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Singh R, Gholipourmalekabadi M, Shafikhani SH. Animal models for type 1 and type 2 diabetes: advantages and limitations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1359685. [PMID: 38444587 PMCID: PMC10912558 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1359685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic elevation in blood glucose levels, resulting from inadequate insulin production, defective cellular response to extracellular insulin, and/or impaired glucose metabolism. The two main types that account for most diabetics are type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), each with their own pathophysiological features. T1D is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This leads to lack of insulin, a vital hormone for regulating blood sugar levels and cellular glucose uptake. As a result, those with T1D depend on lifelong insulin therapy to control their blood glucose level. In contrast, T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin, coupled with a relative insulin deficiency. This form of diabetes is often associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and/or genetic factors, and it is managed with lifestyle changes and oral medications. Animal models play a crucial role in diabetes research. However, given the distinct differences between T1DM and T2DM, it is imperative for researchers to employ specific animal models tailored to each condition for a better understanding of the impaired mechanisms underlying each condition, and for assessing the efficacy of new therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the distinct animal models used in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus research and discuss their strengths and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, & Cell Therapy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mazaher Gholipourmalekabadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasha H Shafikhani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, & Cell Therapy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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2
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Talukdar A, Basumatary M. Rodent models to study type 1 and type 2 diabetes induced human diabetic nephropathy. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7759-7782. [PMID: 37458869 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08621-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic nephropathy (DN), an outcome of prolonged diabetes, has affected millions of people worldwide and every year the incidence and prevalence increase substantially. The symptoms may start with mild manifestations of the disease such as increased albuminuria, serum creatinine levels, thickening of glomerular basement membrane, expansion of mesangial matrix to severe pathological symptoms such as glomerular lesions and tubulointerstitial fibrosis which may further proceed to cardiovascular dysfunction or end-stage renal disease. PERSPECTIVE Numerous therapeutic interventions are being explored for the management of DN, however, these interventions do not completely halt the progression of this disease and hence animal models are being explored to identify critical genetic and molecular parameters which could help in tackling the disease. Rodent models which mostly include mice and rats are commonly used experimental animals which provide a wide range of advantages in understanding the onset and progression of disease in humans and also their response to a wide range of interventions helps in the development of effective therapeutics. Rodent models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes induced DN have been developed utilizing different platforms and interventions during the last few decades some of which mimic various stages of diabetes ranging from early to later stages. However, a rodent model which replicates all the features of human DN is still lacking. This review tries to evaluate the rodent models that are currently available and understand their features and limitations which may help in further development of more robust models of human DN. CONCLUSION Using these rodent models can help to understand different aspects of human DN although further research is required to develop more robust models utilizing diverse genetic platforms which may, in turn, assist in developing effective interventions to target the disease at different levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Talukdar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India.
| | - Mandira Basumatary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
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3
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Inada A, Yasunami Y, Yoshiki A, Nabeshima YI, Inada O. Greb1 Transiently Accelerates Pancreatic β-Cell Proliferation in Diabetic Mice Exposed to Estradiol. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1081-1100. [PMID: 37516458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Decrease of pancreatic β cells leads to diabetes. In an inducible cAMP early suppressor (ICER-Iγ) transgenic mouse model of severe type 2 diabetes with reduced insulin production and depleted β cells, supplementation with high concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2) markedly enhances β-cell proliferation and normalizes glucose levels. The current study explored the underlying mechanisms leading to a dynamic increase of β cells and pathologic changes in diabetic mice exposed to E2. Gene expression profiling of pancreatic islets of 6-month-old ICER-transgenic mice recovering from diabetes due to elevated E2 levels identified growth regulation by estrogen in breast cancer 1 (Greb1) as a gene significantly up-regulated during the recovery phase. To substantiate this, β-cell-specific Greb1-deficient mice were generated, and Greb1 was shown to be essential for recovery of depleted β cells in diabetic mice. Graft growth and glucose lowering were observed in 50 islets with increased Greb1 expression transplanted adjacent to E2 pellets beneath the kidney capsule of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Greb1 expression due to a drastic increase in exogenous or endogenous E2 was transient and closely correlated with changes in E2-related and some cell cycle-related genes. These findings provide new insights into in vivo proliferation of deficient β cells and suggest the possibility of new therapeutic approaches targeting pancreatic β cells that could revolutionize the concept of diabetes treatment, which has been considered difficult to cure completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Inada
- Clinical Research Department, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan; Diabetes and Genes, Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | - Atsushi Yoshiki
- Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Oogi Inada
- Diabetes and Genes, Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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4
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Noshahr ZS, Salmani H, Khajavi Rad A, Sahebkar A. Animal Models of Diabetes-Associated Renal Injury. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:9416419. [PMID: 32566684 PMCID: PMC7256713 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9416419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the main factor leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and subsequent morbidity and mortality. Importantly, the prevalence of DN is continuously increasing in developed countries. Many rodent models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes have been established to elucidate the pathogenesis of diabetes and examine novel therapies against DN. These models are developed by chemical, surgical, genetic, drug, and diet/nutrition interventions or combination of two or more methods. The main characteristics of DN including a decrease in renal function, albuminuria and mesangiolysis, mesangial expansion, and nodular glomerulosclerosis should be exhibited by an animal model of DN. However, a rodent model possessing all of the abovementioned features of human DN has not yet been developed. Furthermore, mice of different genetic backgrounds and strains show different levels of susceptibility to DN with respect to albuminuria and development of glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions. Therefore, the type of diabetes, development of nephropathy, duration of the study, cost of maintaining and breeding, and animals' mortality rate are important factors that might be affected by the type of DN model. In this review, we discuss the pros and cons of different rodent models of diabetes that are being used to study DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Samadi Noshahr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Salmani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Khajavi Rad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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5
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Ma Y, Li W, Yazdizadeh Shotorbani P, Dubansky BH, Huang L, Chaudhari S, Wu P, Wang LA, Ryou MG, Zhou Z, Ma R. Comparison of diabetic nephropathy between male and female eNOS -/-db/ db mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F889-F897. [PMID: 30810354 PMCID: PMC6580249 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00023.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex is an important biological variable that impacts diverse physiological and pathological processes, including the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. The endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient (eNOS-/-) db/db mouse is an appropriate and valuable model to study mechanisms in the development of diabetic nephropathy because of the similarities of the features of diabetic kidney disease in this model to those in humans. The aim of the present study was to determine whether there was a sex difference in renal injury in eNOS-/-db/db mice. Both male and female eNOS-/-db/db mice showed hyperglycemia, obesity, and renal hypertrophy. However, there was no significant difference in those variables between male and female mice. Furthermore, both male and female diabetic mice showed progressive albuminuria and significantly greater levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen compared with the same sex of wild-type mice (nondiabetic controls). Although all three variables in female eNOS-/-db/db mice had a tendency to be greater than those in male eNOS-/-db/db mice, those sex differences were not statistically significant. Moreover, both male and female eNOS-/-db/db mice showed significant mesangial expansion, higher glomerular injury scores, profound renal fibrosis, and substantial accumulation of fibronectin and collagen type IV proteins. However, sex differences in those structural changes were not observed. Similarly, survival rates of male and female eNOS-/-db/db mice were comparable. Taken together, the results from the present study suggest no sex difference in renal structural and functional damage in eNOS-/-db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Ma
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Weizu Li
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
- Department of Physiology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China
| | | | - Brooke Hopkins Dubansky
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Public Health, Tarleton State University , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Linjing Huang
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Sarika Chaudhari
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Peiwen Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Lei A Wang
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Myoung-Gwi Ryou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Public Health, Tarleton State University , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
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6
