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Bello AB, Canlas KKV, Kim D, Park H, Lee SH. Stepwise dual-release microparticles of BMP-4 and SCF in induced pluripotent stem cell spheroids enhance differentiation into hematopoietic stem cells. J Control Release 2024; 371:386-405. [PMID: 38844177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Recently, the formation of three-dimensional (3D) cell aggregates known as embryoid bodies (EBs) grown in media supplemented with HSC-specific morphogens has been utilized for the directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), into clinically relevant hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, delivering growth factors and nutrients have become ineffective in inducing synchronous differentiation of cells due to their 3D conformation. Moreover, irregularly sized EBs often lead to the formation of necrotic cores in larger EBs, impairing differentiation. Here, we developed two gelatin microparticles (GelMPs) with different release patterns and two HSC-related growth factors conjugated to them. Slow and fast releasing GelMPs were conjugated with bone morphogenic factor-4 (BMP-4) and stem cell factor (SCF), respectively. The sequential presentation of BMP-4 and SCF in GelMPs resulted in efficient and effective hematopoietic differentiation, shown by the enhanced gene and protein expression of several mesoderm and HSC-related markers, and the increased concentration of released HSC-related cytokines. In the present study, we were able to generate CD34+, CD133+, and FLT3+ cells with similar cellular and molecular morphology as the naïve HSCs that can produce colony units of different blood cells, in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Bacero Bello
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06911, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Deogil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansoo Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06911, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo-Hong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Volk-Draper L, Athaiya S, Espinosa Gonzalez M, Bhattarai N, Wilber A, Ran S. Tumor microenvironment restricts IL-10 induced multipotent progenitors to myeloid-lymphatic phenotype. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298465. [PMID: 38640116 PMCID: PMC11029653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is induced by local pro-lymphatic growth factors and bone marrow (BM)-derived myeloid-lymphatic endothelial cell progenitors (M-LECP). We previously showed that M-LECP play a significant role in lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in clinical breast cancer (BC) and experimental BC models. We also showed that differentiation of mouse and human M-LECP can be induced through sequential activation of colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) pathways. This treatment activates the autocrine interleukin-10 (IL-10) pathway that, in turn, induces myeloid immunosuppressive M2 phenotype along with lymphatic-specific proteins. Because IL-10 is implicated in differentiation of numerous lineages, we sought to determine whether this pathway specifically promotes the lymphatic phenotype or multipotent progenitors that can give rise to M-LECP among other lineages. Analyses of BM cells activated either by CSF-1/TLR4 ligands in vitro or orthotopic breast tumors in vivo showed expansion of stem/progenitor population and coincident upregulation of markers for at least four lineages including M2-macrophage, lymphatic endothelial, erythroid, and T-cells. Induction of cell plasticity and multipotency was IL-10 dependent as indicated by significant reduction of stem cell markers and those for multiple lineages in differentiated cells treated with anti-IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) antibody or derived from IL-10R knockout mice. However, multipotent CD11b+/Lyve-1+/Ter-119+/CD3e+ progenitors detected in BM appeared to split into a predominant myeloid-lymphatic fraction and minor subsets expressing erythroid and T-cell markers upon establishing tumor residence. Each sub-population was detected at a distinct intratumoral site. This study provides direct evidence for differences in maturation status between the BM progenitors and those reaching tumor destination. The study results suggest preferential tumor bias towards expansion of myeloid-lymphatic cells while underscoring the role of IL-10 in early BM production of multipotent progenitors that give rise to both hematopoietic and endothelial lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Volk-Draper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America
| | - Shaswati Athaiya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America
| | - Maria Espinosa Gonzalez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America
| | - Nihit Bhattarai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America
| | - Andrew Wilber
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America
- Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America
| | - Sophia Ran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America
- Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America
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3
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Wijshake T, Rose J, Wang J, Zielke J, Marlar-Pavey M, Chen W, Collins JJ, Agathocleous M. Schistosome Infection Impacts Hematopoiesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:607-616. [PMID: 38169327 PMCID: PMC10872488 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Helminth infections are common in animals. However, the impact of a helminth infection on the function of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and other hematopoietic cells has not been comprehensively defined. In this article, we describe the hematopoietic response to infection of mice with Schistosoma mansoni, a parasitic flatworm that causes schistosomiasis. We analyzed the frequency or number of hematopoietic cell types in the bone marrow, spleen, liver, thymus, and blood and observed multiple hematopoietic changes caused by infection. Schistosome infection impaired bone marrow HSC function after serial transplantation. Functional HSCs were present in the infected liver. Infection blocked bone marrow erythropoiesis and augmented spleen erythropoiesis, observations consistent with the anemia and splenomegaly prevalent in schistosomiasis patients. This work defines the hematopoietic response to schistosomiasis, a debilitating disease afflicting more than 200 million people, and identifies impairments in HSC function and erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wijshake
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Rose
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jipeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Current address: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences at Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jacob Zielke
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Madeleine Marlar-Pavey
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Weina Chen
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - James J. Collins
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michalis Agathocleous
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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4
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Sun T, Li D, Huang L, Zhu X. Inflammatory abrasion of hematopoietic stem cells: a candidate clue for the post-CAR-T hematotoxicity? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1141779. [PMID: 37223096 PMCID: PMC10200893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1141779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has shown remarkable effects in treating various hematological malignancies. However, hematotoxicity, specifically neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia, poses a serious threat to patient prognosis and remains a less focused adverse effect of CAR-T therapy. The mechanism underlying lasting or recurring late-phase hematotoxicity, long after the influence of lymphodepletion therapy and cytokine release syndrome (CRS), remains elusive. In this review, we summarize the current clinical studies on CAR-T late hematotoxicity to clarify its definition, incidence, characteristics, risk factors, and interventions. Owing to the effectiveness of transfusing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in rescuing severe CAR-T late hematotoxicity and the unignorable role of inflammation in CAR-T therapy, this review also discusses possible mechanisms of the harmful influence of inflammation on HSCs, including inflammatory abrasion of the number and the function of HSCs. We also discuss chronic and acute inflammation. Cytokines, cellular immunity, and niche factors likely to be disturbed in CAR-T therapy are highlighted factors with possible contributions to post-CAR-T hematotoxicity.
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5
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Cui G, Wang Z, Liu H, Pang Z. Cytokine-mediated crosstalk between cancer stem cells and their inflammatory niche from the colorectal precancerous adenoma stage to the cancerous stage: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1057181. [PMID: 36466926 PMCID: PMC9714270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1057181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of colorectal cancers (CRCs) are thought to arise from precancerous adenomas. Upon exposure to diverse microenvironmental factors, precancerous stem cells (pCSCs) undergo complex genetic/molecular changes and gradually progress to form cancer stem cells (CSCs). Accumulative evidence suggests that the pCSC/CSC niche is an inflammatory dominated milieu that contains different cytokines that function as the key communicators between pCSCs/CSCs and their niche and have a decisive role in promoting CRC development, progression, and metastasis. In view of the importance and increasing data about cytokines in modulating pCSCs/CSC stemness properties and their significance in CRC, this review summarizes current new insights of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, IL-33 and interferon (IFN)-γ, involving in the modulation of pCSC/CSC properties and features in precancerous and cancerous lesions and discusses the possible mechanisms of adenoma progression to CRCs and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Faculty of Health Science, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Ziqi Wang
- College of Medical Imaging, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Hanzhe Liu
- School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigang Pang
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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6
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Splenic red pulp macrophages provide a niche for CML stem cells and induce therapy resistance. Leukemia 2022; 36:2634-2646. [PMID: 36163264 PMCID: PMC7613762 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01682-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Disease progression and relapse of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are caused by therapy resistant leukemia stem cells (LSCs), and cure relies on their eradication. The microenvironment in the bone marrow (BM) is known to contribute to LSC maintenance and resistance. Although leukemic infiltration of the spleen is a hallmark of CML, it is unknown whether spleen cells form a niche that maintains LSCs. Here, we demonstrate that LSCs preferentially accumulate in the spleen and contribute to disease progression. Spleen LSCs were located in the red pulp close to red pulp macrophages (RPM) in CML patients and in a murine CML model. Pharmacologic and genetic depletion of RPM reduced LSCs and decreased their cell cycling activity in the spleen. Gene expression analysis revealed enriched stemness and decreased myeloid lineage differentiation in spleen leukemic stem and progenitor cells (LSPCs). These results demonstrate that splenic RPM form a niche that maintains CML LSCs in a quiescent state, resulting in disease progression and resistance to therapy.
