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Zlobin IE. Tree post-drought recovery: scenarios, regulatory mechanisms and ways to improve. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1595-1612. [PMID: 38581143 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Efficient post-drought recovery of growth and assimilation enables a plant to return to its undisturbed state and functioning. Unlike annual plants, trees suffer not only from the current drought, but also from cumulative impacts of consecutive water stresses which cause adverse legacy effects on survival and performance. This review provides an integrated assessment of ecological, physiological and molecular evidence on the recovery of growth and photosynthesis in trees, with a view to informing the breeding of trees with a better ability to recover from water stress. Suppression of recovery processes can result not only from stress damage but also from a controlled downshift of recovery as part of tree acclimation to water-limited conditions. In the latter case, recovery processes could potentially be activated by turning off the controlling mechanisms, but several obstacles make this unlikely. Tree phenology, and specifically photoperiodic constraints, can limit post-drought recovery of growth and photosynthesis, and targeting these constraints may represent a promising way to breed trees with an enhanced ability to recover post-drought. The mechanisms of photoperiod-dependent regulation of shoot, secondary and root growth and of assimilation processes are reviewed. Finally, the limitations and trade-offs of altering the photoperiodic regulation of growth and assimilation processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E Zlobin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St, Moscow, 127276, Russia
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Qu Z, Lin C, Zhao H, Chen T, Yao X, Wang X, Yang Y, Chen G. Above- and belowground phenology responses of subtropical Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) to soil warming, precipitation exclusion and their interaction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173147. [PMID: 38740199 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Plant phenology plays an important role in nutrient cycling and carbon balance in forest ecosystems, but its response to the interaction of global warming and precipitation reduction remains unclear. In this study, an experiment with factorial soil warming (ambient, ambient +5 °C) and precipitation exclusion (ambient, ambient -50 %) was conducted in a subtropical Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation. We investigated the effects of soil warming, precipitation exclusion, and their interactions on Chinese fir phenology involving tree height and fine root growth. In the meantime, the impact of tree height growth and related climatic factors on fine root production was also assessed. The results showed that: (1) more variable phenology responses were observed in fine root growth than in tree height growth to the climatic treatments; the duration of fine root growth and tree height growth was significantly reduced by the precipitation exclusion and warming treatment, respectively; phenology differences of fine root and tree height growth caused by the solo warming and precipitation exclusion treatment were further enhanced by the combined treatment; and despite the greater inter-annual phenology stability of tree height growth than that of fine root growth, both of them showed insignificant response to all the climate treatments; (2) asynchrony of phenology between tree height and fine root growth was significantly enlarged by solo warming and precipitation exclusion treatments, and further enlarged by the combined treatment; (3) fine root production was significantly and positively correlated with air, and soil temperature, and tree height growth as well, which was altered by warming and precipitation exclusion treatments. Our results demonstrated that climatic changes significantly and differently alter phenology of, and extend the phenology asynchrony between, above and below ground plant components, and also highlight the climate-sensitive and variable nature of root phenology. Overall, these phenology responses to climatic change may weaken the close link between fine root production and tree height growth, which may result in temporal mismatch between nutrient demand and supply in Chinese fir plantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Qu
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China; State Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chengfang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China; State Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Haiying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China; State Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China; State Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China; State Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China; State Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China; State Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guangshui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China; State Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.
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Yuan J, Peng M, Tang G, Wang Y. Fine root production, mortality, and turnover in response to simulated nitrogen deposition in the subtropical Abies georgei (Orr) forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171404. [PMID: 38432381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Increased nitrogen deposition has important effects on below-ground ecological processes. Fine roots are the most active part of the root system in terms of physiological activity and the main organs for nutrient and water uptake by plants. However, there is still a limited understanding of how nitrogen deposition affects the fine root dynamics in subtropical Abies georgei (Orr) forests. Consequently, a three-year field experiment was conducted to quantify the effects of three forms of nitrogen sources ((NH4)2SO4, NaNO3, and NH4NO3) at four levels (0, 5, 15, and 30 kg N·ha-1·yr-1) on the fine root dynamics in Abies georgei forests using a randomized block-group experimental design and minirhizotron technique. The first year of nitrogen addition did not affect the first-class fine roots (FR1, 0 < diameter < 0.5 mm) and second-class fine roots (FR2, 0.5 < diameter < 1.0 mm). The next two years of nitrogen addition significantly increased the production, mortality, and turnover of FR1 and FR2; the three year of nitrogen addition did not affect the dynamics of the third- class fine roots (FR3, 1.0 < diameter < 1.5 mm) and fourth- class fine roots (FR4,1.5 < diameter < 2.0 mm). Nitrogen addition positively affected the dynamics of FR1, FR2, FR3 and FR4 by positively affecting the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents of fine roots and indirectly affecting the soil pH. Increased carbon allocation to FR1 and FR2 may represent a phosphorus acquisition strategy when nitrogen is not the limiting factor. The nitrogen addition forms and levels affected the fine root dynamics in the following orde: NH4NO3 > (NH4)2SO4 > NaNO3 and high nitrogen > medium nitrogen > low nitrogen. The results suggest that the different-diameter fine root dynamics respond differently to different nitrogen addition forms and levels, and linking the different-diameter fine roots to nitrogen deposition is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyou Yuan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China.
| | - Mingchun Peng
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China.
| | - Guoyong Tang
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650233, China.
| | - Yun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China.
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Malyshev AV, Blume-Werry G, Spiller O, Smiljanić M, Weigel R, Kolb A, Nze BY, Märker F, Sommer FCFJ, Kinley K, Ziegler J, Pasang P, Mahara R, Joshi S, Heinsohn V, Kreyling J. Warming nondormant tree roots advances aboveground spring phenology in temperate trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2276-2287. [PMID: 37897071 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming advances the onset of tree growth in spring, but above- and belowground phenology are not always synchronized. These differences in growth responses may result from differences in root and bud dormancy dynamics, but root dormancy is largely unexplored. We measured dormancy in roots and leaf buds of Fagus sylvatica and Populus nigra by quantifying the warming sum required to initiate above- and belowground growth in October, January and February. We furthermore carried out seven experiments, manipulating only the soil and not air temperature before or during tree leaf-out to evaluate the potential of warmer roots to influence budburst timing using seedlings and adult trees of F. sylvatica and seedlings of Betula pendula. Root dormancy was virtually absent in comparison with the much deeper winter bud dormancy. Roots were able to start growing immediately as soils were warmed during the winter. Interestingly, higher soil temperature advanced budburst across all experiments, with soil temperature possibly accounting for c. 44% of the effect of air temperature in advancing aboveground spring phenology per growing degree hour. Therefore, differences in root and bud dormancy dynamics, together with their interaction, likely explain the nonsynchronized above- and belowground plant growth responses to climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Malyshev
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gesche Blume-Werry
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Universitet, Umea, 90187, Sweden
| | - Ophelia Spiller
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marko Smiljanić
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert Weigel
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Goettingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Ecological-Botanical Garden, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexander Kolb
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Byron Ye Nze
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frederik Märker
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Kinley Kinley
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Ecological-Botanical Garden, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jan Ziegler
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Pasang Pasang
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert Mahara
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Forest and Park Services, Thimphu, 1345, Bhutan
| | - Silviya Joshi
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vincent Heinsohn
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Juergen Kreyling
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
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Jaeger FC, Handa IT, Paquette A, Parker WC, Messier C. Young temperate tree species show different fine root acclimation capacity to growing season water availability. PLANT AND SOIL 2023; 496:485-504. [PMID: 38510944 PMCID: PMC10948563 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-023-06377-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Background and aims Changes in water availability during the growing season are becoming more frequent due to climate change. Our study aimed to compare the fine-root acclimation capacity (plasticity) of six temperate tree species aged six years and exposed to high or low growing season soil water availability over five years. Methods Root samples were collected from the five upper strata of mineral soil to a total soil depth of 30 cm in monoculture plots of Acer saccharum Marsh., Betula papyrifera Marsh., Larix laricina K. Koch, Pinus strobus L., Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and Quercus rubra L. established at the International Diversity Experiment Network with Trees (IDENT) field experiment in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. Four replicates of each monoculture were subjected to high or low water availability treatments. Results Absorptive fine root density increased by 67% for Larix laricina, and 90% for Picea glauca, under the high-water availability treatment at 0-5 cm soil depth. The two late successional, slower growing tree species, Acer saccharum and Picea glauca, showed higher plasticity in absorptive fine root biomass in the upper 5 cm of soil (PIv = 0.36 & 0.54 respectively), and lower plasticity in fine root depth over the entire 30 cm soil profile compared to the early successional, faster growing tree species Betula papyrifera and Larix laricina. Conclusion Temperate tree species show contrasting acclimation responses in absorptive fine root biomass and rooting depth to differences in water availability. Some of these responses vary with tree species successional status and seem to benefit both early and late successional tree species. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11104-023-06377-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin C. Jaeger
- Centre for Forest Research, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - I. Tanya Handa
- Centre for Forest Research, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Alain Paquette
- Centre for Forest Research, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - William C. Parker
- Forest Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Sault Ste. Marie, ON Canada
| | - Christian Messier