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Natarajan M, Habib SL, Reddick RL, Delma CR, Manickam K, Prihoda TJ, Werner SL, Mohan S. Endothelial cell-specific overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in Ins2Akita mice exacerbates diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Complications 2019; 33:23-32. [PMID: 30424931 PMCID: PMC6344355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that global deficiency of eNOS in diabetic mice exacerbated renal lesions and that overexpression of eNOS may protect against tissue injury. Our study revealed for the first time overexpression of eNOS leads to disease progression rather than protection. Transgenic mice selectively expressing eNOS in endothelial cells (eNOSTg) were cross bred with Ins2Akita type-1 (AK) diabetic mice to generate eNOS overexpressing eNOSTg/AK mice. Wild type, eNOSTg, AK and eNOSTg/AK mice were assessed for kidney function and blood glucose levels. Remarkably, overexpressing eNOSTg mice showed evidence of unpredicted glomerular injury with segmental mesangiolysis and occasional microaneurysms. Notably, in eNOSTg/AK mice overexpression of eNOS led to increased glomerular/endothelial injury that was associated with increased superoxide levels and renal dysfunction. Results indicate for the first time that overexpressing eNOS in endothelial cells cannot ameliorate diabetic lesions, but paradoxically leads to progression of nephropathy likely due to eNOS uncoupling and superoxide upsurge. This novel finding has a significant impact on current therapeutic strategies to improve endothelial function and prevent progression of diabetic renal disease. Further, the eNOSTg/AK model developed in this study has significant translational potentials for elucidating the underlying mechanism implicated in the deflected function of eNOS in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Natarajan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Samy L Habib
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Healthcare System and Cell Systems & Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Reddick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Caroline R Delma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Krishnan Manickam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Thomas J Prihoda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sherry L Werner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sumathy Mohan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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7
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Pandey KN. Molecular and genetic aspects of guanylyl cyclase natriuretic peptide receptor-A in regulation of blood pressure and renal function. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:913-928. [PMID: 30169131 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00083.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides (NPs) exert diverse effects on several biological and physiological systems, such as kidney function, neural and endocrine signaling, energy metabolism, and cardiovascular function, playing pivotal roles in the regulation of blood pressure (BP) and cardiac and vascular homeostasis. NPs are collectively known as anti-hypertensive hormones and their main functions are directed toward eliciting natriuretic/diuretic, vasorelaxant, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hypertrophic effects, thereby, regulating the fluid volume, BP, and renal and cardiovascular conditions. Interactions of NPs with their cognate receptors display a central role in all aspects of cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms that govern physiology and pathophysiology of BP and cardiovascular events. Among the NPs atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) activate guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A (GC-A/NPRA) and initiate intracellular signaling. The genetic disruption of Npr1 (encoding GC-A/NPRA) in mice exhibits high BP and hypertensive heart disease that is seen in untreated hypertensive subjects, including high BP and heart failure. There has been a surge of interest in the NPs and their receptors and a wealth of information have emerged in the last four decades, including molecular structure, signaling mechanisms, altered phenotypic characterization of transgenic and gene-targeted animal models, and genetic analyses in humans. The major goal of the present review is to emphasize and summarize the critical findings and recent discoveries regarding the molecular and genetic regulation of NPs, physiological metabolic functions, and the signaling of receptor GC-A/NPRA with emphasis on the BP regulation and renal and cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash N Pandey
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
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8
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Van Krieken R, Marway M, Parthasarathy P, Mehta N, Ingram AJ, Gao B, Krepinsky JC. Inhibition of SREBP With Fatostatin Does Not Attenuate Early Diabetic Nephropathy in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1479-1495. [PMID: 29420703 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) is an important potential mediator of kidney fibrosis and is known to be upregulated in diabetic nephropathy. We evaluated the effectiveness of SREBP inhibition as treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Type 1 diabetes was induced in uninephrectomized male CD1 mice with streptozotocin. The mice were treated with the SREBP inhibitor fatostatin for 12 weeks. At the endpoint, kidney function and pathologic findings were assessed. Fatostatin inhibited the increase of both isoforms of SREBP (types 1 and 2) in diabetic kidneys. Treatment attenuated basement membrane thickening but did not improve hyperfiltration, albuminuria, or kidney fibrosis in diabetic mice. The treatment of nondiabetic mice with fatostatin led to hyperfiltration and increased the glomerular volume to levels seen in diabetic mice. This was associated with increased renal inflammation and a trend toward increased renal fibrosis. Both in vivo and in cultured renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, fatostatin increased the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Thus, SREBP inhibition with fatostatin not only is ineffective in preventing diabetic nephropathy but also leads to kidney injury in nondiabetic mice. Further research on the efficacy of other SREBP inhibitors and the specific roles of SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 in the treatment and pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mandeep Marway
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University at Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Neel Mehta
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University at Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alistar J Ingram
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University at Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bo Gao
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University at Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan C Krepinsky
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University at Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Zhao S, Ghosh A, Lo CS, Chenier I, Scholey JW, Filep JG, Ingelfinger JR, Zhang SL, Chan JSD. Nrf2 Deficiency Upregulates Intrarenal Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 and Angiotensin 1-7 Receptor Expression and Attenuates Hypertension and Nephropathy in Diabetic Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:836-852. [PMID: 29211853 PMCID: PMC5774246 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in renin-angiotensin system (RAS) gene expression in renal proximal tubule cells (RPTCs) and in the development of systemic hypertension and kidney injury in diabetic Akita mice. We used adult male Akita Nrf2 knockout mice and Akita mice treated with trigonelline (an Nrf2 inhibitor) or oltipraz (an Nrf2 activator). We also examined rat immortalized RPTCs (IRPTCs) stably transfected with control plasmids or plasmids containing rat angiotensinogen (Agt), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (Ace2), or angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) receptor (MasR) gene promoters. Genetic deletion of Nrf2 or pharmacological inhibition of Nrf2 in Akita mice attenuated hypertension, renal injury, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio. Furthermore, loss of Nrf2 upregulated RPTC Ace2 and MasR expression, increased urinary Ang 1-7 levels, and downregulated expression of Agt, ACE, and profibrotic genes in Akita mice. In cultured IRPTCs, Nrf2 small interfering RNA transfection or trigonelline treatment prevented high glucose stimulation of Nrf2 nuclear translocation, Agt, and ACE transcription with augmentation of Ace2 and MasR transcription, which was reversed by oltipraz. These data identify a mechanism, Nrf2-mediated stimulation of intrarenal RAS gene expression, by which chronic hyperglycemia induces hypertension and renal injury in diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin I/metabolism
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetic Nephropathies/genetics
- Diabetic Nephropathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Nephropathies/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Hypertension/complications
- Hypertension/genetics
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/pathology
- Kidney/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Renin-Angiotensin System/genetics
- Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiling Zhao
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal and Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Anindya Ghosh
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal and Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Chao-Sheng Lo
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal and Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Isabelle Chenier
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal and Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - James W. Scholey
- University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Janos G. Filep
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont and Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Julie R. Ingelfinger
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114-3117
| | - Shao-Ling Zhang
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal and Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - John S. D. Chan
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal and Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
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10
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Kitada M, Ogura Y, Koya D. Rodent models of diabetic nephropathy: their utility and limitations. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2016; 9:279-290. [PMID: 27881924 PMCID: PMC5115690 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s103784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease. Therefore, novel therapies for the suppression of diabetic nephropathy must be developed. Rodent models are useful for elucidating the pathogenesis of diseases and testing novel therapies, and many type 1 and type 2 diabetic rodent models have been established for the study of diabetes and diabetic complications. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animals are widely used as a model of type 1 diabetes. Akita diabetic mice that have an Ins2+/C96Y mutation and OVE26 mice that overexpress calmodulin in pancreatic β-cells serve as a genetic model of type 1 diabetes. In addition, db/db mice, KK-Ay mice, Zucker diabetic fatty rats, Wistar fatty rats, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats and Goto-Kakizaki rats serve as rodent models of type 2 diabetes. An animal model of diabetic nephropathy should exhibit progressive albuminuria and a decrease in renal function, as well as the characteristic histological changes in the glomeruli and the tubulointerstitial lesions that are observed in cases of human diabetic nephropathy. A rodent model that strongly exhibits all these features of human diabetic nephropathy has not yet been developed. However, the currently available rodent models of diabetes can be useful in the study of diabetic nephropathy by increasing our understanding of the features of each diabetic rodent model. Furthermore, the genetic background and strain of each mouse model result in differences in susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy with albuminuria and the development of glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions. Therefore, the validation of an animal model reproducing human diabetic nephropathy will significantly facilitate our understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms that contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy. In this review, we focus on rodent models of diabetes and discuss the utility and limitations of these models for the study of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehiro Kitada
