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Thai TTH, Le HND, Mihalopoulos C, Austin SB, Le LKD. Economic costs associated with unhealthy weight control behaviors among Australian adolescents. Int J Eat Disord 2024; 57:341-352. [PMID: 38054343 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored the relationship between unhealthy weight control behaviors (UWCBs) and their associated economic costs among adolescents using the 2014-2018 Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). METHODS LSAC data in Wave 6 (n = 3538 adolescents aged 14-15 years), Wave 7 n = 3089 adolescents aged 16-17 years), and Wave 8 (n = 3037 adolescents aged 18-19 years) were derived from a representative sample of Australian adolescents. UWCBs were measured using the self-reported Branched Eating Disorder Test questionnaire. UWCBs were sub-classified into having fasting behaviors, using weight loss supplements or purging behaviors. Economic costs include healthcare and productivity costs to caregivers. Healthcare costs were measured using data from the Medicare and Pharmaceutical Benefits, which includes both medical and pharmaceutical costs. Productivity losses were measured using caregivers' lost leisure time due to UWCBs among adolescents. RESULTS The mixed effect model identified statistically significant higher economic costs (mean difference = $453, 95% CIs $154, $752), higher health care costs (mean difference = $399, 95% CIs $102, $695), and higher productivity costs (mean difference = $59, 95% CIs $29, $90) for adolescents with UWCBs compared to their peers with no UWCBs. Subgroup analysis revealed that higher costs were associated with fasting and purging behaviors. DISCUSSION UWCBs were associated with increased economic costs during adolescence. Our finding suggests there should be a policy focus on tackling UWCBs to reduce the economic burden on the healthcare system and society. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE The study contributes to existing knowledge by investigating the direct healthcare costs and productivity losses associated with unhealthy weight control behaviors in Australian adolescents (14-18 years old) using a dataset that follows Australian adolescents over time. We found that engaging in unhealthy weight control behaviors such as fasting, using weight loss supplements, and purging was linked to higher costs among adolescents, suggesting policies should focus on addressing these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao T H Thai
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ha N D Le
- Institute of Health Transformation, Deakin Health Economics, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Cathrine Mihalopoulos
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Bryn Austin
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Long Khanh-Dao Le
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Hall NY, Hetti Pathirannahalage DM, Mihalopoulos C, Austin SB, Le L. Global Prevalence of Adolescent Use of Nonprescription Weight-Loss Products: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2350940. [PMID: 38198138 PMCID: PMC10782242 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.50940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Use of nonprescribed weight-loss products in adolescents is a public health concern that is associated with negative physical and psychological consequences. However, the prevalence of nonprescribed weight-loss product use in adolescents is unknown. Objective To determine the global prevalence of nonprescription weight-loss product use in children and adolescents. Data Sources Four databases, including MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health), and EMBASE, were searched for quantitative studies that reported prevalence data on use of nonprescription weight-loss products with no restrictions on publication date. The search was performed December 1, 2020, and updated March 6, 2023. Study Selection Studies were included in the meta-analysis if they reported the prevalence of weight-loss product use, were published in English, and included individuals 18 years or younger. Data Extraction and Synthesis Data extraction was completed by 2 independent reviewers. Data analysis determined the overall pooled proportion of weight-loss product use in total and during the past week, past 30 days, past year, or lifetime. Inverse variance heterogeneity effect models were used. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome measure was the prevalence of nonprescription weight-loss product use in adolescents for all included studies and over the past week, past month, past year, or lifetime. Subgroup analysis included separation of groups by sex, specific weight-loss product types, geographical location, and study publication time. Results A total of 90 articles (604 552 unique participants) were included in the meta-analysis. Of these, 50 studies (56%) were from North America. The reported prevalence of weight-loss product use in adolescents was 5.5% (96% CI, 5.5%-5.6%) overall. When identifying use of weight-loss products in the general population, prevalence was 2.0% (95% CI, 1.9%-2.1%) in the past week, 4.4% (95% CI, 4.3%-4.5%) in the past month, 6.2% (95% CI, 6.1%-6.3%) in the past year, and 8.9% (95% CI, 8.6%-9.2%) in their lifetime. Use of weight-loss products was higher among girls than boys. Conclusions and Relevance This meta-analysis found that use of weight-loss products occurs at high levels in adolescents, especially girls. These findings suggest that, given the ineffectiveness of these products for weight loss coupled with their harmful long-term health consequences, interventions are required to reduce use of weight-loss products in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Yvonne Hall
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Cathy Mihalopoulos
- Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S. Bryn Austin
- School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Long Le
- Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Schueler J, Philip SR, Vitus D, Engler S, Fields SA. Group differences in binge eating, impulsivity, and intuitive and mindful eating among intermittent fasters and non-fasters. Appetite 2023; 182:106416. [PMID: 36526039 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) is an increasingly popular diet involving short-term fasting and/or caloric restriction. While published research highlights physiological effects (e.g., weight, body fat) of IF, hardly any research has examined its associations with psychological factors. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between IF and binge eating, impulsivity, intuitive eating, and mindful eating. An undergraduate sample (N = 298) was recruited through a large southwestern university psychology subject pool. The sample was divided into three groups based on IF status: Current IF (n = 70), Past IF (n = 48), and No IF (n = 182). Current IF was negatively associated with lack of perseverance (e.g., "I generally like to see things through to the end"; p < .01) and intuitive eating (p < .05), varying by subscale, compared to the other groups. Notably, Past-IF, but not Current IF, participants were more likely to binge eat than individuals who reported never fasting (p = .03). These findings add credence to the rapidly developing area of research suggesting IF is associated with increased disordered eating behaviors. Notably, the findings from this study are limited due to the lack of diversity sample, such that generalizations can only be made toward White, middle-to-high income, college students. Future longitudinal studies are needed to test the directionality of these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Schueler
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Samantha R Philip
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Darya Vitus
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Solangia Engler
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Sherecce A Fields
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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4
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Nesbitt AE, Pila E, Crocker PRE, Sabiston CM. Global and body-related self-conscious emotions: exploring associations to positive and negative mental health. SELF AND IDENTITY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2023.2184858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Nesbitt
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Peter R. E. Crocker
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Catherine M. Sabiston
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Laraia BA, Leung CW, Tomiyama AJ, Ritchie LD, Crawford PB, Epel ES. Drive for thinness in adolescents predicts greater adult BMI in the Growth and Health Study cohort over 20 years. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:2126-2133. [PMID: 34813172 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In youth, a preoccupation with weight and the desire to be thinner, or drive for thinness, might persist into adulthood and predict reward-based compulsive eating and greater weight status. METHODS A total of 623 women were enrolled from a prospective cohort study starting at 10 years old and assessed up to 20 years later. Drive for thinness was measured five times during adolescence. In adulthood (mean age = 39.5), drive for thinness, reward-based eating drive, and BMI were measured. RESULTS Structural equation modeling found cumulative adolescent drive for thinness predicted higher scores for both adult drive for thinness and reward-based eating drive. Youth drive for thinness was not directly associated with adult BMI but rather indirectly through adult drive for thinness. Reward-based eating drive was not associated with adult BMI. CONCLUSIONS Drive for thinness during the critical developmental years may exert long-term effects on adulthood eating behaviors tied to greater weight gain, potentially reflecting an important early target of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Laraia
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Cindy W Leung
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - A Janet Tomiyama
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lorrene D Ritchie
- Division of Natural Resources, Nutrition Policy Institute, University of California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Patricia B Crawford
