converted to z-scores based on the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. According to the intrauterine growth status, infants were divided into small for gestational age (SGA), appropriate for gestational age (AGA), and large for gestational age (LGA) infants. Changes of z-score were used to describe the growth velocity. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to analyze growth trajectory trends over time. RESULTS Body weight and length/height were overall above the WHO standards during the first 2 years of life. Z-score increased significantly by 0.08 (95% CI: 0.06-0.10) in weight and 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04-0.09) in length/height from CA 40 weeks to 3 months and then levelled off until CA 24 months after adjustment. Almost 90% of AGA and LGA infants achieved growth targets (≥25th percentile of WHO standards), and over 85% of SGA infants achieved catch-up growth (≥10th percentile of WHO standards) before CA 24 months. However, the risk of overweight appeared during this period, with the proportion of infants with the risk of overweight being at the peak at CA 3 months (25.6% of all preterm infants and 39.4% of LGA infants). Growth trajectories of SGA showed increasing trends, but those of LGA showed decreasing trends during the first 2 years. CONCLUSIONS Body weight and length/height of preterm infants are above the WHO standards in the Chinese community population during the first 2 years of life. Catch-up growth is accompanied by risk of overweight as early as CA 3 months. (349 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Han
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
- National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
- National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Shanghai Minhang District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, 805 Gudai Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Shanghai Minhang District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, 805 Gudai Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Minhang District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, 805 Gudai Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
- National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Xiaotian Chen
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
- National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Yun Li
- Shanghai Minhang District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, 805 Gudai Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China.
| | - Weili Yan
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China.
- National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China.
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Petrov ME, Whisner CM, McCormick D, Todd M, Reyna L, Reifsnider E. Sleep-wake patterns in newborns are associated with infant rapid weight gain and incident adiposity in toddlerhood. Pediatr Obes 2021; 16:e12726. [PMID: 32915514 PMCID: PMC8344177 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid weight gain (RWG) by 6 months of life is a significant risk factor of childhood overweight (OW)/obesity. Infant sleep patterns are associated with incident OW in childhood, but few have examined its relationship with RWG. OBJECTIVE Examine associations between newborn sleep-wake patterns and incident RWG at 6 months of life and OW at 36 months. METHODS Low-income Mexican/Mexican-American women with OW/obesity and their infants (n = 126) enrolled in a 1-year randomized controlled trial designed to prevent incident, infant RWG and toddlerhood OW/obesity. Sleep pattern metrics at 1 month were extracted from the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire-Revised. Outcome measures included RWG (>0.67 positive change in weight-for-age Z-score) from birth to 6 months and incident OW (body mass index percentile ≥85) at 36 months. RESULTS By 6 months, 35.7% (n = 45) of infants experienced RWG, and by 36 months 42.3% (n = 41) of toddlers were OW. Napping ≥5x/day at 1-month was significantly associated with decreased odds for RWG compared to napping <5x (OR = 0.11, 95%CI:0.02, 0.63). Each 1-hour increase in nocturnal vs diurnal sleep was associated with greater odds of incident OW at 36 mos (OR = 1.51, 95%CI:1.13, 2.03). CONCLUSIONS Early-life sleep patterns related to infant nap frequency and nocturnal vs diurnal sleep distribution were associated with obesity outcomes and may be important intervention targets to prevent lasting consequences on infant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Petrov
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Corrie M. Whisner
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - David McCormick
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | - Michael Todd
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Elizabeth Reifsnider
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
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Kong KL, Burgess B, Morris KS, Faith MS, Paluch RA. High intake of added sugars is linked to rapid weight gain in infancy, breastfeeding ≥12 months may protect against this: A preliminary investigation. Pediatr Obes 2021; 16:e12728. [PMID: 32965090 PMCID: PMC10414972 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of added sugars is linked to excess adiposity in older age groups and breastfeeding has been shown to protect against later obesity. OBJECTIVES This investigation aimed to determine whether intake of added sugars associates with rapid weight gain in individuals under 2 years of age, if intake of added sugars associates with breastfeeding duration, and how both influence body weight. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of data from three 24-hours dietary recalls collected from 141 infants/toddlers (age 11.9 ± 1.9 months, 44.7% male) was performed. Multivariable regressions assessed relationships between added sugar intakes, breastfeeding duration, and weight status. Hierarchical regressions examined added variance accounted for in rapid weight gain (specifically, upward weight-for-age percentile [WFA %tile] crossing) through the interaction of added sugars * breastfeeding duration. RESULTS Added sugars correlated positively with upward WFA %tile crossing (r = 0.280, P < .001) and negatively with breastfeeding duration (r = -0.468, P < .001). Consumption of added sugars was a significant predictor of rapid weight gain when breastfeeding duration was short (<12 months, β = 0.020, P = .029), but not long (≥12 months, β = 0.001, P = .875). CONCLUSIONS A high intake of added sugars in individuals below age 2 associates with rapid weight gain, though breastfeeding ≥12 months appears protective against this. Further studies are necessary to substantiate these findings and provide insight into underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ling Kong
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Brenda Burgess
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Katherine S. Morris
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Myles S. Faith
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rocco A. Paluch
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Pesch MH, Levitt KJ, Danziger P, Orringer K. Pediatrician's Beliefs and Practices Around Rapid Infant Weight Gain: A Qualitative Study. Glob Pediatr Health 2021; 8:2333794X21992164. [PMID: 33614855 PMCID: PMC7874340 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x21992164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid infant weight gain is a risk factor for later obesity. The objective of this study was to examine primary care pediatricians’ beliefs and practices around rapid infant weight gain. Primary care pediatricians (N = 16) participated in a semi-structured interview about infant growth. Interviews were transcribed, analyzed for themes using the grounded theory and the constant comparative method then reliably coded for the presence of each theme. Three themes were identified, pediatricians (1) are uncertain about the concept, definition, and implications of excessive or rapid infant weight gain (N = 16, 100%), (2) are more comfortable with management of inadequate versus excessive or rapid weight gain (N = 10, 62.5%), and (3) perceive the primary cause of excessive or rapid infant weight gain to be overfeeding (N = 10, 62.5%). In conclusion, pediatricians are uncertain about the concept, definition, management, and long-term risks of rapid infant weight gain. Interventions to increase awareness and pediatrician sense of competence in management of rapid infant weight gain are needed.
