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Yoon Y, Cho M. Detrimental impacts and QSAR baseline toxicity assessment of Japanese medaka embryos exposed to methylparaben and its halogenated byproducts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171448. [PMID: 38453088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite the theoretical risk of forming halogenated methylparabens (halo-MePs) during water chlorination in the absence or presence of bromide ions, there remains a lack of in vivo toxicological assessments on vertebrate organisms for halo-MePs. This research addresses these gaps by investigating the lethal (assessed by embryo coagulation) or sub-lethal (assessed by hatching success/heartbeat rate) toxicity and teratogenicity (assessed by deformity rate) of MeP and its mono- and di-halogen derivatives (Cl- or Br-) using Japanese medaka embryos. In assessing selected apical endpoints to discern patterns in physiological or biochemical alterations, heightened toxic impacts were observed for halo-MePs compared to MeP. These include a higher incidence of embryo coagulation (4-36 fold), heartbeat rate decrement (11-36 fold), deformity rate increment (32-223 fold), hatching success decrement (11-59 fold), and an increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) level (1.2-7.4 fold)/Catalase (CAT) activity (1.7-2.8 fold). Experimentally determined LC50 values are correlated and predicted using a Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) based on the speciation-corrected liposome-water distribution ratio (Dlipw, pH 7.5). The QSAR baseline toxicity aligns well with (sub)lethal toxicity and teratogenicity, as evidenced by toxic ratio (TR) analysis showing TR < 10 for MeP exposure in all cases, while significant specific or reactive toxicity was found for halo-MeP exposure, with TR > 10 observed (excepting three values). Our extensive findings contribute novel insights into the intricate interplay of embryonic toxicity during the early-life-stage of Japanese medaka, with a specific focus on highlighting the potential hazards associated with halo-MePs compared to the parent compound MeP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younggun Yoon
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Gyeongsangnam-do, 52834, South Korea; Division of Biotechnology, SELS Center, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea.
| | - Min Cho
- Division of Biotechnology, SELS Center, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea.
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2
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Colnot T, Dekant W, Greim H. Grouping of esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid for hazard assessment. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:571-575. [PMID: 38052763 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous properties of a large number of esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) have been proposed by ECHA to be assessed as a group. We recommend to restrict the grouping approach to short chain esters, i.e. methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl paraben which are very similar in chemical structures, physicochemical properties, toxicokinetics, and hazardous properties. While these parabens show a weak estrogenicity in some in vitro or in vivo screening assays, they do not induce estrogen-receptor-mediated adverse effects in intact animals. Therefore, there is no support regarding classification and labeling of endocrine disruption or reproductive toxicity of these parabens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Dekant
- Department of Toxicology, Institut Für Toxikologie, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
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3
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Weiss V, Gobec M, Jakopin Ž. Halogenation of common phenolic household and personal care product ingredients enhances their AhR-modulating capacity. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141116. [PMID: 38182088 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, orchestrates responses to numerous structurally diverse endogenous and exogenous ligands. In addition to binding various xenobiotics, AhR also recognizes endocrine disruptors, particularly those featuring chlorinated or brominated aromatic structures. There is limited data available on the impact of common household and personal care product ingredients let alone their halogenated transformation products. Herein we bridge this knowledge gap by preparing a library of chlorinated and brominated parabens, bisphenols, UV filters, and nonylphenols. An evaluation of total of 125 compounds for agonistic and antagonistic activity on AhR unveiled a low micromolar agonist, Cl2BPAF with an EC50 of 13 μM. Moreover, our study identified several AhR antagonists, with BrBzP emerging as the most potent with an IC50 of 8.9 μM. To further investigate the functional implications of these compounds, we subjected the most potent agonist and antagonist to a functional assay involving cytokine secretion from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and compared their activity with the commercially available AhR agonist and antagonist. Cl2BPAF exhibited an overall immunosuppressive effect by reducing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, while BrBzP displayed opposite effects, leading to an increase of those cytokines. Notably, the immunomodulatory effects of Cl2BPAF surpassed those of ITE, a bona fide AhR agonist, while the impact of BrBzP exceeded that of CH223191, a bona fide AhR antagonist. In summary, our study underscores the potential influence of halogenated transformation products on the AhR pathway and, consequently, their role in shaping the immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Weiss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Jakopin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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4
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Albouy M, Deceuninck Y, Migeot V, Doumas M, Dupuis A, Venisse N, Engene PP, Veyrand B, Geny T, Marchand P, Le Bizec B, Bichon E, Carato P. Characterization of pregnant women exposure to halogenated parabens and bisphenols through water consumption. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130945. [PMID: 36758432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of pregnant women to endocrine disruptor compounds, such as parabens and bisphenol A is of concern for fetal transition. Their halogenated degradation products, mainly coming from water treatment plans, could be problematic as well, depending on their occurrence in drinking water in the first place. Thus, 25 halogenated compounds were synthesised in order to investigate 60 substances (Bisphenols, parabens and their degradation products) in 325 drinking water samples coming from a French cohort study of pregnant women. Analysis was performed by tandem mass spectrometry coupled to gas chromatography (GC-MS/MS) after SPE extraction and derivation of the contaminants. Results indicate that parabens (methylparaben, n-propylparaben, ethylparaben and n-butylparaben), bisphenols S, A and F, and their degradation product, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, were detected up to several hundred ng/L in drinking water, with detection frequencies between 16% and 88%. Regarding halogenated degradation products, the highest detection frequencies were found for monochlorinated products (about 50% for 2-chlorobisphenol A), which were quantified up to several tens of ng/L. Such analytical approaches with broader spectrum of monitoring (i.e. chemical hazards and their degradation products) constitute in the beginning of a solution to exhaustively answer the questions related to the characterization of the human chemical exposome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Albouy
- Université de Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France; Pole Biospharm Service de Santé Publique, CHU, Poitiers, France; CIC INSERM 1402, UFR Médecine Pharmacie, Poitiers, France.
| | | | - Virginie Migeot
- Université de Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France; Pole Biospharm Service de Santé Publique, CHU, Poitiers, France; CIC INSERM 1402, UFR Médecine Pharmacie, Poitiers, France.
