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Kundu A, Sultana N, Felsky D, Moraes TJ, Selby P, Chaiton M. An overview of systematic reviews on predictors of smoking cessation among young people. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299728. [PMID: 38466736 PMCID: PMC10927074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors that influence smoking cessation among young people is crucial for planning targeted cessation approaches. The objective of this review was to comprehensively summarize evidence for predictors of different smoking cessation related behaviors among young people from currently available systematic reviews. We searched six databases and reference lists of the included articles for studies published up to October 20, 2023. All systematic reviews summarizing predictors of intention to quit smoking, quit attempts, or smoking abstinence among people aged 10-35 years were included. We excluded reviews on effectiveness of smoking cessation intervention; smoking prevention and other smoking behaviors; cessation of other tobacco products use, dual use, and polysubstance use. We categorized the identified predictors into 5 different categories for 3 overlapping age groups. JBI critical appraisal tool and GRADE-CERqual approach were used for quality and certainty assessment respectively. A total of 11 systematic reviews were included in this study; all summarized predictors of smoking abstinence/quit attempts and two also identified predictors of intention to quit smoking. Seven reviews had satisfactory critical appraisal score and there was minimal overlapping between the reviews. We found 4 'possible' predictors of intention to quit smoking and 119 predictors of smoking abstinence/quit attempts. Most of these 119 predictors were applicable for ~10-29 years age group. We had moderate confidence on the 'probable', 'possible', 'insufficient evidence', and 'inconsistent direction' predictors and low confidence on the 'probably unrelated' factors. The 'probable' predictors include a wide variety of socio-demographic factors, nicotine dependence, mental health, attitudes, behavioral and psychological factors, peer and family related factors, and jurisdictional policies. These predictors can guide improvement of existing smoking cessation interventions or planning of new targeted intervention programs. Other predictors as well as predictors of intention to quit smoking need to be further investigated among adolescents and young adults separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasua Kundu
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nahid Sultana
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daniel Felsky
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Theo J. Moraes
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), Toronto, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter Selby
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Chaiton
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Nian Q, Grilo G, Cohen JE, Smith KC, Reynales-Shigematsu LM, Flores Escartin MG, Moran MB. Disparities in self-reported exposure to tobacco marketing among youth and young adults from low-socioeconomic status neighbourhoods in Mexico City. Glob Public Health 2023; 18:2049346. [PMID: 35301935 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2022.2049346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to tobacco marketing is positively associated with smoking initiation and behaviours. There is limited literature examining disparities among reported exposure in low- and middle-income countries. This study sought to fill this gap with a survey among 1427 adolescents and 889 adult smokers in Mexico City in 2020. Data were analysed using chi-square and hierarchical regression models. Two-thirds of adolescents noticed cigarette pack displays in stores. Participants from low- and mid-socioeconomic status (SES) neighbourhoods were more exposed to tobacco marketing than their counterparts through several channels. After addressing the shared variance among participants from the same household nested in neighbourhood SES level and controlling for gender, adolescent non-smokers and adult smokers who noticed pack displays were more likely to be susceptible to smoking (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.4-2.4) and to smoke more (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.21-2.47); adult smokers who noticed tobacco marketing at more places were less likely to be certain about smoking risks (OR = 0.9, 95% CI 0.8-0.9). The results suggest that the tobacco industry targets youth and individuals from low-SES neighbourhoods through several channels. Greater exposure to tobacco marketing was associated with increased susceptibility to smoking and decreased risk perception. These findings support a comprehensive ban on tobacco marketing in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Nian
- Department of Health, Behaviour & Society, Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Graziele Grilo
- Department of Health, Behaviour & Society, Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joanna E Cohen
- Department of Health, Behaviour & Society, Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katherine C Smith
- Department of Health, Behaviour & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu
- Departamento de Prevención y Control de Tabaquismo, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Maria Guadalupe Flores Escartin
- Departamento de Prevención y Control de Tabaquismo, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Meghan B Moran
- Department of Health, Behaviour & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Lyu JC, Olson SS, Ramo DE, Ling PM. Delivering vaping cessation interventions to adolescents and young adults on Instagram: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2311. [PMID: 36496358 PMCID: PMC9735274 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent and young adult use of electronic nicotine delivery systems ("vaping") has increased rapidly since 2018. There is a dearth of evidence-based vaping cessation interventions for this vulnerable population. Social media use is common among young people, and smoking cessation groups on social media have shown efficacy in the past. The objective of this study is to describe the protocol for a randomized controlled trial (RCT) testing the efficacy of an Instagram-based vaping cessation intervention for adolescents and young adults. METHODS Adolescents and young adults aged 13-21 residing in California who have vaped at least once per week in the past 30 days will be recruited through social media ads, community partners, and youth serving organizations. Participants will be randomly assigned to intervention or control conditions: the intervention group takes place on Instagram, where participants receive up to 3 posts per weekday for 25 days over 5 weeks; the control group will be directed to kickitca.org, a website offering links to chatline and texting cessation services operated by the California Smokers' Helpline. The primary outcome is biochemically verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence for nicotine vaping; secondary outcomes are vaping reduction by 50% or more, vaping quit attempts, readiness to quit vaping, confidence in ability to quit, desire to quit, commitment to abstinence, and use of evidence-based cessation strategies. Both the primary outcome and secondary outcomes will be assessed immediately, 3 months, and 6 months after the treatment. DISCUSSION This is the first RCT to test a vaping cessation intervention delivered through Instagram. If effective, it will be one of the first evidence-based interventions to address vaping among adolescents and young adults and add to the evidence base for social media interventions for this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04707911, registered on January 13, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Chen Lyu
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Sarah S. Olson
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Danielle E. Ramo
- grid.428737.dHopeLab, 100 California St #1150, San Francisco, CA 94111 USA
| | - Pamela M. Ling
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
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Gundersen DA, Wivagg J, Young WJ, Yan T, Delnevo CD. The Use of Multimode Data Collection in Random Digit Dialing Cell Phone Surveys for Young Adults: Feasibility Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e31545. [PMID: 34932017 PMCID: PMC8726022 DOI: 10.2196/31545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Young adults’ early adoption of new cell phone technologies have created challenges to survey recruitment but offer opportunities to combine random digit dialing (RDD) sampling with web mode data collection. The National Young Adult Health Survey was designed to test the feasibility of this methodology. Objective In this study, we compared response rates across the telephone mode and web mode, assessed sample representativeness, examined design effects (DEFFs), and compared cigarette smoking prevalence to a gold standard national survey. Methods We conducted a survey experiment where the sampling frame was randomized to single-mode telephone interviews, telephone-to-web sequential mixed mode, and single-mode web survey. A total of 831 respondents aged 18 to 34 years were recruited via RDD at baseline. A soft launch was conducted prior to main launch. We compared the web mode to the telephone modes (ie, single-mode and mixed mode) at wave 1 based on the American Association for Public Opinion Research response rate 3 for screening and extended surveys. Base-weighted demographic distributions were compared to the American Community Survey. The sample was calibrated to the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey to calculate DEFFs and to compare cigarette smoking prevalence to the National Health Interview Survey. Prevalence estimates are estimated with sampling weights and are presented with unweighted sample sizes. Consistency of estimates was judged by 95% CI. Results The American Association for Public Opinion Research response rate 3 was higher in the telephone mode than in the web mode (24% and 30% vs 6.1% and 12.5%, for soft launch and main launch, respectively), which was reflected in response rate 3 for screening and extended surveys. During the soft launch, the extended survey and eligibility rate were low for respondents pushed to the web mode. To boost productivity and survey completes for the web condition, the main launch used cell phone numbers from the sampling frame where the sample vendor matched the number to auxiliary data, which suggested that the number likely belonged to an adult in the target age range. This increased the eligibility rate, but the screener response rate was lower. Compared to population distribution from the US Census Bureau, the telephone mode overrepresented men (57.1% [unweighted n=412] vs 50.9%) and those enrolled in college (40.3% [unweighted n=269] vs 23.8%); it also underrepresented those with a Bachelor of Arts or Science (34.4% [unweighted n=239] vs 55%). The web mode overrepresented White, non-Latinos (70.7% [unweighted n=90] vs 54.4%) and those with some college education (30.4% [unweighted n=40] vs 7.6%); it also underrepresented Latinos (13.6% [unweighted n=20] vs 20.7%) and those with a high school or General Education Development diploma (15.3% [unweighted n=20] vs 29.3%). The DEFF measure was 1.28 (subpopulation range 0.96-1.93). The National Young Adult Health Survey cigarette smoking prevalence was consistent with the National Health Interview Survey overall (15%, CI 12.4%-18% [unweighted 149/831] vs 13.5%, CI 12.3%-14.7% [unweighted 823/5552]), with notable deviation among 18- to 24-year-olds (15.6%, CI 11.3%-22.2% [unweighted 51/337] vs 8.7%, CI 7.1%-10.6% [unweighted 167/1647]), and those with education levels lower than Bachelor of Arts or Science (24%, CI 19.3%-29.4% [unweighted 123/524] vs 17.1%, CI 15.6%-18.7% [unweighted 690/3493]). Conclusions RDD sampling for a web survey is not feasible for young adults due to its low response rate. However, combining this methodology with RDD telephone surveys may have a great potential for including media and collecting autophotographic data in population surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alexander Gundersen
- Survey and Qualitative Methods Core, Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - William J Young
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Ting Yan
- Westat, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Cristine D Delnevo
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Imperatori C, Corazza O, Panno A, Rinaldi R, Pasquini M, Farina B, Biondi M, Bersani FS. Mentalization Impairment Is Associated with Problematic Alcohol Use in a Sample of Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228664. [PMID: 33266367 PMCID: PMC7700465 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Alcohol is one of the most widely used drugs among adolescents and young people, and problematic alcohol use (PAU) is related to significant long-term biological, clinical, and psychosocial sequelae. Although preliminary reports have linked deficits in mentalization to increased vulnerability to addiction, no studies have specifically explored this phenomenon in relation to PAU. Methods: The association between mentalization impairment and PAU severity was investigated in a sample of 271 young adults (183 females, 65.9%; mean age: 23.20 ± 3.55 years; range: 18–34). Self-report measures investigating PAU and mentalization were administered to all participants. Results: Individuals with PAU reported a more frequent use of tobacco and illicit drugs in the last 12 months. PAU severity was negatively associated with mentalization capacity (rho = −0.21; p < 0.001), and also, when possible, confounding variables (i.e., gender, age, occupation, education, tobacco and illegal drugs use) were controlled for (rho = −0.17; p = 0.004). Conclusion: The present data showed that mentalization impairment is significantly associated with PAU among young adults, suggesting that it may have a role in the development and/or maintenance of alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Imperatori
- Cognitive and Clinical Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Science, European University of Rome, 00163 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (A.P.); (B.F.)
