1
|
Denison B, Dahlen H, Kim JEC, Williams C, Kranzler E, Luchman JN, Trigger S, Bennett M, Nighbor T, Vines M, Petrun Sayers EL, Kurti AN, Weinberg J, Hoffman L, Peck J. Evaluation of the "We Can Do This" Campaign Paid Media and COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake, United States, December 2020-January 2022. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2023; 28:573-584. [PMID: 37528606 PMCID: PMC10529331 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2023.2236976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Public education campaigns are promising methods for promoting vaccine uptake. In April 2021, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services launched the We Can Do This COVID-19 public education campaign. This study is one of the first evaluations of this COVID-19 public education campaign. We tested associations between channel-specific campaign exposure (i.e. digital, TV, radio, print, and out-of-home advertising) and COVID-19 first-dose vaccinations among a nationally representative online sample of 3,278 adults. The study introduces novel ways to simultaneously evaluate short- and long-term cumulative media dose, filling an important gap in campaign evaluation literature. We observed a positive, statistically significant relationship between the short-term change in digital media dose and the likelihood of first-dose vaccination, and a positive, statistically significant relationship between long-term cumulative TV dose and the likelihood of first-dose vaccination. Results suggest that both digital and TV ads contributed to vaccination, such that digital media was associated with more immediate behavioral changes, whereas TV gradually shifted behaviors over time. As findings varied by media channel, this study suggests that public education campaigns should consider delivering campaign messages across multiple media channels to enhance campaign reach across audiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah Trigger
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Morgane Bennett
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Tyler Nighbor
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Monica Vines
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Elizabeth L. Petrun Sayers
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Allison N. Kurti
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Jessica Weinberg
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | | | - Joshua Peck
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stevens EM, Leshner G, Cohn AM, Kim S, Wagener TL. How marijuana use status affects responses to anti-marijuana messages. CANNABIS (ALBUQUERQUE, N.M.) 2021; 4:1-16. [PMID: 35813447 PMCID: PMC9268214 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background The current study examined how cannabis use status impacts cognitive and emotional reactions to public health campaigns about cannabis, and the degree to which these reactions influence message likeability and attitudes about cannabis-related harms. Methods In a between-subjects design, 252 subjects recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk viewed six real-world cannabis education messages: three message themes (cognitive ability, driving, and health harms) from each of two real-world public campaigns. Subjects answered questions measuring their cognitive and emotional reactions to each message as well as message likeability and harm perceptions of cannabis. Analyses examined the mediating effects of message responsiveness on the association between baseline cannabis use (user vs non-user) with indices of liking and harm. Results For all three message themes, informativeness ratings mediated the effect of cannabis user status on the outcomes of perceived harmfulness and message likeability. Specifically, cannabis users perceived cannabis as less harmful and reported all messages as less likeable compared to non-users, partly because they perceived the messages to be less informative than non-users. Surprisingly, users found some of the messages to be more pleasant, which was associated with increased perceptions of harm and message liking compared to non-users. Conclusions Cannabis education campaigns that take into account differences in emotional and cognitive reactions by use experience, rather than use a "one size fits all" approach, could possibly maximally impact likeability and harm perceptions of these messages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise M. Stevens
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Preventative and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Glenn Leshner
- Gaylord College of Journalism and Mass Communication, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK
| | - Amy M. Cohn
- Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Seunghyun Kim
- Department of Marketing and Advertising, College of Business, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sensation seeking versus alcohol use: Evaluating temporal precedence using cross-lagged panel models. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 219:108430. [PMID: 33310382 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensation seeking has been theoretically conceptualized as the personality trait for novel and complex experiences responsible for the predilection of engaging in risky activities. The study evaluated several cross-lagged panel models premised on various measurement variations of sensation seeking to determine the extent that each representation operates as the temporal antecedent or consequent of alcohol use. METHODS Participants (N = 201) were United States college students under 21 years of age. The measures, completed in two assessments separated by a month, included the Sensation Seeking Scale-V (SSS-V) and its subscales of boredom susceptibility, disinhibition, experience seeking, thrill & adventure seeking; the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS); and the frequency and quantity of alcoholic drinks. Cross-lagged panel models containing synchronous correlations, auto-regressive paths, and cross-lagged paths were estimated in path analysis using structural equation modeling. RESULTS The cross-lagged panel model results varied depending on the measurement variant of sensation seeking. The SSS-V emerged as a longitudinal precursor to both drink frequency and quantity. Thrill & adventure seeking longitudinally anticipated drink frequency and quantity. However, disinhibition and drink quantity reciprocally reinforced one another across time. Boredom susceptibility and experience seeking did not exhibit any temporal directionality with alcohol behaviors. Furthermore, the BSSS operated as a longitudinal precursor of drink quantity. CONCLUSIONS Findings help to unravel the temporal precedent of sensation seeking versus alcohol behaviors based on the scrutiny of various sensation seeking measurement approaches.