| | - Manon Doumas
- Université de Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France; CIC INSERM 1402, UFR Médecine Pharmacie, Poitiers, France; IC2MP, CNRS 7285, UFR Médecine Pharmacie, Poitiers, France.
| | - Antoine Dupuis
- Université de Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France; CIC INSERM 1402, UFR Médecine Pharmacie, Poitiers, France; Service de Pharmacie, CHU, Poitiers, France.
| | - Nicolas Venisse
- Université de Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France; CIC INSERM 1402, UFR Médecine Pharmacie, Poitiers, France; Service de Toxicologie et Pharmacocinétique, CHU, Poitiers, France.
| | - Pascale Pierre Engene
- Université de Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France; CIC INSERM 1402, UFR Médecine Pharmacie, Poitiers, France.
| | | | - Thomas Geny
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44307 Nantes, France.
| | | | | | | | - Pascal Carato
- Université de Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France; CIC INSERM 1402, UFR Médecine Pharmacie, Poitiers, France.
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5
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Xu X, Wu H, Terry PD, Zhao L, Chen J. Impact of Paraben Exposure on Adiposity-Related Measures: An Updated Literature Review of Population-Based Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192316268. [PMID: 36498342 PMCID: PMC9740922 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid that are commonly used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Humans are exposed to parabens when they use these products and through diet. There are growing concerns that paraben exposure can adversely impact human health. The endocrine-disrupting and obesogenic properties of parabens have been observed in animal studies and in vitro, prompting the increase in population-based studies of paraben exposure and adiposity-related endpoints. In this review, we summarize epidemiological studies published between 2017 and 2022 that examined paraben exposure in utero, between birth and adolescence, and in adulthood, in relation to adiposity-related measures. Overall, these studies provide some evidence that suggests that paraben exposure, especially during critical development windows, is associated with adiposity-related measures. However, we have noted several limitations in these studies, including the predominance of cross-sectional studies, inconsistent sample collection procedures, and small sample sizes, which should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Xu
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Haoying Wu
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Paul D. Terry
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jiangang Chen
- Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.C.)
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6
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Wei F, Cheng H, Sang N. Comprehensive assessment of estrogenic activities of parabens by in silico approach and in vitro assays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157194. [PMID: 35810903 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are ubiquitous pollutants in the environment and humans due to their wide applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. Although the estrogenic activity of some parabens has been confirmed, the underlying mechanisms and the structure-estrogenic activity relationship are still largely unclear. Here, we systematically used in silico and in vitro approaches to investigate the estrogenic potency of typical parabens, including methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, iso-propyl-, butyl-, iso-butyl- and benzyl-paraben. Molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations were combined to investigate the atomic-level mechanism of paraben binding to estrogen receptors (ERs). Computational analysis showed that ER were the targets of tested parabens and kept a stable agonist conformation. The calculated total binding free energies suggested that van der Waals interactions were the major driving forces for paraben-ER interaction and correlated with the structure of paraben side chains. In in vitro assays, paraben with an aromatic side chain, benzyl-paraben, showed the strongest estrogenic activity at 0.01 μM and the EC50 at 0.796 ± 0.307 μM, on par with levels commonly detected in human organs. Among tested parabens with an alkyl side chain, the estrogenicity increased as the side chain length increased from 1 to 4, but no significant difference appeared between parabens with isomeric alkyl side chains (propyl- vs isopropyl and butyl- vs iso-butylparaben). The estrogenic activity of parabens was significantly related to the calculated binding energies (R2 = 0.94, p = 0.0012), depending on the side chains of parabens. Our findings provide a significant mechanism for parabens to disrupt estrogenic function and considerations for structural optimization from the perspective of environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
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7
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Nowak K, Jabłońska E, Garley M, Iwaniuk A, Radziwon P, Wołczyński S, Ratajczak-Wrona W. Investigation of estrogen-like effects of parabens on human neutrophils. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113893. [PMID: 35839909 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the estrogen-like effects and mechanism of action most commonly used parabens: methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP) and butylparaben (BuP) in human neutrophils. Neutrophils were isolated from 50 blood donors, pre-incubated with antagonists of estrogen receptor α (ERα), ERβ and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), then incubated with MeP, EtP, PrP, BuP and 17β-estradiol (E2; 10 nM). Cytotoxic effect was evaluated by MTT test. Neutrophils apoptosis, necrosis and NETs formation were assessed in flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The ability of the neutrophils for chemotaxis, phagocytosis, NADPH oxidase activity and generation of superoxide anion was assessed in Boyden's chamber, Park's method with latex, the NBT test, and reduction of cytochrome C, respectively. The total nitric oxide concentration was measured in neutrophils supernatants by the Griess reaction. The expression of cathepsin G, neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, ERα, ERβ and GPER was assessed in Western blot method. In our research, parabens did not cause a cytotoxic effect on human neutrophils nor affect their lifespan. Parabens exposure did not change neutrophils functions (chemotaxis, phagocytosis, NETs formation and oxygen-dependent killing mechanism) and expression of estrogen receptors. Our results suggest that parabens do not cause estrogen receptor-mediated neutrophils-related effects at concentrations measured in the plasma of individuals using products preserved with parabens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marzena Garley
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Radziwon
- Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Wołczyński
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Department of Biology and Pathology of Human Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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8
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Klančič V, Gobec M, Jakopin Ž. Halogenated ingredients of household and personal care products as emerging endocrine disruptors. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134824. [PMID: 35525453 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The everyday use of household and personal care products (HPCPs) generates an enormous amount of chemicals, of which several groups warrant additional attention, including: (i) parabens, which are widely used as preservatives; (ii) bisphenols, which are used in the manufacture of plastics; (iii) UV filters, which are essential components of many cosmetic products; and (iv) alkylphenol ethoxylates, which are used extensively as non-ionic surfactants. These chemicals are released continuously into the environment, thus contaminating soil, water, plants and animals. Wastewater treatment and water disinfection procedures can convert these chemicals into halogenated transformation products, which end up in the environment and pose a potential threat to humans and wildlife. Indeed, while certain parent HPCP ingredients have been confirmed as endocrine disruptors, less is known about the endocrine activities of their halogenated derivatives. The aim of this review is first to examine the sources and occurrence of halogenated transformation products in the environment, and second to compare their endocrine-disrupting properties to those of their parent compounds (i.e., parabens, bisphenols, UV filters, alkylphenol ethoxylates). Albeit previous reports have focused individually on selected classes of such substances, none have considered the problem of their halogenated transformation products. This review therefore summarizes the available research on these halogenated compounds, highlights the potential exposure pathways, and underlines the existing knowledge gaps within their toxicological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Klančič