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute; Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ogura
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute; Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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11
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Inada A, Inada O, Fujii NL, Nagafuchi S, Katsuta H, Yasunami Y, Matsubara T, Arai H, Fukatsu A, Nabeshima YI. Adjusting the 17β-Estradiol-to-Androgen Ratio Ameliorates Diabetic Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3035-3050. [PMID: 26940099 PMCID: PMC5042662 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015070741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is manifested predominantly in males in experimental models, and compelling evidence suggests that 17β-estradiol (E2) supplementation improves hyperglycemia in humans. We previously generated a severely diabetic transgenic (Tg) mouse model by β-cell–specific overexpression of inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) and found that male but not female ICER-Tg mice exhibit sustained hyperglycemia and develop major clinical and pathologic features of human diabetic nephropathy (DN). Thus, we hypothesized that differences in circulating hormone levels have a key role in determining susceptibility to diabetes. Here, we examined whether DN in male ICER-Tg mice is rescued by adjusting the androgen-to-E2 ratio to approximate that in normoglycemic female ICER-Tg mice. We treated hyperglycemic male ICER-Tg mice with orchiectomy (ORX), E2 pellet implantation, or both. E2 pellet implantation at an early stage of DN with or without ORX caused a rapid drop in blood glucose and a dramatic increase in β-cell number, and it markedly inhibited DN progression [namely, E2 reduced glomerulosclerosis, collagen 4 deposition and albuminuria, and prevented hyperfiltration]. Furthermore, E2 pellet implantation was more effective than ORX alone and induced a remarkable improvement, even when initiated at advanced-stage DN. In contrast, induction of normoglycemia by islet transplant in ICER-Tg mice eliminated albuminuria but was less effective than E2 + ORX in reducing glomerulosclerosis, collagen 4 deposition, and hyperfiltration. These findings indicate that E2 treatment is effective, even after establishment of DN, whereas glucose normalization alone does not improve sclerotic lesions. We propose that E2 intervention is a potential therapeutic option for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Inada
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan;
| | - Oogi Inada
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan; Diabetes and Genes, Advanced Medical Initiatives and
| | - Nobuharu L Fujii
- Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiho Nagafuchi
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Katsuta
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Matsubara
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenori Arai
- Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan; and
| | | | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
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12
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Al-awar A, Kupai K, Veszelka M, Szűcs G, Attieh Z, Murlasits Z, Török S, Pósa A, Varga C. Experimental Diabetes Mellitus in Different Animal Models. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:9051426. [PMID: 27595114 PMCID: PMC4993915 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9051426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have historically played a critical role in the exploration and characterization of disease pathophysiology and target identification and in the evaluation of novel therapeutic agents and treatments in vivo. Diabetes mellitus disease, commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels for a prolonged time. To avoid late complications of diabetes and related costs, primary prevention and early treatment are therefore necessary. Due to its chronic symptoms, new treatment strategies need to be developed, because of the limited effectiveness of the current therapies. We overviewed the pathophysiological features of diabetes in relation to its complications in type 1 and type 2 mice along with rat models, including Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats, BB rats, LEW 1AR1/-iddm rats, Goto-Kakizaki rats, chemically induced diabetic models, and Nonobese Diabetic mouse, and Akita mice model. The advantages and disadvantages that these models comprise were also addressed in this review. This paper briefly reviews the wide pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms associated with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, particularly focusing on the challenges associated with the evaluation and predictive validation of these models as ideal animal models for preclinical assessments and discovering new drugs and therapeutic agents for translational application in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Al-awar
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Kozep Fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Kupai
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Kozep Fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
- *Krisztina Kupai:
| | - Médea Veszelka
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Kozep Fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergő Szűcs
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Kozep Fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zouhair Attieh
- Department of Laboratory Science and Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Science and Technology, Alfred Naccache Avenue, Beirut 1100, Lebanon
| | | | - Szilvia Török
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Kozep Fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anikó Pósa
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Kozep Fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Kozep Fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
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13
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Abou Msallem J, Chalhoub H, Al-Hariri M, Saad L, Jaffa MA, Ziyadeh FN, Jaffa AA. Mechanisms of bradykinin-induced expression of connective tissue growth factor and nephrin in podocytes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F980-90. [PMID: 26447218 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00233.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes and is characterized by mesangial matrix deposition and podocytopathy, including podocyte loss. The risk factors and mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of DN are still not completely defined. In the present study, we aimed to understand the cellular mechanisms through which activation of B2 kinin receptors contribute to the initiation and progression of DN. Stimulation of cultured rat podocytes with bradykinin (BK) resulted in a significant increase in ROS generation, and this was associated with a significant increase in NADPH oxidase (NOX)1 and NOX4 protein and mRNA levels. BK stimulation also resulted in a signicant increase in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt, and this effect was inhibited in the presence of NOX1 and Nox4 small interfering (si)RNA. Furthermore, podocytes stimulated with BK resulted in a significant increase in protein and mRNA levels of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and, at the same time, a significant decrease in protein and mRNA levels of nephrin. siRNA targeted against NOX1 and NOX4 significantly inhibited the BK-induced increase in CTGF. Nephrin expression was increased in response to BK in the presence of NOX1 and NOX4 siRNA, thus implicating a role for NOXs in modulating the BK response in podocytes. Moreover, nephrin expression in response to BK was also significantly increased in the presence of siRNA targeted against CTGF. These findings provide novel aspects of BK signal transduction pathways in pathogenesis of DN and identify novel targets for interventional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Abou Msallem
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - H Chalhoub
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - M Al-Hariri
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - L Saad
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - M A Jaffa
- Epidemiology and Population Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and
| | - F N Ziyadeh
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - A A Jaffa
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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14
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Lo CS, Shi Y, Chang SY, Abdo S, Chenier I, Filep JG, Ingelfinger JR, Zhang SL, Chan JSD. Overexpression of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F stimulates renal Ace-2 gene expression and prevents TGF-β1-induced kidney injury in a mouse model of diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2443-54. [PMID: 26232095 PMCID: PMC4572079 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We investigated whether heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F (hnRNP F) stimulates renal ACE-2 expression and prevents TGF-β1 signalling, TGF-β1 inhibition of Ace-2 gene expression and induction of tubulo-fibrosis in an Akita mouse model of type 1 diabetes. METHODS Adult male Akita transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing specifically hnRNP F in their renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs) were studied. Non-Akita littermates and Akita mice served as controls. Immortalised rat RPTCs stably transfected with plasmid containing either rat Hnrnpf cDNA or rat Ace-2 gene promoter were also studied. RESULTS Overexpression of hnRNP F attenuated systemic hypertension, glomerular filtration rate, albumin/creatinine ratio, urinary angiotensinogen (AGT) and angiotensin (Ang) II levels, renal fibrosis and profibrotic gene (Agt, Tgf-β1, TGF-β receptor II [Tgf-βrII]) expression, stimulated anti-profibrotic gene (Ace-2 and Ang 1-7 receptor [MasR]) expression, and normalised urinary Ang 1-7 level in Akita Hnrnpf-Tg mice as compared with Akita mice. In vitro, hnRNP F overexpression stimulated Ace-2 gene promoter activity, mRNA and protein expression, and attenuated Agt, Tgf-β1 and Tgf-βrII gene expression. Furthermore, hnRNP F overexpression prevented TGF-β1 signalling and TGF-β1 inhibition of Ace-2 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data demonstrate that hnRNP F stimulates Ace-2 gene transcription, prevents TGF-β1 inhibition of Ace-2 gene transcription and induction of kidney injury in diabetes. HnRNP F may be a potential target for treating hypertension and renal fibrosis in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Sheng Lo
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) - Tour Viger Pavillon R, Université de Montréal, 900 Saint-Denis Street, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Yixuan Shi
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) - Tour Viger Pavillon R, Université de Montréal, 900 Saint-Denis Street, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shiao-Ying Chang
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) - Tour Viger Pavillon R, Université de Montréal, 900 Saint-Denis Street, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shaaban Abdo
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) - Tour Viger Pavillon R, Université de Montréal, 900 Saint-Denis Street, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Isabelle Chenier
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) - Tour Viger Pavillon R, Université de Montréal, 900 Saint-Denis Street, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Janos G Filep
- Research Centre, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie R Ingelfinger
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shao-Ling Zhang
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) - Tour Viger Pavillon R, Université de Montréal, 900 Saint-Denis Street, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - John S D Chan
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) - Tour Viger Pavillon R, Université de Montréal, 900 Saint-Denis Street, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
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15
