1
|
Neelakantan L, Fry D, Florian L, Silion D, Filip M, Thabeng M, Te K, Sunglao JA, Lu M, Ward CL, Baban A, Jocson RM, Peña Alampay L, Meinck F. "We don't know how to talk": Adolescent meaning making and experiences of participating in research on violence in Romania, South Africa, and the Philippines. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024:106931. [PMID: 38972820 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current evidence on adolescent participation in violence research has primarily measured distress, harm or upset using quantitative methods. There are relatively few studies which have employed qualitative methods to understand adolescent emotional experiences, and to articulate the experiences of participation from their own perspective. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess adolescents' experiences of participating in research on violence in different contexts, namely Romania, South Africa, and the Philippines. METHODS A purposive sample of adolescents (N = 53, 51 % female) were recruited from rural, urban, and peri-urban areas in Romania, the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, and Metro Manila, Philippines. Semi-structured one-on-one in-depth interviews and drawings sought adolescent perspectives on their experiences of participation, including the emotions they felt, and their perceptions of research on violence. RESULTS Drawing on analysis of interviews and drawings, adolescents reported a layered emotional experience, ranging from sadness, anger, apprehension, and upset, to joy, relief, and laughter. Their emotional experiences were driven by participation as a relational encounter, both with the researchers involved, as well as with other children and young people they encountered. Adolescents emphasized participation as enabling disclosure of difficult experiences, and the creation of awareness of violence. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent perspectives of participation in research on violence are nuanced and encompass their lived experience as well as the fundamentally relational nature of participation. Adolescents experienced increased awareness of topics in violence and perceived research participation as enabling disclosure and possible help-seeking. Measures of participation impact developed along with adolescents, which reflect this complexity, are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Neelakantan
- Population Mental Health Unit, Centre for Mental Health and Community Wellbeing, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Deborah Fry
- Childlight - Global Child Safety Institute, Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Lani Florian
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Doriana Silion
- Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Romania
| | - Madalina Filip
- Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Romania
| | | | - Kathlyn Te
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines
| | | | - Mengyao Lu
- Childlight - Global Child Safety Institute, Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Catherine L Ward
- Department of Psychology & Safety and Violence Initiative, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Adriana Baban
- Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Romania
| | - Rosanne M Jocson
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | | | - Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, UK; OPTENTIA, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Weng Q, Chen Q, Jiang T, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Doherty M, Xie J, Liu K, Li J, Yang T, Wei J, Lei G, Zeng C. Global burden of early-onset osteoarthritis, 1990-2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Ann Rheum Dis 2024; 83:915-925. [PMID: 38429104 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-225324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early-onset osteoarthritis (OA) is an emerging health issue amidst the escalating prevalence of overweight and obesity. However, there are scant data on its disease, economic burden and attributable burden due to high body mass index (BMI). METHODS Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019, we examined the numbers of incident cases, prevalent cases, years lived with disability (YLDs) and corresponding age-standardised rates for early-onset OA (diagnosis before age 55) from 1990 to 2019. The case definition was symptomatic and radiographically confirmed OA in any joint. The average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) of the age-standardised rates were calculated to quantify changes. We estimated the economic burden of early-onset OA and attributable burden to high BMI. RESULTS From 1990 to 2019, the global incident cases, prevalent cases and YLDs of early-onset OA were doubled. 52.31% of incident OA cases in 2019 were under 55 years. The age-standardised rates of incidence, prevalence and YLDs increased globally and for countries in all Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles (all AAPCs>0, p<0.05), with the fastest increases in low-middle SDI countries. 98.04% of countries exhibited increasing trends in all age-standardised rates. Early-onset OA accounts for US$46.17 billion in healthcare expenditure and US$60.70 billion in productivity loss cost in 2019. The attributable proportion of high BMI for early-onset OA increased globally from 9.41% (1990) to 15.29% (2019). CONCLUSIONS Early-onset OA is a developing global health problem, causing substantial economic costs in most countries. Targeted implementation of cost-effective policies and preventive intervention is required to address the growing health challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianlin Weng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Aging-related Bone and Joint Diseases Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Joint Degeneration and Injury, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiya Zhang
- Academic Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis UK, Nottingham, UK
| | - Michael Doherty
- Academic Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis UK, Nottingham, UK
| | - Junqing Xie
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiatian Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tuo Yang
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Aging-related Bone and Joint Diseases Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Joint Degeneration and Injury, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guanghua Lei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Aging-related Bone and Joint Diseases Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Joint Degeneration and Injury, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Aging-related Bone and Joint Diseases Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Joint Degeneration and Injury, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Steinert JI, Shukla S, Vasumati Satish R. Navigating distress: Exploring factors affecting adolescent girls' wellbeing during and after a violence-focused survey in Maharashtra, India. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 152:106779. [PMID: 38574601 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ensuring the emotional wellbeing of participants in violence-focused research is a paramount ethical requirement. While previous research suggests that most participants in violence-focused studies do not report harmful consequences, little is known about the experiences of adolescent participants in low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE This study, conducted in Maharashtra, India, aims at assessing how participant, contextual, and interviewer characteristics affect the level of distress that adolescent girls experience after participation in a violence survey. METHODS A total of 3049 13-18-year-old girls were interviewed on their experiences of family and intimate partner violence. Following the interview, both girls and interviewers completed a 5-item questionnaire on perceived participant distress. Linear regression analyses were conducted to identify possible correlates of girls' distress. RESULTS Less than 10 % of participants reported feelings of distress upon completion of the interview. Higher levels of interviewers' empathy were significantly associated with decreased levels of participants' distress (standardised beta: -0.25, p < 0.001). Reported distress was also lower if girls had opted for an audio- and mobile-assisted self-interview (ACASI) format (standardised beta: -0.05, p < 0.01) and if the interview was conducted by someone older (standardised beta: -0.22, p < 0.001). Conversely, if interviews were conducted in participants' homes and by interviewers with higher education levels, reported distress was significantly higher (standardised beta: 0.06, p < 0.01 and 0.12, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that incorporating empathetic interviewing and trust-building techniques into interviewer training, offering ACASI interviews, and choosing interview locations that ensure confidentiality can help protect the wellbeing of participants in violence research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Isabel Steinert
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Germany; TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Shruti Shukla