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Jakopin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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9
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Ball AL, Solan ME, Franco ME, Lavado R. Comparative cytotoxicity induced by parabens and their halogenated byproducts in human and fish cell lines. Drug Chem Toxicol 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35854652 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Parabens are a group of para-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) esters widely used in pharmaceutical industries. Their safety is well documented in mammalian models, but little is known about their toxicity in non-mammal species. In addition, chlorinated and brominated parabens resulting from wastewater treatment have been identified in effluents. In the present study, we explored the cytotoxic effects (EC50) of five parabens: methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), butylparaben (BuP), and benzylparaben (BeP); the primary metabolite, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), and three of the wastewater chlorinated/brominated byproducts on fish and human cell lines. In general, higher cytotoxicity was observed with increased paraben chain length. The tested compounds induced toxicity in the order of 4-HBA < MP < EP < PP < BuP < BeP. The halogenated byproducts led to higher toxicity with the addition of second chlorine. The longer chain-parabens (BuP and BeP) caused a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability in fish cell lines. Intriguingly, the main paraben metabolite, 4-HBA, proved to be more toxic to fish hepatocytes than human hepatocytes by 100-fold. Our study demonstrated that the cytotoxicity of some of these compounds appears to be tissue-dependent. These observations provide valuable information for early cellular responses in human and non-mammalian models upon exposure to paraben congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Ball
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Megan E Solan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Marco E Franco
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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10
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Jakopin Ž. Assessment of the endocrine-disrupting potential of halogenated parabens: An in silico approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128447. [PMID: 33007571 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are endocrine-disrupting chemicals present in a variety of pharmaceutical and personal care products. Due to their wide-spread use, significant amounts are also released into the aquatic domain of the environment. During water disinfection, parabens give rise to halogenated transformation products. As opposed to parabens, there is considerable lack of knowledge with regard to the endocrine-disrupting potential of their halogenated counterparts, which presents a challenge for regulatory decision making. We aimed to fill this knowledge gap by using the Endocrine Disruptome and VirtualToxLab™ to predict their endocrine-disrupting potential on the basis of calculated affinities for different nuclear receptors. The applied computational approach indicates a high probability of halogenated parabens binding to glucocorticoid, thyroid and aryl hydrocarbon receptors and suggests that disinfection is likely to form transformation products with more pronounced endocrine-disrupting activities than those of parent parabens. The obtained results not only highlight the need for additional in vitro/in vivo investigations of these chemicals as endocrine disruptors but also provide a means of guiding and prioritizing these future studies, in order to assess fully their hazard to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI - 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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11
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Torfs E, Brackman G. A perspective on the safety of parabens as preservatives in wound care products. Int Wound J 2020; 18:221-232. [PMID: 33236854 PMCID: PMC8243994 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial and/or preservative ingredients incorporated in wound care products are subjected to certain safety restrictions. However, several of those agents, and paraben preservatives in particular, have been criticised. Conflicting reports on the potential of parabens to induce allergic contact dermatitis, and their assumed oestrogen‐like activity, raised public health concerns about their overall safety. Here, we seek to provide a balanced perspective on the most significant purported adverse health effects, and thereby allay the many misconceptions regarding the safety of parabens. Extensive and long‐term monitoring of paraben allergy frequencies illustrate that allergic reactions are quite uncommon, especially when compared with other antimicrobial and preservative agents. The estrogenic potential of parabens was illustrated to be far less potent than that of natural oestrogen receptor ligands, and the etiological significance of their presence in human tissue has not been established. The general consensus based on investigations by both the scientific community and regulatory agencies indicates that, with current safety regulations regarding their use in place, this effective and well‐documented group of preservatives should not warrant drastic measures to replace them. As such, despite the ongoing concern, it is indicated that, when used at typical concentrations, parabens are unlikely to affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Torfs
- Research and Development department, Flen Health NV, Kontich, Belgium
| | - Gilles Brackman
- Research and Development department, Flen Health NV, Kontich, Belgium
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12
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Hamdaoui O, Merouani S. Impact of seawater salinity on the sonochemical removal of emerging organic pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:2305-2313. [PMID: 30585533 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1564071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The results presented in this study illustrate the multiple roles of seawater salinity toward the sonochemical degradation, at variable frequencies (300-1700 kHz), of several hazardous substances, i.e. propylparaben (PPR) endocrine disruptor and several synthetic dyes: naphthol blue black (NBB), malachite green (MG), basic red 29 (BR29), acid orange 7 (AO7), Rhodamine B (RhB) and basic fuchsin (BF). Sonochemical treatment degraded all pollutants in seawater at faster rates than in deionized water. The seawater-salts through increasing the ionic strength of the solution act as a potential pusher of hydrophilic pollutants toward the reactive interfacial area of cavitation bubbles. Additionally, the salts reduce the bubble coalescence, which yields higher number of active bubbles in the irradiating media. Analysing the degradation rate of PPR and NBB with two heterogeneous models based on Langmuir kinetics mechanism indicated that the bubble interfacial area was the preferred reaction zone for the ultrasonic degradation of PPR and NBB in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oualid Hamdaoui
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Slimane Merouani
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University Salah Boubnider - Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
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13
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Gouukon Y, Yasuda MT, Yasukawa H, Terasaki M. Occurrence and AhR activity of brominated parabens in the Kitakami River, North Japan. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126152. [PMID: 32062214 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are used as preservatives in pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Parabens react with aqueous chlorine, which is used in disinfection processes, leading to the formation of halogenated parabens. In the presence of Br-, parabens and HOBr (formed via oxidation of Br-) can react to form brominated parabens. Brominated parabens may result in pollution of river water through effluent discharge from sewage treatment plants. The present study involved measuring brominated paraben concentrations in the Kitakami River, northern Japan, which flows through urban and agricultural areas. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist activity was also assessed using a yeast (YCM3) reporter gene and HepG2 ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) assays. Dibrominated methylparaben (Br2MP), ethylparaben (Br2EP), propylparaben (Br2PP), butylparaben (Br2BP), and benzylparaben (Br2BnP), and monobrominated benzylparaben (Br1BnP) were detected in 25-100% of river samples during the sampling period from 2017 to 2018 at median concentrations of 8.1-28 ng/L; the highest concentrations were measured during the low flow season (November) in urban areas (P < 0.01). In the yeast assay, 12 compounds exhibited AhR activity (activity relative to β-naphthoflavone; 4.4 × 10-4-7.1 × 10-1). All monobrominated parabens exhibited higher activity than their parent parabens, however, further bromination reduced or eliminated their activity. In the EROD assay, five compounds caused significant induction of CYP1A-dependent activity at 100 μM (P < 0.05). Monobrominated i-butylparaben (Br1iBP) and s-butylparaben (Br1sBP), Br1BnP, and Br2BP exhibited activity in both yeast and EROD assays. We found novel aspects of brominated parabens originating from PPCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michiko T Yasuda