- Division of Natural Resources, Nutrition Policy Institute, University of California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Elissa S Epel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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The relationship between socio-demographic characteristics with genital self-image in the women, 2016. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT IN NURSING AND MIDWIFERY 2021. [DOI: 10.52547/jgbfnm.18.2.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
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Berro J, Akel M, Hallit S, Obeid S. Relationships between inappropriate eating habits and problematic alcohol use, cigarette and waterpipe dependence among male adolescents in Lebanon. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:140. [PMID: 33446162 PMCID: PMC7809860 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND it is important to investigate the relationship between disordered eating in male adolescents and smoking and alcohol consumption as they are risk factors to other diseases as well. For example, high levels of alcohol accompanied by the acidic damage and nutritional deficit exhibited in people with disordered eating habits - due to induced vomiting - has been shown to increase risk of esophageal cancer. Considering the very few studies done on disordered eating prevailing in males and the prevalence of smoking and drinking habits, our study aims to investigate the correlation between inappropriate eating habits and one's dependence on cigarettes, waterpipes, and alcohol all the while focusing on male adolescents. METHODS This was a cross-sectional observational study that enrolled 389 male students (13-17 years of age) drawn from five Lebanese schools between October and December 2019. RESULTS The MANCOVA analysis was performed taking the addiction scales as the dependent variables and the EAT-26 score as an independent variable, adjusting for the covariates (age, BMI and household crowding index). Higher EAT-26 scores (more inappropriate eating attitudes) were significantly associated with higher waterpipe dependence (B = 0.11; CI 0.06-0.17) and more problematic alcohol use (B = 0.08; CI 0.04-0.12), but not cigarette dependence. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed an association between inappropriate eating and increased drinking and smoking the waterpipe, but not cigarettes. The manifestation of inappropriate eating habits was found to be significant among male adolescents; in the literature, this is also true for female adolescents. In Lebanon, the engagement of adolescents in alcohol drinking and waterpipe smoking is frequent as they are accessible due to the lack of law enforcement and supervision in the country. In addition, while this study found an association between inappropriate eating habits and dependency on smoking and drinking, further investigation should be done on the role of one's psychology in their exhibition of disordered eating as means to prevent the manifestation of these habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Berro
- Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
| | - Sahar Obeid
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
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Reexamining the restraint pathway as a conditional process among adolescent girls: When does dieting link body dissatisfaction to bulimia? Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:1031-1043. [PMID: 31658908 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The mediational sequence from body dissatisfaction through dieting to bulimia-often referred to as the "restraint pathway"-has been validated in numerous samples of adolescent girls, but the prevalence rate of bulimic pathology pales in comparison to rates of body dissatisfaction and dieting in this risk group. This discrepancy indicates that the restraint pathway may only apply to adolescent girls possessing certain characteristics or experiencing certain circumstances. Accordingly, the current study examined the moderating roles of thin-ideal internalization, interoceptive deficits, and age by using self-report data from a community sample of 353 middle school (n = 115), high school (n = 112), and college girls (n = 126). We found that (a) body-dissatisfied girls who reported high, versus low, thin-ideal internalization engaged in greater dietary restraint; (b) only dieters who reported high interoceptive deficits and were of college age expressed bulimic symptoms; and (c) the mediating effect pertained only to college girls with high interoceptive deficits, but was strongest for those who reported high, versus low, thin-ideal internalization. These results suggest that the restraint pathway's precision may be fine-tuned through greater sensitivity to potentiating factors and developmental context. Theoretical, empirical, and practical implications are discussed.
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Nagata JM, Domingue BW, Darmstadt GL, Weber AM, Meausoone V, Cislaghi B, Shakya HB. Gender Norms and Weight Control Behaviors in U.S. Adolescents: A Prospective Cohort Study (1994-2002). J Adolesc Health 2020; 66:S34-S41. [PMID: 31866036 PMCID: PMC6928570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this article was to determine the relationship between gender norms and weight control behaviors in U.S. adolescents. METHODS We analyzed prospective cohort data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 9,861), at baseline in 1994-1995 (ages 11-18 years, Wave I), 1-year follow-up (ages 12-19 years, Wave II), and 7-year follow-up (ages 18-26 years, Wave III). The primary exposure variable was a measure of one's gender normativity based on the degree to which males and females behave in ways that are similar to the behaviors of their same-gender peers. The outcome variable was an individual's weight control attempts (trying to lose or gain weight) and behaviors (dieting, fasting/skipping meals, vomiting, or weight-loss pills/laxatives/diuretics to lose weight or ate different/more foods than usual or taking supplements to gain weight). RESULTS In logistic regression analyses controlling for potential confounders, a higher baseline individual gender normativity score (higher femininity in females and higher masculinity in males) was associated with weight loss attempts (β = .10; p = .01) and weight loss behaviors (β = .18; p < .001) in girls but was associated with weight gain attempts (β = .18; p < .001) and behaviors (β = .16; p < .001) in boys at 1-year follow-up. Higher individual gender normativity score was protective of weight loss attempts (β = -.15; p < .001) and weight loss behaviors (β = -.17; p < .001) in males but not females at 7-year follow-up. Loess plots provided visualizations of significant relationships. CONCLUSIONS Gender norms may reinforce a thinner body ideal for girls but a larger ideal for boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | | | - Gary L Darmstadt
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ann M Weber
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Valerie Meausoone
- Stanford Center for Population Health Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Beniamino Cislaghi
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holly B Shakya
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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MacLeod JS, MacLeod C, Dondzilo L, Bell J. The Role of Fear of Fatness and Avoidance of Fatness in Predicting Eating Restraint. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-019-10052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Eating disorders are a serious, life-threating condition impacting adolescents and young adults. Providers in primary care settings have an important role in identifying disordered eating (DE) symptoms. Unfortunately, symptoms go undetected in 50% of patients in medical settings. Using the behavioral health screen, this study identified DE risk profiles in a sample of 3620 female adolescents and young adults (ages 14-24), presenting in primary care. A latent class analysis with twenty psychosocial factors identified three DE risk groups. The group at highest risk for DE was characterized by endorsement of internalizing symptoms and a history of trauma. The next risk group consisted of those with externalizing symptoms, particularly substance use. The group at lowest risk for DE reported more time spent with friends compared to their peers. Primary care providers and psychiatric teams can benefit from knowing the psychosocial risk patterns affiliated with DE, and using brief, comprehensive screening tools to identify these symptoms.
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Lipsky LM, Nansel TR, Haynie DL, Liu D, Eisenberg Colman MH, Simons-Morton B. Lack of prospective relationships of the Power of Food Scale with Body Mass Index and dieting over 2 years in U.S. emerging adults. Eat Behav 2019; 34:101302. [PMID: 31153024 PMCID: PMC7668209 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated prospective relationships of the Power of Food Scale (PFS), a self-report measure of hedonic hunger, with weight outcomes and dieting in U.S. young adults. METHODS PFS (PFS-aggregate and subscales: PFS-available, PFS-present, PFS-tasted) was assessed in waves (W, years) 5 and 6 of a nationally representative cohort of 10th graders assessed annually (baseline n = 2785, 83% retention at W7). Internal consistency (Cronbach's α), 1-year stability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were examined. Analyses accounting for the complex survey design examined cross-sectional associations of W6 PFS with W6 BMI and dieting, and prospective relationships of PFS in each wave with BMI, 1-year BMI change (BMIΔ, W6-W5 and W7-W6), overweight/obesity onset (OWOB, moving to a higher risk weight category) and dieting in the following wave. Multiple imputations addressed missing data. RESULTS Baseline participant mean ± SE age was 20.3 ± 0.02 years. Mean BMI increased by approximately 0.6 kg/m2 from W5 through W7; OWOB occurred in 7.4% of participants between W5-W6; 9.0% between W6-W7. Approximately half the sample reported dieting in each wave. W6 weight outcomes were not associated with W6 PFS, but W6 dieting frequency was positively associated with W6 PFS-available, PFS-present, and PFS-aggregate (but not PFS-tasted) in multivariable models. PFS was not prospectively associated with weight outcomes. Positive prospective associations of PFS with dieting frequency were inconsistent across waves and with respect to inclusion of covariates. CONCLUSIONS Greater PFS is associated with dieting cross-sectionally but was not a reliable indicator of susceptibility to future weight outcomes or dieting in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Lipsky
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, United States of America.