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Samdal O, Budin-Ljøsne I, Haug E, Helland T, Kjostarova-Unkovska L, Bouillon C, Bröer C, Corell M, Cosma A, Currie D, Eriksson C, Felder-Puig R, Gaspar T, Hagquist C, Harbron J, Jåstad A, Kelly C, Knai C, Kleszczewska D, Kysnes BB, Lien N, Luszczynska A, Moerman G, Moreno-Maldonado C, NicGabhainn S, Pudule I, Rakic JG, Rito A, Rønnestad AM, Ulstein M, Rutter H, Klepp KI. Encouraging greater empowerment for adolescents in consent procedures in social science research and policy projects. Obes Rev 2023; 24 Suppl 2:e13636. [PMID: 37753605 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child emphasizes the importance of allowing children and adolescents to influence decisions that are important to them following their age and maturity. This paper explores the principles, practices, and implications around using parental versus child/adolescent consent when participating in social science research and policy development. Experiences from two studies are presented: The Confronting Obesity: Co-creating policy with youth (CO-CREATE) and the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study, a World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborative Cross-National study. Although parental consent may be an important gatekeeper for protecting children and adolescents from potentially harmful research participation, it may also be considered an obstacle to the empowerment of children and adolescents in case they want to share their views and experiences directly. This paper argues that evaluation of possible harm should be left to ethics committees and that, if no harm related to the research participation processes is identified and the project has a clear perspective on collaborating with the target group, adolescents from the age of 12 years should be granted the legal capacity to give consent to participate in the research project. Collaboration with adolescents in the development of the research project is encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oddrun Samdal
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Isabelle Budin-Ljøsne
- Department of Food Safety, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Haug
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trond Helland
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Christian Bröer
- Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Corell
- Unit for Mental Health, Children and Youth, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alina Cosma
- Department of Sociology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dorothy Currie
- School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Charli Eriksson
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Rosemarie Felder-Puig
- Department of Evidence and Quality Standards, Austrian National Public Health Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tania Gaspar
- Psychology and health Sciences Department, Lusofona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Curt Hagquist
- Department of Education and Special Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Janetta Harbron
- Research Centre for Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Atle Jåstad
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Colette Kelly
- Health Promotion Research Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Cecile Knai
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Dorota Kleszczewska
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Nanna Lien
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gerben Moerman
- Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Iveta Pudule
- Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jelena Gudelj Rakic
- Centre of Health Promotion, Institute of Public Health of Serbia, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Ana Rito
- Centre for Studies and Research in Social Dynamics and Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Harry Rutter
- Department of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Knut-Inge Klepp
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hira S, Sheppard-Perkins M, Darroch FE. "The facilitator is not a bystander": exploring the perspectives of interdisciplinary experts on trauma research. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1225789. [PMID: 37680237 PMCID: PMC10481530 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1225789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study investigates the concepts, knowledge, and guiding principles that inform the practice of professionals researching trauma or working directly with individuals who have lived and living experiences of trauma. These aspects are explored with the aim of identifying current practices and potential gaps which may contribute to more trauma-informed biomarker-based research approaches. Method The perspectives of experts were explored through semi-structured interviews with seven participants; these individuals represented trauma research, clinical practice, and trauma-informed physical activity domains. Results A thematic analysis of the collected data revealed three focal areas highlighted by participants from all disciplines: "If I want to know trauma in the body of a person I need to know the person's language" which related to experiences of discussing trauma with clients; "What all people need is a safe place" relayed the importance of safety for participants working with the trauma expert; and "the facilitator is not a bystander" framing trauma-related work as a collaborative process between participants and their care providers. Conclusion Evidence of formal implementation of trauma-informed practices within research settings is lacking. This gap is identified within background literature, while the importance of implementing these practices is emphasized by the participants of this study. This presents an opportunity to apply the insights of the interviewed experts toward advancing trauma research methodologies. Adapting biomarker-based research methodologies to fit a trauma- and violence-informed model may have benefits for the quality of participant experiences, research data, and knowledge of effective interventions.
Collapse
|
6
|
Neelakantan L, Fry D, Florian L, Meinck F. Adolescents' Experiences of Participating in Sensitive Research: A Scoping Review of Qualitative Studies. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1405-1426. [PMID: 35044869 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211069072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite an increasing emphasis on adolescents' participation rights, there are concerns about their participation in research on sensitive topics, such as trauma and violence. This review reports findings of a scoping review that examined the nature and extent of qualitative studies conducted with adolescents about their experiences of participating in research on sensitive topics. Studies were identified by searching electronic databases and grey literature and reported on qualitative and mixed-methods studies eliciting adolescents' experiences of participating in research on sensitive topics. Seventeen (17) studies were included after screening 4426 records. The scoping review revealed significant adolescent benefits from participation, relating to positive emotions, skill acquisition and enhanced self-efficacy and interpersonal relationships. To a lesser extent, participants also experienced burdens relating to negative emotions, concerns about confidentiality and privacy and inconvenience of participation, which were mitigated by careful attention to research design and researcher engagement and training. Participants shared insights into their motivation to participate, and factors that impacted their experiences of research, such as ethical considerations, including consent procedures, safety and connection in research, study procedures and documentation and researcher characteristics. There were tangible benefits and some burdens involved in adolescents' participation in sensitive research. This review considers implications for research and practice, such as the need to regularly publish findings of consultations, assessing caregiver consent requirements, obtaining adolescent views on study documents and measures and building on existing research, differentiated by age, gender and dis/ability status, especially in diverse and under-represented regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah Fry
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lani Florian
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- OPTENTIA, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kabbash IA, Fatehy NT, Saleh SR, Zidan OO, Dawood WM. Sexual harassment: perception and experience among female college students of Kafrelsheikh University. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022; 44:770-777. [PMID: 34297114 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing concerns are rising over women and adolescence in Arabic societies generally, and in Egyptian society specifically. OBJECTIVES To identify the profile and reasons of the problem of sexual harassments among female college students. METHODS A cross-sectional study including randomly selected 976 female students from different faculties of Kafrelsheikh University using a predesigned questionnaire sheet. RESULTS The main perceived concept of sexual harassment was touching body (63.9%) followed by uncomfortable behaviors by the assault (51.8%). Among urban students, 47.1% reported frequent sexual harassment as compared to 26.5% among rural students. The main motives to harassment were absence of sanctions (42.8%) followed by masculine culture. Absence of punishment ranked first (54.1%) as one of reasons for the phenomenon of harassments in the community followed by wrong concepts about women (46%). The main reaction to harassment was feeling bad and wishing to act (32.9%) followed by feeling bad but helpless (26.0%). Only 25.5% reported taking proper action. Experience of harassment was significantly more reported by urban students compared to rural ones (12.6% and 4.1%, respectively (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Sexual harassment is not uncommon from of violence especially in urban areas mainly due to absence of sanctions and majority did not have capacity to take proper actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ali Kabbash