- Department of Human Nutrition, School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Japan
| | - Hiro Yasukawa
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, Japan
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14
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Zhu B, Wei N. Biocatalytic Degradation of Parabens Mediated by Cell Surface Displayed Cutinase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:354-364. [PMID: 30507170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are emerging environmental contaminants with known endocrine-disrupting effects. This study created a novel biocatalyst (named as SDFsC) by expressing the enzyme Fusarium solani pisi cutinase (FsC) on the cell surface of Baker's yeast Sacchromycese cerevisiae and demonstrated successful enzyme-mediated removal of parabens for the first time. Parabens with different side chain structures had different degradation rates by the SDFsC. The SDFsC preferentially degraded the parabens with relatively long alkyl or aromatic side chains. The structure-dependent degradability was in a good agreement with the binding energy between the active site of FsC and different parabens. In real wastewater effluent solution, the SDFsC effectively degraded 800 μg/L of propylparaben, butylparaben, and benzylparaben, either as a single compound or as a mixture, within 48 h. The estrogenic activity of parabens was considerably reduced as the parent parabens were degraded into 4-hydroxybenzoic acid via hydrolysis pathway by the SDFsC. The SDFsC showed superior reusability and maintained 93% of its initial catalytic activity after six rounds of paraben degradation reaction. Results from this study provide scientific basis for developing biocatalysis as a green chemistry alternative for advanced treatment of parabens in sustainable water reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baotong Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences , University of Notre Dame , 156 Fitzpatrick Hall , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Na Wei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences , University of Notre Dame , 156 Fitzpatrick Hall , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
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15
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Silva DC, Serrano L, Oliveira TMA, Mansano AS, Almeida EA, Vieira EM. Effects of parabens on antioxidant system and oxidative damages in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:85-91. [PMID: 29990743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, effects of parabens on antioxidant defenses and oxidative damages in gills and liver of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were evaluated. Adult Nile tilapia were exposed to methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and benzylparaben and a mixture of methyl and propylparaben for 6 and 12 days. The biomarkers analyzed were superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), total glutathione (GSH-t) and lipid peroxidation measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Results indicated that exposure to parabens caused biochemical changes in gill and liver cells, which in turn modulated enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in Nile tilapia. SOD, GPx and GR activity significantly increased in gills and liver after exposure to most parabens. CAT activity had little (liver) or no alteration (gills) in this fish species after treatment with parabens. GSH-t content in liver decreased after 6 days of exposure to parabens, but after 12 days, GSH-t levels increased in liver in all treatments, indicating an antioxidant adaptation to exposure to sublethal doses of parabens. Regarding the MDA levels, no alterations were observed in gills compared to control and in liver the MDA content was reduced after 12d of exposure to ethylparaben, butylparaben and paraben mixture, indicating no lipid peroxidation in the analyzed tissues. Our results demonstrate parabens-induced adaptive responses in fish, which were important in the protection against oxidative damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele C Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lenard Serrano
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiessa M A Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Adrislaine S Mansano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Almeida
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Paulista State University (IBILCE/UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eny M Vieira
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Wan D, Chen Y, Su J, Liu L, Zuo Y. Ultraviolet absorption redshift induced direct photodegradation of halogenated parabens under simulated sunlight. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 142:46-54. [PMID: 29859391 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As disinfection by-products of parabens, halogenated parabens are frequently detected in aquatic environments and exhibit higher persistence and toxicity than parabens themselves. An interesting phenomenon was found that UV absorption redshift (∼45 nm) occurs after halogenation of parabens at circumneutral pH, leading to overlap with the spectrum of terrestrial sunlight. This work presents the first evidence on the direct photodegradation of seven chlorinated and brominated parabens under simulated sunlight. These halogenated parabens underwent rapid direct photodegradation, distinguished from the negligible degradation of the parent compounds. The photodegradation rate depended on their forms and substituents. The deprotonation of halogenated parabens facilitated the direct photodegradation. Brominated parabens exhibited higher degradation efficiency than chlorinated parabens, and mono-halogenated parabens had higher degradation than di-halogenated parabens. The pseudo-first-order rate constants (kobs) for brominated parabens (0.075-0.120 min-1) were approximately 7-fold higher than those of chlorinated parabens (0.011-0.017 min-1). A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model suggested that the photodegradation was linearly correlated with the C-X bond energies, electronic and steric effects of halogen substituents. The photodegradation products were identified using QTOF-MS analyses and a degradation pathway was proposed. The yeast two-hybrid estrogenicity assay revealed that the estrogenic activities of the photoproducts were negligible. These findings are important for the removal of halogenated parabens and predictions of their fate and potential impacts in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Jing Su
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuegang Zuo
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747-2300, USA
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17
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Yoom H, Shin J, Ra J, Son H, Ryu D, Kim C, Lee Y. Transformation of methylparaben during water chlorination: Effects of bromide and dissolved organic matter on reaction kinetics and transformation pathways. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:677-686. [PMID: 29642049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The reaction kinetics, products, and pathways of methylparaben (MeP) during water chlorination with and without bromide (Br-) were investigated to better understand the fate of parabens in chlorinated waters. During the chlorination of MeP-spiked waters without Br-, MeP was transformed into mono-Cl-MeP and di-Cl-MeP with apparent second-order rate constants (kapp) of 64M-1s-1 and 243M-1s-1 at pH7, respectively, while further chlorination of di-Cl-MeP was relatively slower (kapp=1.3M-1s-1 at pH7). With increasing Br- concentration, brominated MePs, such as mono-Br-MeP, Br-Cl-MeP, and di-Br-MeP, became major transformation products. The di-halogenated MePs (di-Cl-MeP, Br,Cl-MeP, and di-Br-MeP) showed relatively low reactivity to chlorine at pH7 (kapp=1.3-4.6M-1s-1) and bromine (kapp=32-71M-1s-1), which explains the observed high stability of di-halogenated MePs in chlorinated waters. With increasing pH from 7 to 8.5, the transformation of di-halogenated MePs was further slowed due to the decreasing reactivity of di-MePs to chlorine. The formation of the di-halogenated MePs and their further transformation become considerably faster at Br- concentrations higher than 0.5μM (40μg/L). Nonetheless, the accelerating effect of Br- diminishes in the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) extract (Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA)) due to a more rapid consumption of bromine by DOM than chlorine. The effect of Br- on the fate of MeP was less in the tested real water matrices, possibly due to a more rapid bromine consumption by the real water DOM compared to SRHA. A kinetic model was developed based on the determined species-specific second-order rate constants for chlorination/bromination of MeP and its chlorinated and brominated MePs and the transformation pathway information, which could reasonably simulate the transformation of MePs during the chlorination of water in the presence of Br- and selected DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoonsik Yoom