- Centre for Forest Research, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
- Institut des Sciences de La Forêt tempérée, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Ripon, Canada
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Qin X, Nie X, Wang X, Hong J, Yan Y. Divergent seasonal responses of above- and below-ground to environmental factors in alpine grassland. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1091441. [PMID: 36815013 PMCID: PMC9939506 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1091441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Under current global warming, the relationship between season changes of plants and environmental factors is focused on high-elevation and latitude regions. Due to the desynchronized growth of above- and below-ground and the buffering of soil, the driving factors in leaf and root show seasonal dynamics. METHODS We measured above- and below-ground intensity in the alpine steppe over the non-growing season (October-April) and growing season (May-September). Air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and soil temperature were used to analyze the correlation based on the growth rhythm. RESULTS Results showed that an earlier growth in spring and a delayed dormancy in autumn of root than leaf was observed. Our results strongly suggest that soil moisture plays a more important role in leaf unfolding while temperature is consistent with the withering of the shoots. Soil moisture comes from soil melt driving the spring phenology of roots, which derived from the storage of the subsoil layer in the last autumn. DISCUSSION Climate change will affect the strong seasonal patterns that characterized these precipitation-limited systems, especially in the spring and fall shoulder seasons. As seasonality changes in the alpine steppe, divergent responses of leaf and fine root would be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Qin
- School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Xiaojun Nie
- School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiangtao Hong
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Kilpeläinen J, Domisch T, Lehto T, Piirainen S, Silvennoinen R, Repo T. Separating the effects of air and soil temperature on silver birch. Part I. Does soil temperature or resource competition determine the timing of root growth? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2480-2501. [PMID: 35939338 PMCID: PMC9743011 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aboveground parts of boreal forest trees mostly grow earlier, and the roots later, in the growing season. We aimed to experimentally test whether the extrinsic driver of soil temperature or the intrinsic driver (resource competition between plant parts) is a more important control for the root and shoot growth of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings. Sixteen two-year-old seedlings were grown in controlled environment rooms for two simulated growing seasons (GS1, GS2). In GS1, all the seedlings were acclimatized under the same conditions, but in GS2, the soil temperature treatments were: (i) constant 10 °C (Cool); (ii) constant 18 °C (Warm); (iii) early growing season at 10 °C, switched to 18 °C later (Early Cool Late Warm, ECLW) and (iv) early growing season 18 °C, switched to 10 °C later (Early Warm Late Cool, EWLC). The treatments did not affect growth allocation between shoots and roots. Warm soil benefitted shoot elongation as it slowed down in EWLC and accelerated in ECLW after the soil temperature switch. However, whole-tree biomasses were similar to Cool and the seedlings grew largest in Warm. Phenology was not strongly affected by soil temperature, and root and shoot growth did not usually peak simultaneously. Short root mortality increased strongly in ECLW and decreased in EWLC after the soil temperature switch. Long root longevity was not significantly affected but long root growth ceased earliest in ECLW. Soil warming increased foliar nutrient contents. Growth dynamics were not solely driven by soil temperature, but resource competition also played a significant role. The study showed the importance of soil temperature for fine root dynamics not only through root growth but also via root mortality, as soil warming increased mortality even more than growth. Soil temperature has complex effects on tree and soil functioning, which further affects carbon dynamics in forest ecosystems that have a climate feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouni Kilpeläinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Timo Domisch
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Tarja Lehto
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirpa Piirainen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | | | - Tapani Repo
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
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Lemanski NJ, Williams NM, Winfree R. Greater bee diversity is needed to maintain crop pollination over time. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1516-1523. [PMID: 35995849 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current biodiversity crisis underscores the need to understand how biodiversity loss affects ecosystem function in real-world ecosystems. At any one place and time, a few highly abundant species often provide the majority of function, suggesting that function could be maintained with relatively little biodiversity. However, biodiversity may be critical to ecosystem function at longer timescales if different species are needed to provide function at different times. Here we show that the number of wild bee species needed to maintain a threshold level of crop pollination increased steeply with the timescale examined: two to three times as many bee species were needed over a growing season compared to on a single day and twice as many species were needed over six years compared to during a single year. Our results demonstrate the importance of pollinator biodiversity to maintaining pollination services across time and thus to stable agricultural output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Lemanski
- Rutgers University, Department of Ecology, Evolution & Natural Resources, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Neal M Williams
- University of California Davis, Department of Entomology & Nematology, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rachael Winfree
- Rutgers University, Department of Ecology, Evolution & Natural Resources, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Temporal dynamics of fine root production, mortality and turnover deviate across branch orders in a larch stand. Oecologia 2022; 199:699-709. [PMID: 35776205 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Fine roots play a key role in carbon, nutrient, and water biogeochemical cycles in forest ecosystems. However, inter-annual dynamics of fine root production, mortality, and turnover on the basis of long-term measurement have been less studied. Here, field scanning rhizotrons were employed for tracking fine root by branch order over a 6 years period in a larch plantation. For total fine roots, from the first- to the fifth-order roots, annual root length production, length mortality, standing crops, and turnover rate varied up to 3.4, 2.3, 1.5, and 2.3-folds during the study period, respectively. The inter-annual variability of those roots indices in the first-order and the second-order roots were greater than that of the higher order (third- to fifth-order) roots. The turnover rate was markedly larger for the first-order roots than for the higher order roots, showing the greatest variability up to 20 times. Seasonal dynamics of root length production followed a general concentrated pattern with peak typically occurring in June or July, whereas root length mortality followed a general bimodal mortality pattern with the dominant peak in May and the secondary peak in August or October. Furthermore, the seasonal patterns of root length production and mortality were similar across years, especially for the first-order and the second-order roots. These results from long-term observation were beneficial for reducing uncertainty of characterizing fine root demography in consideration of large variation among years. Our findings highlight it is important for better understanding of fine root dynamics and determining root demography through distinguishing observation years and root branch orders.
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Schwieger S, Kreyling J, Peters B, Gillert A, Freiherr von Lukas U, Jurasinski G, Köhn D, Blume‐Werry G. Rewetting prolongs root growing season in minerotrophic peatlands and mitigates negative drought effects. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schwieger
- Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University Greifswald Germany
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Umeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Juergen Kreyling
- Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University Greifswald Germany
| | - Bo Peters
- Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University Greifswald Germany
| | - Alexander Gillert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD Rostock Germany
| | | | - Gerald Jurasinski
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences University of Rostock Rostock Germany
| | - Daniel Köhn
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences University of Rostock Rostock Germany
| | - Gesche Blume‐Werry
- Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University Greifswald Germany
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Umeå University Umeå Sweden
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Zhou Z, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhang K, Wang W, Zhu J, Chai S, Zhang H, Miao Y. Contrasting Effects of Nitrogen Addition on Vegetative Phenology in Dry and Wet Years in a Temperate Steppe on the Mongolian Plateau. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:861794. [PMID: 35548313 PMCID: PMC9083225 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.861794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Changes in spring and autumn phenology and thus growing season length (GSL) pose great challenges in accurately predicting terrestrial primary productivity. However, how spring and autumn phenology in response to land-use change and nitrogen deposition and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study was conducted to explore the GSL and its components [i.e., the beginning of growing season and ending of growing season (EGS)] in response to mowing and nitrogen addition in a temperate steppe on the Mongolia Plateau during 2 years with hydrologically contrasting condition [dry (2014) vs. wet (2015)]. Our results demonstrated that mowing advanced the BGS only by 3.83 days, while nitrogen addition advanced and delayed the BGS and EGS by 2.85 and 3.31 days, respectively, and thus prolonged the GSL by 6.16 days across the two growing seasons from 2014 to 2015. When analyzed by each year, nitrogen addition lengthened the GSL in the dry year (2014), whereas it shortened the GSL in the wet year (2015). Further analyses revealed that the contrasting impacts of nitrogen on the GSL were attributed to monthly precipitation regimes and plant growth rate indicated by the maximum of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVmax). Moreover, changes in the GSL and its two components had divergent impacts on community productivity. The findings highlight the critical role of precipitation regimes in regulating the responses of spring and autumn phenology to nutrient enrichment and suggest that the relationships of ecosystem productivity with spring and autumn phenology largely depend on interannual precipitation fluctuations under future increased nitrogen deposition scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Zhou
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
- Taihang Mountain Forest Pests Observation and Research Station of Henan Province, Linzhou, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yinzhan Liu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kunpeng Zhang
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Wenrui Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Junkang Zhu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shijie Chai
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Huiying Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuan Miao
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Nakahata R. Time-varying response of fine root growth to soil temperature and soil moisture in cypress and deciduous oak forests. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 3:60-73. [PMID: 37284007 PMCID: PMC10168066 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fine root phenology is controlled by complex mechanisms associated with aboveground phenological events and environmental conditions, and therefore, elucidating fine root responses to changing environments remains difficult without considering the dynamics within and among years. This study evaluated the response of fine root growth at variable time scales to the surrounding environments of soil temperature and moisture at ecosystem scales. Optical scanners were used to measure fine root production over 4 years in two forests dominated by either cypress or deciduous oak trees. Correlations between fine root production and soil temperature and moisture were analyzed using the state-space model. Fine root phenology varied among years in the cypress stand and showed stable growth patterns in the oak stand as production peaked in spring every year. Soil temperature had a dominant influence on fine root production, while soil moisture enhanced fine root growth especially in the oak stand. Fine root responses to both soil temperature and moisture peaked during the early growing season, indicating its own temperature hysteresis that means different responses under same temperature within a year. The time-varying response of fine root growth to external factors is a key perspective to explain fine root growth mechanisms, and whether evergreen or deciduous habits differentiates the fine root phenology due to a linkage between above- and belowground resource dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakahata