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Heinonen SE, Genové G, Bengtsson E, Hübschle T, Åkesson L, Hiss K, Benardeau A, Ylä-Herttuala S, Jönsson-Rylander AC, Gomez MF. Animal models of diabetic macrovascular complications: key players in the development of new therapeutic approaches. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:404085. [PMID: 25785279 PMCID: PMC4345079 DOI: 10.1155/2015/404085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong, incapacitating metabolic disease associated with chronic macrovascular complications (coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease) and microvascular disorders leading to damage of the kidneys (nephropathy) and eyes (retinopathy). Based on the current trends, the rising prevalence of diabetes worldwide will lead to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, novel means to prevent and treat these complications are needed. Under the auspices of the IMI (Innovative Medicines Initiative), the SUMMIT (SUrrogate markers for Micro- and Macrovascular hard end points for Innovative diabetes Tools) consortium is working on the development of novel animal models that better replicate vascular complications of diabetes and on the characterization of the available models. In the past years, with the high level of genomic information available and more advanced molecular tools, a very large number of models has been created. Selecting the right model for a specific study is not a trivial task and will have an impact on the study results and their interpretation. This review gathers information on the available experimental animal models of diabetic macrovascular complications and evaluates their pros and cons for research purposes as well as for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi E. Heinonen
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
- *Suvi E. Heinonen:
| | - Guillem Genové
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Thomas Hübschle
- R&D Diabetes Division, Translational Medicine, Sanofi-Aventis, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lina Åkesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Katrin Hiss
- R&D Diabetes Division, Translational Medicine, Sanofi-Aventis, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Agnes Benardeau
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Pharmaceutical Division, pRED, CV and Metabolic Disease, Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ann-Cathrine Jönsson-Rylander
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Maria F. Gomez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
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16
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Kaur M, Bedi O, Sachdeva S, Reddy BVKK, Kumar P. Rodent animal models: from mild to advanced stages of diabetic nephropathy. Inflammopharmacology 2014; 22:279-93. [PMID: 25149089 PMCID: PMC7101706 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-014-0215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a secondary complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, resulting from uncontrolled high blood sugar. 30-40% of diabetic patients develop DN associated with a poor life expectancy and end-stage renal disease, causing serious socioeconomic problems. Although an exact pathogenesis of DN is still unknown, several factors such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and proteinuria may contribute to the progression of renal damage in diabetic nephropathy. DN is confirmed by measuring blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance and proteinuria. Clinical studies show that intensive control of hyperglycemia and blood pressure could successfully reduce proteinuria, which is the main sign of glomerular lesions in DN, and improve the renal prognosis in patients with DN. Diabetic rodent models have traditionally been used for doing research on pathogenesis and developing novel therapeutic strategies, but have limitations for translational research. Diabetes in animal models such as rodents are induced either spontaneously or by using chemical, surgical, genetic, or other techniques and depicts many clinical features or related phenotypes of the disease. This review discusses the merits and demerits of the models, which are used for many reasons in the research of diabetes and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kaur
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001 Punjab India
| | - Onkar Bedi
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001 Punjab India
| | - Shilpi Sachdeva
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001 Punjab India
| | - B. V. K. Krishna Reddy
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001 Punjab India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001 Punjab India
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17
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Abdo S, Shi Y, Otoukesh A, Ghosh A, Lo CS, Chenier I, Filep JG, Ingelfinger JR, Zhang SL, Chan JSD. Catalase overexpression prevents nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 stimulation of renal angiotensinogen gene expression, hypertension, and kidney injury in diabetic mice. Diabetes 2014; 63:3483-96. [PMID: 24812425 PMCID: PMC4171660 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of catalase (Cat) overexpression in renal proximal tubule cells (RPTCs) on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) stimulation of angiotensinogen (Agt) gene expression and the development of hypertension and renal injury in diabetic Akita transgenic mice. Additionally, adult male mice were treated with the Nrf2 activator oltipraz with or without the inhibitor trigonelline. Rat RPTCs, stably transfected with plasmid containing either rat Agt or Nrf2 gene promoter, were also studied. Cat overexpression normalized systolic BP, attenuated renal injury, and inhibited RPTC Nrf2, Agt, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expression in Akita Cat transgenic mice compared with Akita mice. In vitro, high glucose level, hydrogen peroxide, and oltipraz stimulated Nrf2 and Agt gene expression; these changes were blocked by trigonelline, small interfering RNAs of Nrf2, antioxidants, or pharmacological inhibitors of nuclear factor-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. The deletion of Nrf2-responsive elements in the rat Agt gene promoter abolished the stimulatory effect of oltipraz. Oltipraz administration also augmented Agt, HO-1, and Nrf2 gene expression in mouse RPTCs and was reversed by trigonelline. These data identify a novel mechanism, Nrf2-mediated stimulation of intrarenal Agt gene expression and activation of the renin-angiotensin system, by which hyperglycemia induces hypertension and renal injury in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaaban Abdo
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yixuan Shi
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Abouzar Otoukesh
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anindya Ghosh
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Chao-Sheng Lo
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Chenier
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Janos G Filep
- Research Centre, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie R Ingelfinger
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shao Ling Zhang
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John S D Chan
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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18
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Rajala RVS, Rajala A, Morris AJ, Anderson RE. Phosphoinositides: minor lipids make a major impact on photoreceptor cell functions. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5463. [PMID: 24964953 PMCID: PMC4071336 DOI: 10.1038/srep05463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the phosphoinositide (PI) cycle generates the second messengers that control various aspects of cellular signaling. We have previously shown that two PI cycle enzymes, type II phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase (PIPK IIα) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), are activated through light stimulation. In our earlier studies, we measured enzyme activities, instead of directly measuring the products, due to lack of sensitive analytical techniques. Cells have very low levels of PIs, compared to other lipids, so special techniques and sensitive analytical instruments are necessary for their identification and quantification. There are also other considerations, such as different responses in different cell types, which may complicate quantification of PIs. For example, although light activated PIPK IIα, there was no increase in PI-4,5-P2 measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS) This discrepancy is due to the heterogeneous nature of the retina, which is composed of various cell types. In this study, we examined PI generation in situ using immunohistochemistry with specific PI antibodies. PIs were generated in specific retinal cell layers, suggesting that analyzing PIs from the total retina by LC/MS underscores the significance. This suggests that PI-specific antibodies are useful tools to study the cell-specific regulation of PIs in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju V S Rajala
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK [2] Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK [3] Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK [4] Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Ammaji Rajala
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK [2] Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - Robert E Anderson
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK [2] Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK [3] Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK
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19
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Suzuki H, Suzuki Y, Novak J, Tomino Y. Development of Animal Models of Human IgA Nephropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 11:5-11. [PMID: 25722731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis in the world. IgAN is characterized by the mesangial accumulation of immune complexes containing IgA1, usually with co-deposits of complement C3 and variable IgG and/or IgM. Although more than 40 years have passed since IgAN was first described, the mechanisms underlying the disease development are not fully understood. Small-animal experimental models of IgAN can be very helpful in studies of IgAN, but development of these models has been hindered by the fact that only humans and hominoid primates have IgA1 subclass. Thus, multiple models have been developed, that may be helpful in studies of some specific aspects of IgAN. These models include a spontaneous animal model of IgAN, the ddY mouse first reported in 1985. These mice show mild proteinuria without hematuria, and glomerular IgA deposits, with a highly variable incidence and degree of glomerular injury, due to the heterogeneous genetic background. To obtain a murine line consistently developing IgAN, we intercrossed an earlyonset group of ddY mice, in which the development of IgAN includes mesangial IgA deposits and glomerular injury. After selective intercrossing for >20 generations, we established a novel 100% early-onset grouped ddY murine model. All grouped ddY mice develop proteinuria within eight weeks of age. The grouped ddY mouse model can be a useful tool for analysis of multiple aspects of the pathogenesis of IgAN and may aid in assessment of some approaches for the treatment of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Tomino
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Rajala RVS, Basavarajappa DK, Dighe R, Rajala A. Spatial and temporal aspects and the interplay of Grb14 and protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B on the insulin receptor phosphorylation. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:96. [PMID: 24350791 PMCID: PMC3878334 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growth factor receptor-bound protein 14 (Grb14) is an adapter protein implicated in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Grb14 knockout studies highlight both the positive and negative roles of Grb14 in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, in a tissue specific manner. Retinal cells are post-mitotic tissue, and insulin receptor (IR) activation is essential for retinal neuron survival. Retinal cells express protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B), which dephosphorylates IR and Grb14, a pseudosubstrate inhibitor of IR. This project asks the following major question: in retinal neurons, how does the IR overcome inactivation by PTP1B and Grb14? Results Our previous studies suggest that ablation of Grb14 results in decreased IR activation, due to increased PTP1B activity. Our research propounds that phosphorylation in the BPS region of Grb14 inhibits PTP1B activity, thereby promoting IR activation. We propose a model in which phosphorylation of the BPS region of Grb14 is the key element in promoting IR activation, and failure to undergo phosphorylation on Grb14 leads to both PTP1B and Grb14 exerting their negative roles in IR. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found decreased phosphorylation of Grb14 in diabetic type 1 Ins2Akita mouse retinas. Decreased retinal IR activation has previously been reported in this mouse line. Conclusions Our results suggest that phosphorylation status of the BPS region of Grb14 determines the positive or negative role it will play in IR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju V S Rajala