- Public Health & Community Medicine-Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | | | - Omar Omar Zidan
- Public Health & Community Medicine-Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Campeau A, Tanaka M, McTavish JR, MacMillan H, McKee C, Hovdestad WE, Gonzalez A, Afifi TO, Stewart-Tufescu A, Tonmyr L. Asking youth and adults about child maltreatment: a review of government surveys. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e063905. [PMID: 36410827 PMCID: PMC9680163 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this review we: (1) identify and describe nationally representative surveys with child maltreatment (CM) questions conducted by governments in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries and (2) describe procedures implemented to address respondents' safety and minimise potential distress. DESIGN We conducted a systematic search across eight databases from 1 January 2000 to 5 July 2021 to identify original studies with information about relevant surveys. Additional information about surveys was obtained through survey methods studies, survey reports, survey websites or by identifying full questionnaires (when available). RESULTS Forty-six studies representing 139 surveys (98 youth and 41 adult) conducted by governments from 105 countries were identified. Surveys implemented a variety of procedures to maximise the safety and/or reduce distress for respondents including providing the option to withdraw from the survey and/or securing confidentiality and privacy for the respondent. In many surveys, further steps were taken such as providing information for support services, providing sensitivity training to survey administrators when interviews were conducted, among others. A minority of surveys took additional steps to empirically assess potential distress experienced by respondents. CONCLUSIONS Assessing risk and protective factors and developing effective interventions and policies are essential to reduce the burden of violence against children. While asking about experiences of CM requires careful consideration, procedures to maximise the safety and minimise potential distress to respondents have been successfully implemented globally, although practices differ across surveys. Further analysis is required to assist governments to implement the best possible safety protocols to protect respondents in future surveys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Campeau
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masako Tanaka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill R McTavish
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harriet MacMillan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, and Pediatrics, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris McKee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy E Hovdestad
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences, and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Lil Tonmyr
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Siller L, Edwards KM, Herrington R, Bordeaux S, Charge LL, Charge DL. Reactions to Participating in Sexual and Dating Violence Research Among Native American Youth. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP19188-NP19204. [PMID: 34355981 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211035884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to explore the reactions of Native American adolescents to participating in survey research on sexual and dating violence. Participants were 149 Native American adolescents who completed a survey in school. Survey items included sexual assault, dating violence, sexual harassment, and demographic questions. At the end of the survey, participants were asked if they were upset by the survey. Results showed that almost a quarter of youth were upset by the survey (24.2%), victims were more likely than non-victims to be upset by the survey, perpetrators were more likely than non-perpetrators to be upset by the survey, and sexual minorities were more likely than non-sexual minorities to be upset by the survey. Sex and age did not emerge as significantly associated with being upset. Participants were asked to describe why they were upset, and a content analysis revealed four categories of responses (i.e., feeling awkward or weird, topic of the survey, reminders, and "other"). Overall, although the research was well tolerated by most of the participants, researchers should consider adding information about what might increase feelings of upset in parental consent and youth assent forms, such as being reminded of a past upsetting experience and/or feeling awkward or weird because of some of the questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Siller
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Ramona Herrington
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Oglala Sioux Tribe, Pine Ridge, SD, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu L, Soletchi Seya MK, Villaveces A, Conkling M, Trika BJ, Myriam Kamagate MF, Annor FB, Massetti GM. Experiences of participation in a population-based survey on violence: Emotional discomfort, disclosure concerns, and the perceived value of participation among adolescents and young adults. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:1226-1239. [PMID: 35384077 PMCID: PMC10658816 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The accurate measurement of violence depends on high-quality data collected using methods that ensure participant confidentiality, privacy, and safety. To assess survey participants' emotional distress, discomfort, and self-perceived value of participating in the Honduras (2017), El Salvador (2017), Cote d'Ivoire (2018), and Lesotho (2018) Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys, which include sensitive topics such as sexual, physical, and emotional violence, we investigated individual self-reported distress and perceived value of participation by age, sex, and other demographic factors. We also examined the associations between past experiences of violence and both self-reported distress and perceived value of survey participation. Few individuals reported distress or concerns about disclosure. Across countries, 82.9% (Cote d'Ivoire) to 96.1% (Honduras) of participants indicated they were not afraid that someone might overhear their answers, 82.5% (Cote d'Ivoire) to 98.0% (El Salvador) said participation was not upsetting or stressful, and 93.3% (Cote d'Ivoire) to 98.6% (Honduras) said participation was worthwhile. The value of these interviews may exceed the negative feelings that some questions potentially elicit and can contribute to improved responses to victims.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhu
- Division of Violence Prevention, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marie Kaye Soletchi Seya
- Division of Violence Prevention, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrés Villaveces
- Division of Violence Prevention, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Martha Conkling
- Division of Global HIV & TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Maseru, Lesotho
| | - Beugre Joseph Trika
- Division of Global HIV & TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Francis B. Annor
- Division of Violence Prevention, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Greta M. Massetti
- Division of Violence Prevention, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Golden TL. Innovating Health Research Methods, Part I: A Mixed-Methods Study of Experiences and Perceptions of Violence Among Girls and Young Women. FAMILY & COMMUNITY HEALTH 2022; 45:137-149. [PMID: 35639789 DOI: 10.1097/fch.0000000000000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating US studies indicate gender inequities in youth violence research and responses. Improving youth health thus requires greater understanding of how girls and young women perceive and experience violence, and gathering such data demands research methods that are trauma-informed and assets-based. This mixed-methods study addresses these dual needs. To support gender equity in youth violence research, it incorporated 4 violence surveys and 3 arts-based methods to examine girls' and young women's experiences and perceptions of violence. Then, to advance trauma-informed, assets-based research, it used study findings to generate an assessment of all methods employed. Results are presented in a 2-part article, with Part II (published separately) detailing the arts-based strategies and assessing all methods. Part I (below) conveys findings from all data sources regarding population experiences, needs, and assets related to violence and safety. Girls and young women reported extensive experiences with violence, and mental health was a prominent challenge, likely exacerbated by persisting threats. Participants' priorities included domestic and intimate partner violence, social isolation, and the necessity of action and change. This study confirms the value of mixed-methods, gender-responsive youth violence research, and of providing processes by which youth can share their stories on and in their own terms. It also provides a template for further use of creative practices to improve data; apply trauma-informed, assets-based strategies; and advance health equity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasha L Golden