- Busan Water Quality Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaedon Shin
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoon Ra
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejong Son
- Busan Water Quality Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongchoon Ryu
- Busan Water Quality Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Sasaki K, Terasaki M. Estrogen agonistic/antagonistic activity of brominated parabens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:21257-21266. [PMID: 29946845 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The estrogen agonistic/antagonistic activity of 16 brominated by-products of parabens was assessed by using a yeast two-hybrid assay transfected with the human estrogen receptor α. Characterization of synthetic compounds including novel brominated parabens was performed using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. For the agonist assay, five C3-C4 alkylparabens exhibited significant activity (P < 0.05) relative to that of 17β-estradiol, ranging from 3.7 × 10-5 to 7.1 × 10-4. In contrast, none of the brominated alkyl parabens exhibited agonistic activity. In the antagonist assay, 12 brominated alkylparabens and butylparaben exhibited significant antagonistic activity (P < 0.05). Their antagonistic activity relative to 4-hydroxytamoxifen ranged from 0.11 to 2.5. The antagonist activity of C1-C4 alkylparabens increased with the number of bromine substitutions. Benzylparaben exhibited both agonistic and antagonistic activity, and these activities dissipated or were weakened with increased bromination. Thus, increased bromination appeared to attenuate the estrogen agonistic activity of most parabens such that it resulted in increased antagonistic activity, a feature of parabens that had not been previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sasaki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-34 Ueda, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Masanori Terasaki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-34 Ueda, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan.
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19
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Bergquist BL, Jefferson KG, Kintz HN, Barber AE, Yeagley AA. Disconnecting the Estrogen Receptor Binding Properties and Antimicrobial Properties of Parabens through 3,5-Substitution. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:51-55. [PMID: 29348811 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercially utilized parabens are employed for their antimicrobial properties, but a weak binding to the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) may lead to breast cancer in some applications. Modification of the paraben scaffold should allow for a disconnection of these observed properties. Toward this goal, various 3,5-substituted parabens were synthesized and assessed for antimicrobial properties against S. aureus as well as competitive binding to the ERα. The minimum inhibitory concentration assay confirmed retention of antimicrobial activity in many of these derivatives, while all compounds exhibited decreased xenoestrogen activity as determined by a combination of competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), proliferation, and estrogen receptor binding assay. Thus, these changes to the paraben scaffold have led to a multitude of paraben derivatives with antimicrobial properties up to 16 times more active than the parent paraben and that are devoid or significantly diminished of potential breast cancer causing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget L. Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry and
Physics, Longwood University, 201 High Street, Farmville, Virginia 23909, United States
| | - Kaelyn G. Jefferson
- Department of Chemistry and
Physics, Longwood University, 201 High Street, Farmville, Virginia 23909, United States
| | - Hailey N. Kintz
- Department of Chemistry and
Physics, Longwood University, 201 High Street, Farmville, Virginia 23909, United States
| | - Amorette E. Barber
- Department of Chemistry and
Physics, Longwood University, 201 High Street, Farmville, Virginia 23909, United States
| | - Andrew A. Yeagley
- Department of Chemistry and
Physics, Longwood University, 201 High Street, Farmville, Virginia 23909, United States
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20
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NTP Research Report on Biological Activity of Bisphenol A (BPA) Structural Analogues and Functional Alternatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.22427/ntp-rr-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Seo JE, Kim S, Kim BH. In vitro skin absorption tests of three types of parabens using a Franz diffusion cell. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:320-325. [PMID: 27436697 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the permeation of paraben derivatives - methylparaben (MP), propylparaben (PP), and butylparaben (BP) - in hairless mouse full skin and human cadaver epidermis using a Franz diffusion cell method, which is proposed as a reliable alternative method to an skin absorption test. Parabens, esterified hydroxybenzoic acid compounds, are widely used as preservatives in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. The skin permeation rate showed dose dependency, and the hairless mouse full skin showed a higher flux value than human cadaver epidermis. Among the permeability coefficient (Kp) values of three parabens, MP showed a higher Kp value than PP or BP. Hence, according to the definitions of Marzulli et al., parabens would be classified as "moderate" penetrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Seo
- Department of Public Health, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Public Health, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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22
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Garrido E, Camacho-Muñoz D, Martín J, Santos A, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Monitoring of emerging pollutants in Guadiamar River basin (South of Spain): analytical method, spatial distribution and environmental risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:25127-25144. [PMID: 27679999 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7759-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Guadiamar River is located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula and connects two protected areas in the South of Spain: Sierra Morena and Doñana National Park. It is sited in an area affected by urban, industrial and agriculture sewage pollution and with tradition on intensive mining activities. Most of the studies performed in this area have been mainly focused on the presence of heavy metals and, until now, little is known about the occurrence of other contaminants such as emerging organic pollutants (EOPs). In this work, an analytical method has been optimized and validated for monitoring of forty-seven EOPs in surface water. The analytical method has been applied to study the distribution and environmental risk of these pollutants in Guadiamar River basin. The analytical method was based on solid-phase extraction and determination by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry. The 60 % of the target compounds were found in the analyzed samples. The highest concentrations were found for two plasticizers (bisphenol A and di(2-ethyhexyl)phthalate, mean concentration up to 930 ng/L) and two pharmaceutical compounds (caffeine (up to 623 ng/L) and salicylic acid (up to 318 ng/L)). This study allowed to evaluate the potential sources (industrial or urban) of the studied compounds and the spatial distribution of their concentrations along the river. Environmental risk assessment showed a major risk on the south of the river, mainly due to discharges of wastewater effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Garrido
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/Virgen de África 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Dolores Camacho-Muñoz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/Virgen de África 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Julia Martín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/Virgen de África 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Santos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/Virgen de África 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/Virgen de África 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain.