| | - Ornella Corazza
- Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL109AB, UK;
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Angelo Panno
- Cognitive and Clinical Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Science, European University of Rome, 00163 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (A.P.); (B.F.)
| | - Raffaella Rinaldi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Pasquini
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Benedetto Farina
- Cognitive and Clinical Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Science, European University of Rome, 00163 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (A.P.); (B.F.)
| | - Massimo Biondi
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Francesco Saverio Bersani
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Buu A, Hu YH, Wong SW, Lin HC. Comparing American college and noncollege young adults on e-cigarette use patterns including polysubstance use and reasons for using e-cigarettes. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2020; 68:610-616. [PMID: 30908151 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1583662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Existing literature on young adults' e-cigarette and polysubstance use focused on college students. This study examined the differences between college and noncollege groups on prevalence and patterns of e-cigarette and other substance use using data from a national survey. Participants: Adults aged 18-24 from the 2013-2014 Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (n = 6,608). Methods: Independent sample t-tests and Chi-square tests were conducted to examine group differences. Results: Noncollege young adults had higher prevalence of cigarette, e-cigarette, and marijuana use; college students had higher prevalence of alcohol use. Among current e-cigarette users, college students had higher prevalence of polysubstance use of alcohol and marijuana. College students used e-cigarettes for socializing purposes more. Conclusions: Differences in prevalence and patterns of e-cigarette and other substance use between college and noncollege groups exist. Future interventions should target the social context of college life and reach out to noncollege young adults in workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Buu
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yi-Han Hu
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Su-Wei Wong
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Hsien-Chang Lin
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Leas EC, Trinidad DR, Pierce JP, Benmarhnia T. The effect of college attendance on young adult cigarette, e-cigarette, cigarillo, hookah and smokeless tobacco use and its potential for addressing tobacco-related health disparities. Prev Med 2020; 132:105954. [PMID: 31917304 PMCID: PMC7104572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to assess the effect of college attendance on tobacco use among young adults and across subpopulations with disparities in tobacco use. Using a cohort of US youth (<18 years) who aged into young adulthood (18-24 years) in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (2013-14, 2015-16, n = 3619) and propensity score matching we estimated the effect of college attendance on past 30-day use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigarillos, hookah and smokeless tobacco. In unmatched analysis, college attenders (vs. nonattenders) had lower risk of using any form of tobacco (Risk Difference (RD): -10.0; 95% CI: -13.2, -7.0), cigarettes (RD: -13.0; 95% CI: -15.4, -10.5), e-cigarettes (RD: -4.1; 95% CI: -6.8, -1.7), cigarillos (RD: -5.7; 95% CI: -7.6, -3.8), and smokeless tobacco (RD: -2.0; 95% CI: -3.4, -0.6), but not hookah (RD: -0.2; 95% CI: -2.1, 1.6). In matched analysis, these associations were all near-null, with the exception of cigarettes (matched RD: -7.1; 95% CI: -10.3, -3.9). The effect of college attendance on cigarette smoking was stable for all subpopulations we assessed including among those identifying as non-Hispanic Black or Lesbian, Gay or Bisexual as well as among those living in the South, Midwest or whose parents did not attend college. The results suggest that college attendance may reduce young adults' risk of cigarette smoking but may not reduce the risk of using other tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Leas
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | - Dennis R Trinidad
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - John P Pierce
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Stallings-Smith S, Ballantyne T. Ever Use of E-Cigarettes Among Adults in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study of Sociodemographic Factors. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 2020; 56:46958019864479. [PMID: 31328601 PMCID: PMC6647205 DOI: 10.1177/0046958019864479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarette use among adolescents is well-documented, but less is known about adult users of e-cigarettes. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between sociodemographic factors and e-cigarette use in a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States. Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for years 2015-2016 were analyzed to assess e-cigarette use among 5989 adults aged ≥18 years. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to examine associations between the sociodemographic exposures of age, sex, race, marital status, education level, employment status, and poverty-income ratio and the outcome of e-cigarette use. The weighted prevalence of ever use of e-cigarettes was 20%. Compared with adults aged ≥55 years, odds of e-cigarette use were 4.77 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.63-6.27) higher among ages 18 to 34 years and 2.16 times (95% CI = 1.49-3.14) higher among ages 35 to 54 years. Higher odds of e-cigarette use were observed among widowed/divorced/separated participants compared with those who were married/living with a partner, among participants with less than high school (odds ratio [OR] = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.08-2.00) or high school/general educational development (GED) education (OR=1.41; 95% CI = 1.12-1.77) compared with those with college degrees/some college, and among those with incomes below the poverty level (OR=1.31; 95% CI = 1.01-1.69) compared with above the poverty level. For non-smokers of conventional cigarettes, higher odds of e-cigarette use were observed among males compared with females, Mexican Americans/Other Hispanics compared with non-Hispanic whites, and non-working participants compared with those who were working. Overall findings indicate that individuals who are widowed/divorced/separated, individuals with lower education, and with incomes below the poverty level are likely to report ever use of e-cigarettes. As increasing evidence demonstrates negative health consequences, e-cigarette initiation may ultimately contribute to additional smoking-related health inequalities even among non-smokers of conventional cigarettes.
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Lienemann BA, Rose SW, Unger JB, Meissner HI, Byron MJ, Baezconde-Garbanati L, Huang LL, Cruz TB. Tobacco Advertisement Liking, Vulnerability Factors, and Tobacco Use Among Young Adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:300-308. [PMID: 30329102 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young adulthood (aged 18-24) is a crucial period in the development of long-term tobacco use patterns. Tobacco advertising and promotion lead to the initiation and continuation of smoking among young adults. We examined whether vulnerability factors moderated the association between tobacco advertisement liking and tobacco use in the United States. METHODS Analyses were conducted among 9109 US young adults in the nationally representative Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study wave 1 (2013-14). Participants viewed 20 randomly selected sets of tobacco advertisements (five each for cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco) and indicated whether they liked each ad. The outcome variables were past 30-day cigarette, e-cigarette, cigar, and smokeless tobacco use. Covariates included tobacco advertisement liking, age, sex, race or ethnicity, sexual orientation, education, poverty level, military service, and internalizing and externalizing mental health symptoms. RESULTS Liking tobacco advertisements was associated with tobacco use, and this association was particularly strong among those with lower educational attainment (cigarettes, cigars) and living below the poverty level (e-cigarettes, smokeless tobacco). CONCLUSIONS The association between tobacco advertisement liking and tobacco use was stronger among young adults with lower educational attainment and those living below the poverty level. Policies that restrict advertising exposure and promote counter-marketing messages in this population could reduce their risk. IMPLICATIONS This study shows that liking tobacco advertisements is associated with current tobacco use among young adults, with stronger associations for vulnerable young adults (ie, lower education levels and living below the poverty level). Findings suggest a need for counter-marketing messages, policies that restrict advertising exposure, and educational interventions such as health and media literacy interventions to address the negative influences of tobacco advertisements, especially among young adults with a high school education or less and those living below the poverty level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna A Lienemann
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Helen I Meissner
- Tobacco Regulatory Science Program, Office of Disease Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - M Justin Byron
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lourdes Baezconde-Garbanati
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Li-Ling Huang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Master Program in Global Health and Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tess Boley Cruz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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10
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Villanti AC, Naud S, West JC, Pearson JL, Wackowski OA, Niaura RS, Hair E, Rath JM. Prevalence and correlates of nicotine and nicotine product perceptions in U.S. young adults, 2016. Addict Behav 2019; 98:106020. [PMID: 31238235 PMCID: PMC6947657 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotine is not a human carcinogen and combustion compounds in tobacco smoke, rather than nicotine, cause tobacco-related cardiovascular disease. Few recent studies examine the public's beliefs about nicotine in relation to smoking. METHODS Participants aged 18-40 (n = 4,091) in Wave 10 (Fall 2016) of the Truth Initiative Young Adult Cohort Study responded to nineteen items on nicotine and nicotine product perceptions, including addictiveness and health harms of nicotine patch/gum and e-cigarettes compared to cigarettes. Analyses conducted in 2018 examined prevalence of perceptions and sociodemographic and tobacco use correlates of selected perceptions. RESULTS The majority of young adults reported that nicotine was responsible for a "relatively" or "very large" part of the health risks (66%) and cancer (60%) caused by smoking. More than half of young adults (55%) believed that nicotine is a cause of cancer. Between 23% and 43% of young adults responded "don't know" to items on nicotine. Females, blacks, Hispanics, and those with less than some college education were more likely to report true or "don't know" vs. false to "nicotine is a cause of cancer" and had higher odds of believing that nicotine was responsible for a "relatively" or "very large" part of the health risks of smoking and cancer caused by smoking. Past 30-day tobacco users had lower odds of reporting these beliefs. CONCLUSIONS Misperceptions of nicotine are widespread in young adults. Public education is needed to maximize the public health impact of FDA's required nicotine warning label and proposed nicotine reduction policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Villanti
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Shelly Naud
- Department of Medical Biostatistics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Julia C West
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jennifer L Pearson
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Social and Behavioral Sciences/Health Administration and Policy, School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Olivia A Wackowski
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers, the State University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Raymond S Niaura
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hair
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jessica M Rath
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
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11
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Gagné T, Quesnel-Vallée A, Frohlich KL. Considering the age-graded nature of associations between socioeconomic characteristics and smoking during the transition towards adulthood. Prev Med 2019; 123:262-269. [PMID: 30935999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Young adulthood is a sensitive period characterized by the accumulation of resources and transitions in and out of education, employment, family, and housing arrangements. The association between these characteristics and smoking outcomes likely varies with age yet few studies address its dynamic age-graded nature. To explore this, we examined 2083 young adults ages 18-25 from the 2011-2012 cross-sectional sample of the Montreal-based Interdisciplinary Study of Inequalities in Smoking. We operationalized participants' socioeconomic characteristics using their resources (e.g., education, income, financial difficulties) and transition stages (i.e., studying, working full-time, living arrangements with parents and children, and being in a relationship). We examined differences in these characteristics' associations with occasional and daily smoking across two-year categories (18-19, 20-21, 22-23, and 24-25) using multinomial logistic regression models with age-based interaction terms. Findings highlighted four characteristics, i.e., educational attainment, personal income, student status, and relationship status, with significant differences in associations with smoking outcomes across age categories. Between the age groups of 18-19 and 24-25: 1) the negative association between low educational attainment and daily smoking increased; 2) the positive association between personal income and daily smoking decreased; 3) the negative association between student status and both outcomes decreased; 4) the negative association between relationship status and occasional smoking increased. Findings support that the associations between young adults' socioeconomic characteristics and smoking outcomes vary substantially during the second and third decades of life. Addressing this has critical implications for identifying vulnerable populations and developing appropriate age-based policies in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Gagné
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Canada; Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Canada.