- International Arts + Mind Lab, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jouriles EN, Nguyen J, Krauss A, Stokes SL, McDonald R. Prevalence of Sexual Victimization Among Female and Male College Students: A Methodological Note With Data. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP8767-NP8792. [PMID: 33300396 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520978198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study provides insight on how sample recruitment methods may affect reported rates of sexual victimization on college campuses. The study compares sexual victimization rates among students who complete surveys after initial requests with those who complete them only after multiple reminders. Using probability sampling methods, undergraduate students from 12 universities were invited to complete a survey on campus violence; initial invitations were followed with up to five reminders. Women (n = 1,008) and men (n = 344) who completed surveys were categorized as early, middle, or late responders based on the number of reminders required to convert them from non-responders to responders. About 24.2% of women and 15.6% of men reported sexual victimization in the previous two months. In initial analyses, female early and late responders did not differ on sexual victimization, but males did. Male late responders reported higher rates of sexual victimization than early responders. In sensitivity analyses that re-defined early and late responders, women who were early responders reported more sexual victimization than women who were late responders, while men who were early responders reported less sexual victimization than men who were late responders. These findings suggest that researchers may underestimate sexual victimization rates for male college students unless multiple attempts are made to solicit their participation. Researchers are encouraged to utilize multiple reminders to increase research participation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Andriessen K, Krysinska K, Rickwood D, Pirkis J. The Reactions of Adolescents, Parents and Clinicians to Participating in Qualitative Research Interviews Regarding Adolescents Bereaved by Suicide and Other Traumatic Death. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19010452. [PMID: 35010712 PMCID: PMC8744783 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There are concerns that involving adolescents bereaved by suicide and other traumatic death in research may cause distress and harm. However, no study has investigated such bereaved adolescents’ research experiences. In addition, no study has looked at the experiences of parents and clinicians as participants in adolescent suicide and traumatic death bereavement research. This study aimed to explore the short-term impact of research participation experienced by adolescents, parents, and clinicians. A total of 61 participants (adolescents, n = 17; parents, n = 12; clinicians, n = 32) filled out a short survey within two weeks of having taken part in a qualitative interview study. Data were analyzed descriptively. Most participants had experienced no distress while participating and no negative effects of participating; rather, participation was experienced as helpful for them and they would highly recommend participating in a study like this to others. A few adolescents and parents reported some distress, related to anxiety about participation and the unpleasantness of grief memories. The study clearly indicates that bereaved adolescents, parents and clinicians can safely participate in research interviews regarding their experiences of grief and help after suicide, generally valuing the opportunity to share their experience. To prevent and mitigate potential distress, training of research staff and implementation of appropriate participant distress protocols are imperative. Future studies could include longitudinal follow-up of participants to assess any longer-term consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Andriessen
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (K.K.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Karolina Krysinska
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (K.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Debra Rickwood
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia;
| | - Jane Pirkis
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (K.K.); (J.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mathews B, MacMillan HL, Meinck F, Finkelhor D, Haslam D, Tonmyr L, Gonzalez A, Afifi TO, Scott JG, Pacella RE, Higgins DJ, Thomas H, Collin-Vézina D, Walsh K. The ethics of child maltreatment surveys in relation to participant distress: Implications of social science evidence, ethical guidelines, and law. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 123:105424. [PMID: 34883421 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological surveys measuring the prevalence of child maltreatment generate essential knowledge that is required to enhance human rights, promote gender equality, and reduce child abuse and neglect and its effects. Yet, evidence suggests Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) may assess the risk of these studies using higher than normal thresholds, based on a perception they may cause high distress to participants. It is essential for IRBs and researchers to have an accurate understanding of the nature and extent of participant distress associated with these studies, and of the duties of researchers towards survey participants, so that meritorious research is endorsed and duties to participants discharged. Assessment by IRBs of the ethics of such research must be appropriately informed by scientific evidence, ethical principles, and legal requirements. This article adds to knowledge by considering participant distress in child maltreatment surveys and its appropriate ethical and operational treatment. We provide an updated overview of scientific evidence of the frequency and severity of distress in studies of child maltreatment, a review of ethical requirements including a focus on beneficence and participant welfare, and a new analysis of researchers' legal duties towards participants. Our analyses demonstrate that participant distress is infrequent and transitory, that researchers can satisfy ethical requirements towards participants, and that legal liability does not extend to emotional distress. Informed by these bodies of knowledge, we distil key principles of good epidemiological practice to provide solutions to operational requirements in these surveys, which both fulfil ethical requirements to participants, and demonstrate trauma-informed practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mathews
- Australian Centre for Health Law Research, School of Law, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, USA.
| | - Harriet L MacMillan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, UK; School of Health Sciences, North-West University, South Africa
| | - David Finkelhor
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, Family Research Laboratory, Department of Sociology, University of New Hampshire, USA
| | - Divna Haslam
- Australian Centre for Health Law Research, School of Law, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia; Parenting and Family Support Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Lil Tonmyr
- Family Violence Surveillance, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - James G Scott
- Mental Health Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Australia
| | - Rosana E Pacella
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, Faculty of Education, Health & Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, UK
| | - Daryl J Higgins
- Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University, Australia
| | - Hannah Thomas
- Mental Health Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Australia
| | | | - Kerryann Walsh
- School of Early Childhood and Inclusive Education, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bendall S, Eastwood O, Cox G, Farrelly-Rosch A, Nicoll H, Peters W, Bailey AP, McGorry PD, Scanlan F. A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Trauma-Informed Care Within Outpatient and Counseling Health Settings for Young People. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2021; 26:313-324. [PMID: 32536207 DOI: 10.1177/1077559520927468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
There is growing consensus that outpatient health services for young people (aged 12-25 years) need to deliver trauma-informed care to ameliorate the effects of trauma, offer safe treatments, and avoid retraumatization. Trauma-informed care has become a familiar term for many professionals; however, its operating definition lacks clarity. MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO were systematically searched to clarify what trauma-informed care is, and what it should achieve in these settings. We reviewed 3,381 unique records, of which 13 met criteria for inclusion. Content analysis identified 10 components of trauma-informed care as it has been operationalized in practice: seven of these occurred at the system-level (interagency collaboration; service provider training; safety; leadership, governance and agency processes; youth and family/carer choice in care; cultural and gender sensitivity; youth and family/carer participation), and three involved trauma-specific clinical practices (screening and assessment; psychoeducation; therapeutic interventions). There is a need for greater consensus regarding an operating definition of trauma-informed care and further research into outcomes for young people and their families/carers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bendall