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7
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CBFB-MYH11 fusion transcripts distinguish acute myeloid leukemias with distinct molecular landscapes and outcomes. Blood Adv 2021; 5:4963-4968. [PMID: 34547772 PMCID: PMC9153007 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
CBFB-MYH11 transcripts and KIT mutations predict relapse in AML. High-risk CBFB-MYH11 transcripts are associated with distinct transcriptional landscapes and upregulation of early hematopoiesis genes.
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8
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Decreased IL-10 accelerates B-cell leukemia/lymphoma in a mouse model of pediatric lymphoid leukemia. Blood Adv 2021; 6:854-865. [PMID: 34727170 PMCID: PMC8945291 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell deficiency and DNA damage in the bone marrow of Il10−/− mice are associated with inflammation and mitigated by antibiotics. In ETV6-RUNX1+Cdkn2a−/− mice, low IL-10 accelerates the development of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma in a dose-dependent manner.
Exposures to a wide repertoire of common childhood infections and strong inflammatory responses to those infections are associated with the risk of pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) in opposing directions. Neonatal inflammatory markers are also related to risk by unknown mechanism(s). Here, we demonstrate that interleukin-10 (IL-10) deficiency, which is associated with childhood B-ALL, indirectly impairs B lymphopoiesis and increases B-cell DNA damage in association with a module of 6 proinflammatory/myeloid-associated cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-13, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β/CCL4, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor). Importantly, antibiotics attenuated inflammation and B-cell defects in preleukemic Cdkn2a−/−Il10−/− mice. In an ETV6-RUNX1+ (E6R1+) Cdkn2a−/− mouse model of B-ALL, decreased levels of IL-10 accelerated B-cell neoplasms in a dose-dependent manner and altered the mutational profile of these neoplasms. Our results illuminate a mechanism through which a low level of IL-10 can create a risk for leukemic transformation and support developing evidence that microbial dysbiosis contributes to pediatric B-ALL.
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9
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Chinnapaka S, Yang KS, Samadi Y, Epperly MW, Hou W, Greenberger JS, Ejaz A, Rubin JP. Allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells mitigate acute radiation syndrome by the rescue of damaged bone marrow cells from apoptosis. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:1095-1114. [PMID: 33724714 PMCID: PMC8235137 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is the radiation toxicity that can affect the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems upon accidental radiation exposure within a short time. Currently, there are no effective and safe approaches to treat mass population exposure to ARS. Our study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of allogeneic adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) for total body irradiation (TBI)‐induced ARS and understand the underlying mitigation mechanism. We employed 9.25 Gy TBI dose to C57BL/6 mice and studied the effect of allogeneic ASCs on mice survival and regeneration of the hematopoietic system. Our results indicate that intraperitoneal‐injected ASCs migrated to the bone marrow, rescued hematopoiesis, and improved the survival of irradiated mice. Our transwell coculture results confirmed the migration of ASCs to irradiated bone marrow and rescue hematopoietic activity. Furthermore, contact coculture of ASCs improved the survival and hematopoiesis of irradiated bone marrow in vitro. Irradiation results in DNA damage, upregulation of inflammatory signals, and apoptosis in bone marrow cells, while coculture with ASCs reduces apoptosis via activation of DNA repair and the antioxidation system. Upon exposure to irradiated bone marrow cells, ASCs secrete prosurvival and hematopoietic factors, such as GM‐CSF, MIP1α, MIP1β, LIX, KC, 1P‐10, Rantes, IL‐17, MCSF, TNFα, Eotaxin, and IP‐10, which reduces oxidative stress and rescues damaged bone marrow cells from apoptosis. Our findings suggest that allogeneic ASCs therapy is effective in mitigating TBI‐induced ARS in mice and may be beneficial for clinical adaptation to treat TBI‐induced toxicities. Further studies will help to advocate the scale‐up and adaptation of allogeneic ASCs as the radiation countermeasure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaiah Chinnapaka
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine S Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yasamin Samadi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael W Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wen Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joel S Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Asim Ejaz
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J Peter Rubin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-cell-derived TNFα impairs bone marrow myelopoiesis. iScience 2020; 24:101994. [PMID: 33458625 PMCID: PMC7797930 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TNFα is implicated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) immunosuppression and disease progression. TNFα is constitutively produced by CLL B cells and is a negative regulator of bone marrow (BM) myelopoiesis. Here, we show that co-culture of CLL B cells with purified normal human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) directly altered protein levels of the myeloid and erythroid cell fate determinants PU.1 and GATA-2 at the single-cell level within transitional HSPC subsets, mimicking ex vivo expression patterns. Physical separation of CLL cells from control HSPCs or neutralizing TNFα abrogated upregulation of PU.1, yet restoration of GATA-2 required TNFα neutralization, suggesting both cell contact and soluble-factor-mediated regulation. We further show that CLL patient BM myeloid progenitors are diminished in frequency and function, an effect recapitulated by chronic exposure of control HSPCs to low-dose TNFα. These findings implicate CLL B-cell-derived TNFα in impaired BM myelopoiesis. CLL patient BM HSPCs exhibit aberrant molecular and functional characteristics CLL B-cell-derived TNFα upregulates PU.1 and GATA-2 in BM HSPCs The effects of CLL B-cell-derived TNFα are reversible upon TNFα neutralization Chronic TNFα exposure in vitro recapitulates ex vivo HSPC functional deficiencies
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11
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Mesenchymal PGD 2 activates an ILC2-Treg axis to promote proliferation of normal and malignant HSPCs. Leukemia 2020; 34:3028-3041. [PMID: 32366935 PMCID: PMC7606225 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-dependent production of prostaglandins (PGs) is known to play important roles in tumorigenesis. PGD2 has recently emerged as a key regulator of tumor- and inflammation-associated functions. Here we show that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or normal MSCs overexpressing COX2 promote proliferation of co-cultured hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), which can be prevented by treatment with COX2 knockdown or TM30089, a specific antagonist of the PGD2 receptor CRTH2. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that PGD2-CRTH2 signaling acts directly on type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), potentiating their expansion and driving them to produce Interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-13. Furthermore, IL-5 but not IL-13 expands CD4+CD25+IL5Rα+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) and promotes HSPC proliferation. Disruption of the PGD2-activated ILC2-Treg axis by specifically blocking the PGD2 receptor CRTH2 or IL-5 impedes proliferation of normal and malignant HSPCs. Conversely, co-transfer of CD4+CD25+IL5Rα+ Tregs promotes malignant HSPC proliferation and accelerates leukemia development in xenotransplanted mice. Collectively, these results indicate that the mesenchymal source of PGD2 promotes proliferation of normal and malignant HSPCs through activation of the ILC2-Treg axis. These findings also suggest that this novel PGD2-activated ILC2-Treg axis may be a valuable therapeutic target for cancer and inflammation-associated diseases.
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12
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Defective negative regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling leads to excessive TNF-α in myeloproliferative neoplasm. Blood Adv 2020; 3:122-131. [PMID: 30647074 PMCID: PMC6341195 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018026450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) have high levels of inflammatory cytokines, some of which drive many of the debilitating constitutional symptoms associated with the disease and may also promote expansion of the neoplastic clone. We report here that monocytes from patients with MPN have defective negative regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling that leads to unrestrained production of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) after TLR activation. Specifically, monocytes of patients with MPN are insensitive to the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) that negatively regulates TLR-induced TNF-α production. This inability to respond to IL-10 is a not a direct consequence of JAK2 V617F , as the phenotype of persistent TNF-α production is a feature of JAK2 V617F and wild-type monocytes alike from JAK2 V617F -positive patients. Moreover, persistent TNF-α production was also discovered in the unaffected identical twin of a patient with MPN, suggesting it could be an intrinsic feature of those predisposed to acquire MPN. This work implicates sustained TLR signaling as not only a contributor to the chronic inflammatory state of MPN patients but also a potential predisposition to acquire MPN.