| | - Amélie Quesnel-Vallée
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Canada; Department of Sociology, McGill University, Canada
| | - Katherine L Frohlich
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Canada; Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Canada
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12
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Lee Y, Lee KS. Factors Related to Smoking Status Among Young Adults: An Analysis of Younger and Older Young Adults in Korea. J Prev Med Public Health 2019; 52:92-100. [PMID: 30971075 PMCID: PMC6459759 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.18.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Young adulthood represents a critical developmental period during which the use of tobacco may begin or cease. Furthermore, differences in smoking behaviors between younger (aged 18-24 years) and older (aged 25-34 years) young adults may exist. This study aimed to characterize patterns related to current smoking in younger and older young adults. Methods This study used data acquired from the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2013 to 2014. A total of 2069 subjects were categorized as younger (712 subjects) and older (1357 subjects) young adults. The chi-square test was used to assess the relationships between smoking status and socio-demographic, health-related, and smoking-related factors. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to assess the factors affecting current smoking in these age groups. Results The current smoking prevalence was 18.3% among the younger young adults and 26.0% among the older young adults. Sex, education level, occupation, perceived health status, alcohol consumption, and electronic cigarette use were related to current smoking in both age groups. Secondhand smoke exposure at home and stress levels showed significant relationships with smoking in younger and older young adults, respectively. Conclusions Strong correlations were found between the observed variables and smoking behaviors among young adults. Determining the factors affecting smoking and designing interventions based on these factors are essential for smoking cessation in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Lee
- Graduate School of Public Health, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kang-Sook Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Yin S, Ahluwalia IB, Palipudi K, Mbulo L, Arrazola RA. Are there hardened smokers in low- and middle-income countries? Findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey. Tob Induc Dis 2019; 17:11. [PMID: 31582922 PMCID: PMC6751971 DOI: 10.18332/tid/100631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hardened smokers are those who do not want to quit, or find it very difficult to quit. This study assessed the prevalence and predictors of hardened smokers in 19 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS We used nationally representative data from 19 LMICs that conducted the Global Adult Tobacco Survey during 2009–2013. Our analysis is restricted to adults aged ≥25 years. Hardened smokers were defined as daily smokers who smoked for 5 or more years, and who reported the following: no quit attempt in the past year that lasted 24 or more hours; no interest in quitting, or not planning to quit in the next year; and currently smoked within 30 minutes after waking. For each country, the prevalence of hardened smokers was analyzed by sex, age, residence (urban or rural), educational attainment, wealth index, and knowledge of the danger of smoking. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess predictors of hardened smoking. RESULTS Prevalence of hardened smokers among adults (aged ≥25 years) ranged from 1.1% (Panama) to 14.3% (Russia). Among current smokers (aged ≥25 years), the proportion of hardened smokers ranged from 7.5% (Mexico) to 38.4% (Romania). Adjusted odds of hardened smokers were significantly higher for males (9 of 19 countries), smokers aged 65 years or older (12 of 19 countries), adults with lower educational attainment (9 of 19 countries), and no knowledge of the danger of smoking (8 of 19 countries). CONCLUSIONS The spectrum of smokers in the LMICs includes hardened smokers and prevalence varies across population groups. Full implementation of proven tobacco control strategies could reduce hardened smoking in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoman Yin
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, United States
| | - Indu B Ahluwalia
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, United States
| | - Krishna Palipudi
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, United States
| | - Lazarous Mbulo
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, United States
| | - René A Arrazola
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, United States
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14
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Ilakkuvan V, Johnson A, Villanti AC, Evans WD, Turner M. Patterns of Social Media Use and Their Relationship to Health Risks Among Young Adults. J Adolesc Health 2019; 64:158-164. [PMID: 30269907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Social media use is pervasive among young adults, and different sites have different purposes, features, and audiences. This study identified classes of young adults based on what combination of sites they use and how frequently, and compared their health risk factors and behaviors. METHODS Latent profile models were developed based on frequency of using 10 sites from a national sample of young adults aged 18-24 years (n = 1,062). Bivariate analyses and multivariable regressions examined the relationship between class membership and alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. RESULTS The optimal model identified five classes: Low Users (7.9%), High Users (63.1%), Professional Users - high use of LinkedIn (10.1%), Creative Users - high use of Vine and Tumblr (11.5%), and Mainstream Users - high use of Facebook and YouTube (7.4%). Classes differed significantly on ATOD use and depressive symptoms. Compared to High Users, Creative Users had higher odds of using most substances and lower odds of depressive symptoms, Mainstream Users had higher odds of substances used socially (alcohol and hookah), Professional Users had higher odds of using alcohol, cigarettes, and cigars, and Low Users had higher odds of using other drugs (e.g., cocaine and heroin). CONCLUSIONS A young adult's social media site use profile is associated with ATOD use and depressive symptoms. Use and co-use of certain sites may influence the volume and nature of ATOD-related content and norms young adults experience in social media. Targeting interventions to sites selected based on use patterns associated with each health risk may be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinu Ilakkuvan
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Amanda Johnson
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Andrea C Villanti
- Vermont Center on Behavior & Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - W Douglas Evans
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Monique Turner
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
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15
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Villanti AC, Gaalema DE, Tidey JW, Kurti AN, Sigmon SC, Higgins ST. Co-occurring vulnerabilities and menthol use in U.S. young adult cigarette smokers: Findings from Wave 1 of the PATH Study, 2013-2014. Prev Med 2018; 117:43-51. [PMID: 29890187 PMCID: PMC6397770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study incorporates intersectionality theory to address potential effects of age on other documented risk factors for current smoking and menthol cigarette use in young adults aged 18-34 using Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study (2013-2014). We explored known correlates of current cigarette and menthol cigarette smoking and interaction analyses by age group (18-24 vs. 25-34), accounting for survey weighting. Use of non-cigarette tobacco products and e-cigarettes was characterized among current cigarette smokers. Young adults experience multiple vulnerabilities to smoking beyond age and some of these known risk factors for smoking place those aged 18-24 at different risk of cigarette smoking compared to their 25-34 year old counterparts. These include lower odds of cigarette smoking by age for sex (female; AOR = 0.62 in those aged 18-24 vs. 0.72 in those aged 25-34) and Hispanic ethnicity (vs. White; AOR = 0.77 vs. 0.45), and higher odds of smoking among past 30-day alcohol users aged 18-24 vs. 25-34 (AOR = 1.62 vs. 1.32). Correlations between lower education and smoking were nearly two-fold higher in 25-34 than 18-24 year olds. Having any medical comorbidity had opposite effects on current smoking by age (18-24 positive correlation, AOR = 1.17; 25-34 negative correlation, AOR = 0.84). Lower education was correlated with menthol cigarette use among young adult smokers. This study suggests that higher smoking prevalence among young adults is associated with the intersection of multiple vulnerabilities to smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Villanti
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Diann E Gaalema
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Allison N Kurti
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Stacey C Sigmon
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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16
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Gagné T, Lee JGL, Steinmetz-Wood M, Frohlich KL. Methodological systematic review of studies on social inequalities in smoking among young adults: A field coming of age? Tob Control 2018; 28:566-573. [PMID: 30397029 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Socioeconomic circumstances are critically important to addressing smoking. In young adulthood (ages 18-25), dynamic transitions in education, employment, family and housing complicate the measurement of socioeconomic circumstances. To better understand approaches to capturing these circumstances, this methodological systematic review examined how socioeconomic characteristics used to identify social inequalities in smoking among young adults are measured. DATA SOURCES We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, ERIC and Sociological Abstracts, and used three prior reviews. We updated the search in March 2018. STUDY SELECTION Two reviewers independently screened peer-reviewed records from OECD countries published in English, French, German or Spanish after 1995 whose samples covered at least 1 year between the ages of 18 and 25. We included 89 of 1320 records. DATA EXTRACTION One reviewer extracted study characteristics, indicators used to operationalise socioeconomic circumstances and each indicator's relation to results on smoking (ie, significance and direction). We found 39 indicators of socioeconomic circumstances related to six broad domains. These indicators were used in 425 results. DATA SYNTHESIS We descriptively analysed the extracted data using evidence tables. Educational attainment was most common. Evidence of inequalities varied by indicator used. For example, there was inconsistent evidence regarding the role of parental characteristics and transition stages and insufficient evidence regarding personal income on smoking. CONCLUSION Despite its importance, studies have disproportionally examined inequalities among young adults using traditional indicators. The mismatch between young adults' life transitions and measurement strategies may attenuate evidence of inequalities. We suggest strategies to improve future measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Gagné
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph G L Lee
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, and Center for Health Disparities, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Katherine L Frohlich
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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17
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Fitzgeorge L, Tritter A, Fagan MJ, Nagpal TS, Prapavessis H. Informing population-specific smoking policy development for college campuses: An observational study. Tob Prev Cessat 2018; 4:26. [PMID: 32411852 PMCID: PMC7205144 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/92482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Canada, young adults have the highest smoking rates among all other population groups and specifically college students are at a higher risk. To implement effective policies that can prevent smoking and increase cessation, a population-specific approach is recommended. METHODS Smoking and non-smoking young adults enrolled in a college program were recruited. Participants who did not smoke were asked to complete questionnaires about their demographics, college experience and the college environment. Additionally, they completed The Perceived Stress Scale and The Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale. Students who were current smokers completed the same questionnaires with the addition of one questionnaire about their smoking behaviors. Percentages, means and standard deviations were used to describe the variables of interest and a chi-squared analysis was performed, when possible, to test the difference in response frequency between smoking and non-smoking participants. RESULTS Differences were observed between smoking (n=65) and non-smoking students (n=214). Specifically, smokers were more likely to have a family member that smoked and to participate in binge drinking. Both groups indicated that they are unaware of campus smoking regulations; however smokers were more opposed to implementing smoke-free policies. CONCLUSIONS College students are unaware of campus smoking regulations. The descriptive information and differences observed between smoking and non-smoking students in this study should be taken into consideration when developing future smoking regulations/policies on college campuses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amelia Tritter
- Fanshawe College, London, Canada.,The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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18
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King AC, Smith LJ, McNamara PJ, Cao D. Second Generation Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Vape Pen Exposure Generalizes as a Smoking Cue. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:246-252. [PMID: 28082323 PMCID: PMC7207065 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Second generation electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS; also known as e-cigarettes, vaporizers or vape pens) are designed for a customized nicotine delivery experience and have less resemblance to regular cigarettes than first generation "cigalikes." The present study examined whether they generalize as a conditioned cue and evoke smoking urges or behavior in persons exposed to their use. Methods Data were analyzed in N = 108 young adult smokers (≥5 cigarettes per week) randomized to either a traditional combustible cigarette smoking cue or a second generation ENDS vaping cue in a controlled laboratory setting. Cigarette and e-cigarette urge and desire were assessed pre- and post-cue exposure. Smoking behavior was also explored in a subsample undergoing a smoking latency phase after cue exposure (N = 26). Results The ENDS vape pen cue evoked both urge and desire for a regular cigarette to a similar extent as that produced by the combustible cigarette cue. Both cues produced similar time to initiate smoking during the smoking latency phase. The ENDS vape pen cue elicited smoking urge and desire regardless of ENDS use history, that is, across ENDS naїve, lifetime or current users. Inclusion of past ENDS or cigarette use as covariates did not significantly alter the results. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that observation of vape pen ENDS use generalizes as a conditioned cue to produce smoking urge, desire, and behavior in young adult smokers. As the popularity of these devices may eventually overtake those of first generation ENDS cigalikes, exposure effects will be of increasing importance. Implications This study shows that passive exposure to a second generation ENDS vape pen cue evoked smoking urge, desire, and behavior across a range of daily and non-daily young adult smokers. Smoking urge and desire increases after vape pen exposure were similar to those produced by exposure to a first generation ENDS cigalike and a combustible cigarette, a known potent cue. Given the increasing popularity of ENDS tank system products, passive exposures to these devices will no doubt increase, and may contribute to tobacco use in young adult smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C King