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oliver Eastwood
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgina Cox
- Northern Centre for Child Development, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neurodisability and Rehabilitation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Farrelly-Rosch
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Nicoll
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wilma Peters
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan P Bailey
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick D McGorry
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Faye Scanlan
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hesse CA, Strauss C, Shorey RC, Stuart GL, Cornelius TL. Examination of the Transient Changes in Affect Resulting From Participation in Research Addressing Intimate Partner Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP5014-NP5032. [PMID: 30160601 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518795172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the proliferation of data examining intimate partner violence (IPV), there has been an emerging interest in how this research emotionally affects participants, particularly those with a history of personal experience with IPV. While a large body of IPV research suggests that only a small proportion of individuals experience transient emotional distress as the result of participation, this research is limited by examining only the emotional responses at the conclusion of the research, rather than examining changes in affect during the research. Therefore, this research sought to examine negative affect among participants throughout the research to better examine the trajectory of affect during participation in research on IPV. We recruited a sample of 914 college students who completed a measure of negative affect at the beginning, after being exposed to violence questionnaires, and at the conclusion of the research. The findings suggested that among the total sample, negative affect generally declined over the course of the research, although there was a significant interaction for victims of both psychological and physical IPV, such that their negative affect remained stable over participation in the research. Negative affect was significantly correlated with measures of reactions to the research globally, and not significantly related to perceptions of the overall benefits of the research. These data suggest that participation in research on IPV does not increase negative affect, even among those with a history of IPV. Implications of these data for future research on IPV are discussed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sikweyiya Y, Mahlangu P, Dartnall E, Suich H. Examining the Risks of Engaging in Population-based Surveys on Violence: Follow-up Study of the Individual Deprivation Measure in South Africa. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2021; 16:212-224. [PMID: 33890813 DOI: 10.1177/15562646211010641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the South African Individual Deprivation Measure, the individual survey, included questions about two potentially highly sensitive topics-individuals' experience of violence and their control over personal decision making. In-depth follow-up interviews were conducted with 105 consenting survey participants to determine whether participating in the survey resulted in negative impacts for individuals, particularly in relation to these two topics. Several participants found that being asked about their experiences resurfaced painful memories, but we did not find any evidence that the approach of surveying every eligible individual in the dwelling resulted in any form of harm for the survey participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yandisa Sikweyiya
- 59097Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,School of Public Health, 37708University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pinky Mahlangu
- Gender & Health Research Unit, 59097South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,School of Public Health, 37707University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Helen Suich
- 2219Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Komaki JL, Tuakli-Wosornu YA. Using Carrots Not Sticks to Cultivate a Culture of Safeguarding in Sport. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:625410. [PMID: 33738441 PMCID: PMC7960644 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.625410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Judith L Komaki
- Department of Psychology, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yetsa A Tuakli-Wosornu
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pöllänen K, de Vries H, Mathews C, Schneider F, de Vries PJ. Beliefs About Sexual Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Adolescents in South Africa. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP2056-2078NP. [PMID: 29444627 PMCID: PMC7900821 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518756114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health problem worldwide. Research regarding beliefs about perpetrating sexual IPV is, however, limited. This study investigated attitudes, social influence, and self-efficacy beliefs and intentions toward perpetrating sexual IPV among Grade 8 adolescents (M age = 13.73, SD = 1.04) in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The study sample was taken from the baseline data of the Promoting sexual and reproductive health among adolescents in Southern and Eastern Africa (PREPARE) study, a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Young adolescents (N = 2,199), from 42 randomly selected high schools, participated in the study and answered a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. Multivariate ANOVA were conducted to assess differences in beliefs and intention toward perpetrating sexual IPV between boys and girls, and between perpetrators and nonperpetrators. Results showed that boys were more frequently perpetrators (11.3% vs. 3.2%) and victims (13.6% vs. 6.4%) of sexual IPV than girls. Boys' attitudes toward perpetrating sexual IPV were more supportive than girls'. Boys perceived their social network to be more likely to think that putting pressure on a boyfriend or girlfriend to have sex is okay, and boys had a lower self-efficacy to refrain from pressuring a boyfriend or girlfriend to have sex compared with girls. Both boys and girls, who have perpetrated sexual IPV, had more tolerant attitude, social influence, and self-efficacy beliefs toward sexual IPV perpetration, compared with nonperpetrators. Intention not to perpetrate sexual IPV did not differ between boys and girls, or between perpetrators and nonperpetrators. Our findings suggest that interventions should address attitude and social influence beliefs regarding sexual IPV perpetration. More attention should be given to sexual IPV perpetration among boys. Given that sexual IPV victimization and perpetration are significantly linked, prevention of sexual IPV perpetration seems to be of utmost importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katri Pöllänen
- Maastricht University, The
Netherlands
- University of Cape Town, South
Africa
- Katri Pöllänen, Department of Health
Promotion, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht
University, Universiteitssingel 60, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Catherine Mathews
- University of Cape Town, South
Africa
- South African Medical Research Council,
Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mathisen TF, Sølvberg N, Sundgot-Borgen C, Sundgot-Borgen J. Sexual Harassment in Fitness Instructors: Prevalence, Perpetrators, and Mental Health Correlates. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:735015. [PMID: 34777046 PMCID: PMC8585760 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This paper explores frequency of experiences of sexual harassment (SH) among fitness instructors, outlines the typical perpetrator, and explores associated mental health symptoms. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Materials and Methods: A total of 270 Norwegian fitness instructors, recruited in social media, responded to an electronic questionnaire in 2019/2020 on experiences of body appearance pressure, SH, and mental health symptoms. Outcomes included in this publication are experiences of SH, and symptoms of mental health issues based on the Hopkins symptom checklist, SCL-10; Beck Depression Inventory, BDI-1a; and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, EDE-q. Results: The frequencies of SH experiences were 30% among 211 women and 22% among 59 men, respectively, with customers being the most frequent source of such approaches and personal trainers (PTs) more often reporting such experiences compared to group instructors (GIs) and to those operating as both PT and GI. Women having experienced SH had significantly higher scores in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and eating disorders compared to women with no such experience. Conclusion: The high frequency of SH experiences among fitness instructors, with customers emerging as perpetrators and typically in the context of personal training, necessitates increased awareness of SH in the fitness industry. To reduce the occurrence of SH, the fitness centers need to communicate countermeasures with high level of compliance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Sølvberg