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/Virgen de África 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/Virgen de África 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain
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23
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Esteban S, Moreno-Merino L, Matellanes R, Catalá M, Gorga M, Petrovic M, López de Alda M, Barceló D, Silva A, Durán JJ, López-Martínez J, Valcárcel Y. Presence of endocrine disruptors in freshwater in the northern Antarctic Peninsula region. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:179-92. [PMID: 26882535 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The increasing human presence in Antarctica and the waste it generates is causing an impact on the environment at local and border scale. The main sources of anthropic pollution have a mainly local effect, and include the burning of fossil fuels, waste incineration, accidental spillage and wastewater effluents, even when treated. The aim of this work is to determine the presence and origin of 30 substances of anthropogenic origin considered to be, or suspected of being, endocrine disruptors in the continental waters of the Antarctic Peninsula region. We also studied a group of toxic metals, metalloids and other elements with possible endocrine activity. Ten water samples were analyzed from a wide range of sources, including streams, ponds, glacier drain, and an urban wastewater discharge into the sea. Surprisingly, the concentrations detected are generally similar to those found in other studies on continental waters in other parts of the world. The highest concentrations of micropollutants found correspond to the group of organophosphate flame retardants (19.60-9209ngL(-1)) and alkylphenols (1.14-7225ngL(-1)); and among toxic elements the presence of aluminum (a possible hormonal modifier) (1.7-127µgL(-1)) is significant. The concentrations detected are very low and insufficient to cause acute or subacute toxicity in aquatic organisms. However, little is known as yet of the potential sublethal and chronic effects of this type of pollutants and their capacity for bioaccumulation. These results point to the need for an ongoing system of environmental monitoring of these substances in Antarctic continental waters, and the advisability of regulating at least the most environmentally hazardous of these in the Antarctic legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Esteban
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Health Research Group (Toxamb), Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas s/n, E-28922 Alcorcón, (Madrid), Spain.
| | - L Moreno-Merino
- Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME), C/ Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Matellanes
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Health Research Group (Toxamb), Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas s/n, E-28922 Alcorcón, (Madrid), Spain
| | - M Catalá
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Health Research Group (Toxamb), Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas s/n, E-28922 Alcorcón, (Madrid), Spain; Biology and Geology Department, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda Tulipán s/n, Mostoles, (Madrid), Spain
| | - M Gorga
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H2O, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H2O, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - A Silva
- National Institute of Water, Empalme J. Newbery km 1,620, Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J J Durán
- Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME), C/ Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - J López-Martínez
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Valcárcel
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Health Research Group (Toxamb), Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas s/n, E-28922 Alcorcón, (Madrid), Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, Inmunology and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciencies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas s/n, E-28922 Alcorcón, (Madrid), Spain.
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24
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Li W, Gao L, Shi Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Cai Y. Spatial distribution, temporal variation and risks of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in urban surface water in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 539:262-270. [PMID: 26363399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of 13 target compounds, including eight parabens, four chlorinated parabens and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), were detected in surface water samples at 35 sampling sites in the Beijing River system, China. The surface water samples were collected from the main rivers and lakes in the urban area monthly from July 2013 to June 2014 (except the frozen period). Laboratory analyses revealed that parabens were ubiquitous in the surface water of Beijing. PHBA was the predominant compound in the surface water samples, with the average concentration of 239ngL(-1), followed by the total amount of chlorinated parabens (average 50.1ng/L) and parabens (average 44.3ng/L). It is noteworthy that octylparaben with longer chain was firstly detected in the surface water. Significant difference was observed for paraben concentrations from different sampling sites, and the highest level of parabens was found in the Xiaotaihou River, which was mainly due to the untreated sewage discharge. Seasonal variation of target compounds in the urban surface water was also studied, and parabens exhibited a different temporal variation from chlorinated derivatives. A combination of factors including high residual chlorine level and water temperature as well as intense ultraviolet radiation might enhance the persistence of chlorinated parabens in chlorinated water during the wet season. Risk assessment showed that parabens and their chlorinated derivatives are not likely to produce biological effects on aquatic ecosystems at current levels in the surface water of Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lihong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiemin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Wielogórska E, Elliott CT, Danaher M, Connolly L. Endocrine disruptor activity of multiple environmental food chain contaminants. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:211-20. [PMID: 25449125 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Industrial chemicals, antimicrobials, drugs and personal care products have been reported as global pollutants which enter the food chain. Some of them have also been classified as endocrine disruptors based on results of various studies employing a number of in vitro/vivo tests. The present study employed a mammalian reporter gene assay to assess the effects of known and emerging contaminants on estrogen nuclear receptor transactivation. Out of fifty-nine compounds assessed, estrogen receptor agonistic activity was observed for parabens( n = 3), UV filters (n = 6), phthalates (n = 4) and a metabolite, pyrethroids (n = 9) and their metabolites (n = 3). Two compounds were estrogen receptor antagonists while some of the agonists enhanced 17b-estradiol mediated response.This study reports five new compounds (pyrethroids and their metabolites) possessing estrogen agonist activity and highlights for the first time that pyrethroid metabolites are of particular concern showing much greater estrogenic activity than their parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wielogórska
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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26