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13
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Oliva J. Therapeutic Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cell on Organ Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215511. [PMID: 31694240 PMCID: PMC6862572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The shortage of donor organs is a major global concern. Organ failure requires the transplantation of functional organs. Donor’s organs are preserved for variable periods of warm and cold ischemia time, which requires placing them into a preservation device. Ischemia and reperfusion damage the organs, due to the lack of oxygen during the ischemia step, as well as the oxidative stress during the reperfusion step. Different methodologies are developed to prevent or to diminish the level of injuries. Preservation solutions were first developed to maximize cold static preservation, which includes the addition of several chemical compounds. The next chapter of organ preservation comes with the perfusion machine, where mechanical devices provide continuous flow and oxygenation ex vivo to the organs being preserved. In the addition of inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase and inhibitors of the proteasome, mesenchymal stem cells began being used 13 years ago to prevent or diminish the organ’s injuries. Mesenchymal stem cells (e.g., bone marrow stem cells, adipose derived stem cells and umbilical cord stem cells) have proven to be powerful tools in repairing damaged organs. This review will focus upon the use of some bone marrow stem cells, adipose-derived stem cells and umbilical cord stem cells on preventing or decreasing the injuries due to ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Oliva
- Emmaus Medical, Inc., 21250 Hawthorne Blvd, Suite 800, Torrance, CA 90503, USA
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14
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Pasquin S, Tormo A, Moreau J, Laplante V, Sharma M, Gauchat JF, Rafei M. Cardiotrophin-Like Cytokine Factor 1 Exhibits a Myeloid-Biased Hematopoietic-Stimulating Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2133. [PMID: 31552057 PMCID: PMC6746841 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1) is secreted as a complex with the cytokine receptor-like factor 1 (CRLF1). Syndromes caused by mutations in the genes encoding CLCF1 or CRLF1 suggest an important role for CLCF1 in the development and regulation of the immune system. In mice, CLCF1 induces B-cell expansion, enhances humoral responses and triggers autoimmunity. Interestingly, inactivation of CRLF1, which impedes CLCF1 secretion, leads to a marked reduction in the number of bone marrow (BM) progenitor cells, while mice heterozygous for CLCF1 display a significant decrease in their circulating leukocytes. We therefore hypothesized that CLCF1 might be implicated in the regulation of hematopoiesis. To test this hypothesis, murine hematopoietic progenitor cells defined as Lin−Sca1+c-kit+ (LSK) were treated in vitro with ascending doses of CLCF1. The frequency and counts of LSK cells were significantly increased in the presence of CLCF1, which may be mediated by several CLCF1-induced soluble factors including IL-6, G-CSF, IL-1β, IL-10, and VEGF. CLCF1 administration to non-diseased C57BL/6 mice resulted in a pronounced increase in circulating myeloid cells, which was concomitant with augmented LSK and myeloid cell counts in the BM. Likewise, CLCF1 administration to mice following sub-lethal irradiation or congeneic BM transplantation (BMT) resulted in accelerated LSK recovery along with a sustained increase in BM-derived CD11b+ cells. Altogether, our observations establish an important and unforeseen role for CLCF1 in regulating hematopoiesis with a bias toward myeloid cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pasquin
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Tormo
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Immuni T, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jessica Moreau
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Laplante
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Renal Division, KCVA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Jean-François Gauchat
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Moutih Rafei
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Programme de Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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15
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Immunosenescence: the potential role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in age-related immune deficiency. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1901-1918. [PMID: 30788516 PMCID: PMC6478639 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aging process is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation in both humans and rodents, commonly called inflammaging. At the same time, there is a gradual decline in the functional capacity of adaptive and innate immune systems, i.e., immunosenescence, a process not only linked to the aging process, but also encountered in several pathological conditions involving chronic inflammation. The hallmarks of immunosenescence include a decline in the numbers of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, an imbalance in the T cell subsets, and a decrease in T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and signaling. Correspondingly, there is a decline in B cell lymphopoiesis and a reduction in antibody production. The age-related changes are not as profound in innate immunity as they are in adaptive immunity. However, there are distinct functional deficiencies in dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and monocytes/macrophages with aging. Interestingly, the immunosuppression induced by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in diverse inflammatory conditions also targets mainly the T and B cell compartments, i.e., inducing very similar alterations to those present in immunosenescence. Here, we will compare the immune profiles induced by immunosenescence and the MDSC-driven immunosuppression. Given that the appearance of MDSCs significantly increases with aging and MDSCs are the enhancers of other immunosuppressive cells, e.g., regulatory T cells (Tregs) and B cells (Bregs), it seems likely that MDSCs might remodel the immune system, thus preventing excessive inflammation with aging. We propose that MDSCs are potent inducers of immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, KYS, P.O. Box 100, 70029, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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16
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Loftus TJ, Miller ES, Millar JK, Kannan KB, Alamo IG, Efron PA, Mohr AM. The effects of propranolol and clonidine on bone marrow expression of hematopoietic cytokines following trauma and chronic stress. Am J Surg 2019; 218:858-863. [PMID: 30827533 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attenuating post-injury neuroendocrine stress abrogates persistent injury-associated anemia. Our objective was to examine the mechanisms by which propranolol and clonidine modulate this process. We hypothesized that propranolol and clonidine would decrease bone marrow expression of high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and increase expression of stem cell factor (SCF) and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL). METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to naïve control, lung contusion followed by hemorrhagic shock (LCHS), or LCHS plus daily chronic restraint stress (LCHS/CS) ±propranolol, ±clonidine. Day seven bone marrow expression of HMGB1, SCF, and Bcl-xL was assessed by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Following LCHS, HMGB1 was decreased by propranolol (49% decrease, p = 0.012) and clonidine (54% decrease, p < 0.010). SCF was decreased following LCHS/CS, and was increased by propranolol (629% increase, p < 0.001) and clonidine (468% increase, p < 0.001). Bcl-xL was decreased following LCHS/CS, and was increased by propranolol (59% increase, p = 0.006) and clonidine (77% increase, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Following severe trauma, propranolol and clonidine abrogate persistent injury-associated anemia by modulating bone marrow cytokines, favoring effective erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Loftus
- University of Florida, Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Elizabeth S Miller
- University of Florida, Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Jessica K Millar
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Kolenkode B Kannan
- University of Florida, Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Ines G Alamo
- University of Florida, Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Philip A Efron
- University of Florida, Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Alicia M Mohr
- University of Florida, Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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17
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Lee GY, Jeong SY, Lee HR, Oh IH. Age-related differences in the bone marrow stem cell niche generate specialized microenvironments for the distinct regulation of normal hematopoietic and leukemia stem cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1007. [PMID: 30700727 PMCID: PMC6353913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment serves as a stem cell niche regulating the in vivo cell fate of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) as well as leukemia stem cells (LSCs). Accumulating studies have indicated that the regeneration of normal HSCs and the process of leukemogenesis change with advancing age. However, the role of microenvironmental factors in these age-related effects are unclear. Here, we compared the stem cell niche in neonatal and adult BM to investigate potential differences in their microenvironmental regulation of both normal and leukemic stem cells. We found that the mesenchymal niche in neonatal BM, compared to adult BM, was characterized by a higher frequency of primitive subsets of mesenchymal stroma expressing both platelet-derived growth factor receptor and Sca-1, and higher expression levels of the niche cross-talk molecules, Jagged-1 and CXCL-12. Accordingly, normal HSCs transplanted into neonatal mice exhibited higher levels of regeneration in BM, with no difference in homing efficiency or splenic engraftment compared to adult BM. In contrast, in vivo self-renewal of LSCs was higher in adult BM than in neonatal BM, with increased frequencies of leukemia-initiating cells as well as higher lympho-myeloid differentiation potential towards biphenotypic leukemic cells. These differences in LSC self-renewal capacity between neonates and adults was abrogated by switching of recipients, confirming their microenvironmental origin. Our study provides insight into the differences in leukemic diseases observed in childhood and adults, and is important for interpretation of many transplantation studies involving neonatal animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Young Lee
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center and Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Seon-Yeong Jeong
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center and Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Hae-Ri Lee
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center and Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Il-Hoan Oh
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center and Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, 137-701, Korea. .,Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
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18
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Hirche C, Frenz T, Haas SF, Döring M, Borst K, Tegtmeyer PK, Brizic I, Jordan S, Keyser K, Chhatbar C, Pronk E, Lin S, Messerle M, Jonjic S, Falk CS, Trumpp A, Essers MAG, Kalinke U. Systemic Virus Infections Differentially Modulate Cell Cycle State and Functionality of Long-Term Hematopoietic Stem Cells In Vivo. Cell Rep 2018; 19:2345-2356. [PMID: 28614719 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Quiescent long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) are efficiently activated by type I interferon (IFN-I). However, this effect remains poorly investigated in the context of IFN-I-inducing virus infections. Here we report that both vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection induce LT-HSC activation that substantially differs from the effects triggered upon injection of synthetic IFN-I-inducing agents. In both infections, inflammatory responses had to exceed local thresholds within the bone marrow to confer LT-HSC cell cycle entry, and IFN-I receptor triggering was not critical for this activation. After resolution of acute MCMV infection, LT-HSCs returned to phenotypic quiescence. However, non-acute MCMV infection induced a sustained inflammatory milieu within the bone marrow that was associated with long-lasting impairment of LT-HSC function. In conclusion, our results show that systemic virus infections fundamentally affect LT-HSCs and that also non-acute inflammatory stimuli in bone marrow donors can affect the reconstitution potential of bone marrow transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hirche