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Sundgot-Borgen
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fortier J, Stewart-Tufescu A, Salmon S, Garces Davila I, MacMillan HL, Gonzalez A, Mathews B, Struck S, Taillieu T, Afifi TO. What type of survey research questions are identified by adults as upsetting? A focus on child maltreatment. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 109:104764. [PMID: 33038722 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on child maltreatment is imperative to inform evidence-based prevention and intervention efforts. Nonetheless, researchers continue to face barriers due to the perceived sensitivity and possibility of harm when asking about these experiences. While studies have started to explore reactions to participating in research on sensitive topics, there are notable limitations and fewer have focused on child maltreatment. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to better understand adult respondents' identification of, and reactions to, potentially upsetting questions in the context of a well-being and experiences survey, with a focus on child maltreatment. METHODS Data were from the first wave of the Well-Being and Experiences Study in Manitoba, Canada: a computerized self-reported community-based survey of adolescents and their parents/caregivers administered individually at a research facility. The current study focused on parents/caregivers' responses (N = 1000). The study utilized a mixed methods approach with descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analyses of open-ended responses of their perceptions of upsetting questions. RESULTS Overall, few respondents (15.1 %) identified any questions as upsetting. Ten themes emerged in respondents' recall of upsetting questions, including maltreatment and other themes often perceived as less sensitive. Only 4% identified maltreatment-related questions as upsetting. Among those who identified any questions or maltreatment-specific questions as upsetting, most felt they were important to ask and should not be removed (92.7 %-97.5 %). These findings suggest that retrospective survey questions about experiences of child maltreatment involving adult samples are not associated with major upset and should be included in future health and social surveys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janique Fortier
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Samantha Salmon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Harriet L MacMillan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, and of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Ben Mathews
- Faculty of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Shannon Struck
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tamara Taillieu
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Soliman HH, Abdelmonem AA, Koran J. Adolescents' Perception of the Threat of Sexual Harassment: The Development of an Index. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2020; 29:570-585. [PMID: 31638879 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2019.1667469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In Egypt female adolescents are on a daily basis victims of various forms of sexual harassment as young females are unable to justify their feelings, thoughts and behaviors toward such violent and hostile activities. Therefore, this study develops an adolescents' sexual harassment index (ASHI), which measures female adolescents' perception of the threat of sexual harassment based on cultural, environmental and societal aspects. A total of 874 adolescents age 17-18 in Egypt participated in a survey consisting of 65 items of 7 variables: threat of SH, exposure, society awareness, child's characteristics, social engagement, religiosity and the effect of the media. Using factor analysis with oblimn rotation, the analysis explained 42.38 percent of the variation in the study variables, leading to a four-factors solution: society awareness, interpersonal characteristics, personal engagement and sense of self and reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer Koran
- Department of Counseling, Quantitative Methods, and Special Education, Southern Illinois University Carbondale , Carbondale, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
McClinton Appollis T, Eggers SM, de Vries PJ, de Vries H, Lund C, Mathews C. The Impact of Participation in Research About Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence: An Investigation of Harms, Benefits, and Regrets in Young Adolescents in the Western Cape of South Africa. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:943-963. [PMID: 29294649 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517691522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is very little evidence whether recalling and answering questions about abuse or interpersonal violence has a positive or negative impact on participants of such research. This is an important ethical dilemma to ensure an appropriate risk-benefit ratio in research with young people is maintained. We assessed reported harms, benefits, and regrets of young adolescents who participated in a sensitive research project, and compared the harms and benefits in those who had and had not been victims and/or perpetrators of abuse or intimate partner violence. Participants were 3,264 adolescents aged 12 to 15 years in 41 public schools in the Western Cape, South Africa, who completed a survey about intimate partner violence, verbal, physical, and sexual abuse, as part of an HIV prevention cluster randomized controlled trial. The majority of participants reported research participation as beneficial (70.3%), while 27.7% reported harms and 14% regrets. Victims of abuse were more likely than non-victims to report benefits (71.9% vs. 67.1%; p = .02) and harms (31% vs. 20.9%; p < .01) and were less likely to report regret (13.1% vs. 16.7%; p = .02). Perpetrators of abuse were less likely than non-perpetrators to report benefits (67.4% vs. 72.8%; p = .01) and more likely to report harms (36.4% vs. 26.1%; p < .01) and regrets (17.4% vs. 13.3%; p = .01). Our findings suggested that research participation was more likely to have a positive rather than a negative emotional impact on young adolescents and that relatively few regretted participating. Victims and perpetrators of abuse were more likely to report benefits than harms, supporting the ethical appropriateness of ongoing research on abuse and violence. We recommend that further research is required to clarify and standardize terminology and instruments to quantify these kinds of evaluations, including measurement of the severity and intensity of reported benefits, harms and regrets, and the longer term impact of participation in sensitive research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy McClinton Appollis
- University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Crick Lund
- University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Cathy Mathews
- University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Client and Provider Discomfort With an Adverse Childhood Experiences Survey. Am J Prev Med 2019; 57:e51-e58. [PMID: 31253559 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many service providers report concerns that questions about adverse events may upset clients. Studies indicate that most survey respondents answer sensitive questions without experiencing distress, although little is known about the prevalence or correlates of clients' discomfort when they are asked similar questions by direct care providers, such as home visitors. METHODS This study used data collected between 2013 and 2018 from 1,678 clients and 161 providers in a network of home visiting programs in Wisconsin. Clients and home visitors completed an adverse childhood experience questionnaire that concludes by asking about discomfort with the questions. Analyses conducted in 2018 examined overall client discomfort and associations between discomfort and the endorsement of 10 distinct adverse childhood experiences. Multilevel regressions were performed to test whether client and provider factors were associated with client discomfort. RESULTS More than 80% of clients were not at all or slightly uncomfortable with the adverse childhood experience questionnaire, and 3% reported extreme discomfort. Bivariate results showed that each adverse childhood experience, except parental divorce, was associated with greater discomfort; sexual abuse was the only adverse childhood experience associated with discomfort in a multivariate analysis. Multiple client variables were linked to increased discomfort, including higher adverse childhood experience scores (b=0.06, 95% CI=0.04, 0.08) and depression scores (b=0.01, 95% CI=0.00, 0.02). Home visitor discomfort was positively associated with client discomfort (b=0.16, 95% CI=0.01, 0.31). CONCLUSIONS Results indicated that most clients in home visiting programs tolerated an adverse childhood experience questionnaire well. The findings point to clients who may be more likely to report discomfort and highlight an important association between client and provider discomfort.