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago IL
| | - Lia J Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago IL
| | - Patrick J McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago IL
| | - Dingcai Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL
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Villanti AC, Johnson AL, Rath JM. Beyond education and income: Identifying novel socioeconomic correlates of cigarette use in U.S. young adults. Prev Med 2017; 104. [PMID: 28647547 PMCID: PMC5857885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Young adulthood is defined by transitions in family life, living situations, educational settings, and employment. As a result, education and income may not be appropriate measures of socioeconomic status (SES) in young people. Using a national sample of young adults aged 18-34 (n=3364; collected February 2016), we explored novel socioeconomic correlates of ever cigarette use, past 30-day cigarette use, and daily cigarette use, weighted to account for non-response. Measures of SES assessed current education, household income, employment status, and subjective financial situation (SFS) and childhood SES (maternal and paternal education, SFS during childhood, parental divorce before age 18). Parental smoking during childhood was examined in sensitivity analyses. The highest prevalence of ever cigarette use was in young adults whose parents divorced before age 18 (57% vs. 47% overall). In general, current education, subjective financial status, and parental education were inversely correlated with past 30-day and daily cigarette use in bivariate analyses. In multivariable Poisson regression models controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and other SES measures, lower education and poorer SFS were most strongly correlated with ever and past 30-day cigarette use. Lower maternal education emerged as the strongest correlate of daily smoking, conferring a twofold higher prevalence of daily smoking compared to maternal education of a Bachelor's degree or greater. Current household income was not a strong predictor of any cigarette use outcome. Novel measures like SFS may improve estimates of socioeconomic disadvantage during this developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Villanti
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 1 South Prospect Street, MS 482, Burlington, VT 05401, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Amanda L Johnson
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Jessica M Rath
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Evaluation Science and Research, Truth Initiative, 900 G Street NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001, USA
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Gendall P, Eckert C, Hoek J, Louviere J. Estimating the effects of novel on-pack warnings on young adult smokers and susceptible non-smokers. Tob Control 2017; 27:519-525. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundOn-pack tobacco warnings can deter smoking initiation and provide powerful cessation cues. However, these warnings typically feature graphic health images, which many young adults dismiss as irrelevant. We estimated responses to more diverse warnings and examined how these performed relative to each other.MethodsWe conducted a behavioural likelihood experiment and a choice modelling experiment in which 474 smokers and 476 susceptible non-smokers aged between 16 and 30 years evaluated 12 warnings featuring health, social, financial and cosmetic themes. The choice data were analysed by estimating Sequential-Best-Worst Choice and Scale-Adjusted Latent Class Models.ResultsSmokers found all test warnings aversive, particularly warnings featuring the effect of smoking on vulnerable third parties, including babies and animals, and showing a dying smoker. Susceptible non-smokers found graphic health warnings and a warning that combined graphic health with loss of physical attractiveness, significantly more aversive than other images tested.ConclusionsIllustrating the harms smoking causes to vulnerable groups may reduce the temporal distance and perceived control over smoking that young adults use to rationalise health warnings. Introducing more diverse warnings could recognise heterogeneity within smoker and susceptible non-smoker populations, and complement warnings featuring long-term health harms.
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21
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Cance JD, Talley AE, Morgan-Lopez A, Fromme K. Longitudinal Conjoint Patterns of Alcohol and Tobacco Use Throughout Emerging Adulthood. Subst Use Misuse 2017; 52:373-382. [PMID: 27779451 PMCID: PMC5823508 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1228677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concurrent use of alcohol and tobacco has a multiplicative effect on both social and physical consequences. While it is known that alcohol and tobacco use are strongly correlated in emerging adulthood, there is significant individual variability in use. However, little research has examined how patterns of concurrent use are related over time. OBJECTIVES The current study explores these longitudinal conjoint trajectories, as well as the associated sociodemographic factors. METHODS We used sequential latent class growth analysis to explore the co-occurring longitudinal patterns of recent alcohol and tobacco use across emerging adulthood (10 data collection periods, 2004-2009) with a diverse sample of 2,244 college students (60% female; 54% White). RESULTS Twenty distinct patterns of conjoint alcohol and tobacco use were found. There was more variation in tobacco use trajectories among alcohol users than variation in alcohol trajectories among tobacco users. Using multinomial logistic regression models we determined the impact of sociodemographic characteristics on classification into each conjoint pattern versus the normative trajectory (Abstaining tobacco/Low alcohol). Male gender, White race, fraternity/sorority affiliation, and higher family income were significantly associated with riskier conjoint trajectory patterns. Conclusions/Importance: Findings highlight the diversity of alcohol and tobacco use behaviors across emerging adulthood. The low variation in alcohol use among tobacco users indicates that tobacco use is a significant risk factor for heavier drinking. A better understanding of the covarying use of these two ubiquitous substances may provide new avenues for preventing and reducing the use of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Duncan Cance
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, the University of Texas at Austin
| | - Anna E. Talley
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, the University of Texas at Austin
| | | | - Kim Fromme
- Department of Psychology, the University of Texas at Austin
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22
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Sidani JE, Shensa A, Naidu MR, Yabes JG, Primack BA. Initiation, Progression, and Sustained Waterpipe Use: A Nationally Representative Longitudinal Study of U.S. Young Adults. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:748-755. [PMID: 28082346 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0687-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is increasing in popularity despite evidence of harm and potential for dependence. Intervention development has been hampered by a lack of longitudinal, nationally representative data on usage patterns and factors independently associated with WTS initiation. Therefore, we aimed to characterize key transitions between WTS states in a nationally representative group of young adults, with particular attention to factors independently associated with initiation.Methods: Participants were randomly selected from a national probability-based panel representing 97% of the United States. A total of 1,785 adults ages 18 to 30 at baseline completed two Web-based surveys 18 months apart in 2013 and 2014. Assessments included knowledge of waterpipe tobacco smoke composition, positive and negative attitudes toward WTS, normative beliefs, intention to use waterpipe, and WTS behavior. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the association between predictive factors and subsequent WTS initiation.Results: In fully adjusted models, overall knowledge about toxicants associated with WTS was not associated with subsequent WTS initiation. Similarly, negative attitudes and normative beliefs were not associated with WTS uptake. However, baseline positive attitudes were strongly and significantly associated with WTS initiation [adjusted OR (AOR) = 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-2.3]. Similarly, baseline intention to use WTS was strongly associated with subsequent initiation (AOR = 7.0; 95% CI, 3.5-13.7).Conclusions: Prevention efforts may be most successful if they target individuals with clear intentions to use WTS and challenge positive attitudes surrounding WTS.Impact: Surveillance of WTS trajectories will help inform health care and policy surrounding this emerging risk behavior among U.S. young adults. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(5); 748-55. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime E Sidani
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Montefiore Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ariel Shensa
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Montefiore Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Maharsi R Naidu
- Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan G Yabes
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Montefiore Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for Research on Health Care Data Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian A Primack
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Montefiore Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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23
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Rath JM, Villanti AC, Williams VF, Richardson A, Pearson JL, Vallone DM. Correlates of current menthol cigarette and flavored other tobacco product use among U.S. young adults. Addict Behav 2016; 62:35-41. [PMID: 27310032 PMCID: PMC4955768 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavored and menthol tobacco products are particularly appealing to young adults. However, little is known about factors associated with their use in this population. PURPOSE To examine characteristics associated with using menthol cigarettes, flavored other tobacco products (OTP), and flavored e-cigarettes among young adults. METHODS Using a nationally representative online sample of young adults (n=4239) from the Truth Initiative Young Adult Cohort Study, mutually exclusive groups were created from the subset of current tobacco users (N=1037) for users of menthol cigarettes (N=311; 30%), non-menthol cigarettes (N=426; 41%), flavored OTP only users (N=114; 11%), and non-flavored OTP only users (N=186; 18%) to examine factors of being in any one group. Data were collected in July 2012. RESULTS In the full multivariable model, significant correlates of current menthol cigarette use were female gender (AOR=2.08), Black race (AOR=5.31), other race (AOR=2.72), Hispanic ethnicity (AOR=2.46) and self-identifying as a smoker, social smoker, or occasional smoker (AOR=10.42). Significant correlates of current flavored OTP use were younger age (18-24; AOR=3.50), self-identifying as a smoker, social smoker, or occasional smoker (AOR=30) and generalized anxiety (AOR=0.30). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights female gender, Blacks/other race/Hispanics, smokers, social smokers and sexual minorities as correlates of menthol cigarette use and younger age as a predictor of flavored OTP use. Restricting access to flavored tobacco products may be one intervention to help slow the tobacco epidemic, particularly among many of the most vulnerable groups-young women and racial and/or ethnic minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rath
- Evaluation Science and Research, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Andrea C Villanti
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Valerie F Williams
- Evaluation Science and Research, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Amanda Richardson
- Department of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer L Pearson
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Donna M Vallone
- Evaluation Science and Research, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Evaluation of Bar and Nightclub Intervention to Decrease Young Adult Smoking in New Mexico. J Adolesc Health 2016; 59:222-9. [PMID: 27265423 PMCID: PMC5131639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Over 20% of young adults in New Mexico currently smoke. We evaluated cigarette smoking prevalence of young adult bar patrons during an anti-tobacco Social Branding intervention. METHODS The Social Branding intervention used a smoke-free brand, "HAVOC," to compete with tobacco marketing within the "Partier" young adult peer crowd. A series of cross-sectional surveys were collected from adults aged 18-26 in bars and nightclubs in Albuquerque, New Mexico, from 2009 to 2013 using randomized time-location sampling. Multivariable multinomial regression using full information maximum likelihood estimation to account for missing data evaluated differences in daily and nondaily smoking during the intervention, controlling for demographics, other risk behaviors, and tobacco-related attitudes. RESULTS Data were collected from 1,069 individuals at Time 1, and 720, 1,142, and 1,149 participants at Times 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Current smoking rates decreased from 47.5% at Time 1 to 37.5% at Time 4 (p < .001). Among Partiers, the odds of daily smoking decreased significantly, but nondaily smoking was unchanged. Partiers that recalled, liked, and understood the smoke-free message of HAVOC had lower odds of nondaily (odds ratio: .48, 95% CI: .31-.75) and daily (odds ratio: .31, 95% CI: .14-.68) smoking than those who did not recall HAVOC. HAVOC recall was associated with attitudes that were also associated with smoking behavior. CONCLUSIONS The significant decrease in daily smoking among young adult Partiers in New Mexico was associated with HAVOC recall and understanding. Social Branding interventions efficiently target and may decrease tobacco use among young adult bar patrons.
