1
|
Kustrimovic N, Gallo D, Piantanida E, Bartalena L, Lai A, Zerbinati N, Tanda ML, Mortara L. Regulatory T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Graves' Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16432. [PMID: 38003622 PMCID: PMC10671795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a delicate balance between the prompt immune response to pathogens and tolerance towards self-antigens and commensals is crucial for health. T regulatory (Treg) cells are pivotal in preserving self-tolerance, serving as negative regulators of inflammation through the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-2 neutralization, and direct suppression of effector T cells. Graves' disease (GD) is a thyroid-specific autoimmune disorder primarily attributed to the breakdown of tolerance to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. Given the limitations of currently available GD treatments, identifying potential pathogenetic factors for pharmacological targeting is of paramount importance. Both functional impairment and frequency reduction of Tregs seem likely in GD pathogenesis. Genome-wide association studies in GD have identified polymorphisms of genes involved in Tregs' functions, such as CD25 (interleukin 2 receptor), and Forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3). Clinical studies have reported both functional impairment and a reduction in Treg frequency or suppressive actions in GD, although their precise involvement remains a subject of debate. This review begins with an overview of Treg phenotype and functions, subsequently delves into the pathophysiology of GD and into the existing literature concerning the role of Tregs and the balance between Tregs and T helper 17 cells in GD, and finally explores the ongoing studies on target therapies for GD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kustrimovic
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease—CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Gallo
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy (M.L.T.)
| | - Eliana Piantanida
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy (M.L.T.)
| | - Luigi Bartalena
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy (M.L.T.)
| | - Adriana Lai
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy (M.L.T.)
| | - Nicola Zerbinati
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Tanda
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy (M.L.T.)
| | - Lorenzo Mortara
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shin C, Baek IC, Cho WK, Kim TG, Suh BK. Comprehensive analysis of chemokine gene polymorphisms in Korean children with autoimmune thyroid disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15642. [PMID: 37730733 PMCID: PMC10511635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that can cause directed migration of leukocytes. The aim of this study was to examine differences in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of chemokine in AITD patients compared to normal controls. A total of 86 Korean pediatric patients were included in the patient group and 183 adults were included in the normal control group. To compare influences of several chemokine gene polymorphisms, 25 SNPs in 16 chemokine genes were analyzed. Genotype frequencies of CCL11(rs3744508)AA(OR = 6.9) and CCR2(rs1799864)AA(OR = 3.8) were higher in the AITD patients than in the controls, whereas CCL17(rs223828)CC was lower in the AITD patients than in the controls(OR = 0.4). In comparison between Graves' disease (GD) patients and controls, genotype frequency of CCL17(rs223828)CC(OR = 0.4) was lower in the GD group, whereas those of CCR2(rs1799864)AA(OR = 4.8) were higher in the GD group. The genotype frequency of CCL11(rs3744508)AA(OR = 11.3) was higher in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) patients, whereas that of CXCL8(rs2227306)CC(OR = 0.4) was lower in HT patients. Polymorphisms of CCL11(rs3744508), CCL17(rs223828), and CCR2(rs1799864) might be associated with AITD, with CCL17(rs223828), CCR2(rs1799864) and CXCR2(rs2230054, rs1126579) affecting GD and CCL11(rs3744508) and CXCL8(rs2227306) affecting HT in Korean children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chungwoo Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 065941, Korea
| | - In-Cheol Baek
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 065941, Korea.
| | - Won Kyoung Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 065941, Korea.
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 065941, Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 065941, Korea
| | - Byung-Kyu Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 065941, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ferrari SM, Paparo SR, Ragusa F, Elia G, Mazzi V, Patrizio A, Ghionzoli M, Varricchi G, Centanni M, Ulisse S, Antonelli A, Fallahi P. Chemokines in thyroid autoimmunity. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 37:101773. [PMID: 36907786 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Th1 lymphocytes are recruited by Th1 chemokines, secreted by damaged cells. In inflamed tissues, the attracted Th1 lymphocytes induce the IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha release, that stimulates the secretion of Th1 chemokines, initiating and reiterating an amplification feedback loop. Autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITD) are the most recurrent autoimmune diseases, including Graves' disease (GD) and autoimmune thyroiditis, clinically defined by thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism, respectively. Graves' ophthalmopathy is one of GD extrathyroidal manifestations, occurring in ~30-50% of GD patients. In the early phase of AITD, the Th1 immune response is prevalent, and a following switch to a Th2 immune response has been shown in the late, inactive, phase. The reviewed data underline the importance of chemokines in thyroid autoimmunity and suggest CXCR3-receptor and its chemokines as potential targets of novel drugs for these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabrina Rosaria Paparo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragusa
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Molecular Pathology and of Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giusy Elia
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Molecular Pathology and of Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Mazzi
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Molecular Pathology and of Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Patrizio
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Ghionzoli
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Centanni
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy; Endocrine Unit, AUSL Latina, Latina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ulisse
- Department of Surgery, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Molecular Pathology and of Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Colasanti T, Stefanantoni K, Fantini C, Corinaldesi C, Vasile M, Marampon F, Di Luigi L, Antinozzi C, Sgrò P, Lenzi A, Riccieri V, Crescioli C. The Prostacyclin Analogue Iloprost Modulates CXCL10 in Systemic Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710150. [PMID: 36077548 PMCID: PMC9456348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostacyclin analogue iloprost is used to treat vascular alterations and digital ulcers, the early derangements manifesting in systemic sclerosis (SSc), an autoimmune disease leading to skin and organ fibrosis. Bioindicator(s) of SSc onset and progress are still lacking and the therapeutic approach remains a challenge. The T helper 1 (Th1) chemokine interferon (IFN)γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10) associates with disease progression and worse prognosis. Endothelial cells and fibroblasts, under Th1-dominance, release CXCL10, further enhancing SSc’s detrimental status. We analyzed the effect of iloprost on CXCL10 in endothelial cells, dermal fibroblasts, and in the serum of SSc patients. Human endothelial cells and dermal fibroblasts activated with IFNγ/Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)α, with/without iloprost, were investigated for CXCL10 secretion/expression and for intracellular signaling cascade underlying chemokine release (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1, STAT1; Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, NF-kB; c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, JNK: Phosphatidyl-Inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B, AKT; Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2, ERK1/2). CXCL10 was quantified in sera from 25 patients taking iloprost, satisfying the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) 2013 classification criteria for SSc, and in sera from 20 SSc sex/age-matched subjects without therapy, previously collected. In human endothelial cells and fibroblasts, iloprost targeted CXCL10, almost preventing IFNγ/TNFα-dependent cascade activation in endothelial cells. In SSc subjects taking iloprost, serum CXCL10 was lower. These in vitro and in vivo data suggest a potential role of iloprost to limit CXCL10 at local vascular/dermal and systemic levels in SSc and warrant further translational research aimed to ameliorate SSc understanding/management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Colasanti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Stefanantoni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Fantini
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 006-00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Clarissa Corinaldesi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 006-00135 Rome, Italy
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Massimiliano Vasile
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 006-00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Antinozzi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 006-00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Sgrò
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 006-00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Riccieri
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155-00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.R.); (C.C.); Tel.: +39-06-49974641 (V.R.); +39-06-36733395 (C.C.)