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Theresa Frenz
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Simon F Haas
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; "Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Stress" Group, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marius Döring
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Borst
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Pia-K Tegtmeyer
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ilija Brizic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stefan Jordan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Oncological Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kirsten Keyser
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Chintan Chhatbar
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Eline Pronk
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; "Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Stress" Group, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shuiping Lin
- Molecular Medicine Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Martin Messerle
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Christine S Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marieke A G Essers
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; "Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Stress" Group, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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19
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Guerra DAP, Paiva AE, Sena IFG, Azevedo PO, Batista ML, Mintz A, Birbrair A. Adipocytes role in the bone marrow niche. Cytometry A 2018; 93:167-171. [PMID: 29236351 PMCID: PMC6067923 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adipocyte infiltration in the bone marrow follows chemotherapy or irradiation. Previous studies indicate that bone marrow fat cells inhibit hematopoietic stem cell function. Recently, Zhou et al. (2017) using state-of-the-art techniques, including sophisticated Cre/loxP technologies, confocal microscopy, in vivo lineage-tracing, flow cytometry, and bone marrow transplantation, reveal that adipocytes promote hematopoietic recovery after irradiation. This study challenges the current view of adipocytes as negative regulators of the hematopoietic stem cells niche, and reopens the discussion about adipocytes' roles in the bone marrow. Strikingly, genetic deletion of stem cell factor specifically from adipocytes leads to deficiency in hematopoietic stem cells, and reduces animal survival after myeloablation, The emerging knowledge from this research will be important for the treatment of multiple hematologic disorders. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. P. Guerra
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana E. Paiva
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Isadora F. G. Sena
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrick O. Azevedo
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Miguel Luiz Batista
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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20
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Sica A, Porta C, Amadori A, Pastò A. Tumor-associated myeloid cells as guiding forces of cancer cell stemness. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1025-1036. [PMID: 28401258 PMCID: PMC11029054 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-1997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to their ability to differentiate into various cell types and to support tissue regeneration, stem cells simultaneously became the holy grail of regenerative medicine and the evil obstacle in cancer therapy. Several studies have investigated niche-related conditions that favor stemness properties and increasingly emphasized their association with an inflammatory environment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are major orchestrators of cancer-related inflammation, able to dynamically express different polarized inflammatory programs that promote tumor outgrowth, including tumor angiogenesis, immunosuppression, tissue remodeling and metastasis formation. In addition, these myeloid populations support cancer cell stemness, favoring tumor maintenance and progression, as well as resistance to anticancer treatments. Here, we discuss inflammatory circuits and molecules expressed by TAMs and MDSCs as guiding forces of cancer cell stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy.
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Porta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Alberto Amadori
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Pastò
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
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21
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Han YM, Park JM, Choi YS, Jin H, Lee YS, Han NY, Lee H, Hahm KB. The efficacy of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells on radiation enteropathy along with proteomic biomarkers predicting a favorable response. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:105. [PMID: 28464953 PMCID: PMC5414323 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation enteropathy is a common complication in patients with abdominopelvic cancer, but no treatment has yet been established. Stem cell therapy may be a viable therapeutic option because intestinal stem cells are highly vulnerable to ionizing radiation (IR) and stem cell loss explains its intractability to general treatment. Here, we investigated either prophylactic or therapeutic efficacy of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPDSCs) against radiation enteropathy and could identify biomarkers predicting a favorable response to stem cell therapy. METHODS We challenged a radiation-induced enteropathy model with hPDSCs. After sacrifice, we checked the gross anatomy of small intestine, histology gross, and analyzed that, accompanied with molecular changes implicated in this model. RESULTS hPDSCs significantly improved the outcome of mice induced with either radiation enteropathy or lethal radiation syndrome (P < 0.01). hPDSCs exerted inhibitory actions on inflammatory cytokines, the re-establishment of epithelium homeostasis was completed with increasing endogenous restorative processes as assessed with increased levels of proliferative markers in the hPDSCs group, and a significant inhibition of IR-induced apoptosis. The preservation of cells expressing lysozyme, and Musashi-1 were significantly increased in the hPDSC treatment group. Both preventive and therapeutic efficacies of hPDSCs were noted against IR-induced enteropathy. Label-free quantification was used to identify biomarkers which predict favorable responses after hPDSC treatment, and finally glutathione S-transferase-mu type, interleukin-10, and peroxiredoxin-2 were validated as proteomic biomarkers predicting a favorable response to hPDSCs in radiation enteropathy. CONCLUSIONS hPDSCs may be a useful prophylactic and therapeutic cell therapy for radiation enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Han
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA University, CHA Bio Complex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-ku, Seongnam, Kyunggi-do, 463-712, South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Park
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA University, CHA Bio Complex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-ku, Seongnam, Kyunggi-do, 463-712, South Korea
| | - Yong Soo Choi
- Department of Applied Bioscience, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin
- Graduated School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Sil Lee
- Graduated School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Na-Young Han
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hookeun Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ki Baik Hahm
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA University, CHA Bio Complex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-ku, Seongnam, Kyunggi-do, 463-712, South Korea. .,Digestive Disease Center, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea.
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22
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Kim JH, Lee HS, Choi HK, Kim JA, Chu IS, Leem SH, Oh IH. Heterogeneous Niche Activity of Ex-Vivo Expanded MSCs as Factor for Variable Outcomes in Hematopoietic Recovery. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168036. [PMID: 28030562 PMCID: PMC5193420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex-vivo expanded mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are increasingly used for paracrine support of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) regeneration, but inconsistent outcomes have hindered ongoing clinical trials. Here, we show that significant heterogeneity in the niche activity of MSCs is created during their culture in various serum-supplemented media. The MSCs cultured under stimulatory or non-stimulatory culture conditions exhibited differences in colony forming unit-fibroblast contents, expression levels of cross-talk molecules (Jagged-1 and CXCL-12) and their support for HSC self-renewal. Accordingly, the enhancing effects of MSCs on hematopoietic engraftment were only visible when HSCs were co-transplanted with MSCs under stimulatory conditions. Of note, these differences in MSCs and their effects on HSCs were readily reversed by switching the cultures, indicating that the difference in niche activity can be caused by distinct functional state, rather than by clonal heterogeneity. Supporting the findings, transcriptomic analysis showed distinct upstream signaling pathways such as inhibition of P53 and activation of ER-stress response gene ATF4 for MSCs under stimulatory conditions. Taken together, our study shows that the niche activity of MSCs can vary rapidly by the extrinsic cues during culture causing variable outcomes in hematopoietic recoveries, and point to the possibility that MSCs can be pre-screened for more predictable efficacy in various cell therapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Kim
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Life Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sun Lee
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Life Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Choi
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Life Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-A Kim
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Life Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sun Chu
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Leem
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A university, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hoan Oh
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Life Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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23
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Sumter TF, Xian L, Huso T, Koo M, Chang YT, Almasri TN, Chia L, Inglis C, Reid D, Resar LMS. The High Mobility Group A1 (HMGA1) Transcriptome in Cancer and Development. Curr Mol Med 2016; 16:353-93. [PMID: 26980699 DOI: 10.2174/1566524016666160316152147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Chromatin structure is the single most important feature that distinguishes a cancer cell from a normal cell histologically. Chromatin remodeling proteins regulate chromatin structure and high mobility group A (HMGA1) proteins are among the most abundant, nonhistone chromatin remodeling proteins found in cancer cells. These proteins include HMGA1a/HMGA1b isoforms, which result from alternatively spliced mRNA. The HMGA1 gene is overexpressed in cancer and high levels portend a poor prognosis in diverse tumors. HMGA1 is also highly expressed during embryogenesis and postnatally in adult stem cells. Overexpression of HMGA1 drives neoplastic transformation in cultured cells, while inhibiting HMGA1 blocks oncogenic and cancer stem cell properties. Hmga1 transgenic mice succumb to aggressive tumors, demonstrating that dysregulated expression of HMGA1 causes cancer in vivo. HMGA1 is also required for reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. HMGA1 proteins function as ancillary transcription factors that bend chromatin and recruit other transcription factors to DNA. They induce oncogenic transformation by activating or repressing specific genes involved in this process and an HMGA1 "transcriptome" is emerging. Although prior studies reveal potent oncogenic properties of HMGA1, we are only beginning to understand the molecular mechanisms through which HMGA1 functions. In this review, we summarize the list of putative downstream transcriptional targets regulated by HMGA1. We also briefly discuss studies linking HMGA1 to Alzheimer's disease and type-2 diabetes. CONCLUSION Further elucidation of HMGA1 function should lead to novel therapeutic strategies for cancer and possibly for other diseases associated with aberrant HMGA1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - L M S Resar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 1025, Baltimore, MD 21205-2109, USA.