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Growth patterns and breast milk/infant formula energetic efficiency in healthy infants up to 18 months of life: the COGNIS study. Br J Nutr 2021; 126:1809-1822. [PMID: 33602357 DOI: 10.1017/s000711452100057x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Type of feeding during early life influences growth trajectory and metabolic risk at later ages. Modifications in infant formula composition have led to evaluate their effects on growth and energetic efficiency (EE) compared with breast-feeding. Main goal was to analyse type of feeding potential effects during first months of life, plus its EE, on growth patterns in healthy formula fed (standard infant formula (SF) vs. experimental infant formula enriched with bioactive nutrients (EF)) and breastfed (BF) infants participating in the COGNIS RCT (http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT02094547) up to 18 months of age. Infants follow-up to 18 months of age (n 141) fed with a SF (n 48), EF(n 56), or BF (n 37), were assessed for growth parameters using WHO standards. Growth velocity (GV) and catch-up were calculated to identify growth patterns. EE of breast milk/infant formula was also estimated. Infants' growth at 6 months showed higher length and lower head circumference gains in SF and EF infants than BF infants. Both weight-for-length and weight-for-age catch-up growth showed significant differences in formula fed groups compared with the BF. No significant differences in GV or catch-up were found at 6-12 and 12-18 months. Regarding EE, infant formula groups showed significantly lower weight and length gains/g of milk protein, and higher weight and length gains/g of milk lipids, than the BF infants. GV during first 6 months, which may be influenced by feeding, seems to be the main predictor of subsequent growth trajectory. Breast-feeding may have positive effects on growth programming due to its nutrients' EE.
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Jasper EA, Cho H, Breheny PJ, Bao W, Dagle JM, Ryckman KK. Perinatal determinants of growth trajectories in children born preterm. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245387. [PMID: 33507964 PMCID: PMC7842887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing amount of evidence indicates in utero and early life growth has profound, long-term consequences for an individual's health throughout the life course; however, there is limited data in preterm infants, a vulnerable population at risk for growth abnormalities. OBJECTIVE To address the gap in knowledge concerning early growth and its determinants in preterm infants. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed using a population of preterm (< 37 weeks gestation) infants obtained from an electronic medical record database. Weight z-scores were acquired from discharge until roughly two years corrected age. Linear mixed effects modeling, with random slopes and intercepts, was employed to estimate growth trajectories. RESULTS Thirteen variables, including maternal race, hypertension during pregnancy, preeclampsia, first trimester body mass index, multiple status, gestational age, birth weight, birth length, head circumference, year of birth, length of birth hospitalization stay, total parenteral nutrition, and dextrose treatment, were significantly associated with growth rates of preterm infants in univariate analyses. A small percentage (1.32% - 2.07%) of the variation in the growth of preterm infants can be explained in a joint model of these perinatal factors. In extremely preterm infants, additional variation in growth trajectories can be explained by conditions whose risk differs by degree of prematurity. Specifically, infants with periventricular leukomalacia or retinopathy of prematurity experienced decelerated rates of growth compared to infants without such conditions. CONCLUSIONS Factors found to influence growth over time in children born at term also affect growth of preterm infants. The strength of association and the magnitude of the effect varied by gestational age, revealing that significant heterogeneity in growth and its determinants exists within the preterm population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Jasper
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hyunkeun Cho
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Breheny
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - John M. Dagle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Kelli K. Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
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Chatterjee S, Ouidir M, Tekola-Ayele F. Pleiotropic genetic influence on birth weight and childhood obesity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:48. [PMID: 33420178 PMCID: PMC7794220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a global public health problem. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie early origins of childhood obesity can facilitate interventions. Consistent phenotypic and genetic correlations have been found between childhood obesity traits and birth weight (a proxy for in-utero growth), suggesting shared genetic influences (pleiotropy). We aimed to (1) investigate whether there is significant shared genetic influence between birth weight and childhood obesity traits, and (2) to identify genetic loci with shared effects. Using a statistical approach that integrates summary statistics and functional annotations for paired traits, we found strong evidence of pleiotropy (P < 3.53 × 10–127) and enrichment of functional annotations (P < 1.62 × 10–39) between birth weight and childhood body mass index (BMI)/obesity. The pleiotropic loci were enriched for regulatory features in skeletal muscle, adipose and brain tissues and in cell lines derived from blood lymphocytes. At 5% false discovery rate, 6 loci were associated with birth weight and childhood BMI and 13 loci were associated with birth weight and childhood obesity. Out of these 19 loci, one locus (EBF1) was novel to childhood obesity and one locus (LMBR1L) was novel to both birth weight and childhood BMI/obesity. These findings give evidence of substantial shared genetic effects in the regulation of both fetal growth and childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvo Chatterjee
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Room 3204, Bethesda, 20892-7004, USA
| | - Marion Ouidir
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Room 3204, Bethesda, 20892-7004, USA