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Heffner JL, Kealey KA, Marek PM, Bricker JB, Ludman EJ, Peterson AV. Proactive telephone counseling for adolescent smokers: Comparing regular smokers with infrequent and occasional smokers on treatment receptivity, engagement, and outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 165:229-35. [PMID: 27344195 PMCID: PMC4948586 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent smoking cessation efforts to date have tended to focus on regular smokers. Consequently, infrequent and occasional smokers' receptivity and response to smoking cessation interventions is unknown. To address this gap, this study examines data from the Hutchinson Study of High School Smoking-a randomized trial that examined the effectiveness of a telephone-delivered smoking cessation intervention for a large, population-based cohort of adolescent smokers proactively recruited in an educational setting. METHODS The study population included 1837 proactively identified high school smokers. Intervention receptivity, engagement, and outcomes were examined among adolescent infrequent (1-4days/month) and occasional (5-19days/month) smokers and compared with regular smokers (20 or more days/month). RESULTS With regard to treatment receptivity, intervention recruitment did not differ by smoking frequency. For engagement, intervention completion rates were higher for infrequent smokers (80.5%) compared with occasional (63.8%) and regular smokers (61.5%, p<0.01). Intervention effect sizes were not statistically different across groups. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent infrequent and occasional smokers are at least as receptive to a proactively delivered smoking cessation intervention as regular smokers and can benefit just as much from it. Including these adolescent smokers in cessation programs and research-with the goal of interrupting progression of smoking before young adulthood-should help reduce the high smoking prevalence among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimee L Heffner
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Kathleen A Kealey
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Patrick M Marek
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jonathan B Bricker
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Arthur V Peterson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Gowin M, Cheney MK, Wann TF. Knowledge and Beliefs About E-Cigarettes in Straight-to-Work Young Adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 19:208-214. [PMID: 27613919 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young adults are a growing segment of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users. Young adults who go straight to work (STW) from high school make up a large portion of the young adult population, yet research to date has focused on college-educated young adults. This study explored STW young adult beliefs and knowledge about e-cigarettes. METHODS Semistructured individual interviews were used to elicit in-depth information from STW young adults ages 19-31 from a state in the southwest United States. Thirty interviews were conducted focusing on beliefs about e-cigarettes, current knowledge, and information-seeking practices. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using NVivo. RESULTS Nine themes were identified falling into three categories: (1) beliefs about e-cigarettes, (2) knowledge about e-cigarettes, and (3) personal rules about e-cigarettes. STW young adults held positive beliefs about the health and safety of e-cigarettes for themselves, others, and the environment. They reported their social networks and the Internet as reliable sources of information about e-cigarettes, but they reported parents as the best source for advice. Participants had rules about e-cigarettes that contradicted some of their beliefs such as using e-cigarettes around children indicating that their beliefs were not as strongly held as they initially reported. CONCLUSIONS Industry marketing and contradictory information may contribute to STW young adult knowledge and beliefs about e-cigarettes. Lack of credible public health information may also contribute to this issue. Ensuring that what is known about the benefits and harms of e-cigarettes is conveyed through multichannel communication and continued monitoring of marketing practices of the e-cigarette industry in light of the soon to be implemented regulations should be top priorities for public health. IMPLICATIONS Beliefs and knowledge of STW young adults have not been explored even though they are heavily targeted by the e-cigarette industry. This group holds strong positive beliefs about the health and safety of e-cigarettes, despite having little credible knowledge about them. This study indicates a need for efforts focused on educating STW young adults on the potential risks and benefits of e-cigarettes and the communication of credible information or at minimum the acknowledgment of the uncertainty regarding the long-term health effects of e-cigarettes. It also indicates a need for continued monitoring and advocacy related to marketing practices of the e-cigarette industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Gowin
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK
| | - Marshall K Cheney
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK
| | - Taylor F Wann
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK
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Asfar T, Arheart KL, Dietz NA, Caban-Martinez AJ, Fleming LE, Lee DJ. Changes in Cigarette Smoking Behavior Among US Young Workers From 2005 to 2010: The Role of Occupation. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1414-23. [PMID: 26508398 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young adult workers (18-24 years) in the United States have been identified as a high-risk group for smoking. This study compares changes in smoking behavior by occupational class among this group between 2005 and 2010. METHODS Data were pooled from the Tobacco Supplement in the 2005 and 2010 National Health Interview Survey. All respondents 18-24 years who reported that they were employed during the two surveys were selected (n = 1880 in 2005; and n = 1531 in 2010). Weighted percentages and 95% confidence interval were reported. Logistic regression analyses were performed to compare smoking behavior between occupational groups (white-collar, blue-collar, and service) and between years (2005-2010), and to examine correlates of smoking, successful quit attempt, and heavy smoking. RESULTS Smoking prevalence and daily smoking declined in 2010 in white-collar. Smoking prevalence and intensity decreased while age of smoking initiation increased in blue-collar workers. Young workers were more likely to smoke in 2005 than 2010. Service and blue-collar workers were more likely to smoke than white-collar workers. Older young adults, whites, individuals with a high school/or less education, those without health insurance were more likely to smoke. White workers and individuals with a high school/or less education were more likely to be heavy smokers. CONCLUSIONS White-collar workers have benefited the most from tobacco control efforts. Although improvements were seen in smoking behavior among blue-collar workers, smoking prevalence remained the highest in this group. Smoking behavior among service workers did not change. Young service workers and blue-collar are priority populations for workplace tobacco control efforts. IMPLICATIONS The current study examines changes in smoking behavior among young adult workers (18-24 years) by occupational class (white-collar, blue-collar, and service workers) between 2005 and 2010. Data were pooled from the Tobacco Supplement in the 2005 and 2010 National Health Interview Survey. Smoking prevalence and daily smoking declined significantly in white-collar workers. No change in smoking behavior was observed among service workers. Positive changes in smoking behavior were observed among blue-collar workers, but smoking prevalence remained the highest in this group. Blue-collar and service workers are priority groups for future workplace tobacco control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghrid Asfar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL;
| | - Kristopher L Arheart
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Noella A Dietz
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Alberto J Caban-Martinez
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology (EOME) Division, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lora E Fleming
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School; Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - David J Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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Guillory J, Lisha N, Lee YO, Ling PM. Phantom smoking among young adult bar patrons. Tob Control 2016; 26:153-157. [PMID: 27048205 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the prevalence and sociodemographic makeup of smokers who do not self-identify as smokers (ie, phantom smokers) compared with self-identifying smokers in a sample of bar-going young adults aged 18-30 years to more accurately assess young adult prevalence of smoking and inform cessation message targeting. METHODS Cross-sectional surveys of smokers (n=3089) were conducted in randomly selected bars/nightclubs in seven US cities. Logistic regression models assessed associations between phantom smoking (past 30-day smoking and denial of being a smoker), tobacco and alcohol use behaviours (eg, social smoking, nicotine dependence, smoking while drinking, past 30-day alcohol use) and demographics. RESULTS Compared with smokers, phantom smokers were more likely to be college graduates (OR=1.43, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.98) and to identify themselves as social smokers (OR=1.60, 95% CI 1.27 to 2.12). Phantom smokers had lower odds of smoking while drinking (OR=0.28, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.32), being nicotine dependent (OR=0.36, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.76) and having quit for at least 1 day in the last year (OR=0.46, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.69) compared with smokers. CONCLUSIONS This research extends phantom smoking literature on college students to provide a broader picture of phantom smoking among young adults in high-risk contexts and of varying levels of educational attainment. Phantom smokers may be particularly sensitive to social pressures against smoking, suggesting the importance of identifying smoking as a behaviour (rather than identity) in cessation messaging to ensure that phantom smokers are reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Guillory
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nadra Lisha
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Youn Ok Lee
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pamela M Ling
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Kim JE, Tsoh JY. Cigarette Smoking Among Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Young Adults in Association With Food Insecurity and Other Factors. Prev Chronic Dis 2016; 13:E08. [PMID: 26766849 PMCID: PMC4714942 DOI: 10.5888/pcd13.150458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low socioeconomic status is associated with high rates of cigarette smoking, and socioeconomic differences in cigarette smoking tend to emerge during young adulthood. To further our understanding of socioeconomic differences in smoking among young adults, we examined correlates of smoking, with attention to multiple socioeconomic indicators that have not been examined in this population. METHODS We analyzed data from the 2011-2012 California Health Interview Survey. The analytic sample consisted of young adults aged 18-30 years who were considered socioeconomically disadvantaged as measured by education and poverty. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine factors associated with smoking status in this group, and multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine correlates of smoking frequency. RESULTS In this sample (N = 1,511; 48% female, 66% Hispanic/Latino, 18% non-Hispanic white), 39.7% reported experiencing food insecurity in the past year. Smoking prevalence was significantly higher among young adults who reported being food insecure (26.9%) than among those who reported being food secure (16.4%). Past-year food insecurity was significantly associated with current smoking, independent of sociodemographic characteristics and alcohol use. Specifically, food insecurity was significantly associated with daily but not nondaily smoking. CONCLUSION Socioeconomically disadvantaged young adults with food insecurity may be considered a high-risk group with respect to cigarette smoking. Efforts to reduce tobacco-related health disparities should address diverse sources of socioeconomic influences, including experiences of food insecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin E Kim
- University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, TRC Box 0984, San Francisco, CA 94143.