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24
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Immunological properties of bone marrow microenvironment 1 year after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:1172-1180.e1. [PMID: 27524270 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of the bone marrow microenvironment after transplantation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells is poorly explored. The goal of our study was to investigate this process focusing on immunologic factors: concentrations of selected cytokines, expression of immunosuppressive proteins CD47 and CD274 on hematopoietic stem cells, and frequency of T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Bone marrow samples were collected before transplantation, on the day of transplantation, and at the 1-year follow-up. As a control group, we used bone marrow from healthy donors. Prior to the conditioning, the percentage of Tregs and concentration of interleukin-10 were higher in the bone marrow of patients than in healthy donors. The conditioning regimen resulted in increased concentrations of interferon-γ and expression of CD274 on hematopoietic stem cells. Twenty-eight days after transplantation, level of Tregs, expression of CD47, and concentration of interleukin-10 and latency-associated peptide 1 were increased compared with the period before conditioning. Starting from day 100 after transplantation, the microenvironment tended to normalize; the level of Tregs and concentrations of most cytokines were similar to values in the bone marrow of healthy donors.
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25
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Zewdu R, Risolino M, Barbulescu A, Ramalingam P, Butler JM, Selleri L. Spleen hypoplasia leads to abnormal stress hematopoiesis in mice with loss of Pbx homeoproteins in splenic mesenchyme. J Anat 2016; 229:153-69. [PMID: 27075259 PMCID: PMC5341595 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The spleen plays critical roles in immunity and also provides a permissive microenvironment for hematopoiesis. Previous studies have reported that the TALE-class homeodomain transcription factor Pbx1 is essential in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) for stem cell maintenance and progenitor expansion. However, the role of Pbx1 in the hematopoietic niche has not been investigated. Here we explored the effects that genetic perturbation of the splenic mesenchymal niche has on hematopoiesis upon loss of members of the Pbx family of homeoproteins. Splenic mesenchyme-specific inactivation of Pbx1 (SKO) on a Pbx2- or Pbx3-deficient genetic background (DKO) resulted in abnormal development of the spleen, which is dysmorphic and severely hypoplastic. This phenotype, in turn, affected the number of HSPCs in the fetal and adult spleen at steady state, as well as markedly impairing the kinetics of hematopoietic regeneration in adult mice after sub-lethal and lethal myelosuppressive irradiation. Spleens of mice with compound Pyx deficiency 8 days following sublethal irradiation displayed significant downregulation of multiple cytokine-encoding genes, including KitL/SCF, Cxcl12/SDF-1, IL-3, IL-4, GM-CSF/Csf2 IL-10, and Igf-1, compared with controls. KitL/SCF and Cxcl12/SDF-1 were recently shown to play key roles in the splenic niche in response to various haematopoietic stresses such as myeloablation, blood loss, or pregnancy. Our results demonstrate that, in addition to their intrinsic roles in HSPCs, non-cell autonomous functions of Pbx factors within the splenic niche contribute to the regulation of hematopoiesis, at least in part via the control of KitL/SCF and Cxcl12/SDF-1. Furthermore, our study establishes that abnormal spleen development and hypoplasia have deleterious effects on the efficiency of hematopoietic recovery after bone marrow injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rediet Zewdu
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Present address: Huntsman Cancer Institute University of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Maurizio Risolino
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Program in Craniofacial BiologyDepartment of Orofacial Sciences & Department of AnatomyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | | | - Jason M. Butler
- Department of Genetic MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Licia Selleri
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Program in Craniofacial BiologyDepartment of Orofacial Sciences & Department of AnatomyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
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26
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Tuccitto A, Tazzari M, Beretta V, Rini F, Miranda C, Greco A, Santinami M, Patuzzo R, Vergani B, Villa A, Manenti G, Cleris L, Giardiello D, Alison M, Rivoltini L, Castelli C, Perego M. Immunomodulatory Factors Control the Fate of Melanoma Tumor Initiating Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2449-2460. [PMID: 27301067 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly heterogeneous tumor for which recent evidence supports a model of dynamic stemness. Melanoma cells might temporally acquire tumor-initiating properties or switch from a status of tumor-initiating cells (TICs) to a more differentiated one depending on the tumor context. However, factors driving these functional changes are still unknown. We focused on the role of cyto/chemokines in shaping TICs isolated directly from tumor specimens of two melanoma patients, namely Me14346S and Me15888S. We analyzed the secretion profile of TICs and of their corresponding melanoma differentiated cells and we tested the ability of cyto/chemokines to influence TIC self-renewal and differentiation. We found that TICs, grown in vitro as melanospheres, had a complex secretory profile as compared to their differentiated counterparts. Some factors, such as CCL-2 and IL-8, also produced by adherent melanoma cells and melanocytes did not influence TIC properties. Conversely, IL-6, released by differentiated cells, reduced TIC self-renewal and induced TIC differentiation while IL-10, produced by Me15888S, strongly promoted TIC self-renewal through paracrine/autocrine actions. Complete neutralization of IL-10 activity by gene silencing and antibody-mediated blocking of the IL-10Rα was required to sensitize Me15888S to IL-6-induced differentiation. For the first time these results show that functional heterogeneity of melanoma could be directly influenced by inflammatory and suppressive soluble factors, with IL-6 favoring TIC differentiation, and IL-10 supporting TIC self-renewal. Thus, understanding the tumor microenvironment (TME) role in modulating melanoma TIC phenotype is fundamental to identifying novel therapeutic targets to achieve long-lasting regression of metastatic melanoma. Stem Cells 2016;34:2449-2460.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tuccitto
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.,Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Tazzari
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.,Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Beretta
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.,Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Rini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.,Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Miranda
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.,Molecular Mechanism Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Greco
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.,Molecular Mechanism Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Santinami
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Unit, Department of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Patuzzo
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Unit, Department of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Vergani
- Consorzio MIA (Microscopy and Image Analysis), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonello Villa
- Consorzio MIA (Microscopy and Image Analysis), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Manenti
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Loredana Cleris
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Giardiello
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Trial Organization, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Malcolm Alison
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.,Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Castelli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.
| | - Michela Perego
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.,Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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27
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Xie J, Zhang C. Ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:839-53. [PMID: 26246379 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) would benefit clinical applications in several aspects, to improve patient survival, utilize cord blood stem cells for adult applications, and selectively propagate stem cell populations after genetic manipulation. In this review we summarize and discuss recent advances in the culture systems of mouse and human HSCs, which include stroma/HSC co-culture, continuous perfusion and fed-batch cultures, and those supplemented with extrinsic ligands, membrane transportable transcription factors, complement components, protein modification enzymes, metabolites, or small molecule chemicals. Some of the expansion systems have been tested in clinical trials. The optimal condition for ex vivo expansion of the primitive and functional human HSCs is still under development. An improved understanding of the mechanisms for HSC cell fate determination and the HSC culture characteristics will guide development of new strategies to overcome difficulties. In the future, development of a combination treatment regimen with agents that enhance self-renewal, block differentiation, and improve homing will be critical. Methods to enhance yields and lower cost during collection and processing should be employed. The employment of an efficient system for ex vivo expansion of HSCs will facilitate the further development of novel strategies for cell and gene therapies including genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingJing Xie
- Taishan Scholar Immunology Program, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Departments of Physiology and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390, USA
| | - ChengCheng Zhang
- Departments of Physiology and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390, USA.
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28
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Abstract
The fate of both endogenous and transplanted stem cells is dependent on the functional status of the regulatory local microenvironment, which is compromised by disease and therapeutic intervention. The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) is a critical component of the hematopoietic microenvironment. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role of HA in regulating mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelium in bone marrow (BM) and their crosstalk within the hematopoietic microenvironment. HA not only determines the volume, hydration, and microfluidics of the BM interstitial space, but also, via interactions with specific receptors, regulates multiple cell functions including differentiation, migration, and production of regulatory factors. The effects of HA are dependent on the polymer size and are influenced by the formation of complexes with other molecules. In healthy BM, HA synthases and hyaluronidases form a molecular network that maintains extracellular HA levels within a discrete physiological window, but HA homeostasis is often perturbed in pathological conditions, including hematological malignancies. Recent studies have suggested that HA synthases may have functions beyond HA production and contribute to the intracellular regulatory machinery. We discuss a possible role for HA synthases, intracellular and extracellular HA in the malignant BM microenvironment, and resistance to therapy.