| | - Fasil Tekola-Ayele
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Room 3204, Bethesda, 20892-7004, USA.
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Huang F, Zhu P, Wang J, Chen J, Lin W. Postnatal overfeeding induces hepatic microRNA-221 expression and impairs the PI3K/AKT pathway in adult male rats. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:143-149. [PMID: 32305038 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-0877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that postnatal overfeeding induces childhood obesity, which is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome. MicroRNA-221 (miR-221) is involved in the development of obesity and has been reported to negatively regulate insulin sensitivity. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. METHODS Rats raised in small litters (SLs, three pups/dam, n = 10) and normal litters (NLs, 10 pups/dam, n = 10) were used to model early postnatal overfeeding and act as controls, respectively. miR-221 and proteins related to the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway were assessed in the liver. RESULTS Early postnatal overfeeding significantly increased body weight, visceral fat index, blood glucose, serum triglycerides, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance at 9 weeks. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analysis revealed that postnatal overfeeding induced insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate 2 expression, but decreased PI3K and AKT phosphorylation in the liver. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that hepatic miR-221 was significantly overexpressed in the SL group. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that postnatal overfeeding induces hepatic miR-221 overexpression and impairs the PI3K/AKT signal pathway, which may cause insulin resistance. IMPACT We first report postnatal overfeeding induces hepatic miR-221 expression. Postnatal overfeeding impairs PI3K/AKT pathway in the liver of adult rats. Postnatal overfeeding induces obesity and high blood glucose. Avoidance of overfeeding during early postnatal life may prevent obesity and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Huang
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Pingping Zhu
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wenting Lin
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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38
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Hsiao YC, Wang JH, Chu CH, Chang YH, Chen JS, Jan RH, Yang SH, Chen MC, Chou WC, Chu SY, Lai PC, Cheng CF, Chiu PY, Liu YH, Chang YC. Comparison of Growth Velocity Among School Age Children With Different Body Mass Index From Childhood Into Early Adolescence in Hualien County, Taiwan: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:599730. [PMID: 33643970 PMCID: PMC7907168 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.599730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the contribution of high body mass index (BMI) to growth velocity among school-aged children who remained in the same BMI categories for a 6-year period. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included children who enrolled in the school year 2009 and remained in the same BMI categories during their 1st, 4th, and 7th grades (6-7, 9-10, 12-13 years of age). Annual linear growth velocity and weight gain were calculated and compared between sexes, BMI groups, and different times. Risk analysis and repeated measures analysis of variance were performed to identify the impact of BMI on growth velocity. Results: Of the 1,637 subjects, 53.0% were male, and 2.5% and 10.9% belonged to BMI groups of overweight and obese, respectively. In students between 6 and 13 years of age, obesity was associated with higher annual weight gain and height gain. Risk analysis showed that obese subjects had higher linear growth velocity than normal BMI groups of both sexes between 6 and 9 years of age. Unexpectedly, overweight and obese girls between 9 and 13 years of age had less linear growth velocity than underweight girls at the same interval. Repeated measures analysis of variance in both sexes showed a significant statistical association between BMI and different times of growth. However, the effect was less in girls between 9 and 13 years of age. Conclusion: Puberty may dominate over BMI as the main contributor to high growth velocity in girls with underweight BMI emerging into pubertal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chao Hsiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hung Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiang Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Shia Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Hwa Jan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hsien Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chih Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yin Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education, Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Cheng
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yun Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chieh Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
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Campos M, Pomeroy J, Mays MH, Lopez A, Palacios C. Intervention to promote physical activation and improve sleep and response feeding in infants for preventing obesity early in life, the baby-act trial: Rationale and design. Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 99:106185. [PMID: 33099015 PMCID: PMC7860210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Infant obesity is increasing in the US, particularly among Hispanics. Rapid weight gain during infancy increases the risk of obesity later in life and could be prevented through multi-modal interventions addressing multiple risk factors through population-level programs. OBJECTIVES 1) determine the extent to which the intervention, compared with the usual care control condition, improves healthy weight gain and specific behaviors (physical activity, sleep, diet) in the first year of life and 2) evaluate the cost of the intervention as a modification of the current WIC standard of care. METHODS The lifestyle intervention focuses on age-appropriate infant physical activation, healthy sleep and sedentary patterns, and response feeding, by improving parenting skills delivered through a combination of technology (web-platform and text messages) and phone counseling. It is being tested among caregivers of infant participants of the Puerto Rico WIC program through a cluster-randomized controlled trial in 14 WIC clinics in San Juan starting in pregnancy until the infant is 12 months of age. The main outcome is infant rate of weight gain at 12 months; secondary outcomes include objectively measured hours of infant movement, sedentary behaviors and sleep, diet quality score and response feeding behaviors. We are also recording fees, time and personnel involved in the intervention development, maintenance and dissemination. CONCLUSIONS If successful, the intervention could be incorporated as a 'best practice' through WIC policy as a means to strengthen obesity prevention efforts to improve minority health and eliminate health disparities among Hispanics and possibly other at-risk groups beyond the childhood period. Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT03517891.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Campos
- Dental and Craniofacial Genomics Core, Endocrinology Section School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico.
| | - J Pomeroy
- Clinical Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield Clinic Health System, Marshfield, WI, USA.
| | - M H Mays
- Biomedical Informatics Core, Puerto Rico Clinical and Translational Research Consortium, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
| | - A Lopez
- Sports and Leisure Management program and Adapted Physical Education program, School of Education, Metropolitan University, San Juan Puerto Rico.
| | - C Palacios
- Dietetics and Nutrition Department, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami USA.
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40
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Oddo VM, Hoyo C, Østbye T, Benjamin-Neelon SE. Maternal Employment and Infant BMI z Score in a US Birth Cohort. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:2389-2396. [PMID: 33098275 PMCID: PMC7686059 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between maternal employment and infant BMI z score. METHODS Longitudinal data from 520 mother-infant dyads participating in the Nurture Study, an observational cohort in the southeastern United States, were leveraged. Women were categorized as employed or nonemployed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, and measured anthropometrics were used to calculate infants' BMI z scores at the corresponding time points. BMI z score was defined using the World Health Organization standard. Household income was an effect modifier. Therefore, income-stratified (≤$40,000/y vs. >$40,000/y) linear regression models, with individual fixed effects, were used to examine associations between change in maternal employment status and BMI z scores among infants aged 3 to 12 months. Fixed effects controlled for time-invariant confounders (race/ethnicity, infant gender). This study also controlled for marital status and infant age. RESULTS More women from higher-income (68.4%) versus lower-income households (52.6%) were employed. Among lower-income households, change from nonemployment to employment was associated with higher infant BMI z scores (β = 0.12; 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.25, P = 0.07). Among higher-income households, change in maternal employment status was associated with lower infant BMI z scores (β = -0.72; 95% CI: -1.17 to -0.27, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Maternal employment was related to infant adiposity. The direction of the association varied by household-level income.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Oddo
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Truls Østbye
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara E. Benjamin-Neelon
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Baldassarre ME, Di Mauro A, Caroli M, Schettini F, Rizzo V, Panza R, De Giorgi A, Capozza M, Fanelli M, Laforgia N. Premature Birth is an Independent Risk Factor for Early Adiposity Rebound: Longitudinal Analysis of BMI Data from Birth to 7 Years. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123654. [PMID: 33261215 PMCID: PMC7760942 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiposity rebound (AR) refers to the second rise of the body mass index (BMI) curve that usually occurs physiologically between five and seven years of age. AR timing has a great impact on patients’ health, since early adiposity rebound (EAR) is associated with the development of metabolic syndrome later in life. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of EAR in a cohort of inborn preterm infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Section of the Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Italy. Secondarily, we assessed whether some determinants such as (1) gender; (2) delivery mode; (3) birth weight and classification into small, normal, or large for gestational age; (4) type of feeding; (5) breastfeeding duration; (6) timing of introduction of solid food; (7) parental education; and (8) parental pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) influenced EAR in this cohort. The tertiary aim was to evaluate the prevalence of obesity or being overweight at seven years of age in children according to early versus timely AR. This is a prospective, population-based longitudinal study conducted at the Neonatal Intensive Care Section of the Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Italy. Inborn preterm infants admitted to the neonatal ward between 2009 and 2011 were eligible. Enrolled preterm infants were evaluated at birth and at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 months and 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 years of age. Weight and height data were analyzed, and BMI was calculated. AR was assessed in the growth trajectory in a body mass index (BMI) plot. Of the 250 preterm newborns included, 100 completed the seven-year follow-up and entered the final analysis, 138 were lost during the seven-year follow-up, and in 12 cases parents withdrew over the course of the study. The prevalence of EAR in our cohort of preterm newborns was 54% at seven years of age. Early adiposity rebound was associated with being large for gestational age (LGA) at birth. No other factors were associated with EAR. Early adiposity rebounders had a significantly higher BMI at seven years compared to children with timely AR (17.2 ± 2.7 vs. 15.6 ± 2.05, p = 0.021). No significant differences were found in the prevalence of obesity or being overweight at seven years of age in children with early or timely AR (29% vs. 14%, p = 0.202). Ex-preterm infants have an increased risk of EAR. Since EAR may lead to long-term detrimental health effects with the onset of various chronic diseases (e.g., obesity, metabolic syndrome, etc.), healthcare providers should be prepared to counteract its occurrence, especially in delicate sub-populations of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabetta Baldassarre