Collapse
|
4
|
Calado F, Alexandre J, Rosenfeld L, Pereira R, Griffiths MD. The Efficacy of a Gambling Prevention Program Among High-School Students. J Gambl Stud 2020; 36:573-595. [PMID: 31712967 PMCID: PMC7214490 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-019-09908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Youth problem gambling has become an emergent public health issue, and adolescents constitute a vulnerable age group for the development of gambling-related problems. Although there is research concerning the risk factors of youth problem gambling, rigorous evaluations of the effectiveness of preventive initiatives is still rare. The present study evaluated the efficacy of an integrative intervention to prevent youth problem gambling based on a multidimensional set of factors including gambling-related knowledge, misconceptions, attitudes, gambling frequency, amount of money spent, total hours spent gambling per week, and sensation seeking. A pre- and post-test design was performed with 111 Portuguese high-school students randomly assigned to two groups (experimental and control). The findings demonstrated that the intervention was effective in improving correct knowledge about gambling, reducing misconceptions and attitudes, and in decreasing the total hours spent gambling per week. The intervention was also effective in reducing the number of at-risk/problem gamblers during the study period. Furthermore, these findings were stable after a 6-week follow-up. Overall, the intervention program appeared to be effective in correcting some gambling-related behaviours, and provides suggestions for future interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Calado
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Joana Alexandre
- Department of Psychology, ISCTE - CIS/IUL - Lisbon University Institute, Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Liah Rosenfeld
- Department of Psychology, ISCTE - CIS/IUL - Lisbon University Institute, Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rafaela Pereira
- Department of Psychology, ISCTE - CIS/IUL - Lisbon University Institute, Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang W, Yang Y, Kelifa MO, Li S, Cao Y, Li X, Yan H. Associations Between Personality Traits and Patterns of HIV Risk Behaviors Among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men in China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:775-781. [PMID: 32536184 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to ascertain the patterns of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and explore the relationships between personality traits and patterns of HIV risk behaviors. Three hundred and seventy-five YMSM were recruited from March to December 2013, in central China. Latent class analysis (LCA) was utilized to identify underlying subgroups of HIV risk behaviors; multinomial logistic regression was used to examine predictors of HIV risk behaviors patterns. LCA identified four latent classes: low risk (LR), moderate risk (MR), high risk (HR), and drug use (DU). YMSM reporting high levels of sexual sensation seeking (SSS) tended to be classified to the MR class [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.33-6.57] and HR class (aOR = 13.77, 95% CI = 3.06-61.96) than the LR class. Those with low degrees of self-control were more likely to be in the HR class (aOR = 4.06, 95% CI = 1.11-14.83) and DU class (aOR = 4.64, 95% CI = 1.50-14.32), compared to LR class. These findings highlight the significance of personality traits on predicting HIV risk behaviors. Future HIV interventions should prioritize YMSM with high SSS and low self-control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of General Practice, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statisitics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinmei Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statisitics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mohammedhamid Osman Kelifa
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statisitics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiyue Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statisitics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statisitics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statisitics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