| | - Clara Crescioli
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 006-00135 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.R.); (C.C.); Tel.: +39-06-49974641 (V.R.); +39-06-36733395 (C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shin E, Schwarz KB, Jones-Brando LV, Florea LD, Sabunciyan S, Wood LD, Yolken RH. Expression of HLA and Autoimmune Pathway Genes in Liver Biopsies of Young Subjects With Autoimmune Hepatitis Type 1. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022; 75:269-275. [PMID: 35759748 PMCID: PMC9365252 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that autoimmune hepatitis (AIH type I) in young subjects is due to genetic differences in proinflammatory genes responding to viral triggers in patients and controls. METHODS Intrahepatic gene expression was compared between AIH type I (n = 24, age 9-30 years) patients (hereafter referred to as the AIH group) and controls (n = 21, age 4-25 years). RNA sequencing was performed on complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries made from total RNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) liver biopsy samples. Gene expression levels were quantified, and differentially expressed genes were functionally analyzed. Pathway analysis was performed using the databases Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and PANTHER. The remaining sequences were mapped to the RefSeq complete set of viral genomes. RESULTS Differential gene analysis identified 181 genes that were significantly differentially expressed (136 upregulated in the AIH group). Autoimmune pathway genes such as CD19 and CD20 which are important in B cell regulation and maturation as well as, CD8 and LY9 , which are T-cell related, were upregulated in our AIH group. Genes implicated in AIH pathogenesis including CXCL10 , which is thought to be associated with AIH severity and progression, complement genes ( C1QA, C1QB , and C1QC ), and human leucocyte antigen ( HLA ) genes ( HLA-DRB1, HLA-DRA, HLA-B , and HLA-C ) were upregulated in samples from the AIH group. Specific viral etiologies were not found. CONCLUSIONS Unbiased next-generation sequencing and differential gene expression analysis of the AIH group has not only added support for the role of B cells in the pathogenesis and treatment of AIH but also has introduced potential new therapeutic targets: CXCL10 (anti- CXCL10 ) and several complement system-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Shin
- From the Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Liliana D. Florea
- the Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sarven Sabunciyan
- From the Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Robert H. Yolken
- From the Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Numata Y, Akutsu N, Ishigami K, Koide H, Wagatsuma K, Motoya M, Sasaki S, Nakase H. Synergistic effect of IFN-γ and IL-1β on PD-L1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 30:101270. [PMID: 35573813 PMCID: PMC9095738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using anti-programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies has shown clinical efficacy against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is recognized as the first-line treatment for unresectable HCC. PD-L1 expression is affected by various cytokines produced by immune cells in the tumor microenvironment; however, there is limited information about the effects of cytokine interactions on PD-L1 expression. In this study, we examined how cytokines induce PD-L1 expression in HCC cells. Both interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) induced PD-L1 expression, and the two cytokines enhanced PD-L1 expression in combination compared to that when administered alone. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway activated by IFN-γ is the major pathway of PD-L1 expression. The increase in interferon regulatory factor 1 expression and IFN-γ receptor expression induced by IL-1β was associated with the synergistic effect of IFN-γ and IL-1β on PD-L1 expression. These findings strongly indicate that IFN-γ and IL-1β affect the mechanism underlying immune resistance in HCC cells. IFN-γ and IL-1β synergistically increase the expression of PD-L1 in HCC cells. IFN-γ enhances PD-L1 expression via STAT1 signaling. IL-1β enhances PD-L1 expression via the NF-κB and the p38 MAPK pathways. IRF-1 and IFNGR also contribute to the synergistic effect of IFN-γ and IL-1β in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noriyuki Akutsu
- Corresponding author. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine S-1, W-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sottili M, Filardi T, Cantini G, Cosmi L, Morano S, Luconi M, Lenzi A, Crescioli C. Human cell-based anti-inflammatory effects of rosiglitazone. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:105-114. [PMID: 34170488 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) participates in diabetes and diabetic cardiomyopathy development from the early stages. Rosiglitazone (RGZ) exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and can target cardiomyocytes secreting CXCL10, under interferon (IFN)γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α challenge. Cardiomyocyte remodeling, CD4 + T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) significantly contribute to the inflammatory milieu underlying and promoting disease development. We aimed to study the effect of RGZ onto inflammation-induced secretion of CXCL10, IFNγ, TNFα, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 by human CD4 + T and DCs, and onto IFNγ/TNFα-dependent signaling in human cardiomyocytes associated with chemokine release. METHODS Cells maintained within an inflammatory-like microenvironment were exposed to RGZ at near therapy dose (5 µM). ELISA quantified cytokine secretion; qPCR measured mRNA expression; Western blot analyzed protein expression and activation; immunofluorescent analysis detected intracellular IFNγ/TNFα-dependent trafficking. RESULTS In human CD4 + T cells and DCs, RGZ inhibited CXCL10 release likely with a transcriptional mechanism, and reduced TNFα only in CD4 + T cells. In human cardiomyocytes, RGZ impaired IFNγ/TNFα signal transduction, blocking the phosphorylation/nuclear translocation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1) and nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), in association with a significant decrease in CXCL10 expression, IL-6 and IL-8 release. CONCLUSION As the combination of Th1 biomarkers like CXCL10, IL-8, IL-6 with classical cardiovascular risk factors seems to improve the accuracy in predicting T2D and coronary events, future studies might be desirable to further investigate the anti-Th1 effect of RGZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sottili
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - T Filardi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - G Cantini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
- DENOTHE Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - L Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S Morano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - M Luconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
- DENOTHE Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture E Biosistemi (INBB), viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - A Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - C Crescioli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Coperchini F, Ricci G, Croce L, Denegri M, Ruggiero R, Villani L, Magri F, Chiovato L, Rotondi M. Modulation of ACE-2 mRNA by inflammatory cytokines in human thyroid cells: a pilot study. Endocrine 2021; 74:638-645. [PMID: 34224085 PMCID: PMC8256224 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02807-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2 (ACE-2) was demonstrated to be the receptor for cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2. ACE-2 mRNA was identified in several human tissues and recently also in thyroid cells in vitro. PURPOSE Aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the ACE-2 mRNA levels in human thyroid cells in primary cultures. METHODS Primary thyroid cell cultures were treated with IFN-γ and TNF-α alone or in combination for 24 h. ACE-2 mRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR. As a control, the levels of IFN-γ inducible chemokine (CXCL10) were measured in the respective cell culture supernatants. RESULTS The mean levels of ACE-2 mRNA increased after treatment with IFN-γ and TNF-α in all the thyroid cell preparations, while the combination treatment did not consistently synergically increase ACE-2-mRNA. At difference, CXCL10 was consistently increased by IFN-γ and synergically further increased by the combination treatment with IFN-γ + TNF-α, with respect to IFN-γ alone. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study show that IFN-γ and, to a lesser extent TNF-α consistently increase ACE-2 mRNA levels in NHT primary cultures. More interestingly, the combined stimulation (proven to be effective according to the synergic effect registered for CXCL10) produces different responses in terms of ACE-2 mRNA modulation. These results would suggest that elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines could facilitate the entering of the virus in cells by further increasing ACE-2 expression and/or account for the different degree of severity of SARS-COV-2 infection. This hypothesis deserves to be confirmed by further specific studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Coperchini
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ricci
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Laura Croce
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Marco Denegri
- Unit of Molecular Cardiology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rubina Ruggiero
- Department of General and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Laura Villani
- Unit of Pathology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Flavia Magri
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Luca Chiovato
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy.
| | - Mario Rotondi
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Evaluating the Role of Circulating Dendritic Cells in Methimazole-Treated Pediatric Graves' Disease Patients. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020164. [PMID: 33530368 PMCID: PMC7911035 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Graves’ disease (GD) is hyperthyroidism associated with organ-specific autoimmune inflammation. GD occurs more frequently in adults than in children; however, pediatric patients are a therapeutic challenge due to cycles of remissions and relapses requiring constant monitoring at every stage of treatment administered. Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered to be a link between innate and adaptive immunity. DCs, as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), are involved in antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, thereby initiating a shift towards effector cells. In accordance, DCs also participate in the modulation of tolerance to specific antigens. To date, the data on DCs’ role in Graves’ pathological processes are scarce. Therefore, here, we evaluated the frequencies and role of circulating DCs in GD pediatric patients treated with methimazole. Flow cytometric analysis was implemented to evaluate three subsets of dendritic cells and their correlation with clinical GD-related parameters. We found significantly higher levels of DC subsets in patients at diagnosis. Furthermore, methimazole treatment seemed to effectively reduce subsets of DCs, which, in addition, were found to differentially correlate with thyroid function. Our study shed new light on DCs’ role in the pediatric GD pathomechanism. Further studies are required for the mechanistic assessment of DCs’ exact role in disease progression and influence on thyroid function.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ferrari SM, Fallahi P, Elia G, Ragusa F, Camastra S, Paparo SR, Giusti C, Gonnella D, Ruffilli I, Shoenfeld Y, Antonelli A. Novel therapies for thyroid autoimmune diseases: An update. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 34:101366. [PMID: 31813786 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2019.101366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A Th1 immune-preponderance has been shown in the immunopathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis (AT), Graves' disease (GD) and Graves' Ophthalmopathy (GO), in which the Th1-chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11), and their (C-X-C)R3 receptor, have a crucial role. Methimazole, and corticosteroids have been shown to modulate these chemokines; several efforts have been done to modulate the autoimmune reaction with other drugs, i.e. PPAR-γ, or -α ligands, or antibodies, or small molecules directed against CXCL10, or CXCR3. Antigen-specific therapy for GD, by inducing T cell tolerance through an immunization with TSH-R peptides, has been published. Drugs targeting cytokines [anti-TNFα (Etanercept), and anti-IL-6 (Tocilizumab)], and RTX (a chimeric monoclonal antibody vs. CD20) have been used in GO, with promising results. Teprotumumab (a human monoclonal anti-IGF-1R blocking antibody) has been investigated in a trial, showing it was very effective in GO patients. Still, more studies are needed for new therapies targeting autoimmune thyroid disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Translational Research of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giusy Elia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Ragusa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Stefania Camastra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Claudia Giusti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Debora Gonnella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Ruffilli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Russia.