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio Di Mauro
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | | | - Federico Schettini
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Valentina Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Raffaella Panza
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Alessia De Giorgi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Manuela Capozza
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Margherita Fanelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy;
| | - Nicola Laforgia
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
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Wang CC, Tung YT, Chang HC, Lin CH, Chen YC. Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Newborn Birth Weight for Mother with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Overweight/Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113477. [PMID: 33198366 PMCID: PMC7696869 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High birth weight indicates the future risk of obesity and increased fat mass in childhood. Maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or overweight are powerful predictors of high birth weight. Studies on probiotic supplementation during pregnancy have reported its benefits in modulating gut microbiota composition and improving glucose and lipid metabolism in pregnant women. Therefore, probiotic intervention during pregnancy was proposed to interrupt the transmission of obesity from mothers to newborns. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the effect of probiotic intervention in pregnant women with GDM or overweight on newborn birth weight. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases up to 18 December 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing pregnant women with GDM or overweight who received probiotic intervention during pregnancy with those receiving placebo were eligible for the analysis. Newborn birth weights were pooled to calculate the mean difference with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Two reviewers assessed the trial quality and extracted data independently. Seven RCTs involving 1093 participants were included in the analysis. Compared with the placebo, probiotics had little effect on newborn birth weight of pregnant women with GDM or overweight (mean difference = -10.27, 95% CI = -90.17 to 69.63, p = 0.801). The subgroup analysis revealed that probiotic intake by women with GDM decreased newborn birth weight, whereas probiotic intake by obese pregnant women increased newborn birth weight. Thus, no evidence indicates that probiotic intake by pregnant women with GDM or overweight can control newborn birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chi Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan;
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, 110, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Ching Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City 110, Taiwan;
| | - Chang-Hsien Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Yang-Ching Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (C.-H.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan;
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2737-2181 (ext. 3032); Fax: +886-2-2738-9804
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Bowman CE, Arany Z, Wolfgang MJ. Regulation of maternal-fetal metabolic communication. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1455-1486. [PMID: 33084944 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03674-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy may be the most nutritionally sensitive stage in the life cycle, and improved metabolic health during gestation and early postnatal life can reduce the risk of chronic disease in adulthood. Successful pregnancy requires coordinated metabolic, hormonal, and immunological communication. In this review, maternal-fetal metabolic communication is defined as the bidirectional communication of nutritional status and metabolic demand by various modes including circulating metabolites, endocrine molecules, and other secreted factors. Emphasis is placed on metabolites as a means of maternal-fetal communication by synthesizing findings from studies in humans, non-human primates, domestic animals, rabbits, and rodents. In this review, fetal, placental, and maternal metabolic adaptations are discussed in turn. (1) Fetal macronutrient needs are summarized in terms of the physiological adaptations in place to ensure their proper allocation. (2) Placental metabolite transport and maternal physiological adaptations during gestation, including changes in energy budget, are also discussed. (3) Maternal nutrient limitation and metabolic disorders of pregnancy serve as case studies of the dynamic nature of maternal-fetal metabolic communication. The review concludes with a summary of recent research efforts to identify metabolites, endocrine molecules, and other secreted factors that mediate this communication, with particular emphasis on serum/plasma metabolomics in humans, non-human primates, and rodents. A better understanding of maternal-fetal metabolic communication in health and disease may reveal novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn E Bowman