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Rajala A, Gupta VK, Anderson RE, Rajala RVS. Light activation of the insulin receptor regulates mitochondrial hexokinase. A possible mechanism of retinal neuroprotection. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:566-76. [PMID: 23993956 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Akt has been shown to mediate the anti-apoptotic activity through hexokinase (HK)-mitochondria interaction. We previously reported that Akt activation in retinal rod photoreceptor cells is mediated through the light-dependent insulin receptor (IR)/PI3K pathway. Our data indicate that light-induced activation of IR/PI3K/Akt results in the translocation of HK-II to mitochondria. We also found that PHLPPL, a serine/threonine phosphatase, enhanced the binding of HK-II to mitochondria. We found a mitochondrial targeting signal in PHLPPL and our study suggests that Akt translocation to mitochondria could be mediated through PHLPPL. Our results suggest that the light-dependent IR/PI3K/Akt pathway regulates hexokinase-mitochondria interaction in photoreceptors. Down-regulation of IR signaling has been associated with ocular diseases of retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, and Leber Congenital Amaurosis-type 2, and agents that enhance the binding interaction between hexokinase and mitochondria may have therapeutic potential against these ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammaji Rajala
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Tanaka T, Mochida T, Maki Y, Shiraki Y, Mori H, Matsumoto S, Shimbo K, Ando T, Nakamura K, Endo F, Okamoto M. Interactive network analysis of the plasma amino acids profile in a mouse model of hyperglycemia. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:287. [PMID: 23853755 PMCID: PMC3701794 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are a group of metabolites that are important substrates for protein synthesis, are important as signaling molecules and play central roles as highly connected metabolic hubs, and therefore, there are many reports that describe disease-specific abnormalities in plasma amino acids profile. However, the causes of progression from a healthy control to a manifestation of the plasma amino acid changes remain obscure. Here, we extended the plasma amino acids profile to relationships that have interactive properties, and found remarkable differences in the longitudinal transition of hyperglycemia as a diabetes emergency. What is especially important is to understand pathogenesis for better treatment and early diagnosis of diabetes. In this study, we performed interactive analysis using time course data of the plasma samples of AKITA mice, which develop hyperglycemia. Primarily, we decided to analyze the interactive property of amino acids which had highly significant association with hyperglycemia, namely alanine, glycine, leucine, isoleucine and valine. Next, we inferred the interactive network structure, which reproduces the actual time course within an error allowance of 10% using an S-system model (a conceptual mathematical model for analyzing and simulating networks). The emphasis of this study was altered interactions of plasma amino acids that show stabilizing and destabilizing features in a variety of clinical settings. By performing sensitivity analysis, the most dominant relations in this network were selected; the control paths from glycine to isoleucine in healthy control and from alanine to glycine in hyperglycemia. This result is in good agreement with the biological knowledge regarding branched-chain amino acids, and suggests the biological importance of the effect from alanine to glycine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tanaka
- Innovative Science and Technology for Bio-industry, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan ; Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasakiku, Kawasaki, 210-8681 Japan
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Abdo S, Lo CS, Chenier I, Shamsuyarova A, Filep JG, Ingelfinger JR, Zhang SL, Chan JSD. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins F and K mediate insulin inhibition of renal angiotensinogen gene expression and prevention of hypertension and kidney injury in diabetic mice. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1649-60. [PMID: 23609310 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2910-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We investigated whether heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins F and K (hnRNP F, hnRNP K) mediate insulin inhibition of renal Agt expression and prevention of hypertension and kidney injury in an Akita mouse model of type 1 diabetes. METHODS Adult male Akita mice (12 weeks old) were treated with insulin implants and killed at week 16. Untreated non-Akita littermates served as controls. The effects of insulin on blood glucose, systolic BP (SBP), renal proximal tubular cell (RPTC) gene expression and interstitial fibrosis were studied. We also examined immortalised rat RPTCs stably transfected with control plasmid or with plasmid containing rat Agt promoter in vitro. RESULTS Insulin treatment normalised blood glucose levels and SBP, inhibited renal AGT expression but enhanced hnRNP F, hnRNP K and angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 expression, attenuated renal hypertrophy and glomerular hyperfiltration and decreased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, as well as AGT and angiotensin II levels, in Akita mice. In vitro, insulin inhibited Agt but stimulated Hnrnpf and Hnrnpk expression in high-glucose media via p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in RPTCs. Transfection with Hnrnpf or Hnrnpk small interfering RNAs prevented insulin inhibition of Agt expression in RPTCs. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data indicate that insulin prevents hypertension and attenuates kidney injury, at least in part, through suppressing renal Agt transcription via upregulation of hnRNP F and hnRNP K expression in diabetic Akita mice. HnRNP F and hnRNP K may be potential targets in the treatment of hypertension and kidney injury in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abdo
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Masson, 3850 Saint Urbain Street, Montreal, Canada, QC, H2W 1T8
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Lo CS, Chang SY, Chenier I, Filep JG, Ingelfinger JR, Zhang SL, Chan JS. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F suppresses angiotensinogen gene expression and attenuates hypertension and kidney injury in diabetic mice. Diabetes 2012; 61:2597-608. [PMID: 22664958 PMCID: PMC3447919 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the impact of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F (hnRNP F) overexpression on angiotensinogen (Agt) gene expression, hypertension, and renal proximal tubular cell (RPTC) injury in high-glucose milieu both in vivo and in vitro. Diabetic Akita transgenic (Tg) mice specifically overexpressing hnRNP F in their RPTCs were created, and the effects on systemic hypertension, Agt gene expression, renal hypertrophy, and interstitial fibrosis were studied. We also examined immortalized rat RPTCs stably transfected with control plasmid or plasmid containing hnRNP F cDNA in vitro. The results showed that hnRNP F overexpression attenuated systemic hypertension, suppressed Agt and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) gene expression, and reduced urinary Agt and angiotensin II levels, renal hypertrophy, and glomerulotubular fibrosis in Akita hnRNP F-Tg mice. In vitro, hnRNP F overexpression prevented the high-glucose stimulation of Agt and TGF-β1 mRNA expression and cellular hypertrophy in RPTCs. These data suggest that hnRNP F plays a modulatory role and can ameliorate hypertension, renal hypertrophy, and interstitial fibrosis in diabetes. The underlying mechanism is mediated, at least in part, via the suppression of intrarenal Agt gene expression in vivo. hnRNP F may be a potential target in the treatment of hypertension and kidney injury in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Sheng Lo
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shiao-Ying Chang
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Chenier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janos G. Filep
- Research Centre, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie R. Ingelfinger
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shao Ling Zhang
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John S.D. Chan
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Corresponding author: John S.D. Chan,
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Jaffa MA, Kobeissy F, Al Hariri M, Chalhoub H, Eid A, Ziyadeh FN, Jaffa AA. Global renal gene expression profiling analysis in B2-kinin receptor null mice: impact of diabetes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44714. [PMID: 23028588 PMCID: PMC3445541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), the leading cause of end-stage renal failure, is clinically manifested by albuminuria and a progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate. The risk factors and mechanisms that contribute to the development and progression of DN are still incompletely defined. To address the involvement of bradykinin B2-receptors (B2R) in DN, we used a genome wide approach to study the effects of diabetes on differential renal gene expression profile in wild type and B2R knockout (B2R−/−) mice. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin and plasma glucose levels and albumin excretion rate (AER) were measured at predetermined times throughout the 23 week study period. Longitudinal analysis of AER indicated that diabetic B2R−/−D null mice had a significantly decreased AER levels compared to wild type B2R+/+D mice (P = 0.0005). Results from the global microarray study comparing gene expression profiles among four groups of mice respectively: (B2R+/+C, B2R+/+D, B2R−/−C and B2R−/−D) highlighted the role of several altered pathological pathways in response to disruption of B2R and to the diabetic state that included: endothelial injury, oxidative stress, insulin and lipid metabolism and inflammatory process with a marked alteration in the pro-apoptotic genes. The findings of the present study provide a global genomics view of biomarkers that highlight the mechanisms and putative pathways involved in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miran A. Jaffa
- Epidemiology and Population Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Moustafa Al Hariri
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussein Chalhoub
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Assaad Eid
- Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fuad N. Ziyadeh
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ayad A. Jaffa