de-Juan-Ripoll C, Soler-Domínguez JL, Chicchi Giglioli IA, Contero M, Alcañiz M. The Spheres & Shield Maze Task: A Virtual Reality Serious Game for the Assessment of Risk Taking in Decision Making. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2020; 23:773-781. [PMID: 32845725 PMCID: PMC7698844 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2019.0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Risk taking (RT) is an essential component in decision-making process that depicts the propensity to make risky decisions. RT assessment has traditionally focused on self-report questionnaires. These classical tools have shown clear distance from real-life responses. Behavioral tasks assess human behavior with more fidelity, but still show some limitations related to transferability. A way to overcome these constraints is to take advantage from virtual reality (VR), to recreate real-simulated situations that might arise from performance-based assessments, supporting RT research. This article presents results of a pilot study in which 41 individuals explored a gamified VR environment: the Spheres & Shield Maze Task (SSMT). By eliciting implicit behavioral measures, we found relationships between scores obtained in the SSMT and self-reported risk-related constructs, as engagement in risky behaviors and marijuana consumption. We conclude that decontextualized Virtual Reality Serious Games are appropriate to assess RT, since they could be used as a cross-disciplinary tool to assess individuals' capabilities under the stealth assessment paradigm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla de-Juan-Ripoll
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería (i3B), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José L Soler-Domínguez
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería (i3B), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Alice Chicchi Giglioli
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería (i3B), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Contero
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería (i3B), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mariano Alcañiz
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería (i3B), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Miech R. Marijuana Legalization and Marijuana Prevalence Among Adolescents. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:1268-1269. [PMID: 32783708 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Miech
- Richard Miech is with the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
South Korean Consumers’ Attitudes toward Small Business Owners Participating in the 2019 Anti-Japan Boycott. SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci9050074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated consumer attitudes and the motivation of small business owners who participated in the 2019 anti-Japan boycott in South Korea (hereafter, Korea). The main areas of inquiry involved self-expression, the realization of justice, and consumer attitudes as elements of patriotic consumption. A seven-day survey was conducted among 500 adult consumers aged 18 years and older in Korea. The retrieved data were subjected to frequency analyses, reliability analyses, factor analyses, paired t-tests, and regressions. Declining Japanese product sales indicated high levels of a consumer boycott. The analyses demonstrated that consumers held positive attitudes toward small business owners who shared their boycotting beliefs and goals. Second, self-expression and the realization of justice motivation were relatively high, as were attitudes toward the participation message and small business owners who were participating in the boycott. Korean consumers had relatively high intentions to visit the stores of small business owners who were participating in the boycott. Lastly, self-expression motivations, motivations to realize justice, consumer attitudes toward the boycott participation messages of small business owners, and consumer attitudes toward the small business owners themselves had statistically significant positive effects. Small business owners holding general consumer beliefs about boycott participation should actively spread their support messages, and this would provide an excellent opportunity to create positive long-term awareness. This study provided a unique insight into Korean consumer behaviors when patriotism was considered. The findings have significant implications for small business owners looking to sustain themselves during product boycotts.