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Rapid activity-directed screening of estrogens by parallel coupling of liquid chromatography with a functional gene reporter assay and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:165-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Terasaki M, Abe R, Makino M, Tatarazako N. Chronic toxicity of parabens and their chlorinated by-products in Ceriodaphnia dubia. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:664-73. [PMID: 24376163 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The chronic toxicity of 12 compounds of parabens and their chlorinated by-products was investigated using 7-day Ceriodaphnia dubia test under static renewal condition in order to generate information on how to disinfect by-products of preservatives that are discharged in aquatic systems. The mortality and inhibition of reproduction tended to increase with increasing hydrophobicity and decreased with the degree of chlorination of parabens. The EC50 values for mortality, offspring number, and first brood production ranged between 0.30-3.1, 0.047-12, and 1.3-6.3 mg L(-1) , respectively. For the number of neonates, the most sensitive endpoint, the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) values ranged from 0.63 to 10 mg L(-1) and from 1.2 to 19 mg L(-1) , respectively. Methylparaben (MP), benzylparaben (BnP), and dichlorinated BnP (Cl2 BnP) elicited a significant decrease in offspring numbers even at their lowest concentration tested; the NOEC for these compounds was determined to be less than the lowest test concentration (1.3, 0.04, and 0.63 mg L(-1) for MP, BnP, and Cl2 BnP, respectively). Propylparaben (PP), chlorinated PP, isopropylparaben (iPP), and chlorinated iPP exhibited nonmonotonic concentration-dependent response; their NOEC and LOEC values could not be determined. The multivariate approach involving principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis revealed four groups that corresponded to the toxicological profiles of parabens. Our results suggested that disinfection of parabens by chlorination could reduce aquatic toxicity of original compounds. The findings obtained in our study together with the data available on paraben concentrations in aquatic systems can be used to perform preliminary risk assessment by comparing the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) with the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios ranged from 0.0012 to 0.2, with the highest value observed in MP. This suggested that there are negligible environmental risks for aquatic organisms at current use levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Terasaki
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Ryoko Abe
- Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Masakazu Makino
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tatarazako
- Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
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Evgenidou EN, Konstantinou IK, Lambropoulou DA. Occurrence and removal of transformation products of PPCPs and illicit drugs in wastewaters: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:905-26. [PMID: 25461093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) along with illicit drugs (IDs) are newly recognized classes of environmental pollutants and are receiving considerable attention because of their environmental impacts: frequent occurrence, persistence and risk to aquatic life and humans. However, relatively little information is often available with regard to their possible biotic and abiotic transformation products (TPs). This lack of knowledge has resulted in a substantial amount of ongoing effort to develop methods and approaches that would assess their occurrence, degradability potential elimination mechanisms and efficiencies in sewage treatment plants as well as environmental and human health risks. In this article, an extensive literature survey was performed in order to present the current stage of knowledge and progress made in the occurrence of TPs of PPCPs and IDs in raw and treated wastewaters. Apart from the TPs resulting from structural transformations of the parent compound in the aquatic environment or in technological treatment facilities (e.g. sewage and drinking water treatment plants), free metabolites and drug conjugates formed during human metabolism have also been included in this review as they are also released into the aquatic environment through wastewaters. Their concentration levels were reported in influents and effluents of WWTPs, hospital effluents and their removals in the treatment plants were discussed. Finally, information on the toxicity of TPs has been compiled when available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni N Evgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis K Konstantinou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Seferi 2, GR 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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Transesterification of a series of 12 parabens by liver and small-intestinal microsomes of rats and humans. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 64:361-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Esteban S, Gorga M, Petrovic M, González-Alonso S, Barceló D, Valcárcel Y. Analysis and occurrence of endocrine-disrupting compounds and estrogenic activity in the surface waters of Central Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:939-51. [PMID: 23978587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) are chemical compounds with the ability to alter the hormonal systems of organisms. Such compounds are used in several industrial and domestic activities and reach the aquatic environment via wastewater discharge. The aim of this study is to assess the occurrence of 30 EDCs and related compounds in the surface waters of central Spain and to determine the overall estrogenic activity of environmental samples. This study analyzed a large number of EDCs and other emergent or suspected compounds with endocrine-disrupting activity. The results have shown the presence of 19 EDCs at concentrations ranging from 2 to 5928 ng L(-1). Organophosphorus-based flame retardants, alkylphenolic compounds and anticorrosives were found at the highest concentrations. Furthermore, although insufficient data are available to calculate an average over time, these preliminary results show the need to monitor the waters in both rivers studied. Alkylphenolic compounds, particularly nonylphenol, were the main contributors to overall estrogenicity. A higher concentration of the compounds studied was detected in the river Jarama, although the estrogenicity expressed as estradiol equivalents (EEQs) was higher in the river Manzanares due to a higher concentration of nonylphenol. However, the total estrogenicity did not exceed 1 ng L(-1) (EEQ), which is the level that may cause estrogenic effects in aquatic organisms, in any of the samples. In conclusion, the potential estrogenic risk in both rivers is low, although organophosphorus-based flame retardants may increase this risk as they were found at high levels in all samples. Unfortunately, these compounds could not be taken into account when calculating the estrogenic activity due to the lack of activity data for them. For future investigations, it will be important to assess the estrogenicity provided by these flame retardants. Due to the significant concentrations of EDCs detected in both rivers, further studies in this region are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Esteban