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chang JH, Paik SY, Mao L, Eisner W, Flannery PJ, Wang L, Tang Y, Mattocks N, Hadjadj S, Goujon JM, Ruiz P, Gurley SB, Spurney RF. Diabetic kidney disease in FVB/NJ Akita mice: temporal pattern of kidney injury and urinary nephrin excretion. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33942. [PMID: 22496773 PMCID: PMC3319540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Akita mice are a genetic model of type 1 diabetes. In the present studies, we investigated the phenotype of Akita mice on the FVB/NJ background and examined urinary nephrin excretion as a marker of kidney injury. Male Akita mice were compared with non-diabetic controls for functional and structural characteristics of renal and cardiac disease. Podocyte number and apoptosis as well as urinary nephrin excretion were determined in both groups. Male FVB/NJ Akita mice developed sustained hyperglycemia and albuminuria by 4 and 8 weeks of age, respectively. These abnormalities were accompanied by a significant increase in systolic blood pressure in 10-week old Akita mice, which was associated with functional, structural and molecular characteristics of cardiac hypertrophy. By 20 weeks of age, Akita mice developed a 10-fold increase in albuminuria, renal and glomerular hypertrophy and a decrease in the number of podocytes. Mild-to-moderate glomerular mesangial expansion was observed in Akita mice at 30 weeks of age. In 4-week old Akita mice, the onset of hyperglycemia was accompanied by increased podocyte apoptosis and enhanced excretion of nephrin in urine before the development of albuminuria. Urinary nephrin excretion was also significantly increased in albuminuric Akita mice at 16 and 20 weeks of age and correlated with the albumin excretion rate. These data suggest that: 1. FVB/NJ Akita mice have phenotypic characteristics that may be useful for studying the mechanisms of kidney and cardiac injury in diabetes, and 2. Enhanced urinary nephrin excretion is associated with kidney injury in FVB/NJ Akita mice and is detectable early in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyung Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Seung-Yeol Paik
- Chung-ang University Medical School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lan Mao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William Eisner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Flannery
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Liming Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yuping Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Natalie Mattocks
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- INSERM U927, Poitiers, France and INSERM CIC 0802, Poitiers, France and CHU Poitiers, Endocrinologie, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Michel Goujon
- CHU Poitiers, Pathology Unit, Poitiers, France
- INSERM U927, Poitiers, France and INSERM CIC 0802, Poitiers, France and CHU Poitiers, Endocrinologie, Poitiers, France
| | - Phillip Ruiz
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Susan B. Gurley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Spurney
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Lo CS, Liu F, Shi Y, Maachi H, Chenier I, Godin N, Filep JG, Ingelfinger JR, Zhang SL, Chan JSD. Dual RAS blockade normalizes angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 expression and prevents hypertension and tubular apoptosis in Akita angiotensinogen-transgenic mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 302:F840-52. [PMID: 22205225 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00340.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of dual renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade on angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (Ace2) expression, hypertension, and renal proximal tubular cell (RPTC) apoptosis in type 1 diabetic Akita angiotensinogen (Agt)-transgenic (Tg) mice that specifically overexpress Agt in their RPTCs. Adult (11 wk old) male Akita and Akita Agt-Tg mice were treated with two RAS blockers (ANG II receptor type 1 blocker losartan, 30 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor perindopril (4 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) in drinking water. Same-age non-Akita littermates and Agt-Tg mice served as controls. Blood pressure, blood glucose, and albuminuria were monitored weekly. The animals were euthanized at age 16 wk. The left kidneys were processed for immunohistochemistry and apoptosis studies. Renal proximal tubules were isolated from the right kidneys to assess gene and protein expression. Urinary ANG II and ANG 1-7 were quantified by ELISA. RAS blockade normalized renal Ace2 expression and urinary ANG 1-7 levels (both of which were low in untreated Akita and Akita Agt-Tg), prevented hypertension, albuminuria, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and tubular apoptosis, and inhibited profibrotic and proapoptotic gene expression in RPTCs of Akita and Akita Agt-Tg mice compared with non-Akita controls. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of RAS blockade in preventing intrarenal RAS activation, hypertension, and nephropathy progression in diabetes and support the important role of intrarenal Ace2 expression in modulating hypertension and renal injury in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Sheng Lo
- Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Pavillon Masson, 3850 St. Urbain St., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Progress in identification of effective therapies for diabetic nephropathy continues to be limited by the lack of ideal animal models. Here we review the current status of some leading murine models of this disorder. RECENT FINDINGS A consensus statement of the Animals Models of Diabetic Complications Consortium sets forth guidelines and standards for measuring renal function and structural parameters necessary for validating murine models of diabetic nephropathy. Two murine models exploiting endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) deficiency as a major susceptibility factor for development of diabetic nephropathy are among the very few options for studying features of advanced diabetic nephropathy. Akita and OVE26 mice with mutations that result in Type I diabetes are also useful models of diabetic nephropathy. The recently described BTBR ob/ob (leptin deficient) mouse with Type II diabetes demonstrates key features of early podocyte loss and mesangiolysis characteristic of human diabetic nephropathy. SUMMARY While there are many murine models of mesangial matrix expansion in the setting of diabetes, few progress to develop advanced diabetic lesions. Mice with eNOS deficiency, OVE26 mice, and the recently described BTBR ob/ob mouse currently appear to be the best murine models of advanced disease. A model that allows testing of interventions that modulate podocyte loss and regeneration, such as the BTBR ob/ob mouse, may be of particular benefit in developing therapeutics for diabetic nephropathy.
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Das S, Au E, Krazit ST, Pandey KN. Targeted disruption of guanylyl cyclase-A/natriuretic peptide receptor-A gene provokes renal fibrosis and remodeling in null mutant mice: role of proinflammatory cytokines. Endocrinology 2010; 151:5841-50. [PMID: 20881240 PMCID: PMC2999494 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Binding of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides to guanylyl cyclase-A/natriuretic peptide receptor-A produces second messenger cGMP, which plays an important role in maintaining renal and cardiovascular homeostasis. Mice carrying a targeted disruption of the Npr1 gene coding for guanylyl cyclase-A/natriuretic peptide receptor-A exhibit changes that are similar to those that occur in untreated human hypertension, including elevated blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy, and congestive heart failure. The objective of this study was to determine whether disruption of the Npr1 gene in mice provokes kidney fibrosis, remodeling, and derangement. We found that systemic disruption of the Npr1 gene causes increased renal tubular damage characterized by dilation, flattening of epithelium, and expansion of interstitial spaces in Npr1(-/-) (0-copy) mice. Significant increases occurred in the expression levels of TNF-α (4-fold), IL-6 (4.5-fold), and TGF-β1 (2-fold) in 0-copy null mutant mice compared with 2-copy wild-type mice. An increased epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition indicated by increased expression of α-smooth muscle actin, was observed in Npr1(-/-) mouse kidneys. Treatment with captopril and losartan showed a 38 and 46% attenuation in fibrosis and 30 and 42% reduction in α-smooth muscle actin immunoexpression, respectively, in 1-copy and 0-copy mice compared with 2-copy mice. Although bendroflumethiazide treatment did not show any effect. The present results demonstrate that the disruption of Npr1 gene activates proinflammatory cytokines leading to fibrosis, hypertrophic growth, and remodeling of the kidneys of mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Das
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Abstract
Genetic dissection of diseases is one of the epoch-making achievements in modern medicine. Positional cloning is a key method to isolate disease-related genes. For positional cloning, there are two conventional methods: family-based studies and case-control studies. In this review, I would like to describe several family-based studies on single gene diseases which I had conducted including those of Akita diabetic mice, systemic carnitine deficiency and Hartnup disease. The study of systemic carnitine deficiency underscored a potential power of the "Carrier state." Furthermore, cultural and public health practices in Japan such as preservation of umbilical cords and mother and child passbooks enabled us to conduct linkage analysis even 20 years after the deaths of affected patients in Hartnup disease. For multifactorial diseases, I present three family-based studies: intracranial aneurysm, moyamoya and arteriovenous malformation. Finally, I discuss on theoretical issues concerning the relationship among odds ratio, phenocopy rate and penetrance by formulating a single-locus dominant association model. Analysis of the model predicted a notion that a large odds ratio facilitates familial clustering of multifactorial diseases and vice versa is the case. Furthermore, the analysis predicted that genetic markers for screening should have odds ratio >/= eight to maintain similar qualities commonly required for clinical tests. Collectively, the analysis predicted a two-stage study design composed of linkage analysis based on a family study and subsequent replication by a case-control association study is more rational than the currently used two-independent case-control design. This newly proposed method is expected to provide polymorphisms, which have large odds ratios, requiring only minimum research budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Bodin S, Chollet C, Goncalves-Mendes N, Gardes J, Pean F, Heudes D, Bruneval P, Marre M, Alhenc-Gelas F, Bouby N. Kallikrein protects against microalbuminuria in experimental type I diabetes. Kidney Int 2009; 76:395-403. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Herbach N, Schairer I, Blutke A, Kautz S, Siebert A, Göke B, Wolf E, Wanke R. Diabetic kidney lesions of GIPRdn transgenic mice: podocyte hypertrophy and thickening of the GBM precede glomerular hypertrophy and glomerulosclerosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F819-29. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90665.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease and the largest contributor to the total cost of diabetes care. Rodent models are excellent tools to gain more insight into the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. In the present study, we characterize the age-related sequence of diabetes-associated kidney lesions in GIPRdn transgenic mice, a novel mouse model of early-onset diabetes mellitus. Clinical-chemical analyses as well as qualitative and quantitative morphological analyses of the kidneys of GIPRdn transgenic animals and nontransgenic littermate controls were performed at 3, 8, 20, and 28 wk of age. Early renal changes of transgenic mice consisted of podocyte hypertrophy, reduced numerical volume density of podocytes in glomeruli, and homogenous thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, followed by renal and glomerular hypertrophy as well as mesangial expansion and matrix accumulation. At 28 wk of age, glomerular damage was most prominent, including advanced glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial lesions, and proteinuria. Real-time PCR demonstrated increased glomerular expression of Col4a1, Fn1, and Tgfb1. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased mesangial deposition of collagen type IV, fibronectin, and laminin. The present study shows that GIPRdn transgenic mice exhibit renal changes that closely resemble diabetes-associated kidney alterations in humans. Data particularly from male transgenic mice indicate that podocyte hypertrophy is directly linked to hyperglycemia, without the influence of mechanical stress. GIPRdn transgenic mice are considered an excellent new tool to study the mechanisms involved in onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy.