Collapse
|
9
|
Protogerou C, McHugh RK, Johnson BT. How best to reduce unhealthy risk-taking behaviours? A meta-review of evidence syntheses of interventions using self-regulation principles. Health Psychol Rev 2020; 14:86-115. [DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2019.1707104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Protogerou
- School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts (SSHA) and Health Sciences Research Institute (HSRI), University of California, Merced, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R. Kathryn McHugh
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, and Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Blair T. Johnson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tang S, Patrick ME. A latent class analysis of adolescents' technology and interactive social media use: Associations with academics and substance use. HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 2:50-60. [PMID: 35528140 PMCID: PMC9075684 DOI: 10.1002/hbe2.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of technology and social media use among adolescents in a national study (n = 26,348). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between latent classes and academics and substance use. Results demonstrated four classes: Infrequent Users (55%), Interactive Users (21%), Television Watchers (14%), and Constant Users (10%). Compared to Infrequent Users, Interactive, and Constant Users had lower grades and higher alcohol and marijuana use. Television Watchers had lower grades and participated in fewer extracurricular activities compared to Infrequent Users, but there were no differences on substance use. Results show that adolescents with the most media-intensive profiles were also at greater risk for poor academic outcomes and substance use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tang
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Megan E. Patrick
- Institute for Translational Research in Children’s Mental Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kranzler EC, Schmälzle R, Pei R, Hornik RC, Falk EB. Message-Elicited Brain Response Moderates the Relationship Between Opportunities for Exposure to Anti-Smoking Messages and Message Recall. THE JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION 2019; 69:589-611. [PMID: 32009669 PMCID: PMC6977712 DOI: 10.1093/joc/jqz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Campaign success is contingent on adequate exposure; however, exposure opportunities (e.g., ad reach/frequency) are imperfect predictors of message recall. We hypothesized that the exposure-recall relationship would be contingent on message processing. We tested moderation hypotheses using 3 data sets pertinent to "The Real Cost" anti-smoking campaign: past 30-day ad recall from a rolling national survey of adolescents aged 13-17 (n = 5,110); ad-specific target rating points (TRPs), measuring ad reach and frequency; and ad-elicited response in brain regions implicated in social processing and memory encoding, from a separate adolescent sample aged 14-17 (n = 40). Average ad-level brain activation in these regions moderates the relationship between national TRPs and large-scale recall (p < .001), such that the positive exposure-recall relationship is more strongly observed for ads that elicit high levels of social processing and memory encoding in the brain. Findings advance communication theory by demonstrating conditional exposure effects, contingent on social and memory processes in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elissa C Kranzler
- Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ralf Schmälzle
- College of Communication Arts and Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Rui Pei
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robert C Hornik
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Emily B Falk
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Wharton Marketing Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Stevens EM, Cohn AM, Villanti AC, Leshner G, Wedel A, Wagener TL. Perceived Effectiveness of Anti-Marijuana Messages in Adult Users and Nonusers: An Examination of Responses to Messages About Marijuana's Effects on Cognitive Performance, Driving, and Health. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2019; 80:415-422. [PMID: 31495378 PMCID: PMC6739640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Marijuana use is associated with negative cognitive and health outcomes and risky driving. Given the rapidly changing policies regarding legal recreational and medicinal marijuana use, it is important to examine what types of marijuana prevention messages may be effective in minimizing such outcomes. This study examined cognitive and affective responses to anti-marijuana public health messages in a sample of adult marijuana users and nonusers to determine the correlates of perceived message effectiveness. METHOD Participants (N = 203; mean age = 37.7 years) were adult marijuana users and nonusers recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk (August 2017). After completing self-report measures of marijuana use, they viewed six anti-marijuana messages presented in a random order, addressing marijuana's effects in each of three topic areas: cognitive performance, driving, and adverse health outcomes (e.g., two messages per topic). Participants completed assessments of cognitive and affective perceptions after viewing each message. For each message topic, a linear regression model was used to determine which cognitive and affective perceptions were most predictive of perceived message effectiveness. RESULTS For all message topics, nonusers perceived the messages as more effective than did users (p < .001). In the majority of analyses, greater message effectiveness was associated with increased perceived harm of marijuana and increased liking of the message. For driving and health messages, greater message effectiveness was also significantly correlated with lower pleasant affect. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that audience perceptions may be uniquely predictive of message effectiveness, depending on the topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise M. Stevens
- Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Amy M. Cohn
- Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Andrea C. Villanti
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | - Amelia Wedel
- College of Arts and Sciences, Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Theodore L. Wagener
- Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Barnum TC, Armstrong T. Sensation seeking to marijuana use: Exploring the mediating roles of risk appraisal and social norms. Addict Behav 2019; 92:76-83. [PMID: 30597334 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While studies have shown a robust association between sensation seeking (SS) and adolescent marijuana use, comparatively little is known about the mechanisms that potentially account for this association. The current study tests a theoretical model linking SS to marijuana use through risk appraisal and normative influences (i.e., perceived behavior and attitudes of others). Utilizing a nationally representative, cross-sectional sample of high school seniors (N = 2117), the current study finds risk appraisal and normative influences mediate the relationship between SS and marijuana use. Furthermore, perceptions of risk appear to be strongly influenced by proximal peer norms. These results indicate risk appraisal and normative processes may be key explanatory mechanisms in the association between SS and adolescent marijuana use. Theoretical and policy implications for this model are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Barnum
- Department of Social Sciences, Texas A&M University - San Antonito, One University Way, CAB 347D, San Antonio, TX 78224, United States.