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Riley AS, McKenzie GAG, Green V, Schettino G, England RJA, Greenman J. The effect of radioiodine treatment on the diseased thyroid gland. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:1718-1727. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1665206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gordon A. G. McKenzie
- Hull and East, Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Cottingham, UK
- Hull York Medical School, Hull, UK
| | | | - Giuseppe Schettino
- Medical Radiation Sciences Group, National Physical Laboratory, University of Surrey, Teddington, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Giannattasio S, Corinaldesi C, Colletti M, Di Luigi L, Antinozzi C, Filardi T, Scolletta S, Basili S, Lenzi A, Morano S, Crescioli C. The phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor sildenafil decreases the proinflammatory chemokine IL-8 in diabetic cardiomyopathy: in vivo and in vitro evidence. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:715-725. [PMID: 30415310 PMCID: PMC6531405 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interleukin (IL)-8 is a proinflammatory C-X-C chemokine involved in inflammation underling cardiac diseases, primary or in comorbid condition, such diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). The phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor sildenafil can ameliorate cardiac conditions by counteracting inflammation. The study aim is to evaluate the effect of sildenafil on serum IL-8 in DCM subjects vs. placebo, and on IL-8 release in human endothelial cells (Hfaec) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) under inflammatory stimuli. METHODS IL-8 was quantified: in sera of (30) DCM subjects before (baseline) and after sildenafil (100 mg/day, 3-months) vs. (16) placebo and (15) healthy subjects, by multiplatform array; in supernatants from inflammation-challenged cells after sildenafil (1 µM), by ELISA. RESULTS Baseline IL-8 was higher in DCM vs. healthy subjects (149.14 ± 46.89 vs. 16.17 ± 5.38 pg/ml, p < 0.01). Sildenafil, not placebo, significantly reduced serum IL-8 (23.7 ± 5.9 pg/ml, p < 0.05 vs. baseline). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for IL-8 was 0.945 (95% confidence interval of 0.772 to 1.0, p < 0.01), showing good capacity of discriminating the response in terms of drug-induced IL-8 decrease (sensitivity of 0.93, specificity of 0.90). Sildenafil significantly decreased IL-8 protein release by inflammation-induced Hfaec and PBMC and downregulated IL-8 mRNA in PBMC, without affecting cell number or PDE5 expression. CONCLUSION Sildenafil might be suggested as potential novel pharmacological tool to control DCM progression through IL-8 targeting at systemic and cellular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Giannattasio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - C Corinaldesi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, University of Columbia, New York, USA
| | - M Colletti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - L Di Luigi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - C Antinozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - T Filardi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S Scolletta
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - S Basili
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S Morano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Crescioli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Scott KA, Njardarson JT. Analysis of US FDA-Approved Drugs Containing Sulfur Atoms. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:5. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
14
|
Du W, Dong Q, Lu X, Liu X, Wang Y, Li W, Pan Z, Gong Q, Liang C, Gao G. Iodine-131 therapy alters the immune/inflammatory responses in the thyroids of patients with Graves' disease. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1155-1159. [PMID: 28450957 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), CXC chemokine ligand-10 (CXCL-10) and intercellular adhesion molecule-l (ICAM-1) in patients with Graves' disease (GD) following iodine-131 (131I) therapy. A total of 30 patients with GD participated in the present study. Serum cytokine levels were measured with ELISA, and correlation analyses were performed. Serum levels of IL-6, CXCL-10 and ICAM-1 were significantly higher in patients with GD prior to treatment than those in the control subjects (P<0.01). Following 131I therapy, the serum levels of IL-6 and CXCL-10 in patients with GD were markedly increased within the first week, gradually decreased to the pretreatment level in the subsequent six months and decreased further at 18 months post-treatment. However, the serum levels of IL-6 and CXCL-10 in patients with GD at 18 months following 131I therapy remained significantly higher than in control subjects (P<0.01). Conversely, serum ICAM-1 levels in patients with GD were gradually increased in the 12 months following 131I therapy and reached a relatively stable level thereafter. Furthermore, the Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that the serum levels of IL-6, CXCL-10 and ICAM-1 were not associated with free triiodothyronine, the free thyroxine index, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in these patients. 131I therapy was able to alter the immune/inflammatory responses in the thyroids of patients with GD. However, these cytokines (IL-6, CXCL-10, and ICAM-1) are not associated with thyroid function; therefore, they cannot be used as prognostic markers for the 131I therapy of GD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Qingyu Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoting Lu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Yueli Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Wenxia Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Medical College, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Qian Gong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Medical College, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Cuige Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Guanqi Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Di Luigi L, Corinaldesi C, Colletti M, Scolletta S, Antinozzi C, Vannelli GB, Giannetta E, Gianfrilli D, Isidori AM, Migliaccio S, Poerio N, Fraziano M, Lenzi A, Crescioli C. Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor Sildenafil Decreases the Proinflammatory Chemokine CXCL10 in Human Cardiomyocytes and in Subjects with Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Inflammation 2017; 39:1238-52. [PMID: 27165639 PMCID: PMC4883282 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
T helper 1 (Th1) type cytokines and chemokines are bioactive mediators in inflammation underling several diseases and co-morbid conditions, such as cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Th1 chemokine CXCL10 participates in heart damage initiation/progression; cardioprotection has been recently associated with sildenafil, a type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor. We aimed to evaluate the effect of sildenafil on CXCL10 in inflammatory conditions associated with diabetic cardiomyopathy. We analyzed: CXCL10 gene and protein in human cardiac, endothelial, and immune cells challenged by pro-inflammatory stimuli with and without sildenafil; serum CXCL10 in diabetic subjects at cardiomyopathy onset, before and after 3 months of treatment with sildenafil vs. placebo. Sildenafil significantly decreased CXCL10 protein secretion (IC50 = 2.6 × 10−7) and gene expression in human cardiomyocytes and significantly decreased circulating CXCL10 in subjects with chemokine basal level ≥ 930 pg/ml, the cut-off value as assessed by ROC analysis. In conclusion, sildenafil could be a pharmacologic tool to control CXCL10-associated inflammation in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Di Luigi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Clarissa Corinaldesi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Colletti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Sabino Scolletta
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Cristina Antinozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella B Vannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Giannetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Gianfrilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Migliaccio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Noemi Poerio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fraziano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Clara Crescioli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Effect of Interferon-γ on the Basal and the TNFα-Stimulated Secretion of CXCL8 in Thyroid Cancer Cell Lines Bearing Either the RET/PTC Rearrangement Or the BRAF V600e Mutation. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8512417. [PMID: 27555670 PMCID: PMC4983361 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8512417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL8 displays several tumor-promoting effects. Targeting and/or lowering CXCL8 concentrations within the tumor microenvironment would produce a therapeutic benefit. Aim of this study was to test the effect of IFNγ on the basal and TNFα-stimulated secretion of CXCL8 in TCP-1 and BCPAP thyroid cancer cell lines (harboring RET/PTC rearrangement and BRAF V600e mutation, resp.). Cells were incubated with IFNγ (1, 10, 100, and 1000 U/mL) alone or in combination with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) for 24 hours. CXCL8 and CXCL10 concentrations were measured in the cell supernatants. IFNγ inhibited in a dose-dependent and significant manner both the basal (ANOVA F: 22.759; p < 0.00001) and the TNFα-stimulated (ANOVA F: 15.309; p < 0.00001) CXCL8 secretions in BCPAP but not in TPC-1 cells (NS). On the other hand, IFNγ and IFNγ + TNF-α induced a significant secretion of CXCL10 in both BCPAP (p < 0.05) and TPC-1 (p < 0.05) cells. Transwell migration assay showed that (i) CXCL8 increased cell migration in both TPC-1 and BCPAP cells; (ii) IFNγ significantly reduced the migration only of BCPAP cells; and (iii) CXCL8 reverted the effect of IFNγ. These results constitute the first demonstration that IFNγ inhibits CXCL8 secretion and in turn the migration of a BRAF V600e mutated thyroid cell line.