| | - Tonja R Nansel
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Denise L Haynie
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Danping Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Miriam H. Eisenberg Colman
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Bruce Simons-Morton
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To explore the relationship that parental dieting behavior (e.g., dieting, encouragement to diet, weight-teasing) has on child dieting behavior and weight status. RECENT FINDINGS Encouragement to diet and weight-teasing are both strong predictors of child dieting behavior in both childhood and adolescence. The impact of parent modeling of dieting behavior on child dieting behavior is mixed, but there is enough evidence to suggest that modeling is more impactful on daughters than sons and when parents are modeling unhealthy and extreme weight control behaviors (e.g., skipping meals). Parental dieting, both via modeling and increased use of encouragement to diet and weight-teasing, is associated with negative child eating and weight outcomes. Parental use of direct communication surrounding weight appears to be a more salient risk factor than parental modeling of dieting behavior. Future work is needed to develop strategies for parents to lower their child's risk of dieting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Balantekin
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
- Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
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West CE, Goldschmidt AB, Mason SM, Neumark-Sztainer D. Differences in risk factors for binge eating by socioeconomic status in a community-based sample of adolescents: Findings from Project EAT. Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52:659-668. [PMID: 30939228 PMCID: PMC6555672 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Binge eating is prevalent across socioeconomic status (SES) groups, but it is unclear whether risk factors for binge eating vary by SES. This study examined the prevalence of several risk factors for binge eating by SES and SES as a potential moderator of these risk factors. METHOD Participants included 2,179 individuals involved in Project EAT during early/middle adolescence (EAT-I) and 5 years later during late adolescence/emerging adulthood (EAT-II). Risk ratios were computed using modified Poisson regression of incident EAT-II binge eating on EAT-I risk factors among participants of high and low SES. Interactions between each risk factor and SES were tested. RESULTS Among higher SES adolescents, overweight/obesity (RR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.8, 5.7), body dissatisfaction (RR = 2.6; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.2, 5.5), dieting (RR = 4.0; 95% CI: 2.0, 8.2), and family weight-teasing (RR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.3, 4.3) predicted increased risk for binge eating. Among adolescents from low-SES backgrounds, overweight/obesity (RR = 1.5; 95% CI: 0.9, 2.5), dieting (RR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.2, 3.9), and food insecurity (RR = 1.4; 95% CI: 0.7, 2.7) predicted increased risk for binge eating. Moderator analyses revealed that overweight/obesity, body dissatisfaction, dieting, and family weight-teasing were stronger risk factors in the high-SES group than the low-SES group; interactions with food insecurity could not be examined given the low prevalence of food insecurity in the high-SES group. DISCUSSION Risk factors for binge eating may vary by SES, suggesting the potential utility of modifying intervention and prevention methods based on SES. In particular, the role of food insecurity must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E. West
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH
| | - Andrea B. Goldschmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center/The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Susan M. Mason
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota
| | - Dianne Neumark-Sztainer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota
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The Peer Context of Dieting: The Relationship between Young Adults' Dieting Frequency and Their Friends' Weight-Related Characteristics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122744. [PMID: 30563072 PMCID: PMC6313730 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous research found that weight-related behaviors and body weight tends to be similar between individuals and peers. Rather little is known how different domains of weight-related behaviors co-evolve in peer networks. Hence, this study explores how young adults' self-reported dieting relates to perceived body weight and weight control behaviors of their peers. A Swedish two-wave panel survey with ego-centric network data was analyzed with negative binomial regression models. Nineteen-year-old men and women in the first wave, and 23-year-olds in the follow-up sample were examined. Men at age 19 showed an increased dieting propensity when being exposed to underweight peers. Compared to men, women's dieting at age 19 was more strongly related to their own body image concerns, and peers' weight-related behaviors like physical exercising and unhealthy eating. The associations between dieting and peers' weight-related characteristics for men and women deteriorated from age 19 to age 23. The findings suggest that women's dieting-in comparison to dieting in men-is more strongly related to the peer context. The decrease in associations between men's and women's dieting and peers' weight-related characteristics from age 19 to age 23 may reflect a weakened importance of the peer context in early adulthood.
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Nagata JM, Garber AK, Tabler JL, Murray SB, Bibbins-Domingo K. Differential Risk Factors for Unhealthy Weight Control Behaviors by Sex and Weight Status Among U.S. Adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2018; 63:335-341. [PMID: 30236999 PMCID: PMC6152843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if previously reported risk factors for the development of unhealthy weight control behaviors differ by sex and weight status using a nationally representative longitudinal sample of adolescents followed through young adulthood. METHODS We used nationally representative longitudinal cohort data collected from baseline (11-18 years old, 1994-1995, Wave I) and seven-year follow-up (18-24 years old, 2001-2002, Wave III) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). We examined potential risk factors (adverse childhood events and adolescent family, school, body image, and mental health factors) for the development of unhealthy weight control behaviors including vomiting, fasting/skipping meals, or laxative/diuretic use to lose weight at seven-year follow-up in young adulthood. RESULTS Of the 14,322 included subjects, 11% reported unhealthy weight control behavior at follow-up in young adulthood, with the highest proportion (23.7%) among overweight/obese females and the lowest proportion (3.7%) among underweight/normal weight males. All adolescent family factors were significantly associated with unhealthy weight control behaviors in underweight/normal weight females, whereas none were significantly associated in overweight/obese males. Similar trends were noted for adverse childhood events, and adolescent school and community factors. Adolescent self-perception of being overweight was associated with young adult unhealthy weight control behaviors among all subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Risk factors for unhealthy weight control behaviors may differ based on sex and weight status. Screening, prevention, and treatment interventions for unhealthy weight control behaviors in adolescents and young adults may need to be tailored based on sex and weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Nagata
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Andrea K. Garber
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jennifer L. Tabler
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Pompili S, Laghi F. Drunkorexia: Disordered eating behaviors and risky alcohol consumption among adolescents. J Health Psychol 2018; 25:2222-2232. [PMID: 30073869 DOI: 10.1177/1359105318791229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The first goal of our study was to examine the differences on disordered eating and alcohol consumption among heavy, occasional restrictors, and non-restrictors in a sample of 823 adolescents. The second goal was to analyze the relation of drunkorexia between unhealthy eating and alcohol use. Our results showed that heavy restrictors reported more eating disorder symptoms and alcohol use than occasional restrictors and non-restrictors. Similarly, occasional restrictors showed more unhealthy eating and drinking behaviors than non-restrictors. Both disordered eating and alcohol use were significant predictors of drunkorexia, supporting the argument of drunkorexia as an overlapping of dysfunctional eating and drinking patterns.