| | - Todd Armstrong
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska Omaha, 6001 Dodge St., 218 CPACS, Omaha, NE 68182, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bos J, Hayden MJ, Lum JAG, Staiger PK. UPPS-P impulsive personality traits and adolescent cigarette smoking: A meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 197:335-343. [PMID: 30878884 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a critical developmental period in the trajectory of nicotine dependence, highlighting the need for a greater understanding of the modifiable risk factors. An extensive body of research has found that trait impulsivity is associated with higher levels of adolescent smoking; however, findings have been mixed. The present study aimed to synthesise existing literature to determine the strength and nature of the relationship between the UPPS-P impulsive traits and both adolescent cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence. METHODS Fifty-one studies were meta-analysed using a random effects model to determine the association between each UPPS-P impulsive trait and both adolescent cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence. Age, gender, ethnicity and sample type were examined as potential moderators. RESULTS Cigarette consumption was positively associated with each UPPS-P impulsive trait (r's ranging from 0.17-0.20). There were an insufficient number of studies to meta-analyse the association between nicotine dependence and the UPPS-P impulsive traits. There were no significant moderation effects of age, gender, ethnicity or sample type. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that each UPPS-P impulsive trait shares similar associations with adolescent cigarette consumption. Additional studies are needed to determine the relationship between adolescent nicotine dependence and impulsivity. As most adult smokers initiate during adolescence, targeting these impulsive traits via novel prevention and intervention strategies may assist in reducing the prevalence of smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bos
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 225 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia.
| | - Melissa J Hayden
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 225 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia.
| | - Jarrad A G Lum
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 225 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia.
| | - Petra K Staiger
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 225 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Morrongiello BA, Seasons M, McAuley K, Koutsoulianos S. Child pedestrian behaviors: Influence of peer social norms and correspondence between self-reports and crossing behaviors. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2019; 68:197-201. [PMID: 30876511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to determine if children's perception of peers' behavioral norms for crossing streets relates to their personal norms for doing so and if children's self-reports about crossing relates to their actual crossing in a virtual traffic situation. METHOD Children (8-10 years, N = 86) completed questionnaires about peer's norms and their personal norms about crossing streets, and also reported on their recent crossing behaviors. These self-reports about crossing were then related to children's actual crossing behaviors measured using a fully immersive virtual reality (VR) system. RESULTS Children's perception of peers' behavioral norms for crossing related to their personal norms for doing so, and their norms related to their reports of how they have crossed in the past few weeks. When crossing virtual streets, children with higher scores on self-reports about risky crossing behaviors selected smaller (riskier) inter-vehicle gap sizes to cross into, showed less start delay (less time appraising traffic before starting), and experienced more hits. Conclusion and practicalapplications: Children's perception of peers' behavioral norms for crossing are relevant to their crossing behaviors and may be one way that peers elevate children's risk of pedestrian injury. Children's self-reports about crossing risk may be useful for identifying at-risk youth and strategically targeting interventions to these children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mackenzie Seasons
- Psychology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Katherine McAuley
- Psychology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Maintaining Relationship Quality During the Transition to Parenthood: The Need for Next Generation Interventions. CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10591-018-9481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
17
|
Targeted Versus Nontargeted Communication About Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems in Three Smoker Groups. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102071. [PMID: 30248887 PMCID: PMC6210660 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study used an audience segmentation and message targeting approach to identify three distinct smoker groups-Older Freedom Smokers (OFS), Reluctant Smokers (RS), and Young Enthusiasts (YE)-and examined whether an electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) message targeting each smoker group (targeted message) was associated with more health-enhancing outcomes than messages targeting other groups (nontargeted messages). Methods: An online experiment was conducted among 580 adult smokers with 180 OFS, 200 RS, and 200 YE. Each smoker group viewed a targeted message and two nontargeted messages in a random order. Following the presentation of each message, participants reported their perceived message effectiveness, message reactions, ENDS- and cigarette-related beliefs, and behavioral intentions. Results: The targeted vs. nontargeted messages mostly did not produce more health-enhancing outcomes on perceptions of absolute and comparative risks of ENDS and cigarettes, response efficacy of ENDS, and self-efficacy as well as intentions to quit smoking. Conclusions: Our targeted messages did not appear to be a better choice over nontargeted messages to communicate about ENDS to smokers. Given the increasing call to accurately inform the public of the risk differences among various tobacco products, future studies should continue to explore whether targeted messages could be employed to communicate about the comparative risks of ENDS.