Collapse
|
17
|
Maggi L, Margheri F, Luciani C, Capone M, Rossi MC, Chillà A, Santarlasci V, Mazzoni A, Cimaz R, Liotta F, Maggi E, Cosmi L, Del Rosso M, Annunziato F. Th1-Induced CD106 Expression Mediates Leukocytes Adhesion on Synovial Fibroblasts from Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154422. [PMID: 27123929 PMCID: PMC4849574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that subsets of human T helper cells can orchestrate leukocyte adhesion to synovial fibroblasts (SFbs), thus regulating the retention of leukocytes in the joints of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients. Several cell types, such as monocytes/macrophages, granulocytes, T and B lymphocytes, SFbs and osteoclasts participate in joint tissue damage JIA. Among T cells, an enrichment of classic and non-classic Th1 subsets, has been found in JIA synovial fluid (SF), compared to peripheral blood (PB). Moreover, it has been shown that IL-12 in the SF of inflamed joints mediates the shift of Th17 lymphocytes towards the non-classic Th1 subset. Culture supernatants of Th17, classic and non-classic Th1 clones, have been tested for their ability to stimulate proliferation, and to induce expression of adhesion molecules on SFbs, obtained from healthy donors. Culture supernatants of both classic and non-classic Th1, but not of Th17, clones, were able to induce CD106 (VCAM-1) up-regulation on SFbs. This effect, mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, was crucial for the adhesion of circulating leukocytes on SFbs. Finally, we found that SFbs derived from SF of JIA patients expressed higher levels of CD106 than those from healthy donors, resembling the phenotype of SFbs activated in vitro with Th1-clones supernatants. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that classic and non-classic Th1 cells induce CD106 expression on SFbs through TNF-α, an effect that could play a role in leukocytes retention in inflamed joints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Margheri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Luciani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Manuela Capone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Rossi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anastasia Chillà
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Veronica Santarlasci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Centre for Biomolecular Studies Supporting Human Health, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Rolando Cimaz
- Department of Paediatrics, Rheumatology Unit, Anna Meyer Children’s Hospital and University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Mario Del Rosso
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Elia G, Nasini F, Colaci M, Giuggioli D, Vita R, Benvenga S, Ferri C, Antonelli A. Novel Therapies for Thyroid Autoimmune Diseases. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9:853-61. [PMID: 26900630 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2016.1157468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
C-X-C chemokine receptor (CXCR)3 and its interferon(IFN)γ-dependent chemokines (CXCL10, CXCL9, CXCL11) are implicated in the immune-pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis (AT), Graves disease (GD) and Graves Ophthalmopathy (GO). In tissue, recruited Th1 lymphocytes produce IFNγ, enhancing the tissue secretion of IFNγ-inducible chemokines, initiating and perpetuating the autoimmune process. Patients with AT (with hypothyroidism), and with GO and GD, particularly in the active phase, have high IFNγ-inducible chemokines. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ or -α agonists and methimazole exert an immune-modulation on CXCR3 chemokines in AT, GD and GO. Other studies are ongoing to evaluate new molecules acting as antagonists of CXCR3, or blocking CXCL10, in Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), GD and GO. Recently, novel molecules targeting the various agents involved in the pathogenesis of GO, such as rituximab, have been proposed as an alternative to corticosteroids. However, randomized and controlled studies are needed to generalize these interesting results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poupak Fallahi
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | | | - Giusy Elia
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Francesco Nasini
- b Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and of Emergency , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Michele Colaci
- c Department of Medical, Surgical, Maternal, Pediatric and Adult Sciences , University of Modena & Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Dilia Giuggioli
- c Department of Medical, Surgical, Maternal, Pediatric and Adult Sciences , University of Modena & Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Roberto Vita
- d Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- d Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Clodoveo Ferri
- c Department of Medical, Surgical, Maternal, Pediatric and Adult Sciences , University of Modena & Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Czaja AJ. Transitioning from Idiopathic to Explainable Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:2881-900. [PMID: 25999246 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis lacks an identifiable cause, and its diagnosis requires the exclusion of etiologically defined diseases that resemble it. Insights into its pathogenesis are moving autoimmune hepatitis from an idiopathic to explainable disease, and the goal of this review is to describe the insights that are hastening this transition. Two types of autoimmune hepatitis are justified by serological markers, but they also have distinctive genetic associations (DRB1 and DQB1 genes) and autoantigens. DRB1 alleles are the principal susceptibility factors in white adults, and a six amino acid sequence encoded in the antigen-binding groove of class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex can influence the selection of autoantigens. Polymorphisms, including variants of SH2B3 and CARD10 genes, may affect immune reactivity and disease severity. The cytochrome mono-oxygenase, CYP2D6, is the autoantigen associated with type 2 autoimmune hepatitis, and it shares homologies with multiple viruses that might promote self-intolerance by molecular mimicry. Chemokines, especially CXCL9 and CXCL10, orchestrate the migration of effector cells to sites of injury and are associated with disease severity. Cells of the innate and adaptive immune responses promote tissue damage, and possible deficiencies in the number and function of regulatory T cells may facilitate the injurious process. Receptor-mediated apoptosis is the principal mechanism of hepatocyte loss, and cell-mediated and antibody-dependent mechanisms of cytotoxicity also contribute. Insights that explain autoimmune hepatitis will allow triggering exogenous antigens to be characterized, risk management to be improved, prognostic indices to be refined, and site-specific therapeutic interventions to emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dan Y, Zhang S, Zhong H, Yi H, Sainz MB. Novel compounds that enhance Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation by mitigating oxidative stress. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:291-309. [PMID: 25429877 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Agrobacterium tumefaciens caused tissue browning leading to subsequent cell death in plant transformation and novel anti-oxidative compounds enhanced Agrobacterium -mediated plant transformation by mitigating oxidative stress. Browning and death of cells transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a long-standing and high impact problem in plant transformation and the agricultural biotechnology industry, severely limiting the production of transgenic plants. Using our tomato cv. MicroTom transformation system, we demonstrated that Agrobacterium caused tissue browning (TB) leading to subsequent cell death by our correlation study. Without an antioxidant (lipoic acid, LA) TB was severe and associated with high levels of GUS transient expression and low stable transformation frequency (STF). LA addition shifted the curve in that most TB was intermediate and associated with the highest levels of GUS transient expression and STF. We evaluated 18 novel anti-oxidative compounds for their potential to enhance Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, by screening for TB reduction and monitoring GUS transient expression. Promising compounds were further evaluated for their effect on MicroTom and soybean STF. Among twelve non-antioxidant compounds, seven and five significantly (P < 0.05) reduced TB and increased STF, respectively. Among six antioxidants four of them significantly reduced TB and five of them significantly increased STF. The most efficient compound found to increase STF was melatonin (MEL, an antioxidant). Optimal concentrations and stages to use MEL in transformation were determined, and Southern blot analysis showed that T-DNA integration was not affected by MEL. The ability of diverse compounds with different anti-oxidative mechanisms can reduce Agrobacterium-mediated TB and increase STF, strongly supporting that oxidative stress is an important limiting factor in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and the limiting factor can be controlled by these compounds at different levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Dan
- Institute for Advanced Learning and Research, 150 Slayton Avenue, Danville, VA, 24540, USA,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Budzák Š, Mach P, Juhász G, Medved’ M, Kysel’ O. Theoretical study of charge transfer complexes between antithyroid thioamides and TCNE: Thermodynamics of the complex formation. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
22
|
Czaja AJ. Review article: chemokines as orchestrators of autoimmune hepatitis and potential therapeutic targets. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40:261-79. [PMID: 24890045 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis by directing the migration and positioning of inflammatory and immune cells within the liver. AIM Describe the liver-infiltrating effector cell populations in autoimmune hepatitis, indicate the chemokines that influence their migration, describe the role of chemokines in hepatic fibrosis and identify chemokine-directed treatment opportunities. METHODS Studies cited in Pub Med from 1972 to 2014 for autoimmune hepatitis, chemokines in liver disease, pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis and chemokine therapy were selected. RESULTS T helper type 17 lymphocytes expressing CXCR3 and CCR6 are attracted to the liver by the secretion of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11. These cells recruit pro-inflammatory T helper type 1 lymphocytes expressing CXCR3 and CCR5 by secreting CXCL10. Resident natural killer T cells expressing CXCR6 migrate in response to the local secretion of CXCL16, and they modulate the inflammatory response. T helper type 2 lymphocytes expressing CCR4 are attracted by CCL17 and CCL22, and they dampen the expansion of pro-inflammatory cells. Regulatory T cells expressing CXCR3 are attracted by the secretion of CXCL9, and they help dampen the pro-inflammatory responses. CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL4, CXCL10 and CXCL16 promote fibrosis by activating or attracting hepatic stellate cells, and CX3CL1 may prevent fibrosis by affecting the apoptosis of monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Chemokines are requisites for mobilising, directing and positioning the effector cells in immune-mediated liver disease. They are feasible therapeutic targets in autoimmune hepatitis, and the evaluation of monoclonal antibodies that neutralise the pro-inflammatory ligands or designer peptides that block receptor activity are investigational opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Theoretical study (CC2, DFT and PCM) of charge transfer complexes between antithyroid thioamides and TCNE: electronic CT transitions. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2312. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
24
|
Vitamin D receptor agonists: suitable candidates as novel therapeutic options in autoimmune inflammatory myopathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:949730. [PMID: 24895631 PMCID: PMC4033351 DOI: 10.1155/2014/949730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim in the treatment of autoimmune inflammatory myopathies (IMs) is to recover muscle function. The presence of immune/inflammatory cell infiltrates within muscle tissues represents the common feature of different IM subtypes, albeit a correlation between muscular damage extent and inflammation degree is often lacking. Treatments for IMs are based on life-long immunosuppressive therapy, with the well known adverse effects; recovery is incomplete for many patients. More effective therapies, with reduced side-effects, are highly desirable. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists emerge to retain pleiotropic anti-inflammatory properties, since they regulate innate and adaptive immunity by switching the immune response from proinflammatory T helper 1 (Th1) type to tolerogenic T helper 2 (Th2) type dominance. In skeletal muscle cells less hypercalcemic VDR ligands target powerful mediators of inflammation, such as TNFα and TNFα driven paths, without affecting immune or muscle cells viability, retaining the potentiality to counteract Th1 driven overreactivity established by the self-enhancing inflammatory loop between immune and skeletal muscle cells. This review summarizes those features of VDR agonists as candidates in future treatment of IM.