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Nagata JM, Garber AK, Tabler J, Murray SB, Vittinghoff E, Bibbins-Domingo K. Disordered eating behaviors and cardiometabolic risk among young adults with overweight or obesity. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 51:931-941. [PMID: 30030944 PMCID: PMC6230303 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if unhealthy weight control behaviors or binge-eating behaviors among young adults with overweight/obesity are associated with body mass index (BMI) change and cardiometabolic risk at 7-year follow-up. METHODS We used longitudinal cohort data from 5,552 young adults with overweight/obesity at baseline (18-24 years) with 7-year follow-up (24-32 years) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Baseline predictors were: (a) unhealthy weight control behaviors such as vomiting, fasting, skipping meals, or laxative/diuretic use to lose weight; or (b) binge-eating behaviors. Participants reporting either unhealthy weight control behaviors or binge-eating behaviors were considered to engage in any disordered eating behavior (DEB). Outcomes at 7-year follow-up were BMI change, incident diabetes, incident hypertension, and incident hyperlipidemia. RESULTS Young adults with overweight/obesity reporting unhealthy weight control behaviors at baseline had higher BMI and weight at 7-year follow-up than those without unhealthy weight control behaviors. In regression models adjusting for baseline BMI, race/ethnicity, age, and education, unhealthy weight control behaviors were associated with greater change in BMI in both sexes and binge-eating behavior at baseline was associated with greater odds of incident hyperlipidemia (odds ratio 1.90, 95% CI 1.29-2.79) at 7-year follow-up in males. CONCLUSIONS The higher risk for increased BMI (in both males and females) and incident hyperlipidemia (in males) over time in young adults with overweight/obesity who engage in DEBs underscores the need to screen for DEBs in this population and provide referrals and tailored interventions as appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Nagata
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Andrea K. Garber
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jennifer Tabler
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Eric Vittinghoff
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Nagata JM, Garber AK, Tabler JL, Murray SB, Bibbins-Domingo K. Prevalence and Correlates of Disordered Eating Behaviors Among Young Adults with Overweight or Obesity. J Gen Intern Med 2018; 33:1337-1343. [PMID: 29948810 PMCID: PMC6082209 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-018-4465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and community samples indicate that eating disorders (EDs) and disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) may co-occur among adolescents and young adults at a weight status classified as overweight or obese. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of EDs and DEBs among young adults at a weight status classified as overweight or obese using a nationally representative sample and to characterize differences in prevalence by sex, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status. DESIGN Cross-sectional nationally representative data collected from Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). PARTICIPANTS Young adults ages 18-24 years old. MAIN MEASURES ED diagnosis and DEBs (self-reported binge eating or unhealthy weight control behaviors including vomiting, fasting/skipping meals, or laxative/diuretic use to lose weight). Covariates: age, sex, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, weight status, and education. KEY RESULTS Of the 14,322 young adults in the sample, 48.6% were at a weight status classified as overweight or obese. Compared to young adults at a weight status classified as underweight or normal weight, those at a weight status classified as overweight or obese reported a higher rate of DEBs (29.3 vs 15.8% in females, 15.4 vs 7.5% in males). Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that odds of engaging in DEBs were 2.32 (95% confidence interval 2.05-2.61) times higher for females compared to males; 1.66 (1.23-2.24) times higher for Asian/Pacific Islander compared to White; 1.62 (1.16-2.26) times higher for homosexual or bisexual compared to heterosexual; 1.26 (1.09-1.44) times higher for high school or less versus more than high school education; and 2.45 (2.16-2.79) times higher for obesity compared to normal weight, adjusting for all covariates. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of DEBs particularly in young adults at a weight status classified as overweight or obese underscores the need for screening, referrals, and tailored interventions for DEBs in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Nagata
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, , University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Andrea K Garber
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, , University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Tabler
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Californias, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Pelletier Brochu J, Meilleur D, DiMeglio G, Taddeo D, Lavoie E, Erdstein J, Pauzé R, Pesant C, Thibault I, Frappier JY. Adolescents' perceptions of the quality of interpersonal relationships and eating disorder symptom severity: The mediating role of low self-esteem and negative mood. Eat Disord 2018; 26:388-406. [PMID: 29683772 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2018.1454806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined how the perceived quality of multiple interpersonal relationships is related to eating disorder (ED) symptom severity in adolescents and how psychological variables might influence these associations. The aim of this study is to determine whether the perceived level of trust, communication, and alienation in the relationship with one's mother, father, and peers are predictive of ED severity in adolescent females and to test the mediating effects of low self-esteem and negative mood on these associations. Adolescent females aged 12 to 18 (N = 186) with a diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa (Restrictive; AN-R or Binge/Purge; AN-B/P) completed self-report measures evaluating the perceived quality of interpersonal relationships, ED symptom severity, low self-esteem, and negative mood. Multiple regressions revealed that the level of perceived alienation in the relationship with one's mother and peers was positively associated with ED symptom severity. Low self-esteem and negative mood acted as mediators of these associations. Considering that a high level of perceived alienation in the relationship with one's mother and peers appears to be associated with more severe ED symptoms through its impact on self-esteem and mood, improvements in the quality of these interactions are likely to be an effective target of intervention among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Pelletier Brochu
- a Department of Psychology, Adolescence and Eating Disorders Research Laboratory , Montreal University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Dominique Meilleur
- a Department of Psychology, Adolescence and Eating Disorders Research Laboratory , Montreal University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Giuseppina DiMeglio
- b Division of Adolescent Medicine and Pediatric Gynecology , Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Danielle Taddeo
- c Division of Adolescent Medecine , Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Eric Lavoie
- d Eating Disorders Clinic, Sherbrooke University Hospital Center , Sherbrooke , Quebec , Canada
| | - Julius Erdstein
- b Division of Adolescent Medicine and Pediatric Gynecology , Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Robert Pauzé
- e Department of Psychoeducation , Sherbrooke University , Sherbrooke , Quebec , Canada
| | - Caroline Pesant
- d Eating Disorders Clinic, Sherbrooke University Hospital Center , Sherbrooke , Quebec , Canada
| | - Isabelle Thibault
- e Department of Psychoeducation , Sherbrooke University , Sherbrooke , Quebec , Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Frappier
- c Division of Adolescent Medecine , Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
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Patte KA, Leatherdale ST. A cross-sectional analysis examining the association between dieting behaviours and alcohol use among secondary school students in the COMPASS study. J Public Health (Oxf) 2018; 39:321-329. [PMID: 27165667 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdw034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unhealthy weight-control methods and problematic alcohol use appear linked, with individuals engaging in both behaviours at greater risk of adverse consequences. Most studies have been conducted among females and young adults, yet both dieting and binge drinking emerge at earlier stages of development. Moreover, gender differences are likely due to contrasting body ideals. This study investigated the co-occurrence of dieting and alcohol use among youth, focusing on varying weight goals in males and females, and meal skipping, as a form of food restriction. Methods Cross-sectional analyses were conducted in sample of 44 861 Grade 9-12 students from Year 2 (2013-14) of the COMPASS study. Results and conclusions The majority of females were trying to lose weight, while males tended to report efforts to gain and these two groups demonstrated the highest odds of alcohol use and binge drinking. Breakfast and lunch skipping predicted binge drinking and alcohol use in females, but only the former was related to drinking behaviour in males. Breakfast skipping rarely occurred for weight loss purposes, although more females reported this reason for missing meals than males. Results support hypothesized gender variations in weight goals and meal skipping, and differing associations with drinking behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Patte
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON, CanadaN2L 3G1
| | - Scott T Leatherdale
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON, CanadaN2L 3G1
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22
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Family, friend, and media factors are associated with patterns of weight-control behavior among adolescent girls. Eat Weight Disord 2018; 23:215-223. [PMID: 28315233 PMCID: PMC5601019 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-016-0359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the relationship of family, friend, and media factors on weight-control group membership at 15 years separately and in a combined model. METHODS Subjects included 166 15 year girls. Latent class analysis identified four patterns of weight-control behaviors: non-dieters, lifestyle, dieters, and extreme dieters. Family (family functioning, priority of the family meals, maternal/paternal weight-teasing, and mother's/father's dieting), friend (weight-teasing and dieting), and media variables (media sensitivity and weekly TV time) were included as predictors of weight-control group membership. RESULTS Family functioning and priority of family meals predicted membership in the Extreme Dieters group, and maternal weight-teasing predicted membership in both dieters and extreme dieters. Friend's dieting and weight-teasing predicted membership in both dieters and extreme dieters. Media sensitivity was significantly associated with membership in lifestyle, dieters, and extreme dieters. In a combined influence model with family, friend, and media factors included, the following remained significantly associated with weight-control group membership: family functioning, friends' dieting, and media sensitivity. CONCLUSION Family, friends, and the media are three sources of sociocultural influence, which play a role in adolescent girls' use of patterns of weight-control behaviors; family functioning was a protective factor, whereas friend's dieting and media sensitivity were risk factors. These findings emphasize the need for multidimensional interventions, addressing risk factors for dieting and use of unhealthy weight-control behaviors at the family, peer, and community (e.g., media) levels.