Collapse
|
25
|
Collings SJ. A proposed model for evaluating the impact of participating in trauma-focused research. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0081246318789537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the development of a model for assessing levels of risk in trauma-focused research, with evidence for the empirical validity of the model being provided by findings from a study of 438 undergraduate students who participated in a survey regarding past-year exposure to intimate partner violence. A minor increase in risk over minimal risk was found to constitute the modal risk category, with evidence for the empirical validity of the model being provided by the fact that levels of risk assessed by the model were associated with anticipated decreases in the proportion of positive cost–benefit ratios, with different levels of risk being predicted by a unique constellation of risk factors. These findings are discussed with respect to their implications for further research and in relation to the way in which the impact of trauma-focused research is conceptualised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Collings
- School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Andriessen K, Krysinska K, Draper B, Dudley M, Mitchell PB. Harmful or Helpful? A Systematic Review of How Those Bereaved Through Suicide Experience Research Participation. CRISIS 2018; 39:364-376. [PMID: 29618271 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many of the bereaved through suicide are interested in participating in postvention studies. However, there is a contradiction between the positive experiences of research participation and concerns raised by ethical boards. AIMS To review studies on the experience of research participation by those bereaved through suicide, including initial contact with the study and its short- and long-term impacts. METHOD Systematic searches in Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, as well as Google Scholar identified 12 papers reporting on 11 studies. RESULTS The majority (73-100%) of study participants evaluated participation positively, and would recommend it to others (90-100%), as it was related to altruism, social support, and personal growth. A minority experienced participation as negative (2-10%) or upsetting (5-22%) due to feelings of guilt or painful memories. However, having a painful experience does not preclude seeing it as helpful. LIMITATIONS Most studies concerned face-to-face psychological autopsy studies, and only two studies included a control group. CONCLUSION Research applying standardized measures may enhance our understanding of the factors germane to (non-)participation and to the likelihood of a positive/negative research experience. Vigilant recruitment and providing optimum care for participants are indicated. Further research may continue to improve participant safety and the research design of suicide bereavement studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Andriessen
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Karolina Krysinska
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian Draper
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Dudley
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Brown LL, Van Zyl MAR. Mitigating intimate partner violence among South African women testing HIV positive during mobile counseling and testing. AIDS Care 2017; 30:65-71. [PMID: 28903576 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2017.1366414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
South African women continue to suffer disproportionately from the interlinked epidemics of HIV and intimate partner violence (IPV). Effective strategies are needed to mitigate HIV-related IPV, which often creates barriers to successful engagement along the HIV continuum of care. More information is needed on how IPV impacts women's safety following mobile HCT diagnosis, and the HIV IPV Risk Assessment & Safety-planning (HIRS) protocol was developed to address several related gaps in knowledge. The sample included 255 black South African women experiencing IPV and testing HIV+ during mobile HCT in Gauteng province. Outcomes were compared between a standard of care (SOC) group and an Experimental group with two dosage levels (D1, D2). Of the total sample and in the last year, 99.2% had experienced non-violent control, 40.7% physical abuse, 44.8% sexual abuse, and 67.3% physical or sexual abuse. There were no significant differences in pre/post safety scores, or for satisfaction or acceptability items. The overall linkage rate was 45.8% (M = 12.97 days), and the Experimental group had more links to care in certain age groups-the highest in those aged ≤23 years in D1 (70%). The lowest linkage rate was for those aged 33-43 years in the SOC (22.2%). Almost two thirds of participants reported using the safety plan (61.9%), with 80% reporting it was helpful, and 80% using ≥1 safety strategy. The Experimental group reported significantly less violence upon partner notification of serostatus, but all groups felt significantly less safe getting to medical appointments by post-test. Overall, the study indicates the HIRS protocol is safe and helpful, brief to administer, and may mitigate violence during partner notification of serostatus, but further investigation is needed before implementing it as a standard of care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Lauren Brown
- a Director of Behavioral Health & Support Services , Nashville CARES , Nashville , USA
| | - Michiel A Riaan Van Zyl
- b School of Social Work, College of Behavioral and Community Sciences , University of South Florida , Tampa , USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bay-Cheng LY. Seeing How Far I've Come: The Impact of the Digital Sexual Life History Calendar on Young Adult Research Participants. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2017; 54:284-295. [PMID: 26940905 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1139033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Digital Sexual Life History Calendar (d/SLHC) is a Web-based platform for collecting young adults' sexual histories. In addition to collecting diverse data, the d/SLHC was designed to benefit participants by enabling reflection on their sexual and relationship experiences in the context of other life events and circumstances. In a pilot study of the d/SLHC, survey data were collected to test whether creating a d/SLHC timeline had any impact on sexual well-being. A sample of 18- to 25-year-old participants recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) completed an online survey about sexuality and relationships. Of those, 113 also completed d/SLHC timelines and 262 served as a comparison group. Six months later, participants from both groups were invited to complete a follow-up survey (total N = 249). Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) results indicated that participants who completed d/SLHC timelines exhibited higher sexual esteem immediately following d/SLHC completion and at follow-up. No changes in sexual esteem were observed in the comparison group, and there were no differences between the groups with regard to sexual health behaviors and outcomes. These findings suggest that sexuality studies may have the potential to yield not only rich data for researchers but also rich experiences for participants.