Collapse
|
25
|
Klatka M, Grywalska E, Partyka M, Charytanowicz M, Kiszczak-Bochynska E, Rolinski J. Th17 and Treg cells in adolescents with Graves’ disease. Impact of treatment with methimazole on these cell subsets. Autoimmunity 2014; 47:201-11. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.879862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Klatka
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lublin
LublinPoland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin
LublinPoland
| | - Malgorzata Partyka
- Department of Jaw Orthopedics, Medical University of Lublin
LublinPoland
| | - Malgorzata Charytanowicz
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, The John Paul II Catholic University
LublinPoland
| | | | - Jacek Rolinski
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin
LublinPoland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Crescioli C, Sturli N, Sottili M, Bonini P, Lenzi A, Di Luigi L. Insulin-like effect of the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor tadalafil onto male human skeletal muscle cells. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:1020-6. [PMID: 23873283 DOI: 10.3275/9034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i), widely used to treat male erectile dysfunction, seem to counteract insulin resistance (IR) in animals and humans. IR, primarily manifest in peripheral tissues and particularly in skeletal muscle, is due to impaired insulin signal transduction. Investigators have been focusing onto intracellular defects responsible for IR to identify suitable pharmacological tools targeted toward the specific defects. Albeit some effects of PDE5i have been reported onto animal muscular tissues or cells, whether and how they might affect metabolic processes directly in human skeletal muscle still remains unclear. AIM We aimed to investigate in human fetal skeletal muscle cells (Hfsmc) the effect of tadalafil, one of PDE5i, onto some intracellular factors involved in response to insulin, such as ras-raf mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), and the transcriptional factor c-Myc; proliferation rate; lactate (lact) and free fatty acid (ffa) release; activity of citrate synthase (CS) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), both enzymes of Kreb's cycle; PDE5 gene expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Western blot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, enzymatic assays, cell count, MTT assay and Real Time PCR were performed in Hfsmc with and without tadalafil. RESULTS In Hfsmc tadalafil affected the insulin-related intracellular cascade, by increasing MAPK, PKB/Akt, GSK-3β phosphorylation and c-Myc expression. ffa release and CS activity also significantly increased, with no changes in SDH activity and lact release. CONCLUSIONS Tadalafil, like insulin, targeted part of the machinery dedicated to energy management and metabolic control in human skeletal muscle cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Crescioli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Giuggioli D, Ferrannini E, Ferri C, Fallahi P. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)10 in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 13:272-80. [PMID: 24189283 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
(C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)10 (CXCL10) belongs to the ELR(-) CXC subfamily chemokine. CXCL10 exerts its function through binding to chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3), a seven trans-membrane receptor coupled to G proteins. CXCL10 and its receptor, CXCR3, appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, organ specific (such as type 1 diabetes, autoimmune thyroiditis, Graves' disease and ophthalmopathy), or systemic (such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed cryoglobulinemia, Sjögren syndrome, or systemic sclerosis). The secretion of CXCL10 by cluster of differentiation (CD)4+, CD8+, natural killer (NK) and NK-T cells is dependent on interferon (IFN)-γ, which is itself mediated by the interleukin-12 cytokine family. Under the influence of IFN-γ, CXCL10 is secreted by several cell types including endothelial cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, thyrocytes, preadipocytes, etc. Determination of high level of CXCL10 in peripheral fluids is therefore a marker of host immune response, especially T helper (Th)1 orientated T-cells. In tissues, recruited Th1 lymphocytes may be responsible for enhanced IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α production, which in turn stimulates CXCL10 secretion from a variety of cells, therefore creating an amplification feedback loop, and perpetuating the autoimmune process. Further studies are needed to investigate interactions between chemokines and cytokines in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and to evaluate whether CXCL10 is a novel therapeutic target in various autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Martina Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Dilia Giuggioli
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Maternal, Pediatric and Adult Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Clodoveo Ferri
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Maternal, Pediatric and Adult Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Corrado A, Ferrannini E, Fallahi P. Increase of interferon-γ inducible CXCL9 and CXCL11 serum levels in patients with active Graves' disease and modulation by methimazole therapy. Thyroid 2013; 23:1461-9. [PMID: 23721189 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)9 and CXCL11 play an important role in the initial phases of autoimmune thyroiditis (AT); however, their serum levels in patients with Graves' disease (GD) have never been evaluated in relation to thyroid function and treatment. METHODS To evaluate CXCL9 and CXCL11 serum levels in GD and to relate these parameters to the clinical phenotype, we measured CXCL9 and CXCL11 serum levels in 91 GD patients; 91 AT, 34 nontoxic multinodular goiters (MNGs), 31 toxic nodular goiters (TNGs), respectively; and 91 healthy controls (age- and sex-matched). RESULTS Mean CXCL9 and CXCL11 levels were higher in GD in comparison with controls, euthyroid AT, MNG, or TNG (p < 0.05, ANOVA; CXCL9: 274 ± 265, 76 ± 33, 132 ± 78, 87 ± 48, and 112 ± 56 pg/mL; CXCL11: 140 ± 92, 64 ± 20, 108 ± 48, 76 ± 33, 91 ± 41 pg/mL, respectively). Hyperthyroid GD patients had significantly higher CXCL9 or CXCL11 than euthyroid or hypothyroid GD patients. GD patients with untreated hyperthyroidism had higher CXCL9 or CXCL11 than hyperthyroid or euthyroid GD patients under methimazole (MMI) treatment. Comparable CXCL9 and CXCL11 levels were observed in newly diagnosed untreated hyperthyroid GD versus untreated patients with relapse of hyperthyroidism after a previous MMI course. CONCLUSIONS Serum CXCL9 and CXCL11 levels are associated with the active phase of GD both in newly diagnosed and relapsing hyperthyroid patients. The reduction of serum CXCL9 and CXCL11 levels in treated patients with GD may be related to the immunomodulatory effects of MMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Di Luigi L, Sottili M, Antinozzi C, Vannelli GB, Romanelli F, Riccieri V, Valesini G, Lenzi A, Crescioli C. The vitamin D receptor agonist BXL-01-0029 as a potential new pharmacological tool for the treatment of inflammatory myopathies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77745. [PMID: 24204948 PMCID: PMC3813757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate in vitro the effect of the VDR agonist BXL-01-0029 onto IFNγ/TNFα-induced CXCL10 secretion by human skeletal muscle cells compared to elocalcitol (VDR agonist), methylprednisolone, methotrexate, cyclosporin A, infliximab and leflunomide; to assess in vivo circulating CXCL10 level in subjects at time of diagnosis with IMs, before therapy, together with TNFα, IFNγ, IL-8, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-1β and IL-10, vs. healthy subjects. METHODS Human fetal skeletal muscle cells were used for in vitro studies; ELISA and Bio-Plex were used to measure cell supernatant and IC50 determination or serum cytokines; Western blot and Bio-Plex were for cell signaling analysis. RESULTS BXL-01-0029 decreased with the highest potency IFNγ/TNFα-induced CXCL10 protein secretion and targeted cell signaling downstream of TNFα in human skeletal muscle cells; CXCL10 level was the highest in sera of subjects diagnosed with IMs before therapy and the only one significantly different vs. healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our in vitro and in vivo data, while confirm the relevance of CXCL10 in IMs, suggested BXL-01-0029 as a novel pharmacological tool for IM treatment, hypothetically to be used in combination with the current immunosuppressants to minimize side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Di Luigi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Sottili