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Stanford S, Jones MP, Loxton DJ. Understanding women who self-harm: Predictors and long-term outcomes in a longitudinal community sample. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2017; 51:151-160. [PMID: 26921278 DOI: 10.1177/0004867416633298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is growing awareness of the range of psychosocial, lifestyle, and sociodemographic factors related to self-harm, however this research is often limited by using cross-sectional or convenience samples. And while we generally assume that young adults who self-harm experience poorer long-term outcomes, longitudinal research is needed. This paper builds on prior research using a large, representative, longitudinal sample. METHODS 5765 Australian women completed 5 surveys (age 18-23 to 31-36). Six-month self-harm was measured by self-report. We had two aims: firstly to predict future self-harm, separately for women with and without prior self-harm. Secondly, to identify outcomes 3 and 6 years following self-harm. RESULTS Six-month self-harm prevalence was 2.5%. Predictors among women without recent self-harm included depression, dieting behaviours, number of male sexual partners, and abuse. Among women with recent or current self-harm, predictors were number of dieting behaviours, tiredness of life, and stress. Women who self-harmed reported poorer outcomes, namely greater difficulties in relationships at 3- and 6-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal risk factors for self-harm differed depending on prior self-harm status, and included depression, dieting behaviours, tiredness of life and stress. These factors may serve as warning signs for new or continued self-harm. This study offers new insight into long-term outcomes up to six years after self-harm, particularly with relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stanford
- 1 Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael P Jones
- 1 Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah J Loxton
- 2 Faculty of Health and Medicine (Public Health), University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Lim CH, Kim EJ, Kim JH, Lee JS, Lee Y, Park SH. The correlation of depression with Internet use and body image in Korean adolescents. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2017; 60:17-23. [PMID: 28203256 PMCID: PMC5309320 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2017.60.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the correlation of depression with Internet use and body image perception, and to analyze the risk factors of depression in a total of 920 students in Seoul, Korea. METHODS Students were recruited by contacting school principals and teachers and were encouraged to fill out a self-report questionnaire designed specifically for this study in July of 2008. RESULTS Female participants had an increased risk for depression than did male participants (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.790; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.330-2.410, P<0.001). Older students were more susceptible to depression (aOR, 1.246; 95% CI, 1.115-1.392, P<0.001). Longer daily Internet use and more frequent Internet use were analyzed as risk factors for depression. No physical activity was a risk factor for depression (aOR, 0.392; 95% CI, 1.264-4.526, P=0.014). Dissatisfaction with one's body image increased the risk for depression (aOR, 1.373; 95% CI, 1.169-1.613; P<0.001). Obesity and perception of body image showed no significant relationship with increased risk for depression. CONCLUSION Prevalence of depression was 13.8% in adolescents in Seoul, Korea, in July 2008. Female sex, age, daily Internet use duration, weekly Internet use frequency, physical activity, and dissatisfaction with one's body image independently increased risk of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jue Seong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Hunsberger M, Lehtinen-Jacks S, Mehlig K, Gwozdz W, Russo P, Michels N, Bammann K, Pigeot I, Fernández-Alvira JM, Thumann BF, Molnar D, Veidebaum T, Hadjigeorgiou C, Lissner L. Bidirectional associations between psychosocial well-being and body mass index in European children: longitudinal findings from the IDEFICS study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:949. [PMID: 27608963 PMCID: PMC5017061 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The negative impact of childhood overweight on psychosocial well-being has been demonstrated in a number of studies. There is also evidence that psychosocial well-being may influence future overweight. We examined the bidirectional association between childhood overweight and psychosocial well-being in children from a large European cohort. The dual aim was to investigate the chronology of associations between overweight and psychosocial health indicators and the extent to which these associations may be explained by parental education. Methods Participants from the IDEFICS study were recruited from eight countries between September 2007 and June 2008 when the children were aged 2 to 9.9 years old. Children and families provided data on lifestyle, psychosocial well-being, and measured anthropometry at baseline and at follow-up 2 years later. This study includes children with weight, height, and psychosocial well-being measurements at both time points (n = 7,831). Psychosocial well-being was measured by the KINDL® and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire respectively. The first instrument measures health-related quality of life including emotional well-being, self-esteem, parent relations and social relations while the second measures well-being based on emotional symptoms, conduct problems and peer-related problems. Logistic regression was used for modeling longitudinal associations. Results Children who were overweight at baseline had increased risk of poor health-related quality of life (odds ratio (OR) = 1.23; 95 % confidence interval (CI):1.03–1.48) measured 2 years later; this association was unidirectional. In contrast to health-related quality of life, poor well-being at baseline was associated with increased risk of overweight (OR = 1.39; 95 % CI:1.03–1.86) at 2 year follow-up; this association was also only observed in one direction. Adjustment for parental education did not change our findings. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the association between overweight and psychosocial well-being may be bidirectional but varies by assessment measures. Future research should further investigate which aspects of psychosocial well-being are most likely to precede overweight and which are more likely to be consequences of overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Hunsberger
- Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine (EPSO), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 453, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | - Kirsten Mehlig
- Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine (EPSO), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 453, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wencke Gwozdz
- Department of Intercultural Communication and Management, Copenhagen Business School, POR/18.B-1.118, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paola Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR Via Roma 64-83100, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Karin Bammann
- Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, Faculty of Human and Health Sciences (FB 11), University of Bremen, Grazer Str. 2a, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Iris Pigeot
- Institute of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, BIPS, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Juan Miguel Fernández-Alvira
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain and GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research group, University of Zaragoza, Madrid, Spain
| | - Barbara Franziska Thumann
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, BIPS, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Dénes Molnar
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, H-7623, Pécs, József A. u. 7, Hungary
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- National Institute for Health and Development, Hiiu 42, 11619, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Lauren Lissner
- Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine (EPSO), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 453, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sherblom PR, Rust DM. Body Image, Figure Rating, and Body Mass Index of Girls Enrolled in Health, Physical Education, or Athletics Classes. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 99:473-82. [PMID: 15560335 DOI: 10.2466/pms.99.2.473-482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to examine associations among body-image, figure rating, and Body Mass Index of seventh grade girls who chose health, physical education, or athletics classes. Measurements were taken prior to and following the course. Class choice was significantly related to body-image satisfaction but not to figure rating or Body Mass Index. Research is needed to examine inaccurate self-perception of fatness in underweight girls, whether there is a higher risk for eating disorders for students in athletics and physical education classes, whether the curriculum is effective with students in physical education and athletics, and why girls who chose the health class began with higher body-image satisfaction than those in physical education or athletics, even though their Body Mass Index and figure-rating size did not differ.
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Maldonado-Molina MM, Komro KA, Prado G. Prospective Association between Dieting and Smoking Initiation among Adolescents. Am J Health Promot 2016; 22:25-32. [PMID: 17894260 DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-22.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To examine the relation between dieting and smoking initiation among adolescents. Design. Prospective data from a nationally representative study were used. Setting. Two waves (1994 to 1996) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Subjects. The sample included 7795 non-Latino Caucasian and non-Latino African-American adolescents. Measures. Dieting status was the independent variable and trying smoking and initiation of regular smoking were the dependent variables. Covariates included age, ethnicity, overweight status, false self-perception about being overweight, and availability of cigarettes at home. Analysis. Logistic regression and latent transition analyses were used. Results. Females had a higher prevalence of dieting (55%) when compared with males (25%). Dieting initiation was a significant predictor for initiation of regular smoking among females (OR = 1.94, p = .010), but not among males. Inactive dieting was a significant predictor among males (OR = 1.74, p = .031), but not among females. Compared to nondieters, initiating and consistent female dieters reported a higher probability of trans itioning to having tried regular smoking, although results from logistic regression suggested that the association between consistent dieting and initiation of regular smoking was not significant. Conclusions. There is a positive relation between initiating dieting and initiating regular smoking among females, but among males it is the inactive dieters who show a positive relationship. Results illustrate the importance of examining the association between dieting and the initiation of regular smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mildred M Maldonado-Molina
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy Research and Institute for Child Health Policy, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0177, USA.
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Şanlier N, Türközü D, Toka O. Body Image, Food Addiction, Depression, and Body Mass Index in University Students. Ecol Food Nutr 2016; 55:491-507. [DOI: 10.1080/03670244.2016.1219951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Gender differences in adolescent depressive symptoms are substantially reduced when body image is statistically controlled. The current investigation examines the temporal association (13-month time lag) between body image and depressive symptoms in an ethnically diverse sample of male and female adolescents. It was anticipated that body image would have a stronger impact on the depressive symptoms of girls than of boys and that African Americans would be less likely than the other groups to exhibit increased depressive symptomatology as a function of a change toward a more negative body image. Findings showed that girls were more influenced by change in body image than boys, but our assumption that African American girls would be least affected by body image changes was strongly disconfirmed. Relative to girls from other race/ethnicity groups, African American girls experienced a steeper increase in psychological distress as body image declined.