- Center for Ecological ResearchKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Graduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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13
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Ma T, Parker T, Unger S, Gewirtzman J, Fetcher N, Moody ML, Tang J. Responses of root phenology in ecotypes of Eriophorum vaginatum to transplantation and warming in the Arctic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:149926. [PMID: 34543789 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of climate change on phenology and growth is less understood for belowground plant tissues than for aboveground plant tissues, particularly in high-latitude regions. Ecotypes within a species adapted to a locality may display different responses to climate change. We established two common garden plots in the Arctic tundra north of the Brooks Range in northern Alaska. Three ecotypes of Eriophorum vaginatum along a latitudinal gradient were transplanted into common gardens, and half of the transplants were warmed using open-top chambers (OTCs). Minirhizotrons were used to track the root phenology during the growing seasons of 2016 and 2017. Warming with OTCs (approximately +1 °C in air) did not affect the root biomass, root production or root phenology. The southern ecotype (from 67°16'N) of Eriophorum vaginatum transplanted northward experienced delayed startup and root production compared to two northern ecotypes (from 68°38'N and 69°25'N), although significant differences were not observed in the three ecotypes in terms of root production, root biomass and growth duration at the two sites. Our results suggest that as the climate warms, ecotypes of Eriophorum vaginatum may be able to adjust their duration of root growth and root productivity by phenotypic plasticity, although the degree of plasticity controlling the root startup time may vary between southern and northern ecotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ma
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL St., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Thomas Parker
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL St., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Steven Unger
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL St., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | | | - Ned Fetcher
- Institute for Environmental Science and Sustainability, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA
| | - Michael L Moody
- Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Jianwu Tang
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL St., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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14
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Freschet GT, Roumet C, Comas LH, Weemstra M, Bengough AG, Rewald B, Bardgett RD, De Deyn GB, Johnson D, Klimešová J, Lukac M, McCormack ML, Meier IC, Pagès L, Poorter H, Prieto I, Wurzburger N, Zadworny M, Bagniewska-Zadworna A, Blancaflor EB, Brunner I, Gessler A, Hobbie SE, Iversen CM, Mommer L, Picon-Cochard C, Postma JA, Rose L, Ryser P, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Soudzilovskaia NA, Sun T, Valverde-Barrantes OJ, Weigelt A, York LM, Stokes A. Root traits as drivers of plant and ecosystem functioning: current understanding, pitfalls and future research needs. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1123-1158. [PMID: 33159479 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The effects of plants on the biosphere, atmosphere and geosphere are key determinants of terrestrial ecosystem functioning. However, despite substantial progress made regarding plant belowground components, we are still only beginning to explore the complex relationships between root traits and functions. Drawing on the literature in plant physiology, ecophysiology, ecology, agronomy and soil science, we reviewed 24 aspects of plant and ecosystem functioning and their relationships with a number of root system traits, including aspects of architecture, physiology, morphology, anatomy, chemistry, biomechanics and biotic interactions. Based on this assessment, we critically evaluated the current strengths and gaps in our knowledge, and identify future research challenges in the field of root ecology. Most importantly, we found that belowground traits with the broadest importance in plant and ecosystem functioning are not those most commonly measured. Also, the estimation of trait relative importance for functioning requires us to consider a more comprehensive range of functionally relevant traits from a diverse range of species, across environments and over time series. We also advocate that establishing causal hierarchical links among root traits will provide a hypothesis-based framework to identify the most parsimonious sets of traits with the strongest links on functions, and to link genotypes to plant and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire T Freschet
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Catherine Roumet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Louise H Comas
- USDA-ARS Water Management and Systems Research Unit, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Monique Weemstra
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - A Glyn Bengough
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Boris Rewald
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Richard D Bardgett
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Gerlinde B De Deyn
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Department of Functional Ecology, Institute of Botany CAS, Dukelska 135, Trebon, 37901, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lukac
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6EU, UK
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - M Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree Science, Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rt. 53, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
| | - Ina C Meier
- Plant Ecology, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
- Functional Forest Ecology, University of Hamburg, Haidkrugsweg 1, Barsbüttel, 22885, Germany
| | - Loïc Pagès
- UR 1115 PSH, Centre PACA, site Agroparc, INRAE, Avignon Cedex 9, 84914, France
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, D-52425, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Iván Prieto
- Departamento de Conservación de Suelos y Agua, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Nina Wurzburger
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, Kórnik, 62-035, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Elison B Blancaflor
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes A Postma
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, D-52425, Germany
| | - Laura Rose
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
| | - Peter Ryser
- Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | | | - Nadejda A Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, CML, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Tao Sun
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Oscar J Valverde-Barrantes
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Larry M York
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Alexia Stokes
- INRA, AMAP, CIRAD, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34000, France
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15
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Freschet GT, Pagès L, Iversen CM, Comas LH, Rewald B, Roumet C, Klimešová J, Zadworny M, Poorter H, Postma JA, Adams TS, Bagniewska‐Zadworna A, Bengough AG, Blancaflor EB, Brunner I, Cornelissen JHC, Garnier E, Gessler A, Hobbie SE, Meier IC, Mommer L, Picon‐Cochard C, Rose L, Ryser P, Scherer‐Lorenzen M, Soudzilovskaia NA, Stokes A, Sun T, Valverde‐Barrantes OJ, Weemstra M, Weigelt A, Wurzburger N, York LM, Batterman SA, Gomes de Moraes M, Janeček Š, Lambers H, Salmon V, Tharayil N, McCormack ML. A starting guide to root ecology: strengthening ecological concepts and standardising root classification, sampling, processing and trait measurements. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:973-1122. [PMID: 34608637 PMCID: PMC8518129 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the context of a recent massive increase in research on plant root functions and their impact on the environment, root ecologists currently face many important challenges to keep on generating cutting-edge, meaningful and integrated knowledge. Consideration of the below-ground components in plant and ecosystem studies has been consistently called for in recent decades, but methodology is disparate and sometimes inappropriate. This handbook, based on the collective effort of a large team of experts, will improve trait comparisons across studies and integration of information across databases by providing standardised methods and controlled vocabularies. It is meant to be used not only as starting point by students and scientists who desire working on below-ground ecosystems, but also by experts for consolidating and broadening their views on multiple aspects of root ecology. Beyond the classical compilation of measurement protocols, we have synthesised recommendations from the literature to provide key background knowledge useful for: (1) defining below-ground plant entities and giving keys for their meaningful dissection, classification and naming beyond the classical fine-root vs coarse-root approach; (2) considering the specificity of root research to produce sound laboratory and field data; (3) describing typical, but overlooked steps for studying roots (e.g. root handling, cleaning and storage); and (4) gathering metadata necessary for the interpretation of results and their reuse. Most importantly, all root traits have been introduced with some degree of ecological context that will be a foundation for understanding their ecological meaning, their typical use and uncertainties, and some methodological and conceptual perspectives for future research. Considering all of this, we urge readers not to solely extract protocol recommendations for trait measurements from this work, but to take a moment to read and reflect on the extensive information contained in this broader guide to root ecology, including sections I-VII and the many introductions to each section and root trait description. Finally, it is critical to understand that a major aim of this guide is to help break down barriers between the many subdisciplines of root ecology and ecophysiology, broaden researchers' views on the multiple aspects of root study and create favourable conditions for the inception of comprehensive experiments on the role of roots in plant and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire T. Freschet
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleCNRS2 route du CNRS09200MoulisFrance
| | - Loïc Pagès
- UR 1115 PSHCentre PACA, site AgroparcINRAE84914Avignon cedex 9France
| | - Colleen M. Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Louise H. Comas
- USDA‐ARS Water Management Research Unit2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320Fort CollinsCO80526USA
| | - Boris Rewald
- Department of Forest and Soil SciencesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna1190Austria
| | - Catherine Roumet
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Department of Functional EcologyInstitute of Botany CASDukelska 13537901TrebonCzech Republic
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of DendrologyPolish Academy of SciencesParkowa 562‐035KórnikPoland
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG‐2)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHD‐52425JülichGermany
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNSW2109Australia
| | | | - Thomas S. Adams
- Department of Plant SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska‐Zadworna
- Department of General BotanyInstitute of Experimental BiologyFaculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznańskiego 661-614PoznańPoland
| | - A. Glyn Bengough
- The James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, Dundee,DD2 5DAUK
- School of Science and EngineeringUniversity of DundeeDundee,DD1 4HNUK
| | | | - Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and BiogeochemistrySwiss Federal Research Institute WSLZürcherstr. 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Johannes H. C. Cornelissen
- Department of Ecological ScienceFaculty of ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1085Amsterdam1081 HVthe Netherlands
| | - Eric Garnier
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Research Institute WSLZürcherstr. 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH Zurich8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sarah E. Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt PaulMN55108USA
| | - Ina C. Meier