| | - Janice Y Tsoh
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry, San Francisco, California
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Beyond Smoking Prevalence: Exploring the Variability of Associations between Neighborhood Exposures across Two Nested Spatial Units and Two-Year Smoking Trajectory among Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13010106. [PMID: 26751461 PMCID: PMC4730497 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Young adults have the highest prevalence of smoking amongst all age groups. Significant uptake occurs after high school age. Although neighborhood exposures have been found to be associated with smoking behavior, research on neighborhood exposures and the smoking trajectories among young adults, and on the role of geographic scale in shaping findings, is scarce. We examined associations between neighborhood exposures across two nested, increasingly large spatial units and smoking trajectory over two years among young adults living in Montreal, Canada. A sample of 2093 participants aged 18-25 years from the Interdisciplinary Study of Inequalities in Smoking (ISIS) was surveyed. The dependent variable was self-reported smoking trajectory over the course of two years. Residential addresses, data on presence of tobacco retail outlets, and the presence of smoking accommodation facilities were coded and linked to spatial units. Three-level multinomial models were used to examine associations. The likelihood of being a smoker for 2+ years was significantly greater among those living in larger spatial unit neighborhoods that had a greater presence of smoking accommodation. This association was not statistically significant at the smaller spatial units. Our findings highlight the importance of studying young adults' smoking trajectories in addition to static smoking outcomes, and point to the relevance of considering spatial scale in studies of neighborhoods and smoking.
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Sutfin EL, Sparks A, Pockey JR, Suerken CK, Reboussin BA, Wagoner KG, Spangler J, Wolfson M. First tobacco product tried: associations with smoking status and demographics among college students. Addict Behav 2015; 51:152-7. [PMID: 26265038 PMCID: PMC5669365 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As the tobacco market expands, so too have the opportunities for youth to be introduced to nicotine. The goal of this study was to identify product choice for initial tobacco trial, correlates associated with product choice, and the relationship between first product and current cigarette smoking among college students. METHODS A cross-sectional web survey of 3146 first-year students at 11 universities in North Carolina and Virginia was conducted in fall 2010. RESULTS Weighted prevalence of ever use of tobacco was 48.6%. Cigarettes were the most common first product (37.9%), followed by cigars (29.3%), hookahs (24.6%), smokeless tobacco (6.1%), and bidis/kreteks (2.2%). Two thirds (65%) of current smokers initiated with cigarettes, but 16.4% started with cigars, 11.1% with hookahs, 5.7% with smokeless, and 1.7% with bidis/kreteks. Females were more likely to report their first product was cigarettes and hookahs, while males were more likely to start with cigars and smokeless tobacco. Compared to those whose first product trial occurred after the age of 18, younger age of initiation (17years or younger) was associated with cigarettes and smokeless as first products, while older age of initiation (18 or older) was associated with starting with hookahs and cigars. Dual or poly tobacco use was more common among those who initiated with hookahs and smokeless tobacco. CONCLUSIONS While over a third of students used cigarettes first, two thirds started with a non-cigarette product. Just about a third of current cigarette smokers initiated with a non-cigarette product, suggesting that those non-cigarette products may have facilitated escalation to cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Sutfin
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Alicia Sparks
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Abt Associates, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Cynthia K Suerken
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Beth A Reboussin
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kimberly G Wagoner
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - John Spangler
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mark Wolfson
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Braciszewski JM, Colby SM. Tobacco Use among Foster Youth: Evidence of Health Disparities. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2015; 58:142-145. [PMID: 26478645 PMCID: PMC4604603 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Youth aging out of foster care face a challenging road to independence. Following exposure to myriad risk factors such as abuse, neglect, parental substance use, and severe housing mobility, supportive services decrease upon exit from care, often increasing risk for substance use, homelessness, and unemployment. Although tobacco use is also highly prevalent, little attention has been paid to screening, assessment, and treatment of tobacco use in this vulnerable group. The current study (N = 116) reports on tobacco use prevalence, consequences, and co-occurrence with other substances in a sample of youth (ages 18 to 19) exiting the foster care system. In the face of an overall decrease in tobacco use among general population adolescents and young adults, results suggest disproportionate levels of lifetime, recent, and daily use among foster youth. Prevalence of recent tobacco use (46%) is nearly triple national rates, while daily smoking (32%) is almost four times that of general population young adults. Tobacco users were more likely than non-users to drink (70% vs. 40%) and to smoke marijuana (72% vs. 25%). We strongly encourage researchers and practitioners to increase attention to this tobacco-related health disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M. Braciszewski
- Decision Sciences Institute, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1005 Main St., Suite, 8120, Pawtucket, RI, USA, 02906
| | - Suzanne M. Colby
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, Providence, RI, USA, 02912
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Lee JGL, Henriksen L, Rose SW, Moreland-Russell S, Ribisl KM. A Systematic Review of Neighborhood Disparities in Point-of-Sale Tobacco Marketing. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:e8-18. [PMID: 26180986 PMCID: PMC4529779 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.302777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We systematically reviewed evidence of disparities in tobacco marketing at tobacco retailers by sociodemographic neighborhood characteristics. We identified 43 relevant articles from 893 results of a systematic search in 10 databases updated May 28, 2014. We found 148 associations of marketing (price, placement, promotion, or product availability) with a neighborhood demographic of interest (socioeconomic disadvantage, race, ethnicity, and urbanicity). Neighborhoods with lower income have more tobacco marketing. There is more menthol marketing targeting urban neighborhoods and neighborhoods with more Black residents. Smokeless tobacco products are targeted more toward rural neighborhoods and neighborhoods with more White residents. Differences in store type partially explain these disparities. There are more inducements to start and continue smoking in lower-income neighborhoods and in neighborhoods with more Black residents. Retailer marketing may contribute to disparities in tobacco use. Clinicians should be aware of the pervasiveness of these environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G L Lee
- At the time of this study, Joseph G. L. Lee, Shyanika W. Rose, and Kurt M. Ribisl were with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Lisa Henriksen is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Shyanika W. Rose was also with the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina and the Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC. Sarah Moreland-Russell is with the Center for Public Health Systems Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO. Kurt M. Ribisl is also with the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- At the time of this study, Joseph G. L. Lee, Shyanika W. Rose, and Kurt M. Ribisl were with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Lisa Henriksen is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Shyanika W. Rose was also with the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina and the Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC. Sarah Moreland-Russell is with the Center for Public Health Systems Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO. Kurt M. Ribisl is also with the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Shyanika W Rose
- At the time of this study, Joseph G. L. Lee, Shyanika W. Rose, and Kurt M. Ribisl were with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Lisa Henriksen is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Shyanika W. Rose was also with the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina and the Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC. Sarah Moreland-Russell is with the Center for Public Health Systems Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO. Kurt M. Ribisl is also with the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Sarah Moreland-Russell
- At the time of this study, Joseph G. L. Lee, Shyanika W. Rose, and Kurt M. Ribisl were with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Lisa Henriksen is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Shyanika W. Rose was also with the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina and the Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC. Sarah Moreland-Russell is with the Center for Public Health Systems Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO. Kurt M. Ribisl is also with the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- At the time of this study, Joseph G. L. Lee, Shyanika W. Rose, and Kurt M. Ribisl were with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Lisa Henriksen is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Shyanika W. Rose was also with the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina and the Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC. Sarah Moreland-Russell is with the Center for Public Health Systems Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO. Kurt M. Ribisl is also with the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
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Healey B, Hoek J. Young Adult Smokers’ and Prior-Smokers’ Evaluations of Novel Tobacco Warning Images: Table 1. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:93-7. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Youatt EJ, Johns MM, Pingel ES, Soler JH, Bauermeister JA. Exploring young adult sexual minority women's perspectives on LGBTQ smoking. JOURNAL OF LGBT YOUTH 2015; 12:323-342. [PMID: 26508993 PMCID: PMC4617757 DOI: 10.1080/19361653.2015.1022242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Smoking rates are higher among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals than among heterosexuals. These disparities are exacerbated during the transition from youth to young adulthood. The current study uses in-depth qualitative interviews to understand perceptions of LGBTQ smoking among LBQ-identified women (N=30, ages 18-24). Major themes identified include the belief that smoking was a way of overcoming stressors faced by heterosexual and LGBTQ young adults alike, a mechanism to relieve sexuality-related stressors, and an ingrained part of LGBTQ culture. Results suggest unique stressors influence LGBTQ smokers. Implications for smoking cessation interventions for LGBTQ youth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Youatt
- The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Michelle M Johns
- The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Emily S Pingel
- The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jorge H Soler
- The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - José A Bauermeister
- The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Ybarra ML, Prescott TL, Holtrop JS. Steps in tailoring a text messaging-based smoking cessation program for young adults. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2014; 19:1393-407. [PMID: 24766267 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2014.901441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Steps to develop or refine text messaging-based interventions are largely missing from the literature. Here, the authors describe steps in refining Stop My Smoking USA, a text messaging-based smoking cessation program for smokers 18-25 years old. Research activities included the following: needs assessment focus groups (n = 35); a content advisory team to affirm message acceptability (n = 10); and two beta tests to confirm technological feasibility (n = 12 and 28, respectively). Various recruitment strategies were tested to identify the optimal methods to reach young adult smokers ready to quit. Each stage of the refinement process yielded new insights, resulting in improved message content and tone, an effective recruitment strategy, and the identification and subsequent resolution of technology challenges. Findings suggest that young adults prefer messages that provide concrete behavioral strategies to overcome cravings, and which are positive in tone. Craigslist was the most efficient recruitment method and yielded a sample that was racially and economically diverse. Despite a successful beta test of initial technological feasibility, extensive problems were subsequently experienced in a beta test of the technological feasibility of the entire program. Iterative program refinement and adaptation on the basis of user input is necessary to ensure salience, while extensive field testing is required to ensure proper functioning of technology-based programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Ybarra