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Hagan MM, Tomaka J, Moss DE. Relation of Dieting in College and High School Students to Symptoms Associated with Semi-starvation. J Health Psychol 2016; 5:7-15. [DOI: 10.1177/135910530000500105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dieting and concern with weight were found to be associated with psychological and neurological symptoms observed in cases of severe semi-starvation. College students of both sexes ( n 292) and high school females ( n121) rated themselves on dietary restraint and psychological and physical symptoms that were prevalent in men after 24 weeks in the Minnesota semi-starvation experiment of 1944–5. Apprehension, irritability, and moodiness were associated with a high concern with restraint. Blank spells, hunger pain, concern for health, and social withdrawal were associated with a history of restraint. Depression, lower self-esteem, eating behavior patterns, apathy, and decreased motivation were associated with both restraint parameters. Our results suggest that normal dieting may be more closely related to psychological and health risks associated with chronic semi-starvation than is commonly believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Hagan
- College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, PO Box 670559, Cincinnati, OH 45267–0559, USA. [Tel. (513) 558–3429; Fax (513) 558–8990; ]
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Abstract
The research presented in this article examines the influences of race, gender, and sexual or physical abuse on unhealthy eating and dieting practices among Black and White adolescents. Specifically, the project considers the intersection of race and gender on actual and perceived body size. The impact of past sexual or physical abuse emerges as a significant predictor of unhealthy dieting and eating behaviors for Whites but not for Blacks. Although girls are more likely to have distorted body images and to engage in disordered eating and dieting, these differences are further explained with race and past sexual or physical abuse.
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Lipsky LM, Nansel TR, Haynie DL, Liu D, Eisenberg MH, Simons-Morton B. Power of Food Scale in association with weight outcomes and dieting in a nationally representative cohort of U.S. young adults. Appetite 2016; 105:385-91. [PMID: 27298083 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Food reward sensitivity may influence susceptibility to overeating in a permissive food environment, contributing to unintended weight gain and intentional weight loss behavior. This study examined associations of food reward sensitivity, assessed by the Power of Food Scale (PFS), with weight outcomes and dieting in a nationally representative cohort of U.S. emerging adults. Wave 5 (W5, 5th year of follow-up) respondents from the NEXT Generation Health Study were included (N = 2202, W5 age = 20.3 ± 0.02 years). Baseline and W5 BMI, W5 weight status (normal weight = 18.5 ≤ BMI < 25, overweight = 25 ≤ BMI < 30, obese = BMI ≥ 30), BMI change (W5-baseline BMI) and onset of overweight or obesity (OWOB) were calculated from self-reported height and weight. PFS (aggregate and 3 domain scores: food available, present, and tasted) and dieting for weight-loss were assessed at W5. Adjusted linear regressions estimated associations of PFS with W5 BMI and BMI change. Log-binomial regressions estimated associations of high W5 BMI (≥25), OWOB onset and dieting with PFS. Post hoc analyses estimated associations of PFS with W5 perceived weight status (overweight vs. about right or underweight). W5 BMI = 25.73 ± 0.32 kg/m(2), and OWOB onset occurred in 27.7% of participants. The PFS-food available score was associated with BMI change, β ± SE = 0.41 ± 0.19. Other PFS scores were not associated with weight outcomes. Dieting prevalence was higher in participants with high versus low W5 BMI (61% versus 32%), and was positively associated with all PFS scores except the PFS-food tasted score, e.g., relative risk (RR) of dieting for PFS-aggregate = 1.13, 95%CI [1.01-1.26]. Post-hoc analyses indicated perceived overweight was positively associated with PFS-food available, 1.12, [1.01-1.24], and PFS-food present, 1.13, [1.03-1.24]. PFS was positively related to dieting and perceived overweight, but not concurrent or change in weight status in a representative cohort of U.S. emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Lipsky
- Health Behavior Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, North Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - T R Nansel
- Health Behavior Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - D L Haynie
- Health Behavior Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - D Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - M H Eisenberg
- Health Behavior Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - B Simons-Morton
- Health Behavior Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, North Bethesda, MD, United States
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Duarte C, Ferreira C, Trindade IA, Pinto-Gouveia J. Normative body dissatisfaction and eating psychopathology in teenage girls: the impact of inflexible eating rules. Eat Weight Disord 2016; 21:41-8. [PMID: 26296435 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-015-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Adolescence has been considered a critical time for the development of body image-related difficulties and disordered eating behaviours, especially in females. Although adherence to eating rules has been linked to disordered eating, literature has not yet explored how the inflexible subscription to those rules impacts on eating psychopathology. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to explore whether inflexible eating impacts on the relationships between weight and body image-related variables, and disordered eating. METHODS Participated in this study are 497 female adolescents from the community, aged between 14 and 18 years old, who completed self-report measures. RESULTS Results revealed that the majority of the participants were dissatisfied with their weight and body shape. Moreover, 6.64 % of the participants demonstrated severe eating psychopathology. A path analysis revealed that BMI, body dissatisfaction and social comparisons based on physical appearance impact on disordered eating behaviours, through the mechanism of inflexible adherence to eating rules. This model explained 52 % of eating psychopathology's variance. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the relevance of body image-related difficulties in adolescence and additionally they emphasise the importance of promoting more flexible attitudes towards eating in prevention and intervention programmes with female adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Duarte
- Cognitive and Behavioural Centre for Research and Intervention (CINEICC), Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo, Apartado 6153, 3001-802, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Ferreira
- Cognitive and Behavioural Centre for Research and Intervention (CINEICC), Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo, Apartado 6153, 3001-802, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês A Trindade
- Cognitive and Behavioural Centre for Research and Intervention (CINEICC), Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo, Apartado 6153, 3001-802, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Pinto-Gouveia
- Cognitive and Behavioural Centre for Research and Intervention (CINEICC), Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo, Apartado 6153, 3001-802, Coimbra, Portugal
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Sutter ME, Nasim A, Veldheer S, Cobb CO. Associations between unhealthy dieting behaviors and tobacco use among adolescents. J Eat Disord 2016; 4:39. [PMID: 28018597 PMCID: PMC5159949 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-016-0126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for unhealthy dieting behaviors (UDBs) in youth. The role of alternative tobacco products and UDB engagement has yet to be examined empirically despite concerning trends in use. This study aimed to examine UDB prevalence in a U.S. geographic region-specific adolescent sample and associations with a variety of tobacco use behaviors and perceptions. METHODS Weighted data from the 2013 Virginia Youth Survey were analyzed (n = 6903). UDBs assessed included past 30-day fasting, diet pill use, and vomiting/laxative use. Tobacco-related items were ever and past 30-day cigarette smoking, past 30-day smokeless tobacco and cigar use, and the perception that smokers have more friends. UDB prevalence was recoded by the number of behaviors endorsed (0, 1, and 2+). Bivariate and multinomial regression models were used to examine associations between covariates and number of UDBs endorsed by gender. RESULTS Overall, nearly 16% engaged in at least one UDB. Fasting was most prevalent (14.2%) followed by vomiting/laxative (7.0%) and diet pill use (6.1%). Across gender, ever cigarette smoking, past 30-day cigar use, and the perception that smokers have more friends were positively associated with UDB engagement in relative isolation as well as in combination. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the importance of tobacco-related factors for weight control behaviors and are the first to identify an association between UDB incidence and an alternative tobacco product, cigars. This work should inform prevention efforts for tobacco use and UDBs and underscores the need to address the use of any tobacco for weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Sutter
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 808 West Franklin St, Richmond, VA 23284 USA
| | - Aashir Nasim
- Department of African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Susan Veldheer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Caroline O Cobb
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 808 West Franklin St, Richmond, VA 23284 USA ; Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate weight concerns among adolescent boys and relationships with health indicators and family factors. DESIGN Analysis of the 2010 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey of 10-17-year-olds. SETTING Schools in the Republic of Ireland. RESULTS Among 6187 boys, 25.1% reported a desire to lose weight (weight 'loss' concern) and 7.7% reported a desire to gain weight (weight 'gain' concern). Both types of weight concerns were associated with poor self-rated health, life satisfaction and happiness, and with more frequent emotional and physical symptoms. Family factors were associated with boys' weight concerns. In adjusted analyses, the risk of weight 'loss' concerns decreased with daily family breakfasts (OR=0.80; 95% CI 0.66, 0.97). The risk of weight 'gain' concerns decreased with frequent family evening meals (OR=0.77; 95% CI 0.60, 0.99). Ease of communication with mother was associated with a decreased risk of weight 'loss' and weight 'gain' concerns among boys (OR=0.74; 95% CI 0.60, 0.90 and OR=0.61; 95% CI 0.44, 0.82, respectively). An open father-son relationship and having a father present in the home decreased the risk of weight 'loss' concerns (OR=0.69; 95% CI 0.57, 0.82 and OR=0.81; 95% CI 0.67, 0.98, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Body weight concerns were reported by a sizeable minority of boys and were associated with negative health outcomes. The findings support the need to promote frequent family meals and facilitate open communication in families.