- Excellence Center for Research, Transfer and High Education De Novo Therapies (DENOthe), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Antinozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Romanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Riccieri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Specialities, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Valesini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Specialities, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Clara Crescioli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Klatka M, Grywalska E, Partyka M, Charytanowicz M, Rolinski J. Impact of methimazole treatment on magnesium concentration and lymphocytes activation in adolescents with Graves' disease. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 153:155-70. [PMID: 23661330 PMCID: PMC3667385 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to assess plasma magnesium (Mg) concentration, the frequencies of activated T CD4+ and T CD8+ lymphocytes and B lymphocytes in adolescents with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease (GD), and to assess changes in the above-mentioned parameters during methimazole (MMI) treatment. The frequencies of activated T and B cells were measured by flow cytometry method and plasma Mg concentration was determined by spectrophotometry method in 60 adolescents at the time of GD diagnosis and after receiving the normalisation of the thyroid hormones levels. The control group consisted of 20 healthy volunteers. We observed lower plasma Mg concentration, and higher frequencies of activated T and B lymphocytes in the study group before the treatment in comparison with healthy controls, and with study group in MMI-induced euthyreosis (p < 0.01).Statistically significant negative correlations between the percentages of activated T CD3+, T CD4+, T CD8+ and B CD19+ lymphocytes, and plasma Mg concentration before the treatment were found (r < -0.335, p < 0.002). After the treatment no vital differences in plasma Mg concentration, and in percentages of activated cells between GD patients and controls were found, except CD8+CD25+ cells (p = 0.03). The present study demonstrates that both activated T and B cells might play an important role in the pathogenesis of GD, and activation is related to Mg plasma level. The use of MMI in treatment of hyperthyroidism due to GD leads to decrease the frequencies of activated lymphocytes and normalisation of Mg levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Klatka
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Partyka
- Department of Jaw Orthopedics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Charytanowicz
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, The John Paul II Catholic University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Rolinski
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vitamin D receptor agonists target CXCL10: new therapeutic tools for resolution of inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:876319. [PMID: 23690671 PMCID: PMC3652186 DOI: 10.1155/2013/876319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the many biological extraskeletal actions of vitamin D has increased in the past decades. Indeed, vitamin D and analogue molecules, besides the classical actions on bone metabolism, exert several beneficial effects on metabolic homeostasis, heart-cardiovascular, brain, and muscle physiological functions, throughout the interaction with the specific vitamin D receptor (VDR). In particular, VDR agonists powerfully control innate and adaptive immune system with favorable effects on human health. VDR ligands act as immunomodulators that are potent enough to retain anti-inflammatory effects, even though the mechanism underlying those effects is not yet fully elucidated. VDR agonists exert a significant suppression of inflammatory processes switching the immune response from T helper 1 (Th1) to T helper 2 (Th2) dominance and counteracting the self-enhancing inflammatory loop between immune and resident cells, especially by cytokine release impairment. Those molecules are able, indeed, to reduce the release of the interferon (IFN)γ-induced 10 kDa protein IP-10/CXCL10, a powerful chemokine driving Th1-mediated inflammation. Based on their features, VDR ligands show the potentiality to be included in immunosuppressive regimens, aimed to control auto- and alloimmune Th1-driven overreactivity, occurring, for example, in autoimmune disease or graft rejection.
Collapse
|
32
|
Klatka M, Grywalska E, Surdacka A, Tarach J, Klatka J, Roliński J. Peripheral blood lymphocyte apoptosis and its relationship with thyroid function tests in adolescents with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease. Arch Med Sci 2012. [PMID: 23185197 PMCID: PMC3506240 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2012.31618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Failures in apoptotic pathways can contribute to various autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease (GD). The aim of the present research was to assess changes in the degree of peripheral blood (PB) lymphocyte apoptosis during methimazole (MMI) treatment in the group of teenage children, and to describe its relationship with thyroid function tests. MATERIAL AND METHODS The percentage of PB apoptotic lymphocytes, assessed by the decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (CMXRos staining), was measured in 30 adolescents at the time of diagnosis and after obtaining normalization of the thyroid hormone levels. RESULTS The percentage of apoptotic lymphocytes in previously untreated patients with GD (5.16 ±2.81%) was significantly lower (p = 0.000001) than the percentage of apoptotic cells in the same group of patients after obtaining methimazole-induced euthyroidism (10.72 ±4.66%). There was a correlation between the increase of the mean percentages of apoptotic lymphocytes and the reduction of FT4 levels (R = 0.63, p < 0.0001), as well as the reduction of TT3 levels (R = 0.95, p < 0.0001). The more signs and symptoms accompanying the diagnosis of GD, the higher was the increment of the degree of lymphocyte apoptosis observed during the MMI-treatment (R = 0.74, p < 0.0000001). The methimazole dosage correlated (R = 0.85, p < 0.0001) with the percentage of apoptotic cells. CONCLUSIONS The use of methimazole in treatment of hyperthyroidism due to GD leads to an increment of apoptotic cells in PB. Higher doses of methimazole cause a higher increase of apoptotic lymphocytes. Apoptosis induction of human PB lymphocytes seems to be one of the indicators of proper hyperthyroidism treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Klatka
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Surdacka
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Tarach
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Janusz Klatka
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngeal Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Romagnani P, Crescioli C. CXCL10: a candidate biomarker in transplantation. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:1364-73. [PMID: 22366165 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) γ-induced protein 10 kDa (IP-10) or C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. This family of signaling molecules is known to control several biological functions and to also play pivotal roles in disease initiation and progression. By binding to its specific cognate receptor CXCR3, CXCL10 critically regulates chemotaxis during several immune-inflammatory processes. In particular, this chemokine controls chemotaxis during the inflammatory response resulting from allograft rejection after transplantation. Interestingly, a strong association has been described between CXCL10 production, immune response and the fate of the graft following allotransplantation. Enhanced CXCL10 production has been observed in recipients of transplants of different organs. This enhanced production likely comes from either the graft or the immune cells and is correlated with an increase in the concentration of circulating CXCL10. Because CXCL10 can be easily measured in the serum and plasma from a patient, the detection and quantitation of circulating CXCL10 could be used to reveal a transplant recipient's immune status. The purpose of this review is to examine the critical role of CXCL10 in the pathogenesis of allograft rejection following organ transplantation. This important role highlights the potential utilization of CXCL10 not only as a therapeutic target but also as a biomarker to predict the severity of rejection, to monitor the inflammatory status of organ recipients and, hopefully, to fine-tune patient therapy in transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Romagnani
- Excellence Center for Research, Transfer and High Education (DENOthe), University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Crescioli C, Sottili M, Bonini P, Cosmi L, Chiarugi P, Romagnani P, Vannelli GB, Colletti M, Isidori AM, Serio M, Lenzi A, Di Luigi L. Inflammatory response in human skeletal muscle cells: CXCL10 as a potential therapeutic target. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 91:139-49. [PMID: 22176919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory myopathies (IMs) are systemic diseases characterized by a T helper (Th) 1 type inflammatory response and cell infiltrates within skeletal muscles. The mainstay of treatment is drugs aimed at suppressing the immune system - corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. About 25% of patients are non-responders. Skeletal muscle cells seem actively involved in the immune-inflammatory response and not only a target; understanding the molecular bases of IMs might help drug development strategies. Within muscles the interaction between the chemokine interferon (IFN)γ inducible 10 kDa protein, CXCL10 or IP-10, and its specific receptor CXCR3, present on Th1 type infiltrating cells, likely plays a pivotal role, potentially offering the opportunity for therapeutic intervention. We aimed to clarify the involvement of human skeletal muscle cells in inflammatory processes in terms of CXCL10 secretion, to elucidate the engaged molecular mechanism(s) and, finally, to evaluate muscular cell responses, if any, to some immunosuppressants routinely used in IM treatment, such as methylprednisolone, methotrexate, cyclosporin A and Infliximab. We first isolated and characterized human fetal skeletal muscle cells (Hfsmc), which expressed the specific lineage markers and showed the competence to react in the context of an in vitro alloresponse. CXCL10 protein secretion by Hfsmc was similarly induced by the inflammatory cytokines interferon (IFN)γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, above undetectable control levels, through the activation of Stat1 and NF-kB pathways, respectively; CXCL10 secretion was significantly magnified by cytokine combination, and this synergy was associated to a significant up-regulation of TNFαRII; cytokine-induced CXCL10 secretion was considerably affected only by Infliximab. Our data suggested that human skeletal muscle cells might actively self-promote muscular inflammation by eliciting CXCL10 secretion, which is known to amplify Th1 cell tissue infiltration in vivo. In conclusion, we sustain that pharmacological targeting of CXCL10 within muscular cells might contribute to keep in control pro-Th1 polarization of the immune/inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Crescioli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, 00135 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sagrinati C, Sottili M, Mazzinghi B, Borgogni E, Adorini L, Serio M, Romagnani P, Crescioli C. Comparison between VDR analogs and current immunosuppressive drugs in relation to CXCL10 secretion by human renal tubular cells. Transpl Int 2010; 23:914-23. [PMID: 20302596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2010.01078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
During kidney allograft rejection, CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10)-CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) trafficking between peripheral blood and tissues initiates alloresponse and perpetuates a self-inflammatory loop; thus, CXCL10-CXCR3 axis could represent a pharmacologic target. In this perspective, immunosuppressors targeting graft-resident cells, beside immune cells, could be very advantageous. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists exhibit considerable immunomodulatory properties. This study aimed to investigate whether elocalcitol and BXL-01-0029 could decrease the expression of CXCL10 in activated renal tubular cells in vitro and thus be useful in kidney allograft rejection treatment. Experiments were performed in human tubular renal cells stimulated with interferon-gamma + tumor necrosis factor-alpha with and without VDR agonists, tacrolimus, sirolimus, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, cyclosporin A and mycophenolate mofetil. CXCL10 protein secretion and gene expression were measured by ELISA and by quantitative PCR. Specific inhibitors were used to investigate intracellular pathways involved in tubular cells activation. For IC(50) determination and comparison, dose-response curves with VDR agonists, tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid were performed. Elocalcitol and BXL-01-0029 inhibited CXCL10 secretion by renal cells, without affecting cell viability, while almost all the immunosuppressors were found to be ineffective, except for tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. BXL-01-0029 was the most potent drug and, notably, it was found to be capable of allowing reduction in tacrolimus-inhibitory doses. Our data suggest that BXL-01-0029 could potentially be a dose-reducing agent for conventional immunosuppressors in kidney rejection management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Sagrinati
- Excellence Center for Research, Transfer and High Education (DENOthe), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Molecular mechanisms underlying the pro-inflammatory synergistic effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma in human microvascular endothelium. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 88:731-42. [PMID: 19782427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) are among the most potent cytokines involved in orchestrating the inflammation response. The molecular mechanisms implicated in the synergism between cytokines are still poorly characterized. We demonstrate that both cytokines dose-dependently stimulate IFNgamma-inducible-protein-of-10-kDa (IP-10) secretion in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1), showing a potent synergism which is not restricted to IP-10, but is also evident for monokine-induced-by-IFNgamma (MIG) and IL-6 secretion. Immunofluorescence analysis reveals that TNFalpha and IFNgamma converge on a rapid phosphorylation of ERK, which however results in a different subcellular compartmentalization of the activated enzyme in response to the two cytokines. Differences in the subcellular recruitment of ERK in response to IFNgamma and TNFalpha are responsible for generating different ERK downstream signaling, which can thus synergize on the secretion of IP-10 as well as of other cytokines/chemokines. The importance of ERK activation in mediating the synergism of the two cytokines is further confirmed by the inhibitory effect of the anti-diabetic drug rosiglitazone and ERK blockers on IP-10, MIG and IL-6 secretion. A further mechanism of synergism involving the reciprocal upregulation of TNFalpha-RII and of IFNgamma-R, in response to IFNgamma and TNFalpha, respectively, was revealed by flow cytometry and quantitative real time RT-PCR analysis.
Collapse
|
37
|
Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Fallahi P, Berti P, Materazzi G, Minuto M, Giannini R, Marchetti I, Barani L, Basolo F, Ferrannini E, Miccoli P. Thiazolidinediones and antiblastics in primary human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 70:946-53. [PMID: 18785992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE No study has evaluated the antiproliferative effects of thiazolidinediones and antiblastics in 'primary cultured human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells'. DESIGN Primary anaplastic cells proliferation was evaluated after incubation with increasing concentrations of rosiglitazone or pioglitazone or antiblastics (bleomycin, cisplatin, gemcitabine) by a proliferation assay (WST-1-tetrazolium reaction) and cell counting. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS A reduction of proliferation by thiazolidinediones at 1 h (from the start of tetrazolium reaction) [of 11% and 25%, with rosiglitazone, 10 or 20 (P = 0.0001) microM, respectively; of 7% and 17%, with pioglitazone, 10 or 20 (P = 0.0125) microM, respectively], and at 2 h [of 14% and 24%, with rosiglitazone, 10 (P = 0.0043) or 20 (P < 0.0001) microM, respectively; of 9% and 21%, with pioglitazone, 10 (P = 0.0397) or 20 (P = 0.0001) microM, respectively] was shown. No significant thiazolidinediones effect was observed in normal thyroid follicular cells. Bleomycin, cisplatin and gemcitabine significantly (P < 0.0001) inhibited (> 50%) anaplastic cells proliferation. Cell counting confirmed the above mentioned results. Inhibition of proliferation was similar in tumours with or without (V600E)BRAF mutation, both for thiazolidinediones and antiblastics. CONCLUSIONS Thiazolidinediones exert an antiproliferative effect in primary cultured human anaplastic carcinoma cells in vitro, such as antiblastics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma, 67, I-56100, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Fallahi P, Frascerra S, Santini E, Franceschini SS, Ferrannini E. Monokine induced by interferon gamma (IFNgamma) (CXCL9) and IFNgamma inducible T-cell alpha-chemoattractant (CXCL11) involvement in Graves' disease and ophthalmopathy: modulation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:1803-9. [PMID: 19276231 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-2450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT CXC alpha-chemokine CXCL10/IP-10 plays an important role in the initial phases of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). Human thyrocytes, orbital fibroblasts, and preadipocytes are stimulated to produce CXCL10 when treated with interferon gamma (IFNgamma) and TNFalpha. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) activation plays an inhibitory role in this process. OBJECTIVE Until now, no data are present in literature about the involvement of CXCL9 and CXCL11 in Graves' disease and GO, or of PPARgamma activators' effect on these chemokines. METHODS It has been studied how IFNgamma and TNFalpha stimulation and PPARgamma activation affect CXCL9 and CXCL11 secretion in primary cultures of thyrocytes, orbital fibroblasts, and preadipocytes. RESULTS In primary cultures of thyrocytes, retrobulbar fibroblasts, and retrobulbar preadipocytes obtained from GO patients, CXCL9 and CXCL11 production was absent under basal conditions; CXCL9 and CXCL11 secretion was not induced by TNFalpha alone, whereas it was dose dependently stimulated treating cells with IFNgamma. The treatment with TNFalpha plus IFNgamma has a synergistic effect on CXCL9 and CXCL11 release. Treating all cell types with the PPARgamma agonist, rosiglitazone, or pioglitazone, the IFNgamma plus TNFalpha-induced CXCL9 and CXCL11 release was dose dependently (0.1-20 microm) suppressed. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that thyrocytes and retrobulbar cell types from patients with Graves' disease and ophthalmopathy participate in the self-perpetuation of inflammation, releasing CXCL9 and CXCL11 chemokines when stimulated with cytokines. PPARgamma activation plays an inhibitory role in this process. The huge response of CXCL9 to the IFNgamma plus TNFalpha-stimulation suggests its leading role among CXC chemokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa-School of Medicine, Via Roma, 67, I-56100 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sottili M, Cosmi L, Borgogni E, Sarchielli E, Maggi L, Francalanci M, Vannelli GB, Ronconi E, Adorini L, Annunziato F, Romagnani P, Serio M, Crescioli C. Immunomodulatory effects of BXL-01-0029, a less hypercalcemic vitamin D analogue, in human cardiomyocytes and T cells. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:264-73. [PMID: 19014933 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Current immunosuppressive protocols have reduced rejection occurrence in heart transplantation; nevertheless, management of heart transplant recipients is accompanied by major adverse effects, due to drug doses close to toxic range. In allograft rejection, characterized by T-helper 1 (Th1) cell-mediated response, the CXCL10-CXCR3 axis plays a pivotal role in triggering a self-promoting inflammatory loop. Indeed, CXCL10 intragraft production, required for initiation and development of graft failure, supports organ infiltration by Th1 cells. Thus, targeting the CXCL10-CXCR3 axis while avoiding generalized immunosuppression, may be of therapeutic significance. Based on preclinical evidence for immunoregulatory properties of vitamin D receptor agonists, we propose that a less hypercalcemic vitamin D analogue, BXL-01-0029, might have the potential to contribute to rejection management. We investigated the effect of BXL-01-0029 on CXCL10 secretion induced by proinflammatory stimuli, both in human isolated cardiomyocytes (Hfcm) and purified CD4+ T cells. Mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active agent of mycophenolate mofetil, was used for comparison. BXL-01-0029 inhibited IFNgamma and TNFalpha-induced CXCL10 secretion by Hfcm more potently than MPA, impairing cytokine synergy and pathways. BXL-01-0029 reduced also CXCL10 protein secretion and gene expression by CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, BXL-01-0029 did not exert any toxic effect onto both cell types, suggesting its possible use as a dose-reducing agent for conventional immunosuppressive drugs in clinical transplantation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL10/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL10/metabolism
- Cholecalciferol/analogs & derivatives
- Cholecalciferol/pharmacology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Ionomycin/pharmacology
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Mycophenolic Acid/pharmacology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Receptors, Calcitriol/agonists
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Interferon gamma Receptor
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sottili
- Excellence Center for Research Transfer and High Education DENOthe, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gianoukakis AG, Smith TJ. Recent insights into the pathogenesis and management of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:446-52. [PMID: 18769218 PMCID: PMC3712753 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32830eb8ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To identify and critique the most recent experimental findings regarding the pathogenesis and therapy of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. RECENT FINDINGS Much of the recent work in this field has focused on identifying genetic alterations associated with the phenotypes of Graves' disease and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and investigating their functional consequences. Identified candidate genes include CD40, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4, protein tyrosine phosphatase-22, human leukocyte antigen-major histocompatibility complex and those associated with the X-chromosome. Efforts to generate a complete rodent model of Graves' disease continue with little progress. These uniformly involve the immunization of animals with the thyrotropin receptor. Studies conducted in vitro have focused on the actions of cytokines in orbital fibroblasts, the potential role of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and activating antibodies directed against it as a fibroblast and T cell activation pathway. Reports continue to appear examining the potential relationship between the thyrotropin receptor and orbital adipogenesis. Regarding therapy for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, small molecules and antibodies disrupting cytokine pathways and lymphocyte function are currently under examination and have yielded promising albeit preliminary results. SUMMARY Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy remains a vexing medical problem, the pathogenesis of which remains uncertain. A number of obstacles continue to plague major advances, not least of which is the absence of a robust animal model. A few new insights seem to represent departure from traditional thinking about this disease and may herald important innovation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Gianoukakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502 and the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA; (310)222-1873; fax: (310)533-0627
| | - Terry J. Smith
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502 and the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA; (310)222-3691; fax: (310)222-6820
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Borgogni E, Sarchielli E, Sottili M, Santarlasci V, Cosmi L, Gelmini S, Lombardi A, Cantini G, Perigli G, Luconi M, Vannelli GB, Annunziato F, Adorini L, Serio M, Crescioli C. Elocalcitol inhibits inflammatory responses in human thyroid cells and T cells. Endocrinology 2008; 149:3626-34. [PMID: 18372324 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T-helper 1 (Th1) cell-mediated inflammatory responses predominate in the early pathogenesis of Graves' disease (GD), whereas Th2 cell-mediated immunity may play a role in later stages. The chemokine CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 are expressed in most thyroid glands of early GD patients. Circulating CXCL10 levels inversely correlate with disease duration; CXCL10 maximal expression also correlates with interferon (IFN)gamma levels in recent GD onset. Methimazole (MMI) reduces CXCL10 secretion by isolated thyrocytes, decreases serum CXCL10 levels, and promotes a transition from Th1 to Th2 dominance in patients in GD active phase. Vitamin D receptor agonists exhibit antiinflammatory properties and promote tolerance induction. We investigated the effects and the mechanism of action of a nonhypercalcemic vitamin D receptor agonist, elocalcitol (BXL-628), compared with MMI on CXCL10 secretion induced by proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we studied the effects of both drugs on Th1, Th17, and Th2 cytokine secretion in CD4+ T cells. ELISA, cytometry, immunocytochemistry, Western blot, and quantitative real-time PCR were used for protein and gene analysis. In human thyrocytes, elocalcitol inhibited IFNgamma and TNFalpha-induced CXCL10 protein secretion more potently than MMI. Elocalcitol impaired both cytokine intracellular pathways, whereas MMI was effective only on the IFNgamma pathway. In CD4+ T cells, elocalcitol decreased Th1- and Th17-type cytokines, and promoted Th2-type cytokine secretion. Elocalcitol and MMI inhibited Th1 cytokine-mediated responses in thyrocytes and CD4+ T cells. In addition, elocalcitol promoted a shift toward a Th2 response. In conclusion, elocalcitol could represent a novel pharmacological tool in the treatment of autoimmune thyroid diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Borgogni
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Crescioli C, Squecco R, Cosmi L, Sottili M, Gelmini S, Borgogni E, Sarchielli E, Scolletta S, Francini F, Annunziato F, Vannelli GB, Serio M. Immunosuppression in cardiac graft rejection: a human in vitro model to study the potential use of new immunomodulatory drugs. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:1337-50. [PMID: 18291365 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CXCL10-CXCR3 axis plays a pivotal role in cardiac allograft rejection, so that targeting CXCL10 without inducing generalized immunosuppression may be of therapeutic significance in allotransplantation. Since the role of resident cells in cardiac rejection is still unclear, we aimed to establish reliable human cardiomyocyte cultures to investigate Th1 cytokine-mediated response in allograft rejection. We used human fetal cardiomyocytes (Hfcm) isolated from fetal hearts, obtained after legal abortions. Hfcm expressed specific cardiac lineage markers, specific cardiac structural proteins, typical cardiac currents and generated ventricular action potentials. Thus, Hfcm represent a reliable in vitro tool for allograft rejection research, since they resemble the features of mature cells. Hfcm secreted CXCL10 in response to IFNgamma and TNFalphaalpha; this effect was magnified by cytokine combination. Cytokine synergy was associated to a significant TNFalpha-induced up-regulation of IFNgammaR. The response of Hfcm to some currently used immunosuppressive drugs compared to rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist and Th1-mediated response inhibitor, was also evaluated. Only micophenolic acid and rosiglitazone halved CXCL10 secretion by Hfcm. Given the pivotal role of IFNgamma-induced chemokines in Th1-mediated allograft rejection, these preliminary results suggest that the combined effects of immunosuppressive agents and rosiglitazone could be potentially beneficial to patients receiving heart transplants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Crescioli
- Center for Research Transfer and High Education DENOthe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|