- Functional Forest EcologyUniversity of HamburgHaidkrugsweg 122885BarsbütelGermany
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupDepartment of Environmental SciencesWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 476700 AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Rose
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleCNRS2 route du CNRS09200MoulisFrance
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F)Senckenberganlage 2560325Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Peter Ryser
- Laurentian University935 Ramsey Lake RoadSudburyONP3E 2C6Canada
| | | | - Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology DepartmentInstitute of Environmental SciencesCMLLeiden UniversityLeiden2300 RAthe Netherlands
| | - Alexia Stokes
- INRAEAMAPCIRAD, IRDCNRSUniversity of MontpellierMontpellier34000France
| | - Tao Sun
- Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
| | - Oscar J. Valverde‐Barrantes
- International Center for Tropical BotanyDepartment of Biological SciencesFlorida International UniversityMiamiFL33199USA
| | - Monique Weemstra
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Systematic Botany and Functional BiodiversityInstitute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 21-23Leipzig04103Germany
| | - Nina Wurzburger
- Odum School of EcologyUniversity of Georgia140 E. Green StreetAthensGA30602USA
| | - Larry M. York
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy InnovationOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Sarah A. Batterman
- School of Geography and Priestley International Centre for ClimateUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem StudiesMillbrookNY12545USA
| | - Moemy Gomes de Moraes
- Department of BotanyInstitute of Biological SciencesFederal University of Goiás1974690-900Goiânia, GoiásBrazil
| | - Štěpán Janeček
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawley (Perth)WA 6009Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawley (Perth)WAAustralia
| | - Verity Salmon
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSC29634USA
| | - M. Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree ScienceMorton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rt. 53LisleIL60532USA
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Nakahata R, Naramoto M, Sato M, Mizunaga H. Multifunctions of fine root phenology in vegetative and reproductive growth in mature beech forest ecosystems. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakahata
- Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | | | - Masako Sato
- Graduate School of Agriculture Shizuoka University Shizuoka Japan
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17
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Zadworny M, Mucha J, Bagniewska-Zadworna A, Żytkowiak R, Mąderek E, Danusevičius D, Oleksyn J, Wyka TP, McCormack ML. Higher biomass partitioning to absorptive roots improves needle nutrition but does not alleviate stomatal limitation of northern Scots pine. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3859-3869. [PMID: 33934467 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harsh environmental conditions affect both leaf structure and root traits. However, shoot growth in high-latitude systems is predominately under photoperiod control while root growth may occur for as long as thermal conditions are favorable. The different sensitivities of these organs may alter functional relationships above- and belowground along environmental gradients. We examined the relationship between absorptive root and foliar traits of Scots pine trees growing in situ along a temperate-boreal transect and in trees grown in a long-term common garden at a temperate latitude. We related changes in foliar nitrogen, phosphorus, specific leaf area, needle mass and 13 C signatures to geographic trends in absorptive root biomass to better understand patterns of altered tree nutrition and water balance. Increased allocation to absorptive fine roots was associated with greater uptake of soil nutrients and subsequently higher needle nutrient contents in the northern provenances compared with more southern provenances when grown together in a common garden setting. In contrast, the leaf δ13 C in northern and southern provenances were similar within the common garden suggesting that higher absorptive root biomass fractions could not adequately increase water supply in warmer climates. These results highlight the importance of allocation within the fine-root system and its impacts on needle nutrition while also suggesting increasing stomatal limitation of photosynthesis in the context of anticipated climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Joanna Mucha
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Roma Żytkowiak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Ewa Mąderek
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Darius Danusevičius
- Faculty of Forest Science and Ecology, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Tomasz P Wyka
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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18
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Endo I, Kobatake M, Tanikawa N, Nakaji T, Ohashi M, Makita N. Anatomical patterns of condensed tannin in fine roots of tree species from a cool-temperate forest. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:59-71. [PMID: 33608716 PMCID: PMC8318258 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Condensed tannin (CT) is an important compound in plant biological structural defence and for tolerance of herbivory and environmental stress. However, little is known of the role and location of CT within the fine roots of woody plants. To understand the role of CT in fine roots across diverse species of woody dicot, we evaluated the localization of CT that accumulated in root tissue, and examined its relationships with the stele and cortex tissue in cross-sections of roots in 20 tree species forming different microbial symbiotic groups (ectomycorrhiza and arbuscular mycorrhiza). METHODS In a cool-temperate forest in Japan, cross-sections of sampled roots in different branching order classes, namely, first order, second to third order, fourth order, and higher than fourth order (higher order), were measured in terms of the length-based ratios of stele diameter and cortex thickness to root diameter. All root samples were then stained with ρ-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde solution and we determined the ratio of localized CT accumulation area to the root cross-section area (CT ratio). KEY RESULTS Stele ratio tended to increase with increasing root order, whereas cortex ratio either remained unchanged or decreased with increasing order in all species. The CT ratio was significantly positively correlated to the stele ratio and negatively correlated to the cortex ratio in second- to fourth-order roots across species during the shift from primary to secondary root growth. Ectomycorrhiza-associated species mostly had a higher stele ratio and lower cortex ratio than arbuscular mycorrhiza-associated species across root orders. Compared with arbuscular mycorrhiza species, there was greater accumulation of CT in response to changes in the root order of ectomycorrhiza species. CONCLUSIONS Different development patterns of the stele, cortex and CT accumulation along the transition from root tip to secondary roots could be distinguished between different mycorrhizal associations. The CT in tissues in different mycorrhizal associations could help with root protection in specific branching orders during shifts in stele and cortex development before and during cork layer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izuki Endo
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Miwa Kobatake
- Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Natsuko Tanikawa
- Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Nakaji
- Uryu Experimental Forest, Hokkaido University, Moshiri, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mizue Ohashi
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoki Makita
- Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
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Wang J, Defrenne C, McCormack ML, Yang L, Tian D, Luo Y, Hou E, Yan T, Li Z, Bu W, Chen Y, Niu S. Fine-root functional trait responses to experimental warming: a global meta-analysis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1856-1867. [PMID: 33586131 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Whether and how warming alters functional traits of absorptive plant roots remains to be answered across the globe. Tackling this question is crucial to better understanding terrestrial responses to climate change as fine-root traits drive many ecosystem processes. We carried out a detailed synthesis of fine-root trait responses to experimental warming by performing a meta-analysis of 964 paired observations from 177 publications. Warming increased fine-root biomass, production, respiration and nitrogen concentration as well as decreased root carbon : nitrogen ratio and nonstructural carbohydrates. Warming effects on fine-root biomass decreased with greater warming magnitude, especially in short-term experiments. Furthermore, the positive effect of warming on fine-root biomass was strongest in deeper soil horizons and in colder and drier regions. Total fine-root length, morphology, mortality, life span and turnover were unresponsive to warming. Our results highlight the significant changes in fine-root traits in response to warming as well as the importance of warming magnitude and duration in understanding fine-root responses. These changes have strong implications for global soil carbon stocks in a warmer world associated with increased root-derived carbon inputs into deeper soil horizons and increases in fine-root respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Ecosystem Sciences and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Camille Defrenne
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - M Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rt. 53, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
| | - Lu Yang
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dashuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Ecosystem Sciences and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Enqing Hou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Ecosystem Sciences and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Tao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhaolei Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Wensheng Bu
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Shuli Niu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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20
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Withington JM, Goebel M, Bułaj B, Oleksyn J, Reich PB, Eissenstat DM. Remarkable Similarity in Timing of Absorptive Fine-Root Production Across 11 Diverse Temperate Tree Species in a Common Garden. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:623722. [PMID: 33584764 PMCID: PMC7875864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.623722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-term minirhizotron observations of absorptive fine roots provide insights into seasonal patterns of belowground root production and carbon dynamics. Our objective was to compare root dynamics over time across mature individuals of 11 temperate trees species: five evergreen and six deciduous. We analyzed the timing and growth on 1st-and 2nd-order roots in minirhizotron images down to a vertical depth of 35 cm, as well as monthly and total annual length production. Production patterns were related to total annual precipitation of the actual and previous year of root production over 6 years. The main or largest peak of annual fine-root production occurred between June and September for almost all species and years. In most years, when peaks occurred, the timing of peak root production was synchronized across all species. A linear mixed model revealed significant differences in monthly fine-root length production across species in certain years (species x year, P < 0.0001), which was strongly influenced by three tree species. Total annual root production was much higher in 2000-2002, when there was above-average rainfall in the previous year, compared with production in 2005-2007, which followed years of lower-than-average rainfall (2003-2006). Compared to the wetter period all species experienced a decline of at least 75% in annual production in the drier years. Total annual root length production was more strongly associated with previous year's (P < 0.001) compared with the actual year's precipitation (P = 0.003). Remarkably similar timing of monthly absorptive fine-root growth can occur across multiple species of diverse phylogeny and leaf habit in a given year, suggesting a strong influence of extrinsic factors on absorptive fine-root growth. The influence of previous year precipitation on annual absorptive fine-root growth underscores the importance of legacy effects in biological responses and suggests that a growth response of temperate trees to extreme precipitation or drought events can be exacerbated across years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Withington
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY, United States
| | - Marc Goebel
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Bartosz Bułaj
- Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Department of Forest Resources, The University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, The University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - David M. Eissenstat
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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21
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Keller AB, Brzostek ER, Craig ME, Fisher JB, Phillips RP. Root‐derived inputs are major contributors to soil carbon in temperate forests, but vary by mycorrhizal type. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:626-635. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne B. Keller
- Department of Biology Indiana University Bloomington Bloomington IM USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis MN USA
| | | | - Matthew E. Craig
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN USA
| | - Joshua B. Fisher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and EngineeringUniversity of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA
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22
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Li X, Minick KJ, Li T, Williamson JC, Gavazzi M, McNulty S, King JS. An improved method for quantifying total fine root decomposition in plantation forests combining measurements of soil coring and minirhizotrons with a mass balance model. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1466-1473. [PMID: 32510135 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate measurement of total fine root decomposition (the amount of dead fine roots decomposed per unit soil volume) is essential for constructing a soil carbon budget. However, the ingrowth/soil core-based models are dependent on the assumptions that fine roots in litterbags/intact cores have the same relative decomposition rate as those in intact soils and that fine root growth and death rates remain constant over time, while minirhizotrons cannot quantify the total fine root decomposition. To improve the accuracy of estimates for total fine root decomposition, we propose a new method (balanced hybrid) with two models that integrate measurements of soil coring and minirhizotrons into a mass balance model. Model input parameters were fine root biomass, necromass and turnover rate for Model 1, and fine root biomass, necromass and death rate for Model 2. We tested the balanced hybrid method in a loblolly pine plantation forest in coastal North Carolina, USA. The total decomposition rate of absorptive fine roots (ARs) (a combination of first- and second-order fine roots) using Models 1 and 2 was 107 ± 13 g m-2 year-1 and 129 ± 12 g m-2 year-1, respectively. Monthly total AR decomposition was highest from August to November, which corresponded with the highest monthly total ARs mortality. The ARs imaged by minirhizotrons well represent those growing in intact soils, evident by a significant and positive relationship between the standing biomass and the standing length. The total decomposition estimate in both models was sensitive to changes in fine root biomass, turnover rate and death rate but not to change in necromass. Compared with Model 2, Model 1 can avoid the technical difficulty of deciding dead time of individual fine roots but requires greater time and effort to accurately measure fine root biomass dynamics. The balanced hybrid method is an improved technique for measuring total fine root decomposition in plantation forests in which the estimates are based on empirical data from soil coring and minirhizotrons, moving beyond assumptions of traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Li
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang City, 110016, China
| | - Kevan J Minick
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Tonghua Li
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - James C Williamson
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Michael Gavazzi
- USDA Forest Service, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, 3041 E. Cornwallis Rd. RTP, NC 27709, USA
| | - Steven McNulty
- USDA Forest Service, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, 3041 E. Cornwallis Rd. RTP, NC 27709, USA
| | - John S King
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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23
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Ding Y, Schiestl-Aalto P, Helmisaari HS, Makita N, Ryhti K, Kulmala L. Temperature and moisture dependence of daily growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) roots in Southern Finland. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:272-283. [PMID: 31860713 PMCID: PMC7048678 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the most important conifers in Northern Europe. In boreal forests, over one-third of net primary production is allocated to roots. Pioneer roots expand the horizontal and vertical root systems and transport nutrients and water from belowground to aboveground. Fibrous roots, often colonized by mycorrhiza, emerge from the pioneer roots and absorb water and nutrients from the soil. In this study, we installed three flatbed scanners to detect the daily growth of both pioneer and fibrous roots of Scots pine during the growing season of 2018, a year with an unexpected summer drought in Southern Finland. The growth rate of both types of roots had a positive relationship with temperature. However, the relations between root elongation rate and soil moisture differed significantly between scanners and between root types indicating spatial heterogeneity in soil moisture. The pioneer roots were more tolerant to severe environmental conditions than the fibrous roots. The pioneer roots initiated elongation earlier and ceased it later than the fibrous roots. Elongation ended when the temperature dropped below the threshold temperature of 4 °C for pioneer roots and 6 °C for fibrous roots. During the summer drought, the fibrous roots halted root surface area growth at the beginning of the drought, but there was no drought effect on the pioneer roots over the same period. To compare the timing of root production and the aboveground organs' production, we used the CASSIA model, which estimates the aboveground tree carbon dynamics. In this study, root growth started and ceased later than growth of aboveground organs. Pioneer roots accounted for 87% of total root productivity. We suggest that future carbon allocation models should separate the roots by root types (pioneer and fibrous), as their growth patterns are different and they have different reactions to changes in the soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Ding
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauliina Schiestl-Aalto
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogens ekologi och skötsel, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Heljä-Sisko Helmisaari
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Naoki Makita
- Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto-city, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kira Ryhti
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Kulmala
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, PO Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
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24
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Makoto K, Wilson SD, Sato T, Blume‐Werry G, Cornelissen JHC. Synchronous and asynchronous root and shoot phenology in temperate woody seedlings. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kobayashi Makoto
- Teshio Experimental Forest, Hokkaido Univ. Horonobe 098‐2943 Hokkaido Japan
| | | | - Takao Sato
- Forestry Research Inst., HRO Bibai Hokkaido Japan
| | - Gesche Blume‐Werry
- Inst. of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald Univ. Greifswald Germany
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25
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Li X, Minick KJ, Luff J, Noormets A, Miao G, Mitra B, Domec JC, Sun G, McNulty S, King JS. Effects of Microtopography on Absorptive and Transport Fine Root Biomass, Necromass, Production, Mortality and Decomposition in a Coastal Freshwater Forested Wetland, Southeastern USA. Ecosystems 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-019-00470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Dynamics and Vertical Distribution of Roots in European Beech Forests and Douglas Fir Plantations in Bulgaria. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10121123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying patterns in roots spatial distribution and dynamics, and quantifying the root stocks, annual production and turnover rates at species level is essential for understanding plant ecological responses to local environmental factors and climate change. We studied selected root traits in four different stands, two European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests and two Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziezii Mirb. Franco) plantations. Root system vertical distribution and dynamics were studied using sequential coring method and characterised into three root diameter size classes (0–2, 2–5 and 5–10 mm) sampled at three different soil depths (0–15, 15–30, 30–45 cm). Root annual production and turnover rates were analysed and quantified using Decision Matrix and Maximum-Minimum estimation approaches. The overall root mass (<10 mm diameter up to 0–45 cm soil depth) was higher in the beech forests than in the Douglas fir plantations. Some root traits, e.g., the overall root mass, the fine (0–2 mm) and small (2–5 mm) roots mass, differed significantly between the sampling plots rather than between the forest types. The root system revealed a tree species specific vertical distribution pattern. More than half of the fine and small roots biomass of the Douglas fir stands were allocated in the uppermost soil layer and decreased significantly with depths, while in the beech forests the biomass was more uniformly distributed and decreased gradually with increasing soil depth. Although both tree species belong to two different plant functional types and the stands were situated in two distantly located regions with different climatic and soil characteristics, we revealed similar trends in the root biomass and necromass dynamics, and close values for the annual production and turnover rates. The mean turnover rates for all studied stands obtained by sequential coring and Decision Matrix were 1.11 yr−1 and 0.76 yr−1 based on mean and maximum biomass data, respectively. They were similar to the averaged values suggested for Central and Northern European forests but higher compared to those reported from Southern Europe.
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27
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Paradiso E, Jevon F, Matthes J. Fine root respiration is more strongly correlated with root traits than tree species identity. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Paradiso
- Department of Environmental Studies Wellesley College Wellesley Massachusetts 02481 USA
| | - Fiona Jevon
- Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire 03755 USA
| | - Jaclyn Matthes
- Department of Environmental Studies Wellesley College Wellesley Massachusetts 02481 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Wellesley College Wellesley Massachusetts 02481 USA
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28
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Albert LP, Restrepo-Coupe N, Smith MN, Wu J, Chavana-Bryant C, Prohaska N, Taylor TC, Martins GA, Ciais P, Mao J, Arain MA, Li W, Shi X, Ricciuto DM, Huxman TE, McMahon SM, Saleska SR. Cryptic phenology in plants: Case studies, implications, and recommendations. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3591-3608. [PMID: 31343099 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenology-the timing of cyclic or recurrent biological events in plants-offers insight into the ecology, evolution, and seasonality of plant-mediated ecosystem processes. Traditionally studied phenologies are readily apparent, such as flowering events, germination timing, and season-initiating budbreak. However, a broad range of phenologies that are fundamental to the ecology and evolution of plants, and to global biogeochemical cycles and climate change predictions, have been neglected because they are "cryptic"-that is, hidden from view (e.g., root production) or difficult to distinguish and interpret based on common measurements at typical scales of examination (e.g., leaf turnover in evergreen forests). We illustrate how capturing cryptic phenology can advance scientific understanding with two case studies: wood phenology in a deciduous forest of the northeastern USA and leaf phenology in tropical evergreen forests of Amazonia. Drawing on these case studies and other literature, we argue that conceptualizing and characterizing cryptic plant phenology is needed for understanding and accurate prediction at many scales from organisms to ecosystems. We recommend avenues of empirical and modeling research to accelerate discovery of cryptic phenological patterns, to understand their causes and consequences, and to represent these processes in terrestrial biosphere models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren P Albert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- School of Life Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jin Wu
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, NY, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Cecilia Chavana-Bryant
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Neill Prohaska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tyeen C Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Giordane A Martins