Collapse
|
18
|
Donohew L, DiBartolo M, Zhu X, Benca C, Lorch E, Noar SM, Kelly TH, Joseph JE. Communicating with Sensation Seekers: An fMRI Study of Neural Responses to Antidrug Public Service Announcements. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2018; 33:1004-1012. [PMID: 28622027 PMCID: PMC6190582 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2017.1331185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the neural basis of processing high- and low-message sensation value (MSV) antidrug public service announcements (PSAs) in high (HSS) and low sensation seekers (LSS) using fMRI. HSS more strongly engaged the salience network when processing PSAs (versus LSS), suggesting that high-MSV PSAs attracted their attention. HSS and LSS participants who engaged higher level cognitive processing regions reported that the PSAs were more convincing and believable and recalled the PSAs better immediately after testing. In contrast, HSS and LSS participants who strongly engaged visual attention regions for viewing PSAs reported lower personal relevance. These findings provide neurobiological evidence that high-MSV content is salient to HSS, a primary target group for antidrug messages, and additional cognitive processing is associated with higher perceived message effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Chelsie Benca
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | | | - Seth M. Noar
- Department of Communication, University of Kentucky
| | | | - Jane E. Joseph
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sahlem GL, Tomko RL, Sherman BJ, Gray KM, McRae-Clark AL. Impact of cannabis legalization on treatment and research priorities for cannabis use disorder. Int Rev Psychiatry 2018; 30:216-225. [PMID: 29956576 PMCID: PMC6322658 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2018.1465398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An increasing proportion of the world has legalized cannabis for medicinal or recreational use. The legalization trend appears to be continuing. These changes in the legislative landscape may have important health, treatment, and research implications. This review discusses public health outcomes that may be impacted by increases in cannabis availability and use. It additionally considers potential research and treatment priorities in the face of widespread cannabis legalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Sahlem
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rachel L. Tomko
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Brian J. Sherman
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kevin M. Gray
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Aimee L. McRae-Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sensation seeking moderates television's cultivation of alcohol and tobacco beliefs: Evidence from a national study of French adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 186:193-200. [PMID: 29604527 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Television (TV) is a key socialization agent, especially amongst youth. According to cultivation theory, youth heavily exposed to TV content, where positive images of smoking and drinking abound, should hold more positive beliefs concerning drinking and smoking outcomes. This research investigates the role of the sensation-seeking personality trait in moderating this TV cultivation effect. METHODS A French national research company contacted its panel members with children aged 13-17. Parents completed a short survey and were asked for consent for their child to participate in a study. The children were then contacted, informed, and asked for assent. Assenters completed a survey that included measures of TV exposure, personality traits, drinking and smoking behaviors, and beliefs about the outcomes associated with drinking and smoking (expectancies). Parental drinking, smoking, and strictness were included as controls. RESULTS Survey data from 1040 adolescents (54.2% males) and their parents reveal that the relationship between cumulative TV exposure and drinking and smoking behavior, mediated through expectancies, is strongest amongst high sensation seeking adolescents. The moderated mediation analysis shows that sensation seeking trait moderates the relationship between TV exposure and the beliefs adolescents hold about the consequences of alcohol and tobacco use, which themselves are related to greater likelihood to engage in substance use. CONCLUSION Key personality traits and TV exposure levels must be accounted for to identify youth at risk of using substances at a time when many lifelong maladaptive behaviors and beliefs form.