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Wood PL, Bauman D. Gynaecological issues affecting the obese adolescent. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 29:453-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Alcoholic beverages have long been associated with feasts, celebration and marking special events. Today, it is commonplace to consume alcoholic beverages before, with and/or after a meal. Alcohol provides additional pleasure to the meal and enhances appetite. However, consuming an alcoholic beverage with or before a meal is associated with poor short-term energy compensation; energy from alcohol is additive to total energy intake with the added property of stimulating further eating. Limiting alcohol intake is an obvious means to reduce total energy intake for those who wish to lose weight. However, dieters and restrained eaters drink more and report greater binge drinking than unrestrained eaters despite employing cognitive strategies to reduce their intake. Increased intake may be attributable to greater attentional bias to alcohol related cues as well as to food cues, since these are more salient to those limiting intake. Alcohol increases energy intake in dieters, in part due to abandonment of restraint (disinhibition) and consumption of forbidden items including alcohol exacerbates attempts to resist temptation. Paradoxically, links between binge drinking or increased drinking frequency to overweight and obesity may be mediated by dietary restraint. Efforts to limit food and alcohol intake for weight control appear to be unsuccessful and have the net effect of promoting overconsumption. The potential role of restrained eating in the association between alcohol, appetite and obesity has been overlooked by much of the current research and further investigation of this is therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Caton
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, S1 4DA, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Laurence J Nolan
- Department of Psychology, Wagner College, Staten Island, NY, 10301, USA
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Shiraishi N, Nishida A, Shimodera S, Sasaki T, Oshima N, Watanabe N, Akechi T, Furukawa TA, Okazaki Y. Relationship between violent behavior and repeated weight-loss dieting among female adolescents in Japan. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107744. [PMID: 25210854 PMCID: PMC4161440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine whether interpersonal violence perpetration and violence toward objects are associated with body mass index (BMI), body weight perception (BWP), and repeated weight-loss dieting in female adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional survey using a self-report questionnaire was performed evaluating interpersonal violence perpetration, violence toward objects, the number of diets, BMI, BWP, the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), victimization, substance use, and other psychosocial variables among 9,112 Japanese females aged between 12–18 years. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the contribution of BMI, BWP, and weight-control behavior to the incidence of violent behavior, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Results The number of diets was associated with both interpersonal violence perpetration (OR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.08–1.29, p<0.001) and violence toward objects (OR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.24–1.45, p<0.001), after adjusting for age, BMI, BWP, the GHQ-12 total score, victimization, and substance use. In terms of BMI and BWP, the “overweight” BWP was associated with violence toward objects (OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.07–1.54, p<0.05). On the other hand, the “Underweight” and “Slightly underweight” BMI were related to violence toward objects [(OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.01–1.62, p<0.05) and (OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.07–1.51, p<0.05), respectively]. The “Underweight” BWP was related to interpersonal violence perpetration (OR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.38–3.84, p<0.05). Conclusions The cumulative number of diets is associated with violent behavior in female adolescents. In addition, underweight BMI and extreme BWP are associated with violent behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Shiraishi
- Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishida
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Shimodera
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nanngoku, Kohchi, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sasaki
- Laboratory of Health Education, Graduate School of Education, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihito Oshima
- Office for Mental Health Support, Division for Counseling and Support, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology & Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Akechi
- Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiaki A Furukawa
- Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Okazaki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang ML, Peterson KE, McCormick MC, Austin SB. Environmental factors associated with disordered weight-control behaviours among youth: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17:1654-67. [PMID: 23777623 PMCID: PMC10284682 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980013001407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Environmental factors may be very important in the development of disordered weight-control behaviours (DWCB) among youth, yet no study to date has conducted a review that synthesizes these findings. The purpose of the present study was to systematically review existing literature on environmental influences on DWCB among youth and to identify conceptual and methodological gaps in the literature. DESIGN Systematic review. SETTING Studies were identified through a systematic search using PubMed, PsycINFO, Google Scholar and secondary references. Inclusion criteria included observational studies published in peer-reviewed journals from 1994 to 2012 that examined environmental exposure(s) associated with DWCB among youth. SUBJECTS Ninety-three studies, the majority of which utilized a cross-sectional design (75 %; n 70), were identified. Longitudinal studies' follow-up time ranged from 8 months to 10 years. RESULTS Parental, peer and media influences have been extensively studied as factors associated with DWCB among youth. Fewer studies have examined behavioural settings (i.e. homes, schools, neighbourhoods) or sectors of influence other than the media on DWCB. No studies utilized multilevel methods to parse out environmental influences on DWCB. Most studies (69 %, n 64) did not explicitly utilize a theory or model to guide the research. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that exploring a wider range of environmental influences on DWCB, specifically behavioural settings and sectors of influence, using diverse study samples and multilevel methodology is needed to advance the field and to inform the design of comprehensive prevention programmes that target DWCB and other weight-related behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Wang
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, S7-746, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen E Peterson
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marie C McCormick
- Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Bryn Austin
- Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Castonguay AL, Sabiston CM, Crocker PRE, Mack DE. Development and validation of the Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale (BASES). Body Image 2014; 11:126-36. [PMID: 24548436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of these studies was to develop a psychometrically sound measure of shame, guilt, authentic pride, and hubristic pride for use in body and appearance contexts. In Study 1, 41 potential items were developed and assessed for item quality and comprehension. In Study 2, a panel of experts (N=8; M=11, SD=6.5 years of experience) reviewed the scale and items for evidence of content validity. Participants in Study 3 (n=135 males, n=300 females) completed the BASES and various body image, personality, and emotion scales. A separate sample (n=155; 35.5% male) in Study 3 completed the BASES twice using a two-week time interval. The BASES subscale scores demonstrated evidence for internal consistency, item-total correlations, concurrent, convergent, incremental, and discriminant validity, and 2-week test-retest reliability. The 4-factor solution was a good fit in confirmatory factor analysis, reflecting body-related shame, guilt, authentic and hubristic pride subscales of the BASES. The development and validation of the BASES may help advance body image and self-conscious emotion research by providing a foundation to examine the unique antecedents and outcomes of these specific emotional experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée L Castonguay
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal Canada; Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal Canada.
| | - Catherine M Sabiston
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto Canada.