- Ciências de Florestas Tropicais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jiafu Mao
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - M Altaf Arain
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences & McMaster Centre for Climate Change, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Shi
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Daniel M Ricciuto
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Travis E Huxman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Center for Environmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Smithsonian Institution's Forest Global Earth Observatory & Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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29
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Phillips ML, McNellis BE, Allen MF, Allen EB. Differences in root phenology and water depletion by an invasive grass explains persistence in a Mediterranean ecosystem. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1210-1218. [PMID: 31502242 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Flexible phenological responses of invasive plants under climate change may increase their ability to establish and persist. A key aspect of plant phenology is the timing of root production, how it coincides with canopy development and subsequent water-use. The timing of these events within species and across communities could influence the invasion process. We examined above- and belowground phenology of two species in southern California, the native shrub, Adenostoma fasciculatum, and the invasive perennial grass, Ehrharta calycina to investigate relative differences in phenology and water use. METHODS We used normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to track whole-canopy activity across the landscape and sap flux sensors on individual chaparral shrubs to assess differences in aboveground phenology of both species. To determine differences in belowground activity, we used soil moisture sensors, minirhizotron imagery, and stable isotopes. RESULTS The invasive grass depleted soil moisture earlier in the spring and produced longer roots at multiple depths earlier in the growing season than the native shrub. However, Adenostoma fasciculatum produced longer roots in the top 10 cm of soil profile in May. Aboveground activity of the two species peaked at the same time. CONCLUSIONS The fact that Ehrharta calycina possessed longer roots earlier in the season suggests that invasive plants may gain a competitive edge over native plants through early activity, while also depleting soil moisture earlier in the season. Depletion of soil moisture earlier by E. calycina suggests that invasive grasses could accelerate the onset of the summer drought in chaparral systems, assuring their persistence following invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michala L Phillips
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, California, 92521, USA
| | - Brandon E McNellis
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844, USA
| | - Michael F Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, California, 92521, USA
| | - Edith B Allen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, California, 92521, USA
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30
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Blume-Werry G, Milbau A, Teuber LM, Johansson M, Dorrepaal E. Dwelling in the deep - strongly increased root growth and rooting depth enhance plant interactions with thawing permafrost soil. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1328-1339. [PMID: 31074867 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Climate-warming-induced permafrost thaw exposes large amounts of carbon and nitrogen in soil at considerable depths, below the seasonally thawing active layer. The extent to which plant roots can reach and interact with these hitherto detached, deep carbon and nitrogen stores remains unknown. We aimed to quantify how permafrost thaw affects root dynamics across soil depths and plant functional types compared with above-ground abundance, and potential consequences for plant-soil interactions. A decade of experimental permafrost thaw strongly increased total root length and growth in the active layer, and deep roots invaded the newly thawed permafrost underneath. Root litter input to soil across all depths was 10 times greater with permafrost thaw. Root growth timing was unaffected by experimental permafrost thaw but peaked later in deeper soil, reflecting the seasonally receding thaw front. Deep-rooting species could sequester 15 N added at the base of the ambient active layer in October, which was after root growth had ceased. Deep soil organic matter that has long been locked up in permafrost is thus no longer detached from plant processes upon thaw. Whether via nutrient uptake, carbon storage, or rhizosphere priming, plant root interactions with thawing permafrost soils may feed back on our climate both positively and negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesche Blume-Werry
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 981 07, Abisko, Sweden
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ann Milbau
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 981 07, Abisko, Sweden
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest INBO, Havenlaan 88, Bus 73, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurenz M Teuber
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 981 07, Abisko, Sweden
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Margareta Johansson
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Solvegatan 12, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ellen Dorrepaal
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 981 07, Abisko, Sweden
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Fu YH, Piao S, Delpierre N, Hao F, Hänninen H, Geng X, Peñuelas J, Zhang X, Janssens IA, Campioli M. Nutrient availability alters the correlation between spring leaf-out and autumn leaf senescence dates. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1277-1284. [PMID: 30989235 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence (LS) affects tree fitness, species distribution and ecosystem structure and functioning. The drivers of LS and the processes underlying it have been studied, but the studies have mainly focused on environmental cues and have mainly been based on statistical analyses using in situ data sets. Experimental investigation and field verification of the processes and drivers are thus urgently needed. We conducted a nutrient-addition experiment after a spring-warming experiment in which an ~40-day range of leaf-out (LO) dates was induced in horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) saplings. We found that both increased nutrient supply and advanced LO date significantly affected the timing of LS, but their effects were opposite, as the former delayed and the latter advanced the senescence. The effects of nutrient supply and LO interacted species specifically. In chestnut, the delay of senescence caused by fertilization increased with the delay of LO and was thus stronger for individuals that flushed late in the spring. On the contrary, in beech the delay of senescence caused by fertilization decreased with the delay of LO and was insignificant for individuals with the latest LO. The experimental findings for beech were confirmed with mature trees at a regional scale. The interactive effect between nutrients and LO on senescence may be associated with variable sensitivity to photoperiod, growth sink limitation and/or direct effect of foliar nutrition on the timing of senescence. Our novel results show that the interactive effects of LO and nutrient supply on the timing of LS should be further addressed experimentally in forthcoming studies. It would also be interesting to consider our results in the further development of phenological models used in assessing the effects of climatic change. The differences found in the present study between horse chestnut and beech suggest that the results found for one species cannot necessarily be generalized to other species, so studies with different temperate tree species are called for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuo H Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BE, Belgium
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nicolas Delpierre
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Fanghua Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Heikki Hänninen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Geng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BE, Belgium
| | - Matteo Campioli
- Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BE, Belgium
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Hu A, Nie Y, Yu G, Han C, He J, He N, Liu S, Deng J, Shen W, Zhang G. Diurnal Temperature Variation and Plants Drive Latitudinal Patterns in Seasonal Dynamics of Soil Microbial Community. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:674. [PMID: 31001239 PMCID: PMC6454054 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonality, an exogenous driver, motivates the biological and ecological temporal dynamics of animal and plant communities. Underexplored microbial temporal endogenous dynamics hinders the prediction of microbial response to climate change. To elucidate temporal dynamics of microbial communities, temporal turnover rates, phylogenetic relatedness, and species interactions were integrated to compare those of a series of forest ecosystems along latitudinal gradients. The seasonal turnover rhythm of microbial communities, estimated by the slope (w value) of similarity-time decay relationship, was spatially structured across the latitudinal gradient, which may be caused by a mixture of both diurnal temperature variation and seasonal patterns of plants. Statistical analyses revealed that diurnal temperature variation instead of average temperature imposed a positive and considerable effect alone and also jointly with plants. Due to higher diurnal temperature variation with more climatic niches, microbial communities might evolutionarily adapt into more dispersed phylogenetic assembly based on the standardized effect size of MNTD metric, and ecologically form higher community resistance and resiliency with stronger network interactions among species. Archaea and the bacterial groups of Chloroflexi, Alphaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria were sensitive to diurnal temperature variation with greater turnover rates at higher latitudes, indicating that greater diurnal temperature fluctuation imposes stronger selective pressure on thermal specialists, because bacteria and archaea, single-celled organisms, have extreme short generation period compared to animal and plant. Our findings thus illustrate that the dynamics of microbial community and species interactions are crucial to assess ecosystem stability to climate variations in an increased climatic variability era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanxia Nie
- Center for Ecology and Environmental Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guirui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Conghai Han
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhong He
- Center for Ecology and Environmental Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nianpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Deng
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- Center for Ecology and Environmental Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gengxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Evergreenness influences fine root growth more than tree diversity in a common garden experiment. Oecologia 2019; 189:1027-1039. [PMID: 30850886 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported positive net diversity effects on aboveground tree growth. However, whether similar effects occur belowground through root investment, and whether such effects are related to evergreenness of tree communities, is less clear. Here we studied vertical distribution of standing fine root biomass of twelve North American temperate tree species planted in a common garden tree diversity experiment of varying species richness and evergreenness to test whether belowground niche complementarity of trees could explain positive diversity effects reported aboveground. We tested two alternative hypotheses: trees in mixtures increase uptake of soil resources (1) by increasing vertical root stratification and/or producing a greater fine root density (mg cm-3) or (2) by producing similar or fewer fine roots that are potentially more efficient. Additionally, we hypothesized that proportional allocation to belowground biomass increases with evergreenness of tree communities. Fine roots were sampled in six layers of 5-10 cm, from 0 to 40 cm depth in single-, two- and four-species mixtures. We did not observe an effect of species richness on rooting depth or root density, refuting the hypothesis that aboveground overyielding in tree mixtures is linked to fine root overyielding. Rather, we observed a significant negative diversity effect (- 7.6%) on total fine root density, suggesting overall less investment to fine roots with increasing diversity. The strong positive effect of evergreeness on proportional allocation to fine roots over aboveground parts suggests that deciduous tree roots may be generally more efficient at absorbing soil resources, at least in the early years after tree establishment.