- Deparment of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, Inmunology and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas, s/n. 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Ozaki H, Sugihara K, Watanabe Y, Fujino C, Uramaru N, Sone T, Ohta S, Kitamura S. Comparative study of the hydrolytic metabolism of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, heptyl- and dodecylparaben by microsomes of various rat and human tissues. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:1064-72. [PMID: 23742084 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.802059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolytic metabolism of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, heptyl- and dodecylparaben by various tissue microsomes and plasma of rats, as well as human liver and small-intestinal microsomes, was investigated and the structure-metabolic activity relationship was examined. Rat liver microsomes showed the highest activity toward parabens, followed by small-intestinal and lung microsomes. Butylparaben was most effectively hydrolyzed by the liver microsomes, which showed relatively low hydrolytic activity towards parabens with shorter and longer alkyl side chains. In contrast, small-intestinal microsomes exhibited relatively higher activity toward longer-side-chain parabens, and showed the highest activity towards heptylparaben. Rat lung and skin microsomes showed liver-type substrate specificity. Kidney and pancreas microsomes and plasma of rats showed small-intestinal-type substrate specificity. Liver and small-intestinal microsomal hydrolase activity was completely inhibited by bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate, and could be extracted with Triton X-100. Ces1e and Ces1d isoforms were identified as carboxylesterase isozymes catalyzing paraben hydrolysis by anion exchange column chromatography of Triton X-100 extract from liver microsomes. Ces1e and Ces1d expressed in COS cells exhibited significant hydrolase activities with the same substrate specificity pattern as that of liver microsomes. Small-intestinal carboxylesterase isozymes Ces2a and Ces2c expressed in COS cells showed the same substrate specificity as small-intestinal microsomes, being more active toward longer-alkyl-side-chain parabens. Human liver microsomes showed the highest hydrolytic activity toward methylparaben, while human small-intestinal microsomes showed a broadly similar substrate specificity to rat small-intestinal microsomes. Human CES1 and CES2 isozymes showed the same substrate specificity patterns as human liver and small-intestinal microsomes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Ozaki
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Minami-ku, Hiroshima , Japan
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González-Mariño I, Quintana JB, Rodríguez I, Cela R. Evaluation of the occurrence and biodegradation of parabens and halogenated by-products in wastewater by accurate-mass liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:6770-6780. [PMID: 22060963 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An assessment of the sewage occurrence and biodegradability of seven parabens and three halogenated derivatives of methyl paraben (MeP) is presented. Several wastewater samples were collected at three different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) during April and May 2010, concentrated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analysed by liquid chromatography-electrospray-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). The performance of the QTOF system proved to be comparable to triple-quadrupole instruments in terms of quantitative capabilities, with good linearity (R(2) > 0.99 in the 5-500 ng mL(-1) range), repeatability (RSD < 5.6%) and LODs (0.3-4.0 ng L(-1) after SPE). MeP and n-propyl paraben (n-PrP) were the most frequently detected and the most abundant analytes in raw wastewater (0.3-10 μg L(-1)), in accordance with the data displayed in the bibliography and reflecting their wider use in cosmetic formulations. Samples were also evaluated in search for potential halogenated by-products of parabens, formed as a result of their reaction with residual chlorine contained in tap water. Monochloro- and dichloro-methyl paraben (ClMeP and Cl(2)MeP) were found and quantified in raw wastewater at levels between 0.01 and 0.1 μg L(-1). Halogenated derivatives of n-PrP could not be quantified due to the lack of standards; nevertheless, the monochlorinated species (ClPrP) was identified in several samples from its accurate precursor and product ions mass/charge ratios (m/z). Removal efficiencies of parabens and MeP chlorinated by-products in WWTPs exceeded 90%, with the lowest percentages corresponding to the latter species. This trend was confirmed by an activated sludge biodegradation batch test, where non-halogenated parabens had half-lives lower than 4 days, whereas halogenated derivatives of MeP turned out to be more persistent, with up to 10 days of half-life in the case of dihalogenated derivatives. A further stability test performed with raw wastewater also showed that parabens degrade rapidly in real sewage, with half-lives lower than 10 h for n-butyl-paraben, while dihalogenated species again turned out to be more stable, with half-lives longer than a week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Svobodová K, Cajthaml T. New in vitro reporter gene bioassays for screening of hormonal active compounds in the environment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 88:839-47. [PMID: 20737269 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Identification of chemicals with endocrine-disrupting activities in the past two decades has led to the need for sensitive assays for detection and monitoring of these activities in the environment. In vitro reporter gene assays represent a relatively fast and easy-to-perform method for detection of compounds that are able to bind to hormonal receptors and stimulate or silence their transactivation activity, thus interfering with the hormone signaling pathways. This paper reviews upgrades on reporter gene assays performed during the last decade. The utilization of new reporter genes (luciferase and green fluorescent protein coding genes) significantly improved the sensitivity of the tests and made them faster. Reporter gene assays now represent a high-throughput system for screening chemicals for hormonal activity. Finally, modification of test set-ups for testing anti-hormonal activities also enabled measurements of endocrine-disrupting activities in complex environmental samples such as sediments and wastewater treatment plant effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Svobodová
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology of ASCR, v.v.i., Videnska, 1083 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Pick H, Etter S, Baud O, Schmauder R, Bordoli L, Schwede T, Vogel H. Dual activities of odorants on olfactory and nuclear hormone receptors. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:30547-55. [PMID: 19723634 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.040964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have screened an odorant compound library and discovered molecules acting as chemical signals that specifically activate both G-protein-coupled olfactory receptors (ORs) on the cell surface of olfactory sensory neurons and the human nuclear estrogen receptor alpha (ER) involved in transcriptional regulation of cellular differentiation and proliferation in a wide variety of tissues. Hence, these apparent dual active odorants induce distinct signal transduction pathways at different subcellular localizations, which affect both neuronal signaling, resulting in odor perception, and the ER-dependent transcriptional control of specific genes. We demonstrate these effects using fluorescence-based in vitro and cellular assays. Among these odorants, we have identified synthetic sandalwood compounds, an important class of molecules used in the fragrance industry. For one estrogenic odorant we have also identified the cognate OR. This prompted us to compare basic molecular recognition principles of odorants on the two structurally and apparent functionally non-related receptors using computational modeling in combination with functional assays. Faced with the increasing evidence that ORs may perform chemosensory functions in a number of tissues outside of the nasal olfactory epithelium, the unraveling of these molecular ligand-receptor interaction principles is of critical importance. In addition the evidence that certain olfactory sensory neurons naturally co-express ORs and ERs may provide a direct functional link between the olfactory and hormonal systems in humans. Our results are therefore useful for defining the structural and functional characteristics of ER-specific odorants and the role of odorant molecules in cellular processes other than olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Pick
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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