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Flores-Barrantes P, Iguacel I, Iglesia-Altaba I, Moreno LA, Rodríguez G. Rapid Weight Gain, Infant Feeding Practices, and Subsequent Body Mass Index Trajectories: The CALINA Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103178. [PMID: 33080922 PMCID: PMC7603162 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to study growth patterns according to rapid weight gain (RWG) and infant feeding practices during the first 120 days and whether infant feeding practices mediated the association between RWG in the first semester of life and subsequent body mass index (BMI) z-score in children from age 1 to 6. (1) Methods: 862 children from the Growth and Feeding during Lactation and Early Childhood in Children of Aragon study (CALINA in Spanish) were examined. Repeated-measures ANOVA analyses were conducted to assess growth trajectories according to RWG and type of feeding practice. The product of coefficients mediation method was used to assess the potential contribution of infant feeding practices to the association between RWG and BMI z-score. Mediation models were conducted using IBM SPSS-PROCESS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. (2) Results: BMI and weight z-score trajectories were significantly higher in the RWG group and the formula-fed group. No significant differences were found regarding height. Infant feeding practices did not mediate the association between RWG and BMI z-score but were associated with BMI at 6 years. (3) Conclusions: Infant feeding practices and RWG determine different growth trajectories of BMI and weight during childhood. Although infant feeding practices did not mediate the association between early RWG and BMI later in life, formula feeding is independently related to higher BMI growth patterns later in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Flores-Barrantes
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition, and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Spain Edificio del SAI, C/Pedro Cerbuna s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (I.I.); (I.I.-A.); (L.A.M.); (G.R.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-876-553-756
| | - Isabel Iguacel
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition, and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Spain Edificio del SAI, C/Pedro Cerbuna s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (I.I.); (I.I.-A.); (L.A.M.); (G.R.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iris Iglesia-Altaba
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition, and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Spain Edificio del SAI, C/Pedro Cerbuna s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (I.I.); (I.I.-A.); (L.A.M.); (G.R.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), RETICS ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A. Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition, and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Spain Edificio del SAI, C/Pedro Cerbuna s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (I.I.); (I.I.-A.); (L.A.M.); (G.R.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerardo Rodríguez
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition, and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Spain Edificio del SAI, C/Pedro Cerbuna s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (I.I.); (I.I.-A.); (L.A.M.); (G.R.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), RETICS ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Pediatría, Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Zaragoza, 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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McLaughlin EJ, Hiscock RJ, Robinson AJ, Hui L, Tong S, Dane KM, Middleton AL, Walker SP, MacDonald TM. Appropriate-for-gestational-age infants who exhibit reduced antenatal growth velocity display postnatal catch-up growth. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238700. [PMID: 32898169 PMCID: PMC7478563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Postnatally, small-for-gestational-age (SGA; birthweight <10th centile) infants who are growth restricted due to uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI) demonstrate ‘catch-up growth’ to meet their genetically-predetermined size. Infants who demonstrate slowing growth during pregnancy are those that cross estimated fetal weight centiles at serial ultrasound examinations. These infants that slow in growth but are born appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA; ≥10th centile), exhibit antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal indicators of UPI. Here, we examine if and when these infants (labelled as AGA-FGR) also demonstrate catch-up growth like SGA infants, when compared with AGA infants with normal antenatal growth velocity (AGA-NG). Methods We followed-up the infants of women who had previously undergone ultrasound assessment of fetal size at 28- and 36-weeks’ gestation, enabling calculation of antenatal growth velocity. To assess postnatal growth, we asked parents to send their infant’s growth measurements, up to two years post-birth, which are routinely collected through the state-wide Maternal-Child Health service. Infants with medical conditions affecting postnatal growth were excluded from the analysis. From the measurements obtained we calculated age-adjusted z-scores for postnatal weight, length and body mass index (BMI; weight(kg)/height(m2)) at birth and 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 months. We used linear spline regression modelling to predict mean weight, length and BMI z-scores at intervals post birth. Predicted mean age-adjusted z-scores were then compared between three groups; SGA, AGA with low antenatal growth (AGA-FGR; loss of >20 customised estimated fetal weight centiles), and AGA-NG to determine if catch-up growth occurred. In addition, we compared the rates of catch-up growth (defined as an increase in weight age-adjusted z-score of ≥0.67 over 1 year) between the groups with Fisher’s exact tests. Results Of 158 (46%) infant growth records received, 146 were AGA, with low antenatal growth velocity occurring in 34/146 (23.2%). Rates of gestational diabetes and SGA birthweight were higher in those lost to follow-up. Compared to AGA-NG infants, AGA-FGR infants had significantly lower predicted mean weight (p<0.001), length (p = 0.04) and BMI (p = 0.001) z-scores at birth. These significant differences were no longer evident at 4 months, suggesting that catch-up growth had occurred. As expected, the catch-up growth that occurred among the AGA-FGR was not as great in magnitude as that demonstrated by the SGA. When assessed categorically, there was no significant difference between the rate of catch-up growth among the AGA-FGR and the SGA. Catch-up growth was significantly more frequent among both the AGA-FGR and the SGA groups compared to the AGA-NG. Conclusions AGA infants that have exhibited reduced antenatal fetal growth velocity also exhibit significant catch-up growth in the first 12 months of life. This finding represents further evidence that AGA fetuses that slow in growth during pregnancy do so due to UPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. McLaughlin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Richard J. Hiscock