- a Center for Innovative Public Health Research , Santa Ana , California , USA
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Kulesza M, Grossbard JR, Kilmer J, Copeland AL, Larimer ME. Take One for the Team? Influence of Team and Individual Sport Participation on High School Athlete Substance Use Patterns. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2014; 23:217-223. [PMID: 25400492 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2013.786928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The current web-based survey investigated the association between team or individual sport participation (or both) and self-reported alcohol and tobacco use among high school athletes (N=1, 275) transitioning to college. Peak Blood Alcohol Concentration, weekly drinking, and alcohol-related problems were significantly lower among athletes in individual sports compared to other groups. Athletes competing in both team and individual sports reported greater lifetime tobacco use and combined alcohol/tobacco use compared to individual or team sports alone. Preventive strategies targeting HS athletes in general and those participating in team sports in particular may be useful in minimizing future alcohol use and related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kulesza
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge 70803
| | - Joel R Grossbard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle 98195 ; Health Services Research and Development, Veterans Affairs, Seattle 98108
| | - Jason Kilmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle 98195 ; Health and Wellness, Division of Student Life, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
| | - Amy L Copeland
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge 70803
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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Wong MD, Coller KM, Dudovitz RN, Kennedy DP, Buddin R, Shapiro MF, Kataoka SH, Brown AF, Tseng CH, Bergman P, Chung PJ. Successful schools and risky behaviors among low-income adolescents. Pediatrics 2014; 134:e389-96. [PMID: 25049339 PMCID: PMC4187228 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-3573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined whether exposure to high-performing schools reduces the rates of risky health behaviors among low-income minority adolescents and whether this is due to better academic performance, peer influence, or other factors. METHODS By using a natural experimental study design, we used the random admissions lottery into high-performing public charter high schools in low-income Los Angeles neighborhoods to determine whether exposure to successful school environments leads to fewer risky (eg, alcohol, tobacco, drug use, unprotected sex) and very risky health behaviors (e.g., binge drinking, substance use at school, risky sex, gang participation). We surveyed 521 ninth- through twelfth-grade students who were offered admission through a random lottery (intervention group) and 409 students who were not offered admission (control group) about their health behaviors and obtained their state-standardized test scores. RESULTS The intervention and control groups had similar demographic characteristics and eighth-grade test scores. Being offered admission to a high-performing school (intervention effect) led to improved math (P < .001) and English (P = .04) standard test scores, greater school retention (91% vs. 76%; P < .001), and lower rates of engaging in ≥1 very risky behaviors (odds ratio = 0.73, P < .05) but no difference in risky behaviors, such as any recent use of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs. School retention and test scores explained 58.0% and 16.2% of the intervention effect on engagement in very risky behaviors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Increasing performance of public schools in low-income communities may be a powerful mechanism to decrease very risky health behaviors among low-income adolescents and to decrease health disparities across the life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell D. Wong
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Karen M. Coller
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rebecca N. Dudovitz
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Martin F. Shapiro
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sheryl H. Kataoka
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Arleen F. Brown
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chi-Hong Tseng
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peter Bergman
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Paul J. Chung
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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Widome R, Wall M, Laska MN, Eisenberg ME, Neumark-Sztainer D. Adolescence to young adulthood: when socioeconomic disparities in substance use emerge. Subst Use Misuse 2013; 48:1522-9. [PMID: 23834465 PMCID: PMC4060522 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2013.800885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We examined trends in cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use by eventual educational attainment in 1,902 participants from Project EAT, a 10-year longitudinal study following participants from early adolescence through young adulthood. Generally, for cigarettes and marijuana, disparities were evident by early adolescence with prevalence of use highest among those who had no secondary education. With alcohol, use diverged during young adulthood when the college group reported the most weekly alcohol use while those without postsecondary education reported greatest daily use. When disparities in substance use behaviors first emerge and later escalate can guide how to craft and target interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Widome
- Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research (CCDOR), Minneapolis VA Medical Center
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine
| | - Melanie Wall
- Department of Biostatistics in Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
| | - Melissa N Laska
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health
| | - Marla E Eisenberg
- Division of Adolescent Health and Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine
| | - Dianne Neumark-Sztainer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health
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Klein EG, Forster JL, Erickson DJ. Longitudinal predictors of stopping smoking in young adulthood. J Adolesc Health 2013; 53:363-7. [PMID: 23763963 PMCID: PMC3755032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to describe the longitudinal individual and environmental predictors of stopping smoking among a group of young adult smokers. METHODS From a longitudinal population-based cohort of Midwestern youth, we analyzed semi-annual surveys when study participants were between the ages of 18 and 21 years. Using data from 2001-2008, we restricted analyses to individuals who, at age 18 years, reported smoking between 1 and 30 days in the previous month (n = 1,022). We used generalized linear mixed modeling to analyze demographic, attitudinal, and social-environmental predictors of stopping smoking over time. RESULTS After adjusting for smoking frequency at baseline, demographic and attitudinal factors that were associated with stopping smoking over time included increased age and attending college; male gender, smoking frequency and agreeing that cigarettes are calming were significantly associated with continued smoking. Social-environmental factors associated with stopping smoking over time included a household ban on smoking and living in a state with a clean indoor air policy; factors associated with continued smoking included living with a smoker and having close friends who smoke. CONCLUSIONS Both individual and social-environmental factors can serve as risk and protective factors for stopping smoking between ages 18 and 21 years. These factors should be used to refine more effective smoking cessation and prevention interventions in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean L. Forster
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55406
| | - Darin J. Erickson
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55406
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Chen P, Jacobson KC. Longitudinal relationships between college education and patterns of heavy drinking: a comparison between Caucasians and African-Americans. J Adolesc Health 2013; 53:356-62. [PMID: 23707401 PMCID: PMC3755047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study compared longitudinal relationships between college education and patterns of heavy drinking from early adolescence to adulthood for Caucasians and African-Americans. METHODS We analyzed data from 9,988 non-Hispanic Caucasian and African-American participants from all four waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Growth curve modeling tested differences in rates of change and levels of heavy drinking from ages 13 to 31 years among non-college youth, college withdrawers, 2-year college graduates, and 4-year college graduates, and compared these differences for Caucasians and African-Americans. RESULTS There were significant racial differences in relationships between college education with both changes in and levels of heavy drinking. Rates of change of heavy drinking differed significantly across the college education groups examined for Caucasians but not for African-Americans. In addition, Caucasians who graduated from 4-year colleges showed the highest levels of heavy drinking after age 20 years, although differences among the four groups diminished by the early 30s. In contrast, for African-Americans, graduates from 2- or 4-year colleges did not show higher levels of heavy drinking from ages 20 to 31 years than the non-college group. Instead, African-American participants who withdrew from college without an associate's, bachelor's, or professional degree consistently exhibited the highest levels of heavy drinking from ages 26 to 31 years. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between college education and increased levels of heavy drinking in young adulthood is significant for Caucasians but not African-Americans. Conversely, African-Americans are likely to be more adversely affected than are Caucasians by college withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Kristen C. Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, CNPRU, Chicago, IL
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Ybarra ML, Holtrop JS, Prescott TL, Rahbar MH, Strong D. Pilot RCT results of stop my smoking USA: a text messaging-based smoking cessation program for young adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15:1388-99. [PMID: 23348969 PMCID: PMC3715389 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To address the lack of smoking cessation programs available to young adults, Stop My Smoking (SMS) USA, a text messaging-based smoking cessation program, was developed and pilot tested. METHODS This was a two-arm randomized controlled trial with adaptive randomization (arms were balanced by sex and smoking level [heavy vs. light]), conducted nationally in the United States. One hundred sixty-four 18- to 25-year-old daily smokers who were seriously thinking about quitting in the next 30 days were randomized to either (a) the 6-week SMS USA intervention (n = 101) or (b) an attention-matched control group aimed at improving sleep and physical activity (n = 63). The main outcome measure was 3-month continuous abstinence, verified by a significant other. Participants but not researchers were blinded to study arm allocation. RESULTS Based upon intent-to-treat analyses, intervention participants (39%) were significantly more likely than control participants (21%) to have quit at 4 weeks postquit (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.48, 7.45). Findings were not sustained at 3 months postquit, although rates in the SMS USA group were favored (40% vs. 30%, respectively; aOR = 1.59, 95% CI: 0.78, 3.21). Subsequent analyses suggested that among intervention participants, SMS USA might be more influential for youth not currently enrolled in a higher education (p = .06). CONCLUSIONS Consistent with pilot studies, the sample was underpowered. Data suggest, however, that the SMS USA program affects smoking cessation rates at 4 weeks postquit. More research is needed before conclusions can be made about long-term impact. Identifying profiles of users for whom the program may be particularly beneficial also will be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Ybarra
- Center for Innovative Public Health Research, Santa Ana, CA 92672, USA.