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Kou L, Li S, Wang H, Fu X, Dai X. Unaltered phenology but increased production of ectomycorrhizal roots of Pinus elliottii under 4 years of nitrogen addition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:2228-2238. [PMID: 30320883 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Timing (phenology) and amount (production) are two integral facets of root growth, and their shifts have profound influences on below-ground resource acquisition. However, the environmental control and the effects of nitrogen (N) deposition on the production and phenology of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) roots remain unclear. Using a 4 yr minirhizotron experiment, we explored the control of the production and three phenophases (initiation, peak, and cessation of growth) of ECM roots in two soil layers and investigated their dynamic responses to N addition in a seasonally dry subtropical Pinus elliottii forest. We found a stronger control of water availability on the production and a stronger control of temperature on the phenology of ECM roots under ambient conditions. Temperature was correlated positively with initiation and negatively with cessation, especially in the shallow layer. N addition did not affect the phenology of ECM roots but increased their production by modifying N and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry in the soil and foliage. Our findings suggest a greater sensitivity of production than phenology of ECM roots to N addition. The increased production of ECM roots under N addition could be driven by N-induced P limitation or some combination of below-ground resources (P, N, water).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Kou
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shenggong Li
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Processes and Information, Taihe, 343725, China
| | - Xiaoli Fu
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqin Dai
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Razgulin SM, Voronin LV. Role of Fine Tree Roots in the Nitrogen Cycle of Boreal Forests. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425518070090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fatichi S, Pappas C, Zscheischler J, Leuzinger S. Modelling carbon sources and sinks in terrestrial vegetation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:652-668. [PMID: 30339280 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 652 I. Introduction 652 II. Discrepancy in predicting the effects of rising [CO2 ] on the terrestrial C sink 655 III. Carbon and nutrient storage in plants and its modelling 656 IV. Modelling the source and the sink: a plant perspective 657 V. Plant-scale water and Carbon flux models 660 VI. Challenges for the future 662 Acknowledgements 663 Authors contributions 663 References 663 SUMMARY: The increase in atmospheric CO2 in the future is one of the most certain projections in environmental sciences. Understanding whether vegetation carbon assimilation, growth, and changes in vegetation carbon stocks are affected by higher atmospheric CO2 and translating this understanding in mechanistic vegetation models is of utmost importance. This is highlighted by inconsistencies between global-scale studies that attribute terrestrial carbon sinks to CO2 stimulation of gross and net primary production on the one hand, and forest inventories, tree-scale studies, and plant physiological evidence showing a much less pronounced CO2 fertilization effect on the other hand. Here, we review how plant carbon sources and sinks are currently described in terrestrial biosphere models. We highlight an uneven representation of complexity between the modelling of photosynthesis and other processes, such as plant respiration, direct carbon sinks, and carbon allocation, largely driven by available observations. Despite a general lack of data on carbon sink dynamics to drive model improvements, ways forward toward a mechanistic representation of plant carbon sinks are discussed, leveraging on results obtained from plant-scale models and on observations geared toward model developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fatichi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano Franscini Platz 5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoforos Pappas
- Département de géographie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2V 2B8, Canada
| | - Jakob Zscheischler
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Wakefield Street 46, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand
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Fu X, Meinzer FC. Metrics and proxies for stringency of regulation of plant water status (iso/anisohydry): a global data set reveals coordination and trade-offs among water transport traits. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:122-134. [PMID: 30257009 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants operate along a continuum of stringency of regulation of plant water potential from isohydry to anisohydry. However, most metrics and proxies of plant iso/anisohydric behavior have been developed from limited sets of site-specific experiments. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that determine species' operating ranges along this continuum, independent of site and growing conditions, remains challenging. We compiled a global database to assess the global patterns of metrics and proxies of plant iso/anisohydry and then explored some of the underlying functional traits and trade-offs associated with stringency of regulation that determines where species operate along the continuum. Our results showed that arid and semi-arid biomes were associated with greater anisohydry than more mesic biomes, and angiosperms showed marginally greater anisohydry than gymnosperms. Leaf water potential at the turgor loss point (Ψtlp) and wood density were the two most powerful proxies for ranking the degree of plant iso/anisohydry for a wide range of species and biomes. Both of these simple traits can be easily and rapidly determined, and therefore show promise for a priori mapping and understanding of the global distribution pattern of the degree of plant iso/anisohydry. Generally, the most anisohydric species had the most negative values of Ψtlp and highest wood density, greatest resistance to embolism, lowest hydraulic capacitance and lowest leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity of their branches. Wood density in particular appeared to be central to a coordinated series of traits, trade-offs and behaviors along a continuum of iso/anisohydry. Quantification of species' operating ranges along a continuum of iso/anisohydry and identification of associated trade-offs among functional traits may hold promise for mechanistic modeling of species-specific responses to the anticipated more frequent and severe droughts under global climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Fu
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Processes and Information, Ji'an, China
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, USA
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38
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Coleman MD, Aubrey DP. Stand development and other intrinsic factors largely control fine-root dynamics with only subtle modifications from resource availability. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1805-1819. [PMID: 29660101 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Forest productivity depends on resource acquisition by ephemeral roots and leaves. A combination of intrinsic and environmental factors influences ephemeral organs; however, difficulties in studying belowground organs impede mechanistic understanding of fine-root production and turnover. To quantify factors controlling fine-root dynamics, we grew a deciduous hardwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) and an evergreen conifer (Pinus taeda L.) with distinct soil moisture and nutrient availability treatments. We monitored fine-root dynamics with minirhizotrons for 6 years during early stand development and expressed results on a root length, biomass and mortality-risk basis. Stand development and other intrinsic factors consistently influenced both species in the same direction and by similar magnitude. Live-root length increased to a peak during establishment and slowly declined after roots of neighboring trees overlapped. Root longevity was highest during establishment and decreased thereafter. Root longevity consistently increased with depth of appearance and initial root diameter. Season of appearance affected root longevity in the following order: spring > summer > fall > winter. The influence of soil resource availability on fine-root dynamics was inconsistent between species, and ranked below that of rooting depth, initial diameter, stand development and phenology. Fine-root biomass either increased or was unaffected by greater resource availability. Fine-root production and live root length decreased with irrigation for both species, and increased with fertilization only for poplar. Fine-root mortality risk both increased and decreased depending on species and amendment treatment. Differing responses to soil moisture and nutrient availability between species suggests we should carefully evaluate generalizations about the response of fine-root dynamics to resource availability. While attempting to describe and explain carbon allocation to fine-root production and turnover, modelers and physiologists should first consider consistent patterns of allocation caused by different depth, diameter, stand development, phenology and species before considering allocation due to soil resource availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Coleman
- Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, 875 Perimeter Dr., MS 1133, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Doug P Aubrey
- University of Georgia's Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, PO Drawer E, Aiken, SC, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, 180 E. Green St., University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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39
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Kume T, Ohashi M, Makita N, Kho LK, Katayama A, Endo I, Matsumoto K, Ikeno H. Image analysis procedure for the optical scanning of fine-root dynamics: errors depending on the observer and root-viewing window size. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1927-1938. [PMID: 30452737 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Clarifying the dynamics of fine roots is critical to understanding carbon and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. An optical scanner can potentially be used in studying fine-root dynamics in forest ecosystems. The present study examined image analysis procedures suitable for an optical scanner having a large (210 mm × 297 mm) root-viewing window. We proposed a protocol for analyzing whole soil images obtained by an optical scanner that cover depths of 0-210 mm. We tested our protocol using six observers with different experience in studying roots. The observers obtained data from the manual digitization of sequential soil images recorded for a Bornean tropical forest according to the protocol. Additionally, the study examined the potential tradeoff between the soil image size and accuracy of estimates of fine-root dynamics in a simple exercise. The six observers learned the protocol and obtained similar temporal patterns of fine-root growth and biomass with error of 10-20% regardless of their experience. However, there were large errors in decomposition owing to the low visibility of decomposed fine roots. The simple exercise revealed that a smaller root-viewing window (smaller than 60% of the original window) produces patterns of fine-root dynamics that are different from those for the original window size. The study showed the high applicability of our image analysis approach for whole soil images taken by optical scanners in estimating the fine-root dynamics of forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Kume
- Kasuya Research Forest, Kyushu University, 394 Tsubakuro, Sasaguri, Fukuoka, Japan
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Roosevelt st 4-1, Taipei city, Taiwan
| | - Mizue Ohashi
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoki Makita
- Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto-city, Nagano, Japan
| | - Lip Khoon Kho
- Tropical Peat Research Institute, Biological Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ayumi Katayama
- Kasuya Research Forest, Kyushu University, 394 Tsubakuro, Sasaguri, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Izuki Endo
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuho Matsumoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Ikeno
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji City, Hyogo, Japan
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Pathak K, Malhi Y, Sileshi GW, Das AK, Nath AJ. Net ecosystem productivity and carbon dynamics of the traditionally managed Imperata grasslands of North East India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:1124-1131. [PMID: 29710567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There have been few comprehensive descriptions of how fire management and harvesting affect the carbon dynamics of grasslands. Grasslands dominated by the invasive weed Imperata cylindrica are considered as environmental threats causing low land productivity throughout the moist tropical regions in Asia. Imperata grasslands in North East India are unique in that they are traditionally managed and culturally important in the rural landscapes. Given the importance of fire in the management of Imperata grassland, we aimed to assess (i) the seasonal pattern of biomass production, (ii) the eventual pathways for the produced biomass, partitioned between in situ decomposition, harvesting and combustion, and (iii) the effect of customary fire management on the ecosystem carbon cycle. Comparatively high biomass production was recorded during pre-monsoon (154 g m-2 month-1) and monsoon (214 g m-2 month-1) compared to the post-monsoon (91 g m-2 month-1) season, and this is attributed to nutrient return into the soil immediately after fire in February. Post fire effects might have killed roots and rhizomes leading to high belowground litter production 30-35 g m-2 during March to August. High autotrophic respiration was recorded during March-July, which was related to high belowground biomass production (35-70 g m-2) during that time. Burning removed all the surface litter in March and this appeared to hinder surface decomposition and result in low heterotrophic respiration. Annual total biomass carbon production was estimated at 886 g C m-2. Annual harvest of biomass (estimated at 577 g C m-2) was the major pathway for carbon fluxes from the system. Net ecosystem production (NEP) of Imperata grassland was estimated at 91 g C m-2 yr-1 indicating that these grasslands are a net sink of CO2, although this is greatly influenced by weather and fire management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karabi Pathak
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK; Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - G W Sileshi
- Plot 1244 Ibex Meanwood, Lusaka, Zambia,; School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Ashesh Kumar Das
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
| | - Arun Jyoti Nath
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India.
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41
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Fine Root Dynamics in Three Forest Types with Different Origins in a Subalpine Region of the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9090517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fine roots play a crucial role in plant survival potential and biogeochemical cycles of forest ecosystems. Subalpine areas of the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau have experienced different forest re-establishment methods after clear-cutting primary forest. However, little is known about fine root dynamics of these forests originating from artificial, natural and their combined processes. Here, we determined fine root traits (biomass, production and turnover rate) of three subalpine forest types, i.e., Picea asperata Mast. plantation forest (artificial planting, PF), natural secondary forest (natural without assisted regeneration, NF) and P. asperata broadleaved mixed forest (natural regeneration after artificial planting, MF) composed of planted P. asperata and naturally regenerated native broadleaved species. At the soil depth of 0–30 cm, fine root biomass was the highest in PF and fine root production was the highest in NF, and both were the lowest in MF. Fine root dynamics of the three forest types tended to decrease with soil depth, with larger variations in PF. Fine root biomass and production were the highest in PF in 0–10 cm soil layer but were not significantly different among forest types in the lower soil layers. There were positive correlations between these parameters and aboveground biomass across forest types in soil layer of 0–10 cm, but not in the lower soil layers. Fine root turnover rate was generally higher in mixed forests than in monocultures at all soil depths. In conclusion, the natural regeneration procedure after clear-cutting in the subalpine region of western Sichuan seems to be superior from the perspective of fine root dynamics.