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29
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Cipriani P, Ruscitti P, Di Benedetto P, Carubbi F, Liakouli V, Berardicurti O, Ciccia F, Triolo G, Giacomelli R. Mesenchymal stromal cells and rheumatic diseases: new tools from pathogenesis to regenerative therapies. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:832-49. [PMID: 25680301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been largely investigated and tested as a new therapeutic tool for several clinical applications, including the treatment of different rheumatic diseases. MSCs are responsible for the normal turnover and maintenance of adult mesenchymal tissues as the result of their multipotent differentiation abilities and their secretion of a variety of cytokines and growth factors. Although initially derived from bone marrow, MSCs are present in many different tissues such as many peri-articular tissues. MSCs may exert immune-modulatory properties, modulating different immune cells in both in vitro and in vivo models, and they are considered immune-privileged cells. At present, these capacities are considered the most intriguing aspect of their biology, introducing the possibility that these cells may be used as effective therapy in autoimmune diseases. Therefore, stem cell therapies may represent an innovative approach for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, especially for the forms that are not responsive to standard treatments or alternatively still lacking a definite therapy. At present, although the data from scientific literature appear to suggest that such treatments might be more effective whether administered as soon as possible, the use of MSCs in clinical practice is likely to be restricted to patients with a long history of a severe refractory disease. Further results from larger clinical trials are needed to corroborate preclinical findings and human non-controlled studies, and advancement in the knowledge of MSCs might provide information about the therapeutic role of these cells in the treatment of many rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cipriani
- Rheumatology Unit, Clinical Science and Biotechnology Department, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Piero Ruscitti
- Rheumatology Unit, Clinical Science and Biotechnology Department, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paola Di Benedetto
- Rheumatology Unit, Clinical Science and Biotechnology Department, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Carubbi
- Rheumatology Unit, Clinical Science and Biotechnology Department, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vasiliki Liakouli
- Rheumatology Unit, Clinical Science and Biotechnology Department, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Onorina Berardicurti
- Rheumatology Unit, Clinical Science and Biotechnology Department, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Ciccia
- Rheumatology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Triolo
- Rheumatology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Giacomelli
- Rheumatology Unit, Clinical Science and Biotechnology Department, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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30
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Chen J, Desierto MJ, Feng X, Biancotto A, Young NS. Immune-mediated bone marrow failure in C57BL/6 mice. Exp Hematol 2014; 43:256-67. [PMID: 25555453 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We established a model of immune-mediated bone marrow (BM) failure in C57BL/6 (B6) mice with 6.5 G total-body irradiation followed by the infusion of 4-10 × 10(6) lymph node (LN) cells/recipient from Friend leukemia virus B/N (FVB) donors. Forty-three percent of animals succumbed, with surviving animals showing marked declines in blood neutrophils, red blood cells, platelets and total BM cells at 8 to 14 days following LN cell infusion. Lowering the total-body irradiation dose to 5 G or altering the LN source from FVB to BALB/cBy donors failed to produce BM destruction. Affected animals showed significant expansion and activation of CD8 T lymphocytes in both the blood and BM; cytotoxic T cells had elevated Fas ligand expression and were oligoclonal, mainly displaying Vβ7 and Vβ17 T cell receptors. There were significant increases in blood plasma interferon γ and tissue necrosis factor α in affected animals. Chemokine ligands CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL20, CXCL2, and CXCL5 and hematopoietic growth factors G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF, VEGF were also elevated. In B6 mice carrying a Fas gene mutation, BM failure was attenuated when they were infused with FVB LN cells. Our model establishes a useful platform to define the roles of individual genes and their products in immune-mediated BM failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichun Chen
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Marie J Desierto
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xingmin Feng
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angélique Biancotto
- Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neal S Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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31
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Stemness of T cells and the hematopoietic stem cells: fate, memory, niche, cytokines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:485-501. [PMID: 24231048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are able to generate both cells that differentiate and cells that remain undifferentiated but potentially have the same developmental program. The prolonged duration of the protective immune memory for infectious diseases such as polio, small pox, and measles, suggested that memory T cells may have stem cell properties. Understanding the molecular basis for the life-long persistence of memory T cells may be useful to project targeted therapies for immune deficiencies and infectious diseases and to formulate vaccines. In the last decade evidence from different laboratories shows that memory T cells may share self-renewal pathways with bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells. In stem cells the intrinsic self-renewal activity, which depends on gene expression, is known to be modulated by extrinsic signals from the environment that may be tissue specific. These extrinsic signals for stemness of memory T cells include cytokines such as IL-7 and IL-15 and there are other cytokine signals for maintaining the cytokine signature (TH1, TH2, etc.) of memory T cells. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways that might be common to bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and memory T lymphocytes are discussed and related to self-renewal functions.
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32
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Sui W, Hou X, Che W, Chen J, Ou M, Xue W, Dai Y. Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for severe and refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2013; 148:186-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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33
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Nishioka C, Ikezoe T, Yang J, Nobumoto A, Kataoka S, Tsuda M, Udaka K, Yokoyama A. CD82 regulates STAT5/IL-10 and supports survival of acute myelogenous leukemia cells. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:55-64. [PMID: 23797738 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that adhesion molecule CD82 is aberrantly expressed in CD34(+) /CD38(-) leukemia stem cells (LSCs). Here, we report the results of a functional analysis of CD82 in CD34(+) /CD38(-) acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells. Short hairpin (sh)RNA-mediated downregulation of CD82 resulted in a decrease in the level of IL-10. In contrast, forced expression of CD82 in CD34(+)/CD38(+) AML cells by transduction with CD82-expressing lentiviral particles resulted in an increase in the levels of IL-10. Notably, exposure of CD34(+)/CD38(-) AML cells to IL-10 stimulated clonogenic growth of these cells. Moreover, downregulation of CD82 by a shRNA dephosphorylated STAT5 in CD34(+)/CD38(-) AML cells. On the other hand, forced expression of CD82 resulted in increase in the levels of p-STAT5 in CD34(+)/CD38(+) AML cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay results indicated that STAT5A binds to the promoter region of the IL-10 gene, while reporter gene assay results indicated stimulation of IL-10 expression at the transcriptional level. These results suggest that CD82 positively regulates the STAT5/IL-10 signaling pathway. Moreover, shRNA-mediated downregulation of CD82 expression in CD34(+)/CD38(-) AML cells dephosphorylated STAT5 in immunodeficient mice. Taken together, our data suggest that the CD82/STAT5/IL-10 signaling pathway is involved in the survival of CD34(+)/CD38(-) AML cells and may thus be a promising therapeutic target for eradication of AML LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Nishioka
- Department of Immunology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan; Research Fellow of the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8472, Japan
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34
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Rossi L, Lin KK, Boles NC, Yang L, King KY, Jeong M, Mayle A, Goodell MA. Less is more: unveiling the functional core of hematopoietic stem cells through knockout mice. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 11:302-17. [PMID: 22958929 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) represent one of the first recognized somatic stem cell types. As such, nearly 200 genes have been examined for roles in HSC function in knockout mice. In this review, we compile the majority of these reports to provide a broad overview of the functional modules revealed by these genetic analyses and highlight some key regulatory pathways involved, including cell cycle control, Tgf-β signaling, Pten/Akt signaling, Wnt signaling, and cytokine signaling. Finally, we propose recommendations for characterization of HSC function in knockout mice to facilitate cross-study comparisons that would generate a more cohesive picture of HSC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rossi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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35
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Zupan J, Jeras M, Marc J. Osteoimmunology and the influence of pro-inflammatory cytokines on osteoclasts. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2013; 23:43-63. [PMID: 23457765 PMCID: PMC3900089 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2013.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone and immune system are functionally interconnected. Immune and bone cells derive from same progenitors in the bone marrow, they share a common microenvironment and are being influenced by similar mediators. The evidence on increased bone resorption associated with inappropriate activation of T cells such as during inflammation, is well established. However, the molecular mechanisms beyond this clinical observation have begun to be intensively studied with the advancement of osteoimmunology. Now days, we have firm evidence on the influence of numerous proinflammatory cytokines on bone cells, with the majority of data focused on osteoclasts, the bone resorbing cells. It has been shown that some proinflammatory cytokines could possess osteoclastogenic and/or anti-osteoclastogenic properties and can target osteoclasts directly or via receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK)/RANK ligand(RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system. Several studies have reported opposing data regarding (anti)osteoclastogenic properties of these cytokines. Therefore, the first part of this review is summarizing current evidence on the influence of pro-inflammatory cytokines on osteoclasts and thus on bone resorption. In the second part, the evidence on the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis is reviewed to show that unravelling the mechanisms beyond such complex bone diseases, is almost impossible without considering skeletal and immune systems as an indivisible integrated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janja Zupan
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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36
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Zhao Y, Ling F, Wang HC, Sun XH. Chronic TLR signaling impairs the long-term repopulating potential of hematopoietic stem cells of wild type but not Id1 deficient mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55552. [PMID: 23383338 PMCID: PMC3562238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain life-long blood supply but are inevitably exposed to various inflammatory stimuli, which have been shown to be harmful for HSC integrity but the mediators of the deleterious effects have not been fully identified. Here, we show that daily injection of mice with 1 µg of LPS for 30 days triggers a storm of inflammatory cytokines. LPS injection also stimulated the transcription of the Id1 gene in HSCs in vivo but not in vitro, suggesting an indirect effect. To determine the effects of LPS treatment on HSC function and to evaluate the significance of Id1 expression, we assess the repopulating potential of wild type and Id1 deficient mice, which were subjected to a 30 day regimen of LPS treatment. We found that LPS caused dramatic reduction in the long-term but not short-term repopulating activity of wild type but not Id1 deficient HSC. This treatment also led to increases in HSC counts, decreases in BrdU-label retention and disturbance of quiescence detected by Ki67 staining in wild type but not Id1 deficient mice. Together, it appears that Id1, at least in part, plays a role in LPS-induced damage of HSC integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Flora Ling
- Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Hong-Cheng Wang
- Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Hong Sun
- Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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The function of hematopoietic stem cells is altered by both genetic and inflammatory factors in lupus mice. Blood 2013; 121:1986-94. [PMID: 23315165 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-05-433755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are protected in a metabolically dormant state within the bone marrow stem cell niche. Inflammation has been shown to disrupt HSC dormancy and cause multiple functional changes. Here, we investigated whether HSC functions were altered in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-prone mice and whether this contributed to clinical manifestations of SLE. We found that HSCs were significantly expanded in lupus mice. The increase in HSC cellularity was caused by both genetic lupus risk factors and inflammatory cytokines in lupus mice. In addition, the inflammatory conditions of lupus led to HSC mobilization and lineage-biased hematopoiesis. Strikingly, these functionally altered HSCs possessed robust self-renewal capacity and exhibited repopulating advantages over wild-type HSCs. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the cdkn2c gene encoding p18(INK4c) within a SLE susceptibility locus was found to account for reduced p18(INK4c) expression and the increase in HSC self-renewal capacity in lupus mice. Lupus HSCs with enhanced self-renewal capacity and resistance to stress may compete out transplanted healthy HSCs, thereby leading to relapses after HSC transplantation.
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38
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Wang H, Zhang P, Liu L, Zou L. Hierarchical organization and regulation of the hematopoietic stem cell osteoblastic niche. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 85:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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39
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Griseri T, McKenzie BS, Schiering C, Powrie F. Dysregulated hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell activity promotes interleukin-23-driven chronic intestinal inflammation. Immunity 2012. [PMID: 23200826 PMCID: PMC3664922 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In interleukin-23 (IL-23)-dependent colitis, there is excessive accumulation of short-lived neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes in the intestine. It is unknown whether this reflects changes in mature cell populations or whether the IL-23-driven colitogenic T cell program regulates upstream hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC). Here we have shown dysregulation of hematopoiesis in colitis mediated by inflammatory cytokines. First, there was an interferon-gamma-dependent accumulation of proliferating hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and spleen. Second, there was a strong skew toward granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (GMP) production at the expense of erythroid and lymphoid progenitors. Extramedullary hematopoiesis was also evident, and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) blockade reduced the accumulation of splenic and colonic GMPs, resulting in amelioration of colitis. Importantly, transfer of GMPs exacerbated colitis. These data identify HSPCs as a major target of the IL-23-driven inflammatory axis suggesting therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Griseri
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Park HYL, Kim JH, Sun Kim H, Park CK. Stem cell-based delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene in the rat retina. Brain Res 2012; 1469:10-23. [PMID: 22750585 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As an alternative to a viral vector, the application of stem cells to transfer specific genes is under investigation in various organs. Using this strategy may provide more effective method to supply neurotrophic factor to the neurodegenerative diseases caused by neurotrophic factor deprivation. This study investigated the possibility and efficacy of stem cell-based delivery of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene to rat retina. Rat BDNF cDNA was transduced into rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) using a retroviral vector. Its incorporation into the experimental rat retina and the expression of BDNF after intravitreal injection or subretinal injection were detected by real-time PCR, western blot analysis, and immunohistochemical staining. For the incorporated rMSCs, retinal-specific marker staining was performed to investigate the changes in morphology and the characteristics of the stem cells. Transduction of the rMSCs by retrovirus was effective, and the transduced rMSCs expressed high levels of the BDNF gene and protein. The subretinal injection of rMSCs produced rMSC migration and incorporation into the rat retina (about 15.7% incorporation rate), and retinal BDNF mRNA and protein expression was increased at 4 weeks after transplantation. When subretinal injection of rMSCs was applied to axotomized rat retina, it significantly increased the expression of BDNF until 4 weeks after transplantation. Some of the transplanted rMSCs exhibited morphological changes, but the retinal-specific marker stain was not sufficient to indicate whether neuronal differentiation had occurred. Using mesenchymal stem cells to deliver the BDNF gene to the retina may provide new treatment for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Young Lopilly Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-ku, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
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Lee WS, Joo YD, Oh KH, Won HJ, Lee SM, Choi MY, Han GH, Park SG, Choi IW, Choi I, Seo SK. G-CSF-induced myeloid cells stimulated by TLR2 enhance engraftment after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Immunol Lett 2012; 143:177-83. [PMID: 22387298 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A high frequency of G-CSF-mobilized myeloid cells (gMCs) in a donor graft accelerates hematopoietic recovery after peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT). However, because of the limited functional efficacy of gMCs, repeated transfusions of gMCs are frequently required. In this study, we investigated a strategy to improve the functional capacity of gMCs during hematopoietic engraftment after allogeneic transplantation. We found that toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is constitutively expressed on gMCs. Treating gMCs with the synthetic TLR2 ligand Pam(3)CSK(4) (PAM) dramatically enhanced IL-10 and TNF-α production. However, PAM treatment does not induce substantial cellular maturation. Moreover, PAM treatment significantly improved gMC survival. PAM treated gMCs significantly promoted myeloid differentiation of donor hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), resulting in accelerated engraftment after allogeneic transplantation. Our data suggest that TLR2-stimulated gMCs may be a novel cellular therapeutic for increasing the efficiency of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) by reducing infectious complications associated with delayed engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Sik Lee
- Department of Hemato/Oncology, Busan Pak Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
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Oh IH, Humphries RK. Concise review: Multidimensional regulation of the hematopoietic stem cell state. Stem Cells 2012; 30:82-8. [PMID: 22083966 DOI: 10.1002/stem.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are characterized by their unique function to produce all lineages of blood cells throughout life. Such tissue-specific function of HSC is attributed to their ability to execute self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. Accumulating evidence indicates that the undifferentiated state of HSC is characterized by dynamic maintenance of chromatin structures and epigenetic plasticity. Conversely, quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation of HSCs are dictated by complex regulatory mechanisms involving specific transcription factors and microenvironmental crosstalk between stem cells and multiple compartments of niches in bone marrows. Thus, multidimensional regulatory inputs are integrated into two opposing characters of HSCs-maintenance of undifferentiated state analogous to pluripotent stem cells but execution of tissue-specific hematopoietic functions. Further studies on the interplay of such regulatory forces as "cell fate determinant" will likely shed the light on diverse spectrums of tissue-specific stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Hoan Oh
- Catholic High Performance Cell Therapy Center and Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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ter Huurne M, Figdor CG, Torensma R. Hematopoietic stem cells are coordinated by the molecular cues of the endosteal niche. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 19:1131-41. [PMID: 20148648 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) accomplish a complex task. On a daily base billions of the 8 different mature cells are delivered in the right proportions. HSCs are located in niches located at several locations in the body. Communication between these spatially separated niches is accomplished by stem cells that leave their niche and migrate to other niches guided by soluble factors. The niche itself comprises all major signaling pathways (Hedgehog, Notch, Wnt, and BMP) and an array of adhesion molecules. The interplay between these components keep HSC in a quiescent state but also speed up production in case of urgent need during infection or excessive blood loss. In this review, we focus on the molecular cues of the niche, functional adhesion molecules and describe recent data obtained with multiphoton microscopy. A vast array of molecules is described that display similar functions as HSC controllers. This points to redundancy in the system that enables HSC to respond to different cues essentially with the same functional response. Apparently, the hematopoietic system is so crucial that it is not dependent on a single cue. When one cue fails to initiate a response, another cue will take over leading to an almost similar response. Another explanation is that every cue adds to an integrated signal that results in reaching the threshold. This integrated signal might be reached from huge signaling by a single cue or the low but additive signals by several cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno ter Huurne
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Undifferentiated hematopoietic cells are characterized by a genome-wide undermethylation dip around the transcription start site and a hierarchical epigenetic plasticity. Blood 2009; 114:4968-78. [PMID: 19752395 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-01-197780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence for the epigenetic regulation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is growing, but the genome-wide epigenetic signature of HSCs and its functional significance remain unclear. In this study, from a genome-wide comparison of CpG methylation in human CD34(+) and CD34(-) cells, we identified a characteristic undermethylation dip around the transcription start site of promoters and an overmethylation of flanking regions in undifferentiated CD34(+) cells. This "bivalent-like" CpG methylation pattern around the transcription start site was more prominent in genes not associated with CpG islands (CGI(-)) than CGI(+) genes. Undifferentiated hematopoietic cells also exhibited dynamic chromatin associated with active transcription and a higher turnover of histone acetylation than terminally differentiated cells. Interestingly, inhibition of chromatin condensation by chemical treatment (5-azacytidine, trichostatin A) enhanced the self-renewal of "stimulated" HSCs in reconstituting bone marrows but not "steady-state" HSCs in stationary phase bone marrows. In contrast, similar treatments on more mature cells caused partial phenotypic dedifferentiation and apoptosis at levels correlated with their hematopoietic differentiation. Taken together, our study reveals that the undifferentiated state of hematopoietic cells is characterized by a unique epigenetic signature, which includes dynamic chromatin structures and an epigenetic plasticity that correlates to level of undifferentiation.