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Inada A, Arai H, Nagai K, Miyazaki JI, Yamada Y, Seino Y, Fukatsu A. Gender difference in ICER Igamma transgenic diabetic mouse. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71:1920-6. [PMID: 17690470 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have been done to examine gender differences in diabetic mouse models. Here we examined a gender difference in Inducible cAMP Early Repressor (ICER) transgenic (Tg) mice, a diabetic mouse model. Longitudinal changes in diabetes and nephropathy were investigated in male and female Tg mice. Both male and female Tg mice developed severe diabetes early in life due to severely impaired insulin synthesis and decreased beta-cell numbers, but only female Tg mice became less hyperglycemic later in life, and most female Tg mice did not develop diabetic nephropathy. Even some female Tg mice that remained hyperglycemic showed less renal expansion than age-matched male Tg mice. Thus the gender difference in the severity of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy was evident with age in this model. This study indicates that sex hormones may play a role in glucose metabolism in diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Inada
- Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Gyurko R, Siqueira CC, Caldon N, Gao L, Kantarci A, Van Dyke TE. Chronic hyperglycemia predisposes to exaggerated inflammatory response and leukocyte dysfunction in Akita mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:7250-6. [PMID: 17082643 PMCID: PMC2774801 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in mediating diabetic tissue damage to the periodontium was investigated in a novel model of chronic hyperglycemia, the Akita mouse. Induction of acute peritoneal inflammation in wild-type (WT) and Akita mice resulted in exaggerated IL-6 response in Akita mice (2.9-fold increase over WT values) and a markedly increased chemokine response (KC, 2.6-fold; MCP-1, 2.6-fold; and MIP-1alpha, 4.4-fold increase over WT values). Chemotaxis to both fMLP and WKYMVm was significantly reduced in isolated Akita PMN compared with WT PMN as measured in a Boyden chamber. Superoxide release in contrast was significantly increased in Akita PMN as measured with cytochrome c reduction. Bone marrow-derived Akita PMN showed partial translocation of p47phox to the cell membrane without external stimulation, suggesting premature assembly of the superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase in hyperglycemia. In vivo studies revealed that ligature-induced periodontal bone loss is significantly greater in Akita mice compared with WT. Moreover, intravital microscopy of gingival vessels showed that leukocyte rolling and attachment to the vascular endothelium is enhanced in periodontal vessels of Akita mice. These results indicate that chronic hyperglycemia predisposes to exaggerated inflammatory response and primes leukocytes for marginalization and superoxide production but not for transmigration. Thus, leukocyte defects in hyperglycemia may contribute to periodontal tissue damage by impairing the innate immune response to periodontal pathogens as well as by increasing free radical load in the gingival microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gyurko
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Advances in mouse genetics have made this species particularly useful as a model for human disease. This review will summarize recent advances regarding the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy discovered in mice. RECENT FINDINGS Diabetic nephropathy has been characterized in novel genetic models of murine diabetes including the Akita, Ove26, and ICER-Igamma mice. Mutagenesis resources targeting every gene of the genome and the importance of inbred genetic background are discussed. SUMMARY Through the use of these resources mouse models should provide new insight into the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, and complement human studies and validate the identity of candidate genes contributing to diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Breyer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 3723, USA.
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Nasrallah R, Xiong H, Hébert RL. Renal prostaglandin E2 receptor (EP) expression profile is altered in streptozotocin and B6-Ins2Akita type I diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 292:F278-84. [PMID: 16954344 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00089.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostatic function of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is dependent on a balance of EP receptor-mediated events. A disruption in this balance may contribute to the progression of renal injury. Although PGE(2) excretion is elevated in diabetes, the expression of specific EP receptor subtypes has not been studied in the diabetic kidney. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the expression profile of four EP receptor subtypes (EP(1-4)) in 16-wk streptozotocin (STZ) and B6-Ins2(Akita) type I diabetic mice. In diabetic mice, the ratio of kidney weight to body weight was increased twofold compared with controls, blood glucose was elevated, but urine albumin was only increased in B6-Ins2(Akita) mice. The excretion of PGE(2) and its metabolite was augmented two- to fourfold as determined by enzyme immunoassay. Accordingly, renal cyclooxygenases were also increased in diabetic mice, with isoform-specific and regional differences in each model. Finally, there was altered EP(1-4) receptor expression in diabetic kidneys, with significant differences between STZ and B6-Ins2(Akita) mice (fold-control). In STZ mice, cortical EP(1) increased by 1.6, EP(3) increased by 2.3, and EP(4) decreased by 0.63; yet in B6-Ins2(Akita) mice, cortical EP(1) increased by 2.4, but there was a general decrease in the remaining subtypes. Similarly, in the STZ medulla EP(3) increased by 3.6, but both EP(1) and EP(3) increased by 5.5 and 1.95, respectively, in B6-Ins2(Akita) mice. Therefore, knowing the pattern of change in relative EP receptor expression in the kidney could be useful in identifying specific EP targets for the prevention of various components of diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Nasrallah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Proctor G, Jiang T, Iwahashi M, Wang Z, Li J, Levi M. Regulation of renal fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis in Akita and OVE26 mice with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2006; 55:2502-9. [PMID: 16936198 DOI: 10.2337/db05-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In Akita and OVE26 mice, two genetic models of type 1 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy is characterized by mesangial expansion and loss of podocytes, resulting in glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria, and is associated with increased expression of profibrotic growth factors, proinflammatory cytokines, and increased oxidative stress. We have also found significant increases in renal triglyceride and cholesterol content. The increase in renal triglyceride content is associated with 1) increased expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c and carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP), which collectively results in increased fatty acid synthesis, 2) decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha and -delta, which results in decreased fatty acid oxidation, and 3) decreased expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and small heterodimer partner (SHP). The increase in cholesterol content is associated with 1) increased expression of SREBP-2 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase, which results in increased cholesterol synthesis, and 2) decreased expression of liver X receptor (LXR)-alpha, LXR-beta, and ATP-binding cassette transporter-1, which results in decreased cholesterol efflux. Our results indicate that in type 1 diabetes, there is altered renal lipid metabolism favoring net accumulation of triglycerides and cholesterol, which are driven by increases in SREBP-1, ChREBP, and SREBP-2 and decreases in FXR, LXR-alpha, and LXR-beta, which may also play a role in the increased expression of profibrotic growth hormones, proinflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Proctor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Kanetsuna Y, Hirano K, Nagata M, Gannon MA, Takahashi K, Harris RC, Breyer MD, Takahashi T. Characterization of diabetic nephropathy in a transgenic model of hypoinsulinemic diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291:F1315-22. [PMID: 16705146 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00379.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mouse models provide a unique opportunity to investigate gene function in the natural course of the disease. Although diabetic nephropathy (DN) in models of type II diabetes has been well characterized, diabetic renal disease in hypoinsulinemic diabetic mice is still incompletely understood. Here, we characterized renal changes in the pdx1(PB)-HNF6 transgenic mouse that exhibits beta-cell dysfunction and nonobese hypoinsulinemic diabetes. Male transgenic mice developed hyperglycemia by the age of 7 wk and survived for over 1 yr without insulin treatment. Diabetes ensued earlier and progressed more severely in the HNF6 males than the females. The HNF6 males exhibited albuminuria as early as 10 wk of age, and the urinary albumin excretion increased with age, exceeding 150 microg/24 h at 11 mo of age. Diabetic males developed renal hypertrophy after 7 wk of age, whereas glomerular hyperfiltration was not observed in the mice. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia were not observed in the diabetic mice. Histological analysis of the HNF6 kidneys displayed diabetic glomerular changes, including glomerular enlargement, diffuse mesangial proliferation and matrix expansion, thickened glomerular basement membrane, and arteriolar hyalinosis. Mesangial matrix accumulation increased with age, resulting in nodular lesions by 44 wk of age. Immunohistochemistry showed accumulation of type IV collagen and TGF-beta1 in the mesangial area. No significant immune complex deposition was observed in the HNF6 glomeruli. Thus the HNF6 mouse exhibits diabetic renal changes that parallel the early phase of human DN. The model should facilitate studies of genetic and environmental factors that may affect DN in hypoinsulinemic diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kanetsuna