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Lariscy JT, Hummer RA, Rath JM, Villanti AC, Hayward MD, Vallone DM. Race/Ethnicity, nativity, and tobacco use among US young adults: results from a nationally representative survey. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15:1417-26. [PMID: 23348968 PMCID: PMC4375404 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A growing body of research documents racial/ethnic disparities in U.S. cigarette smoking. To date, however, few studies have examined the influence of nativity, in addition to race/ethnicity, on current and ever use of cigarettes as well as other tobacco products among young adults. Here, racial/ethnic and nativity disparities in tobacco use and self-identified smoking status are documented for U.S. women and men aged 18-34, both unadjusted and adjusted for socioeconomic status. METHODS The Legacy Young Adult Cohort Study (N = 3,696) was used to examine gender-specific tobacco use and smoking status differences among foreign-born Hispanics, U.S.-born Hispanics, U.S.-born non-Hispanic Blacks, and U.S.-born non-Hispanic Whites. Prevalence estimates and multivariable models of ever tobacco use, current tobacco use, and self-identified smoking status were calculated. RESULTS U.S.-born Hispanics, Blacks, and Whites exhibit the highest levels of ever and current use across a range of tobacco products, whereas foreign-born Hispanics, particularly women, exhibit the lowest ever and current use of most products and are least likely to describe themselves as smokers. Controlling for socioeconomic covariates, current tobacco use is generally lower for most minority groups relative to Whites. Social or occasional smoking, however, is higher among U.S.-born Hispanics and Blacks. CONCLUSIONS The high level of tobacco use among U.S.-born young adults foreshadows substantial tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in the coming decades. Foreign-born Hispanic young adults, particularly women, exhibit the lowest levels of tobacco use. Future studies of tobacco use must differentiate racial/ethnic groups by nativity to better understand patterns of tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Lariscy
- Department of Sociology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1086, USA.
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Wade B, Lariscy JT, Hummer RA. Racial/Ethnic and Nativity Patterns of U.S. Adolescent and Young Adult Smoking. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2013; 32:353-371. [PMID: 25339787 DOI: 10.1007/s11113-013-9275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We document racial/ethnic and nativity differences in U.S. smoking patterns among adolescents and young adults using the 2006 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (n=44,202). Stratifying the sample by nativity status within five racial/ethnic groups (Asian American, Mexican American, other Hispanic, non-Hispanic black, and non-Hispanic white), and further by sex and age, we compare self-reports of lifetime smoking across groups. U.S.-born non-Hispanic whites, particularly men, report smoking more than individuals in other racial/ethnic/nativity groups. Some groups of young women (e.g., foreign-born and U.S.-born Asian Americans, foreign-born and U.S.-born Mexican Americans, and foreign-born blacks) report extremely low levels of smoking. Foreign-born females in all of the 25-34 year old racial/ethnic groups exhibit greater proportions of never smoking than their U.S.-born counterparts. Heavy/moderate and light/intermittent smoking is generally higher in the older age group among U.S.-born males and females whereas smoking among the foreign-born of both sexes is low at younger ages and remains low at older ages. Taken together, these findings highlight the importance of considering both race/ethnicity and nativity in assessments of smoking patterns and in strategies to reduce overall U.S. smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky Wade
- Department of Sociology, Rice University, 6100 S. Main Street, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Joseph T Lariscy
- Population Research Center and Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin, 305 E. 23rd St, G1800, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Robert A Hummer
- Population Research Center and Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin, 305 E. 23rd St, G1800, Austin, TX 78712
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Bachmann M, Znoj H, Brodbeck J. Smoking behaviour, former quit attempts and intention to quit in urban adolescents and young adults: A five-year longitudinal study. Public Health 2012; 126:1044-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Smoking initiation during young adulthood: a longitudinal study of a population-based cohort. J Adolesc Health 2012; 51:497-502. [PMID: 23084172 PMCID: PMC3479406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the extent to which young adults initiate smoking between the ages of 18 and 21 years; to characterize the frequency and quantity of use among initiators; and to examine predictors of initiation. METHODS Participants included youth who were part of the Minnesota Adolescent Community Cohort Study and had not smoked a whole cigarette before age of 18 (n = 2,034). Initiation in the present study was defined as having smoked a whole cigarette or more between the ages of 18 and 21. Predictors of initiation were measured at age 18 and included sociodemographic characteristics, social influences, and attitudes and beliefs about smoking. RESULTS Twenty-five percent (n = 510) of participants initiated smoking between the ages of 18 and 21 years. Among those who initiated, the majority (64%) reported smoking during the past 30 days, and approximately one-quarter (24%) reported smoking 100 cigarettes or more. Predictors of young adult initiation included being male, living in a metropolitan area, having friends who smoke, and the belief that smoking can calm someone down when they are angry or nervous. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that smoking initiation during young adulthood is not uncommon. These results highlight the need for tobacco prevention programs that target young adults.
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Tjora T, Hetland J, Aarø LE, Wold B, Øverland S. Late-onset smokers: How many, and associations with health behaviours and socioeconomic status. Scand J Public Health 2012; 40:537-43. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494812454233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Adolescence is considered a critical phase for smoking initiation, while smoking initiation in adulthood has received less attention. In the present study, we investigated smoking initiation in early adulthood, with an additional focus on how socioeconomic status (SES) relates to late-onset smoking. Methods: The Norwegian Longitudinal Health Behaviour Study followed a representative sample of adolescents ( n=530) from age 13 (7th grade) to age 30 (years 1990–2007) through 9 waves of data collection. Information was collected on the adolescents’ gender, smoking, alcohol use, cannabis use, physical activity, and SES. Those reporting to be smokers at age 30, but not at age 18, were defined as “late-onset smokers”. Results: At age 30, 21% were daily smokers, of which 45% met our definition of late-onset smoking. Participants with a low SES had a higher odds ratio for late-onset smoking (OR=3.42) and a lower odds ratio for quitting smoking (OR=0.40) after adjusting for confounders. Conclusions: Early adulthood is an additional critical phase for daily smoking initiation. The clear and consistent negative association between SES and late-onset smoking, as well as the positive association between SES and smoking cessation, contribute to the association between SES and smoking in the general adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Tjora
- Uni Health, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Jørn Hetland
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Leif Edvard Aarø
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Wold
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Simon Øverland
- Uni Health, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
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Rath JM, Villanti AC, Abrams DB, Vallone DM. Patterns of tobacco use and dual use in US young adults: the missing link between youth prevention and adult cessation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 2012:679134. [PMID: 22666279 PMCID: PMC3361253 DOI: 10.1155/2012/679134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Few studies address the developmental transition from youth tobacco use uptake to regular adulthood use, especially for noncigarette tobacco products. The current study uses online panel data from the Legacy Young Adult Cohort Study to describe the prevalence of cigarette, other tobacco product, and dual use in a nationally representative sample of young adults aged 18-34 (N = 4,201). Of the 23% of young adults who were current tobacco users, 30% reported dual use. Ever use, first product used, and current use were highest for cigarettes, cigars, little cigars, and hookah. Thirty-two percent of ever tobacco users reported tobacco product initiation after the age of 18 and 39% of regular users reported progressing to regular use during young adulthood. This study highlights the need for improved monitoring of polytobacco use across the life course and developing tailored efforts for young adults to prevent progression and further reduce overall population prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rath
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
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Lenk K, Rode P, Fabian L, Bernat D, Klein E, Forster J. Cigarette use among young adults: comparisons between 2-year college students, 4-year college students, and those not in college. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2012; 60:303-8. [PMID: 22559089 PMCID: PMC4032113 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2011.607481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine cigarette smoking among young adults based on education status. PARTICIPANTS Community-based sample of 2,694 young adults in the United States METHODS The authors compared 3 groups--those not in college with no college degree, 2-year college students/graduates, 4-year college students/graduates--on various smoking measures: ever smoked, smoked in past month, smoked in past week, consider self a smoker, began smoking before age 15, smoked over 100 cigarettes in lifetime, ever tried to quit, and plan to quit in next year. RESULTS The authors found that for nearly all the smoking measures, the 4-year college group was at lowest risk, the noncollege group was at highest risk, and the 2-year college group represented a midpoint. Differences between groups remain after adjusting for parents' education and other potential confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS Smoking behaviors clearly differ between the 2-year, 4-year, and no college groups. Interventions should be tailored for each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Lenk
- University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second St. Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA
| | - Peter Rode
- Minnesota Department of Health, 85 East 7th Place, 3rd Floor, P.O. Box 64882, St. Paul, MN 55164-0882 USA
| | - Lindsey Fabian
- University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second St. Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA
| | - Debra Bernat
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee FL 32306-4300 USA
| | - Elizabeth Klein
- Ohio State University College of Public Health, 3138B Smith Lab, 174 W 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Jean Forster
- University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second St. Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA
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Freedman KS, Nelson NM, Feldman LL. Smoking initiation among young adults in the United States and Canada, 1998-2010: a systematic review. Prev Chronic Dis 2011; 9:E05. [PMID: 22172172 PMCID: PMC3277388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young adults have the highest smoking rate of any age group in the United States and Canada, and recent data indicate that they often initiate smoking as young adults. The objective of this study was to systematically review peer-reviewed articles on cigarette smoking initiation and effective prevention efforts among young adults. METHODS We searched 5 databases for research articles published in English between 1998 and 2010 on smoking initiation among young adults (aged 18-25) living in the United States or Canada. We extracted the following data from each study selected: the measure of initiation used, age range of initiation, age range of study population, data source, target population, sampling method, and sample size. We summarized the primary findings of each study according to 3 research questions and categories of data (eg, sociodemographic) that emerged during the data extraction process. RESULTS Of 1,072 identified studies, we found 27 articles that met our search criteria, but several included a larger age range of initiation (eg, 18-30, 18-36) than we initially intended to include. Disparities in young adult smoking initiation existed according to sex, race, and educational attainment. The use of alcohol and illegal drugs was associated with smoking initiation. The risk of smoking initiation among young adults increased under the following circumstances: exposure to smoking, boredom or stress while serving in the military, attending tobacco-sponsored social events while in college, and exposure to social norms and perceptions that encourage smoking. Effective prevention efforts include exposure to counter-marketing, denormalization campaigns, taxation, and the presence of smoke-free policies. CONCLUSION Much remains to be learned about young adult smoking initiation, particularly among young adults in the straight-to-work population. Dissimilar measures of smoking initiation limit our knowledge about smoking initiation among young adults. We recommend developing a standardized measure of initiation that indicates progression to regular established smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit S. Freedman
- Wyoming Survey & Analysis Center at the University of Wyoming
| | - Nanette M. Nelson
- Wyoming Survey & Analysis Center at the University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
| | - Laura L. Feldman
- Wyoming Survey & Analysis Center at the University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
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