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Kim JA, Kang YJ, Park G, Kim M, Park YO, Kim H, Leem SH, Chu IS, Lee JS, Jho EH, Oh IH. Identification of a stroma-mediated Wnt/beta-catenin signal promoting self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells in the stem cell niche. Stem Cells 2009; 27:1318-29. [PMID: 19489023 DOI: 10.1002/stem.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
With contrasting observations on the effects of beta-catenin on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), the precise role of Wnt/beta-catenin signals on HSC regulation remains unclear. Here, we show a distinct mode of Wnt/beta-catenin signal that can regulate HSCs in a stroma-dependent manner. Stabilization of beta-catenin in the bone marrow stromal cells promoted maintenance and self-renewal of HSCs in a contact-dependent manner, whereas direct stabilization in hematopoietic cells caused loss of HSCs. Interestingly, canonical Wnt receptors and beta-catenin accumulation were predominantly enriched in the stromal rather than the hematopoietic compartment of bone marrows. Moreover, the active form of beta-catenin accumulated selectively in the trabecular endosteum in "Wnt 3a-stimulated" or "irradiation-stressed," but not in "steady-state" marrows. Notably, notch ligands were induced in Wnt/beta-catenin activated bone marrow stroma and downstream notch signal activation was seen in the HSCs in contact with the activated stroma. Taken together, Wnt/beta-catenin activated stroma and their cross-talk with HSCs may function as a physiologically regulated microenvironmental cue for HSC self-renewal in the stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-A Kim
- Catholic Cell Therapy Center and Department of Cellular Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lemieux C, Cloutier I, Tanguay JF. Estrogen-induced gene expression in bone marrow c-kit+ stem cells and stromal cells: identification of specific biological processes involved in the functional organization of the stem cell niche. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 17:1153-63. [PMID: 19006456 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent interest in the role of bone marrow (BM)-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and the benefits of estrogen on cardiovascular health brought us to evaluate if estrogen could affect cardiac repair more broadly by regulating biological processes involved in the functional organization of the BM stem cell (SC) niche. To assess such possibility, we evaluated gene expression profiles of BM c-kit+ SCs and CD44+ stromal cells (StroCs) after exposure to a physiological concentration of 17beta-estradiol (17betaE). Data analysis showed that 17betaE altered the expression (>1.5 fold) of 509 and 682 gene probes in c-kit+ SCs and CD44+ StroCs, respectively. Among them, 199 genes in c-kit+ SCs and 283 in CD44+ StroCs were associated to biological process categories of the Gene Ontology classification. Within processes highly regulated by 17betaE, we identified key factors involved in adhesion, migration, proteolysis, and signaling by which 17betaE influences physiological regulation of the functional organization of the SC niche. Together, our results demonstrate that estrogen benefits on cardiovascular health could involve other BM-derived cells than EPCs and that this capacity of estrogen to influence the physiology of the BM SC niche deserves to be investigated clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lemieux
- Centre de Recherche, Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Choi JJ, Yoo SA, Park SJ, Kang YJ, Kim WU, Oh IH, Cho CS. Mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing interleukin-10 attenuate collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 153:269-76. [PMID: 18713142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the inherent ability to migrate to multiple organs and to exert immunosuppressive activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-arthritogenic effects of interleukin (IL)-10-transduced MSCs (IL-10-MSC) on the development of inflammatory arthritis. DBA/1 mice were immunized with type II collagen (CII) to induce inflammatory arthritis and then injected weekly three times with IL-10-MSCs 21 days after primary immunization. Control mice received vehicle or MSCs alone. Serum anti-CII antibody and T cell response to CII were determined. The results showed that cultured IL-10-MSCs were able to secrete high amounts of IL-10 in vitro. Injection of IL-10-MSCs decreased the severity of arthritis significantly. However, there was no difference in arthritis severity between mice treated with MSC and vehicle alone. Anti-CII antibody titres in the sera and T cell proliferative response to CII in lymph node cells were decreased significantly in mice treated with IL-10-MSCs compared with vehicle-treated mice. Serum IL-6 level was also decreased by the administration of IL-10-MSCs. In contrast, spleen cells of IL-10-MSC-treated mice produced higher amounts of IL-4 than those of control mice. Interestingly, although not as potent as IL-10-MSCs, injection of naive MSCs alone decreased serum levels of IL-6 and anti-CII antibody, while increasing IL-4 production from cultured splenic cells. Taken together, systemic administration of genetically modified MSCs overexpressing IL-10 inhibits experimental arthritis not only by suppressing autoimmune response to CII but also by regulating cytokine production, and thus would be a new strategy for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-J Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pochon CHA University, Sungnam, Korea
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Regulation of the multiple fates of hematopoietic stem cells - including quiescence, self-renewal, differentiation, apoptosis, and mobilization from the niche - requires the cooperative actions of several cytokines and other hormones that bind to receptors on these cells. In this review we discuss recent advances in the identification of novel hematopoietic stem cell supportive cytokines and the mechanisms by which they control hematopoietic stem cell fate decisions. RECENT FINDINGS Several extrinsic factors that stimulate ex-vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells were recently identified by a number of experimental approaches, including forward genetic screening and transcriptional profiling of supportive stromal cells. Recent experiments in which multiple cytokine signaling pathways are activated or suppressed in hematopoietic stem cells reveal the complexity of signal transduction and cell-fate choice in hematopoietic stem cells in vivo and in vitro. SUMMARY The study of genetically modified mice and improvements in the in-vitro hematopoietic stem cell culture system will be powerful tools to elucidate the functions of cytokines that regulate hematopoietic stem cell function. These will further reveal the complex nature of the mechanisms by which extrinsic factors regulate signal transduction and cell-fate decisions of hematopoietic stem cells.
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Lorenzo J, Horowitz M, Choi Y. Osteoimmunology: interactions of the bone and immune system. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:403-40. [PMID: 18451259 PMCID: PMC2528852 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone and the immune system are both complex tissues that respectively regulate the skeleton and the body's response to invading pathogens. It has now become clear that these organ systems often interact in their function. This is particularly true for the development of immune cells in the bone marrow and for the function of bone cells in health and disease. Because these two disciplines developed independently, investigators in each don't always fully appreciate the significance that the other system has on the function of the tissue they are studying. This review is meant to provide a broad overview of the many ways that bone and immune cells interact so that a better understanding of the role that each plays in the development and function of the other can develop. It is hoped that an appreciation of the interactions of these two organ systems will lead to better therapeutics for diseases that affect either or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lorenzo
- Department of Medicine, The University of Connecticut Health Center, N4054, MC5456, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-5456, USA.
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