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Craig ME, Turner BL, Liang C, Clay K, Johnson DJ, Phillips RP. Tree mycorrhizal type predicts within-site variability in the storage and distribution of soil organic matter. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3317-3330. [PMID: 29573504 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Forest soils store large amounts of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), yet how predicted shifts in forest composition will impact long-term C and N persistence remains poorly understood. A recent hypothesis predicts that soils under trees associated with arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) store less C than soils dominated by trees associated with ectomycorrhizas (ECM), due to slower decomposition in ECM-dominated forests. However, an incipient hypothesis predicts that systems with rapid decomposition-e.g. most AM-dominated forests-enhance soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization by accelerating the production of microbial residues. To address these contrasting predictions, we quantified soil C and N to 1 m depth across gradients of ECM-dominance in three temperate forests. By focusing on sites where AM- and ECM-plants co-occur, our analysis controls for climatic factors that covary with mycorrhizal dominance across broad scales. We found that while ECM stands contain more SOM in topsoil, AM stands contain more SOM when subsoil to 1 m depth is included. Biomarkers and soil fractionations reveal that these patterns are driven by an accumulation of microbial residues in AM-dominated soils. Collectively, our results support emerging theory on SOM formation, demonstrate the importance of subsurface soils in mediating plant effects on soil C and N, and indicate that shifts in the mycorrhizal composition of temperate forests may alter the stabilization of SOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Craig
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Chao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Krasowski MJ, Lavigne MB, Szuter MA, Olesinski J, Kershaw JA, McGarrigle E. Age-related changes in survival and turnover rates of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) fine roots. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:865-876. [PMID: 29452424 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fine-root (≤2 mm) demographics change as forests age, but the direction and extent of change are unknown. Knowledge of the change and understanding of causes will improve predictions of climate change impacts. We used minirhizotrons at three young and three mature balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) sites to measure median lifespan (MLS) for each site and for annual cohorts. We computed turnover rate from the inverse of MLS (Tinv) and calculated a second turnover rate (T) from annual mortality, annual production and previous year-end standing crop. Median lifespan at mature sites (436 days) was half that at young sites (872 days). Median lifespan of annual cohorts varied widely at all sites. Age-class distributions of fine roots seen by minirhizotrons changed with increasing years of observation, with older age classes accumulating more slowly at mature sites. Our findings highlight the need to determine whether the proportional contributions of absorbing and transporting fine roots to annual production and their median lifespans change during stand development. Due to its variation among annual cohorts, we believe robust estimates of MLS at our sites require 5-7 years of observation, and reliable estimates of Tinv are reached earlier than T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek J Krasowski
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, 28 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A6, Canada
| | - Michael B Lavigne
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service - Atlantic Forestry Centre, PO Box 4000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada
| | - Michael A Szuter
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, 28 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A6, Canada
- Applied Ecological Services, Inc., 80 Franklin St., Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Jakub Olesinski
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, 28 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A6, Canada
- Environment and Natural Resources, PO Box 4354, 173 Hay River Dene Reserve, Hay River, NT X0E 0R7, Canada
| | - John A Kershaw
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, 28 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A6, Canada
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Kou L, Jiang L, Fu X, Dai X, Wang H, Li S. Nitrogen deposition increases root production and turnover but slows root decomposition in Pinus elliottii plantations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1450-1461. [PMID: 29512162 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fine roots of woody plants comprise multiple root orders, which can be functionally partitioned into two pools: absorptive fine roots (AFRs, orders 1, 2) and transport fine roots (TFRs, orders 3-5). However, the function-based fine-root dynamics and especially their responses to increased nitrogen (N) availability remain unclear. We explored dynamic responses of both AFRs and TFRs of Pinus elliottii to N addition in subtropical China based on a 4-yr minirhizotron experiment and a two-stage - early (0.5 yr) vs late (4 yr) - decomposition experiment. N addition increased the production, mortality, and turnover of AFRs but not TFRs. High rates of N persistently inhibited AFR decomposition but affected TFR decomposition differentially at the early (no effect) and late (negative effect) stages. The increased production of AFRs was driven by N-induced decrease in foliar and soil phosphorus (P) concentrations. The decreased decomposition of AFRs might be due to the increased acid-unhydrolyzable residues in decomposing roots. AFRs are the resource-acquiring module, the increased carbon allocation to AFRs may represent a P-acquiring strategy when N no longer limits growth of P. elliottii. Our results suggest that AFRs and TFRs respond differently to N deposition, both in terms of production, mortality, and turnover and in terms of decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Kou
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoli Fu
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaoqin Dai
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Processes and Information, Taihe, 343725, China
| | - Shenggong Li
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Sulman BN, Brzostek ER, Medici C, Shevliakova E, Menge DNL, Phillips RP. Feedbacks between plant N demand and rhizosphere priming depend on type of mycorrhizal association. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1043-1053. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N. Sulman
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Department of Geosciences Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA
| | | | - Chiara Medici
- Princeton Environmental Institute Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
| | | | - Duncan N. L. Menge
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York NY USA
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46
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Production dynamics of Cenococcum geophilum ectomycorrhizas in response to long-term elevated CO2 and N fertilization. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Blume‐Werry G, Jansson R, Milbau A. Root phenology unresponsive to earlier snowmelt despite advanced above‐ground phenology in two subarctic plant communities. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gesche Blume‐Werry
- Climate Impacts Research Centre Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University 981 07 Abisko Sweden
| | - Roland Jansson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University 901 87 Umeå Sweden
| | - Ann Milbau
- Climate Impacts Research Centre Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University 981 07 Abisko Sweden
- Department of Biodiversity and Natural Environment Research Institute for Nature and Forest INBO Kliniekstraat 25 1070 Brussels Belgium
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48
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Zadworny M, McCormack ML, Mucha J, Reich PB, Oleksyn J. Scots pine fine roots adjust along a 2000-km latitudinal climatic gradient. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:389-99. [PMID: 27301778 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of plant biomass allocation and functional adjustments along climatic gradients are poorly understood, particularly belowground. Generally, low temperatures suppress nutrient release and uptake, and forests under such conditions have a greater proportion of their biomass in roots. However, it is not clear whether 'more roots' means better capacity to acquire soil resources. Herein we quantified patterns of fine-root anatomy and their biomass distribution across Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) populations both along a 2000-km latitudinal gradient and within a common garden experiment with a similar range of populations. We found that with decreasing mean temperature, a greater percentage of Scots pine root biomass was allocated to roots with higher potential absorptive capacity. Similar results were seen in the common experimental site, where cold-adapted populations produced roots with greater absorptive capacity than populations originating from warmer climates. These results demonstrate that plants growing in or originated from colder climates have more acquisitive roots, a trait that is likely adaptive in the face of the low resource availability typical of cold soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland.
| | - M Luke McCormack
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Joanna Mucha
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Cheng L, Chen W, Adams TS, Wei X, Li L, McCormack ML, DeForest JL, Koide RT, Eissenstat DM. Mycorrhizal fungi and roots are complementary in foraging within nutrient patches. Ecology 2016; 97:2815-2823. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Weile Chen
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Thomas S. Adams
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Le Li
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Michael Luke McCormack
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Jared L. DeForest
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology Ohio University Athens Ohio 45701 USA
| | - Roger T. Koide
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
- Department of Biology Brigham Young University Provo Utah 84602 USA
| | - David M. Eissenstat
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
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50
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Radville L, McCormack ML, Post E, Eissenstat DM. Root phenology in a changing climate. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3617-28. [PMID: 26931171 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenology is one of the strongest indicators of ecological responses to climate change, and altered phenology can have pronounced effects on net primary production, species composition in local communities, greenhouse gas fluxes, and ecosystem processes. Although many studies have shown that aboveground plant phenology advances with warmer temperatures, demonstration of a comparable association for belowground phenology has been lacking because the factors that influence root phenology are poorly understood. Because roots can constitute a large fraction of plant biomass, and root phenology may not respond to warming in the same way as shoots, this represents an important knowledge gap in our understanding of how climate change will influence phenology and plant performance. We review studies of root phenology and provide suggestions to direct future research. Only 29% of examined studies approached root phenology quantitatively, strongly limiting interpretation of results across studies. Therefore, we suggest that researchers emphasize quantitative analyses in future phenological studies. We suggest that root initiation, peak growth, and root cessation may be under different controls. Root initiation and cessation may be more constrained by soil temperature and the timing of carbon availability, whereas the timing of peak root growth may represent trade-offs among competing plant sinks. Roots probably do not experience winter dormancy in the same way as shoots: 89% of the studies that examined winter phenology found evidence of growth during winter months. More research is needed to observe root phenology, and future studies should be careful to capture winter and early season phenology. This should be done quantitatively, with direct observations of root growth utilizing rhizotrons or minirhizotrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Radville
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management and the Ecology Graduate Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - M Luke McCormack
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Eric Post
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - David M Eissenstat
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management and the Ecology Graduate Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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