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Lisa Hui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kirsten M. Dane
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Susan P. Walker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Teresa M. MacDonald
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Melbourne, Australia
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Parra-Vargas M, Ramon-Krauel M, Lerin C, Jimenez-Chillaron JC. Size Does Matter: Litter Size Strongly Determines Adult Metabolism in Rodents. Cell Metab 2020; 32:334-340. [PMID: 32814016 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this essay, we highlight how litter size in rodents is a strong determinant of neonatal growth and long-term metabolic health. Based on these effects, we strongly advise that scientific articles that utilize rodent models for obesity and metabolic research should include information on the litter sizes in the study to increase the data transparency of such reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Parra-Vargas
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Endocrinology, c/ Santa Rosa 39-57, 4ª planta, Esplugues, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ramon-Krauel
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Endocrinology, c/ Santa Rosa 39-57, 4ª planta, Esplugues, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Lerin
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Endocrinology, c/ Santa Rosa 39-57, 4ª planta, Esplugues, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep C Jimenez-Chillaron
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Endocrinology, c/ Santa Rosa 39-57, 4ª planta, Esplugues, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
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Does early weaning shape future endocrine and metabolic disorders? Lessons from animal models. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 11:441-451. [PMID: 32487270 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its complications occur at alarming rates worldwide. Epidemiological data have associated perinatal conditions, such as malnutrition, with the development of some disorders, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, in childhood and adulthood. Exclusive breastfeeding has been associated with protection against long-term chronic diseases. However, in humans, the interruption of breastfeeding before the recommended period of 6 months is a common practice and can increase the risk of several metabolic disturbances. Nutritional and environmental changes within a critical window of development, such as pregnancy and breastfeeding, can induce permanent changes in metabolism through epigenetic mechanisms, leading to diseases later in life via a phenomenon known as programming or developmental plasticity. However, little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms by which precocious weaning can result in adipose tissue dysfunction and endocrine profile alterations. Here, the authors give a comprehensive report of the different animal models of early weaning and programming that can result in the development of metabolic syndrome. In rats, for example, pharmacological and nonpharmacological early weaning models are associated with the development of overweight and visceral fat accumulation, leptin and insulin resistance, and neuroendocrine and hepatic changes in adult progeny. Sex-related differences seem to influence this phenotype. Therefore, precocious weaning seems to be obesogenic for offspring. A better understanding of this condition seems essential to reducing the risk for diseases. Additionally, this knowledge can generate new insights into therapeutic strategies for obesity management, improving health outcomes.
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Lu Y, Pearce A, Li L. Weight gain in early years and subsequent body mass index trajectories across birth weight groups: a prospective longitudinal study. Eur J Public Health 2020; 30:316-322. [PMID: 31899482 PMCID: PMC7183364 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid weight gain (RWG) in early-life is associated with increased risk of childhood obesity and is common among low-birth weight infants. Few studies have compared body mass index (BMI) trajectories of children experienced RWG to those who did not, across birth weight groups. We investigated the association between RWG in early-life and subsequent BMI trajectory and whether the association differs by birth weight. METHODS We included term singletons from the UK Millennium Cohort Study (n = 10 637). RWG was defined as an increase in weight z-scores (derived using UK-WHO growth reference) between birth and 3 years >0.67. Mixed-effect fractional polynomial models were applied to examine the association between RWG and BMI trajectories (5-14 years). Models were further adjusted for confounders and stratified by birth weight-for-gestational-age group. RESULTS Mean BMI trajectories were higher in children who experienced RWG in early-life, compared with their non-RWG counterparts. RWG was associated with higher BMI at five years [by 0.76 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.67-0.85) in boys and 0.87 kg/m2 (0.76-0.97) in girls]; the difference persisted into adolescence [1.37 kg/m2 (1.17-1.58) and 1.75 kg/m2 (1.52-1.99) at 14 years, respectively]. Differences remained after adjustment and were particularly greater for children born large-for-gestational-age than those born small- and appropriate-for-gestational-age. Mean BMI trajectories for large-for-gestational-age children with RWG exceeded international reference curves for overweight (for obesity at some ages in girls). CONCLUSIONS RWG was associated with higher BMI trajectories throughout childhood and adolescence, especially in large-for-gestational-age children. Strategies for obesity prevention need to address factors during and before infancy and preventing excessive weight gain among infants who have already had adequate growth in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Population, Policy and Practice, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Pearce
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Leah Li