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Breyer MD, Böttinger E, Brosius FC, Coffman TM, Fogo A, Harris RC, Heilig CW, Sharma K. Diabetic nephropathy: of mice and men. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2005; 12:128-45. [PMID: 15822049 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports intrinsic genetic susceptibility as an important variable in the progression of diabetic nephropathy in people. Mice provide an experimental platform of unparalleled power for dissecting the genetics of mammalian diseases; however, phenotypic analysis of diabetic mice lags behind that already established for humans. Standardized benchmarks of hyperglycemia, albuminuria, and measurements of renal failure remain to be developed for different inbred strains of mice. The most glaring deficiency has been the lack of a diabetic mouse model that develops progressively worsening renal insufficiency, the sine qua non of diabetic nephropathy in humans. Differences in susceptibility of these inbred strains to complications of diabetes mellitus provide a possible avenue to dissect the genetic basis of diabetic nephropathy; however, the identification of those strains and/or mutants most susceptible to renal injury from diabetes mellitus is lacking. Identification of a mouse model that faithfully mirrors the pathogenesis of DN in humans will undoubtedly facilitate the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Breyer
- Vanderbilt University and VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Breyer MD, Böttinger E, Brosius FC, Coffman TM, Harris RC, Heilig CW, Sharma K. Mouse models of diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 16:27-45. [PMID: 15563560 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2004080648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice provide an experimental model of unparalleled flexibility for studying mammalian diseases. Inbred strains of mice exhibit substantial differences in their susceptibility to the renal complications of diabetes. Much remains to be established regarding the course of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in mice as well as defining those strains and/or mutants that are most susceptible to renal injury from diabetes. Through the use of the unique genetic reagents available in mice (including knockouts and transgenics), the validation of a mouse model reproducing human DN should significantly facilitate the understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms that contribute to the development of DN. Establishment of an authentic mouse model of DN will undoubtedly facilitate testing of translational diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in mice before testing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Breyer
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical School, S3223 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Kakoki M, Takahashi N, Jennette JC, Smithies O. Diabetic nephropathy is markedly enhanced in mice lacking the bradykinin B2 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:13302-5. [PMID: 15326315 PMCID: PMC516527 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0405449101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I human diabetics and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice with higher genetically determined levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme have an increased risk of developing nephropathy. However, previous experiments in mice and computer simulations indicate that modest increases in angiotensin-converting enzyme have minimal effects on blood pressure and angiotensin II levels, although bradykinin decreases significantly, inferring that bradykinin is critical for protecting the kidney in diabetics. Here, we confirm this inference by demonstrating that Akita diabetic mice lacking the bradykinin B2 receptor develop overt albuminuria, excreting the equivalent of >550 mg/day albumin in humans, which contrasts with the microalbuminuria (equivalent to <150 mg/day) seen in their simply diabetic littermates. The overt albuminuria is accompanied by a marked increase in glomerular mesangial sclerosis. The importance of bradykinin demonstrated here bears strongly on how current drugs reduce diabetic nephropathy and suggests that B2 receptor-specific agonists merit consideration in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Kakoki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
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Dunn SR, Qi Z, Bottinger EP, Breyer MD, Sharma K. Utility of endogenous creatinine clearance as a measure of renal function in mice. Kidney Int 2004; 65:1959-67. [PMID: 15086941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of endogenous plasma creatinine levels and creatinine clearance as a tool to evaluate renal function in mice has come under scrutiny as prior studies have reported that the Jaffé alkaline picrate method grossly overestimates true plasma creatinine in mice. As members of the NIDDK Animal Models of Diabetic Complications Consortium (AMDCC), we evaluated the performance and feasibility of an alternative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based method for standard determination of plasma creatinine and creatinine clearance in mice. Our purpose was to develop a simple method that provides a reliable, reproducible, and sensitive assay for small volumes (<25 microL) of mouse plasma and sera. METHODS We compared creatinine clearance measured by HPLC with the Jaffé method and HPLC creatinine clearance with inulin clearance [fluoroscein isothiocyanate (FITC) inulin in an osmotic pump implanted in mouse] in C57BL/6J mice. Different groups of mice underwent either one of two protocols. Protocol A included dietary intervention with normal, low salt plus enalapril, or high salt. Protocol B induced diabetes using streptozotocin. RESULTS First, mean plasma creatinine levels were significantly lower (P < 0.0001) by HPLC (0.128 +/- 0.026 mg/dL) vs. Jaffé (0.4 +/- 0.12 mg/dL) for mice on a normal diet. Urine creatinine concentrations measured by HPLC were 10% lower than by Jaffé (P < 0.01). Second, mean creatinine clearance by HPLC for mice on a normal diet was 255 +/- 68 microL/min. Mice on low salt diet plus enalapril had reduced creatinine clearance (72.8 +/- 24.2 microL/min) while mice on high salt diet had an elevated creatinine clearance (355 +/- 105 microL/min). Third, diabetic mice (19 to 24 weeks of diabetes) exhibited hyperfiltration as creatinine clearance was 524 +/- 214 microL/min whereas nondiabetic age/gender-matched mice showed a mean creatinine clearance of 206 +/- 41 microL/min. Finally, significant correlation was demonstrated for creatinine clearance by HPLC vs. inulin clearance (R= 0.643; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION HPLC is highly accurate, much more sensitive and specific than the Jaffé method for plasma creatinine measurements in mice. Creatinine clearance in mice measured by HPLC reflects changes in renal function induced by diet and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Dunn
- Dorrance Hamilton Research Laboratories, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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Susztak K, Sharma K, Schiffer M, McCue P, Ciccone E, Böttinger EP. Genomic strategies for diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14:S271-8. [PMID: 12874445 DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000078035.81397.8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Insight into the molecular mechanisms that underlie the origin and progression of diabetic nephropathy remains limited in part because conventional research tools have restricted investigators to focus on single genes or isolated pathways. Microarray technologies provide opportunities for evaluating genetic factors and environmental effects at a genomic scale during the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Despite the enormous power of the microarray technology, there are several pitfalls that need to be considered. This article discusses conceptual, practical, statistical, and logistical considerations for the use of microarrays in studies of experimental and human diabetic renal disease. New knowledge in this field will facilitate new approaches for molecular diagnosis and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Susztak
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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