| | - Peter R E Crocker
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Canada
| | - Diane E Mack
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines Canada
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Hilt LM, Roberto CA, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Rumination mediates the relationship between peer alienation and eating pathology in young adolescent girls. Eat Weight Disord 2013; 18:263-7. [PMID: 23824762 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-013-0042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined whether rumination, the tendency to passively and repeatedly dwell on negative events, mediated the relationship between peer alienation and eating disorder symptoms among adolescent girls. METHODS Participants included 101 girls (ages 10-14; 47% Hispanic, 24% African American) who completed questionnaires regarding peer relationships, symptoms of eating pathology, rumination, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Girls who reported experiencing more peer alienation reported a higher degree of pathological eating symptoms. The relationship between peer alienation and eating pathology was mediated by rumination, even after controlling for depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study extends previous work indicating that rumination is a cognitive mechanism that may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of eating pathology. The findings suggest that adolescents who feel alienated by their peers might be particularly susceptible to engaging in ruminative thinking that can lead to or exacerbate eating problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori M Hilt
- Department of Psychology, Lawrence University, 711 E. Boldt Way SPC 24, Appleton, WI, 54911, USA,
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Bhurtun DD, Jeewon R. Body Weight Perception and Weight Control Practices among Teenagers. ISRN NUTRITION 2013; 2013:395125. [PMID: 24967256 PMCID: PMC4045298 DOI: 10.5402/2013/395125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background. Weight-loss behaviours are highly prevalent among adolescents, and body weight perception motivates weight control practices. However, little is known about the association of body weight perception, and weight control practices among teenagers in Mauritius. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between actual body weight, body weight perception, and weight control practices among teenagers. Methods. A questionnaire-based survey was used to collect data on anthropometric measurements, weight perception and weight control practices from a sample of 180 male and female students (90 boys and 90 girls) aged between 13 and 18 years old. Results. Based on BMI, 11.7% of students were overweight. Overall, 43.3% of respondents reported trying to lose weight (61.1% girls and 25.6% boys). Weight-loss behaviours were more prevalent among girls. Among the weight-loss teens, 88.5% students perceived themselves as overweight even though only 19.2% were overweight. Reducing fat intake (84.6%), exercising (80.8%), and increasing intake of fruits and vegetables (73.1%) and decreasing intake of sugar (66.7%) were the most commonly reported methods to lose weight. Conclusion. Body weight perception was poorly associated with actual weight status. Gender difference was observed in body weight perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshini Devi Bhurtun
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Rajesh Jeewon
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
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Castonguay AL, Gilchrist JD, Mack DE, Sabiston CM. Body-related pride in young adults: an exploration of the triggers, contexts, outcomes and attributions. Body Image 2013; 10:335-43. [PMID: 23562591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study explored body-related emotional experiences of pride in young adult males (n=138) and females (n=165). Data were collected using a relived emotion task and analyzed using inductive content analysis. Thirty-nine codes were identified and grouped into six categories (triggers, contexts, cognitive attributions, and affective, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes) for each of two themes (hubristic and authentic pride). Hubristic pride triggers included evaluating appearance/fitness as superior. Cognitions centered on feelings of superiority. Behaviors included strategies to show off. Triggers for authentic pride were personal improvements/maintenance in appearance and meeting or exceeding goals. Feeling accomplished was a cognitive outcome, and physical activity was a behavioral strategy. Contexts for the experience of both facets of pride primarily involved sports settings, swimming/beach, and clothes shopping. These findings provide theoretical support for models of pride as it applies to body image, and advances conceptual understanding of positive body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andree L Castonguay
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Castonguay AL, Brunet J, Ferguson L, Sabiston CM. Weight-related actual and ideal self-states, discrepancies, and shame, guilt, and pride: examining associations within the process model of self-conscious emotions. Body Image 2012; 9:488-94. [PMID: 22921162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the associations between women's actual:ideal weight-related self-discrepancies and experiences of weight-related shame, guilt, and authentic pride using self-discrepancy (Higgins, 1987) and self-conscious emotion (Tracy & Robins, 2004) theories as guiding frameworks. Participants (N=398) completed self-report questionnaires. Main analyses involved polynomial regressions, followed by the computation and evaluation of response surface values. Actual and ideal weight self-states were related to shame (R2 = .35), guilt (R2 = .25), and authentic pride (R2 = .08). When the discrepancy between actual and ideal weights increased, shame and guilt also increased, while authentic pride decreased. Findings provide partial support for self-discrepancy theory and the process model of self-conscious emotions. Experiencing weight-related self-discrepancies may be important cognitive appraisals related to shame, guilt, and authentic pride. Further research is needed exploring the relations between self-discrepancies and a range of weight-related self-conscious emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andree L Castonguay
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Witte TK, Didie ER, Menard W, Phillips KA. The relationship between body dysmorphic disorder behaviors and the acquired capability for suicide. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2012; 42:318-31. [PMID: 22533555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1943-278x.2012.00093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a sample of 200 individuals diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), we utilized the interpersonal-psychological theory for suicide as a framework to examine BDD behaviors that might be associated with suicide risk, insofar as they might increase the acquired capability for suicide. We predicted that physically painful BDD behaviors (e.g., cosmetic surgery, restrictive eating) would be associated with suicide attempts but not suicide-related ideation because these behaviors increase capability for, but not thoughts about, suicide. Our hypothesis was partially confirmed, as BDD-related restrictive food intake was associated with suicide attempts (but not suicide-related ideation) even after controlling for numerous covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy K Witte
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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Harden KP, Mendle J, Kretsch N. Environmental and genetic pathways between early pubertal timing and dieting in adolescence: distinguishing between objective and subjective timing. Psychol Med 2012; 42:183-193. [PMID: 21676282 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291711000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early pubertal timing in girls is associated with elevated risk for dieting and eating pathology. The relative importance of biological versus socio-environmental mechanisms in explaining this association remains unclear. Moreover, these mechanisms may differ between objective measures of pubertal development and girls' subjective perceptions of their own maturation. METHOD The sample comprised 924 sister pairs from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Objective pubertal timing (menarcheal age), girls' perceptions of pubertal status and timing relative to peers, dieting and disordered eating behaviors were assessed during a series of confidential in-home interviews. RESULTS Behavioral genetic models indicated that common genetic influences accounted for the association between early menarcheal age and increased risk for dieting in adolescence. In contrast, girls' subjective perceptions of their timing relative to peers were associated with dieting through an environmental pathway. Overall, subjective and objective measures of pubertal timing accounted for 12% of the variance in dieting. CONCLUSIONS Genetic differences in menarcheal age increase risk for dieting among adolescent girls, while girls' perceptions of their maturation represent an environmentally mediated risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Harden
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Lyu M, Gill D. Perceived physical competence and body image as predictors of perceived peer acceptance in adolescents. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-839x.2011.01360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bernier CD, Kozyrskyj AL, Benoit C, Becker AB, Marchessault G. Body image and dieting attitudes among preadolescents. CAN J DIET PRACT RES 2011; 71:e34-40. [PMID: 20825692 DOI: 10.3148/71.3.2010.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Differences in body image and dieting concerns were assessed in preadolescent boys and girls across the body mass index (BMI) spectrum. The hypothesis was that girls would express more concern with body size, report more dieting, and receive more advice than boys. METHODS In this cross-sectional descriptive study, age-appropriate figure drawings, the Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT), the Restraint Scale, and the Body Esteem Scale were administered to participants in the Study of Asthma, Genes and Environment, Manitoba. Responses were compared between genders and correlated with BMI percentiles. RESULTS A total of 565 10- and 11-year-old children (321 boys) completed questionnaires. Overall, 39% of participants wanted to be thinner, and no significant gender differences based on weight were found. However, the use of figure drawings indicated that girls desired greater changes in body size (p=0.006). Girls had higher Restraint Scale scores (p=0.003), but no statistically significant differences were found in self-reported dieting, ChEAT, or Body Esteem Scale scores. Approximately 25% of children reported receiving frequent weight-related advice. Girls did not report this more often than did boys. Children in the lowest BMI percentile desired the greatest change in body shape and had the highest Restraint Scale scores. CONCLUSIONS Key gender differences underline the importance of understanding children's attitudes toward body image, weight, and dieting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal D Bernier
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB
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Eaton DK, Foti K, Brener ND, Crosby AE, Flores G, Kann L. Associations between risk behaviors and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: do racial/ethnic variations in associations account for increased risk of suicidal behaviors among Hispanic/Latina 9th- to 12th-grade female students? Arch Suicide Res 2011; 15:113-26. [PMID: 21541858 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2011.565268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify factors that may account for the disproportionately high prevalence of suicidal behaviors among Hispanic/Latina youth by examining whether associations of health risk behaviors with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts vary by race/ethnicity among female students. Data from the school-based 2007 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey were analyzed. Analyses were conducted among female students in grades 9 through 12 and included 21 risk behaviors related to unintentional injuries and violence; tobacco use; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus; physical activity; obesity and weight control; and perceived health status. With the exception of physical activity behaviors and obesity, all risk behaviors examined were associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Associations of risk behaviors with suicidal ideation varied by race/ethnicity for 5 of 21 behaviors, and for 0 of 21 behaviors for suicide attempts. Stratified analyses provided little insight into factors that may account for the higher prevalence of suicidal behaviors among Hispanic/Latina female students. These results suggest that the increased risk of suicidal behaviors among Hispanic/Latina female students cannot be accounted for by differential associations with these selected risk behaviors. Other factors, such as family characteristics, acculturation, and the socio-cultural environment, should be examined in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danice K Eaton
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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