Collapse
|
29
|
Rinehart JK, Nason EE, Yeater EA, Miller G. Do Some Students Need Special Protection From Research on Sex and Trauma? New Evidence for Young Adult Resilience in "Sensitive Topics" Research. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2017; 54:273-283. [PMID: 27093242 PMCID: PMC6563918 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1156047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Institutional review boards (IRBs) have expressed concerns that certain individuals or groups, such as participants who are younger, ethnic minorities, or who have certain psychological or personality traits, may be particularly distressed when participating in "sensitive topics" research. This study examined the effects of several demographic and individual difference factors (i.e., age, sex, ethnicity, religiosity, Big Five personality traits, and baseline psychological distress levels) on reactions to participation in sensitive topics research. Participants were 504 undergraduates who completed an extensive battery of either trauma/sex questionnaires or cognitive tests and rated their positive and negative emotional reactions and the perceived benefits and mental costs of participating. They also compared research participation to normal life stressors. Our findings indicated that individual difference and demographic risk factors do not increase participant distress after participating in sex/trauma research over and above that experienced after participating in traditionally minimal-risk cognitive tasks. Participants generally found research participation less distressing than normal life stressors and even enjoyable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica E. Nason
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Goossens I, Nicholls TL, Torchalla I, Brink J, de Ruiter C. The Perceived Impact of Trauma-Focused Research on Forensic Psychiatric Patients With Lifetime Victimization Histories. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2016; 11:334-345. [PMID: 27887006 DOI: 10.1177/1556264616670769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the perceived costs, benefits, and motivations for participating in individual trauma-focused interviews among forensic psychiatric patients ( N = 74). The majority of our participants were male, and 100% endorsed adverse childhood experiences (e.g., abuse, neglect) or exposure to potentially traumatic events (e.g., assault). Levels of posttraumatic avoidance (41.9%), reexperiencing (59.5%), and increased arousal (51.3%) were high. In line with previous studies, our findings suggest an overall positive research experience in this sample. In spite of extensive histories of lifetime victimization we did not find an association between victimization, posttraumatic symptomatology, and a negative research experience. Our findings suggest that participation in trauma-focused research is not only possible with, but also potentially beneficial for forensic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilvy Goossens
- 1 The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,2 BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Coquitlam, Canada
| | - Tonia L Nicholls
- 1 The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,2 BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Coquitlam, Canada
| | - Iris Torchalla
- 3 Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Johann Brink
- 1 The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,2 BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Coquitlam, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
McTavish JR, MacGregor JCD, Wathen CN, MacMillan HL. Children's exposure to intimate partner violence: an overview. Int Rev Psychiatry 2016; 28:504-518. [PMID: 27414209 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2016.1205001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Children's exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with significant emotional impairment and other harmful effects. It is increasingly recognized as a type of child maltreatment, with outcomes similar to other types of abuse and neglect. Children can experience harm from exposure to IPV, even when not directly involved in, or a witness to, the violence between caregivers. This review, based on a synthesis of best available evidence, addresses the epidemiology of children's exposure to IPV, including prevalence, risk and protective factors, and associated impairment, as well as strategies for identification, and interventions for prevention of exposure and impairment. Strategies for ensuring children's safety are also discussed. The article concludes with guidance specific to mental health clinicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill R McTavish
- a Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences and of Pediatrics , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada
| | - Jen C D MacGregor
- b Faculty of Information & Media Studies , Western University , London , ON , Canada
| | - C Nadine Wathen
- b Faculty of Information & Media Studies , Western University , London , ON , Canada
| | - Harriet L MacMillan
- c Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fagerlund M, Ellonen N. Children's Experiences of Completing a Computer-Based Violence Survey: Finnish Child Victim Survey Revisited. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2016; 25:556-576. [PMID: 27472509 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2016.1186769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of children as research subjects requires special considerations with regard to research practices and ethics. This is especially true concerning sensitive research topics such as sexual victimization. Prior research suggests that reflecting these experiences in a survey can cause negative feelings in child participants, although posing only a minimal to moderate risk. Analyzing only predefined, often negative feelings related to answering a sexual victimization survey has dominated the existing literature. In this article children's free-text comments about answering a victimization survey and experiences of sexual victimization are analyzed together to evaluate the effects of research participation in relation to this sensitive issue. Altogether 11,364 children, aged 11-12 and 15-16, participated in the Finnish Child Victim Survey in 2013. Of these, 69% (7,852) reflected on their feelings about answering the survey. Results indicate that both clearly negative and positive feelings are more prevalent among victimized children compared to their nonvictimized peers. Characteristics unique to sexual victimization as well as differences related to gender and age are also discussed. The study contributes to the important yet contradictory field of studying the effects of research participation on children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noora Ellonen
- b School of Social Sciences, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Edwards KM, Haynes EE, Rodenhizer-Stämpfli KA. High School Youth's Reactions to Participating in Mixed-Methodological Dating Violence Research. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2016; 11:220-30. [PMID: 27307419 DOI: 10.1177/1556264616651783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study used a sample of high school youth (N = 218) and a mixed-methodological research design to examine high school students' reactions to participating in focus groups and completing surveys that inquired about dating violence (DV). Results showed that showed that 1.5% (n = 3) of the youth regretted participating in the study and 6% (n = 12) were upset by the study questions; being upset was attributed to personal experiences with DV and being disturbed by peers' responses during the focus group. Furthermore, 49% (n = 99) of the youth reported feeling that they personally benefited from participating in the study for reasons such as learning ways to help friends in situations of DV. Results have implications for conducting mixed-methodological DV research with youth.
Collapse
|
34
|
Sexual Assault Victims Participating in Research: Causing Harm When Trying to Help? Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2016; 30:412-7. [PMID: 27256950 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For fear of causing unnecessary distress, ethical concerns have been raised in regard to asking vulnerable persons e.g. sexually traumatized victims to participate in scientific research studies. The current study investigates how victims of sexual assault perceived participating in scientific research in regard to victims' psychological and/or physiological distress and potential beneficial outcomes from participation (N=51). Results from interviews with victims indicated that the majority of victims of sexual assault who had taken part in the study considered their participation in research a positive experience causing little short- or long-term psychological or physiological distress. In addition, over half of the respondents reported some benefits from participation.
Collapse
|
35
|
Berry KM, Rutledge CM. Factors That Influence Women to Disclose Sexual Assault History to Health Care Providers. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2016; 45:553-64. [PMID: 27238901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine women's experiences with sexual assault screening by health care professionals and identify factors that influence women to disclose their sexual assault history to providers. DESIGN Cross-sectional descriptive survey with correlational analysis. SETTING On-line survey distributed nationally. PARTICIPANTS One hundred forty-three women. METHODS Participants were recruited through social media; the authors e-mailed organizations across the nation and asked them to share links to a Facebook page connected to the survey. Descriptive statistics, Spearman's rho, and contingency tables were calculated, and qualitative content analysis was performed by thematic analysis. RESULTS Most (n = 103, 72.5%) participants reported that they felt comfortable with being asked about sexual assault, but only 41 (28.7%) participants were screened for sexual assault by health care professionals. Positive attitude and increased comfort level with screening were associated with increased intention to disclose past assault (p < .05). A total of 113 (82.5%) women reported intentions to disclose sexual assault to a provider if asked, whereas only 35 (24.6%) women would voluntarily disclose. Women identified prevention of medical and physical consequences as main facilitators to disclosure, and provider attitude and demeanor as the main barriers. Sixty-nine (48.9%) participants were victims of sexual assault. Women with a history of sexual assault were no more likely than women not victimized to have been screened for sexual assault. CONCLUSION Study findings suggest that women are often not screened for sexual assault despite being receptive to inquiry. Health care professionals often do not identify those who have been sexually assaulted because they do not ask. Thus, many victims do not receive needed sexual assault resources and support.
Collapse
|
36
|
Jaffe AE, DiLillo D, Hoffman L, Haikalis M, Dykstra RE. Does it hurt to ask? A meta-analysis of participant reactions to trauma research. Clin Psychol Rev 2015; 40:40-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|