- Population, Policy and Practice, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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Khanom A, Evans BA, Lynch R, Marchant E, Hill RA, Morgan K, Rapport F, Lyons RA, Brophy S. Parent recommendations to support physical activity for families with young children: Results of interviews in deprived and affluent communities in South Wales (United Kingdom). Health Expect 2020; 23:284-295. [PMID: 31898386 PMCID: PMC7104648 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity is the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide. Early childhood is a critical period when healthy behaviours can be instilled for a future active lifestyle. We explored community, societal and environmental factors affecting child and family physical activity and sought parent recommendations to support physical activity in families with young children. METHODS We interviewed 61 parents expecting a child or with a baby ≤12 months (35 mother and father paired interviews and 26 interviews with mothers only). We purposively sampled families for neighbourhood deprivation status (Townsend Index; 26 affluent; 35 deprived). We conducted thematic analysis of interview transcripts using Bronfenbrenner's socio-ecological framework to guide interpretation. RESULTS We identified four themes: work family-life balance; spaces for activity; beliefs and attitudes; and physical activity facilitators. We found that parents from deprived neighbourhoods were more likely to be underactive because of a complex web of community, social and personal factors which reduced motivation and hindered opportunity for physical activity. To increase knowledge and opportunity, respondents suggested 'help not tell' messages covering 'why', 'how' and 'where' information about physical activity, and using physical activity to support community engagement and social interaction. CONCLUSIONS Recommendations from parents highlight effective communication about the importance of early child and family physical activity and improved community access to safe facilities and opportunities. Both parents need to be engaged in designing interventions to support greater physical activity and healthy behaviours which are relevant and achievable in individuals' lives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca Lynch
- Swansea UniversitySwanseaUK
- National Centre for Mental HealthCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Rebecca A. Hill
- Swansea UniversitySwanseaUK
- Hywel Dda University Health BoardWalesUK
| | | | - Frances Rapport
- Swansea UniversitySwanseaUK
- Present address:
Macquarie UniversityMacquarie ParkNSWAustralia
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Rahma EN, Wirjatmadi B. Hubungan antara Aktivitas Fisik dan Aktivitas Sedentari dengan Status Gizi Lebih pada Anak Sekolah Dasar. AMERTA NUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v4i1.2020.79-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Overnutrition status can be influenced by multifactor such as behaviors are eating habits, physical activity, sedentary activity, and genetic. Objectives: Analyze the relationship between of physical activity and sedentary activity with overnutrition status of elementary students.Methods: The study using a case control design, with respondents were 22 students in overnutrition status group and 22 students in normalnutrition status group. Simple random sampling was used this study. Data were collected throught direct interview using Physical Activity Questionnare-Children (PAQ-C) to record respondent’s physical activity, and Adolescent Sedentari Activity Questionnaire (ASAQ) to record respondent’s sedentary activity. Analysis data using Chi-Square test for physical activity and Spearman test for physical activity. Results: The result showed that there was a relationship between physical activity with overnutrition status (p=0.016) and an OR=0.218 with CI 95% (0.061 – 0.775) which mean that student who did physical activity with good category at risk 0.218 times less to be overnutition status. As for sedentary activity (p=0.026) with OR=5.5 and CI 95% (1.145–17.679), which mean students who did sedentary activity more than 5 hour at risk 4.5 times greater than to be overnutrition status compared with students who did physical activity less than 2 hour. Conclusion: The low of physical activity and high of sedentary activityin elementary students were related with overnutrition status. Student with overnutrition status must be increase physical activity and reduced sedentary activity. ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Status Gizi Lebih disebabkan oleh multifaktor yaitu faktor perilaku seperti kebiasaan makan, aktivitas fisik, aktivitas sedentari, dan faktor genetik.Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara aktivitas fisik serta aktivitas sedentari dengan status gizi lebih pada anak usia sekolah dasar.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain case control, dengan sampel 22 anak kelompok status gizi lebih dan 22 anak kelompok status gizi normal. Simple random sampling merupakan metode yang digunakan dalam pengambilan sampel. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode wawancara langsung dengan bantuan kuesioner PAQ-C (Physical Activity Questionnare-Children) untuk mencatat aktivitas fisik, dan kuesioner ASAQ (Adolescent Sedentari Activity Questionnaire) untuk mencatat aktivitas sedentari. Data dianalisis dengan uji statistik Chi-Square untuk aktivitas fisik dan Spearman untuk aktivitas sedentari.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara aktivitas fisik dengan status gizi lebih (p 0,016) didapatkan nilai OR= 0,218 dengan CI 95% (0,061 – 0,775) dapat diartikan bahwa siswa yang melakukan aktivitas fisik dengan kategori baik beresiko 0,218 kali lebih kecil mengalami status gizi lebih. Sedangkan, untuk aktivitas sedentari (p= 0,026) dengan nilai OR = 4,5 dan CI 95% (1,145 – 17, 679) artinya siswa yang melakukan aktivitas sedentari > 5 jam maka memiliki kecenderungan 4,5 kali lebih besar untuk mengalami status gizi lebih dibandingkan dengan siswa yang melakukan aktivitas sedentari < 2 jam.Kesimpulan: Rendahnya aktivitas fisik dan tingginya aktivitas sedentari pada anak sekolah dasar berhubungan dengan masalah status gizi lebih. Siswa dengan status gizi lebih sebaiknya melakukan aktivitas fisik lebih banyak lagi, dan mengurangi kegiatan yang kurang gerak.
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