Collapse
|
21
|
Hanson K, Haggerty KP, Fleming CB, Skinner ML, Casey-Goldstein M, Mason WA, Thompson RW, Redmond C. Washington State Retail Marijuana Legalization: Parent and Adolescent Preferences for Marijuana Messages in a Sample of Low-Income Families. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 79:309-317. [PMID: 29553361 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As legalization of nonmedical retail marijuana increases, states are implementing public health campaigns designed to prevent increases in youth marijuana use. This study investigated which types of marijuana-related messages were rated most highly by parents and their teens and whether these preferences differed by age and marijuana use. METHOD Nine marijuana-focused messages were developed as potential radio, newspaper, or television announcements. The messages fell into four categories: information about the law, general advice/conversation starters, consequences of marijuana use/positive alternatives, and information on potential harmful effects of teen marijuana use. The messages were presented through an online survey to 282 parent (84% female) and 283 teen (54% female) participants in an ongoing study in Washington State. RESULTS Both parents and youth rated messages containing information about the law higher than other types of messages. Messages about potential harms of marijuana use were rated lower than other messages by both generations. Parents who had used marijuana within the past year (n = 80) rated consequence/positive alternative messages lower than parent nonusers (n = 199). Youth marijuana users (n = 77) and nonusers (n = 202) both rated messages containing information about the law higher than other types of messages. Youth users and nonusers were less likely than parents to believe messages on the harmful effects of marijuana. CONCLUSIONS The high ratings for messages based on information about the marijuana law highlight the need for informational health campaigns to be established as a first step in the marijuana legalization process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koren Hanson
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington School of Social Work, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kevin P Haggerty
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington School of Social Work, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles B Fleming
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Martie L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington School of Social Work, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary Casey-Goldstein
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington School of Social Work, Seattle, Washington
| | - W Alex Mason
- National Research Institute for Child and Family Studies, Boys Town, Nebraska
| | - Ronald W Thompson
- National Research Institute for Child and Family Studies, Boys Town, Nebraska
| | - Cleve Redmond
- Partnerships in Prevention Science Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Case KR, Harrell MB, Pérez A, Loukas A, Wilkinson AV, Springer AE, Creamer MR, Perry CL. The relationships between sensation seeking and a spectrum of e-cigarette use behaviors: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses specific to Texas adolescents. Addict Behav 2017; 73:151-157. [PMID: 28521240 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sensation seeking is strongly associated with cigarette use in adolescents. However, few studies have investigated its relationship with adolescent e-cigarette use. This study examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between sensation seeking and a variety of e-cigarette use behaviors among Texas adolescents. METHODS This study utilized two waves of data collected 6months apart through the Texas Adolescent Tobacco and Marketing Surveillance System (TATAMS) in 2014-2015 (n=2,488/N=461,069). TATAMS employs a complex probability-sampling design and is representative of students in 6th, 8th and 10th grades from five counties surrounding the four largest cities in Texas (Houston, Dallas/Ft. Worth, San Antonio, Austin). Weighted multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between sensation seeking and susceptibility to e-cigarette use, ever e-cigarette use, and current (past 30day) e-cigarette use. RESULTS In the cross-sectional analyses, higher mean sensation seeking scores were associated with higher odds of both susceptibility to e-cigarette use and ever e-cigarette use (AOR=1.25, 95% CI=1.07, 1.47; AOR=1.24, 95% CI=1.08, 1.43, respectively). For the longitudinal analyses, only the association between higher mean sensation seeking scores and transition to ever e-cigarette use remained statistically significant (AOR=1.45, 95% CI=1.01, 2.08). There were no significant associations between sensation seeking and current e-cigarette use in either the cross-sectional or longitudinal analyses. CONCLUSIONS Higher sensation seeking scores were consistently and significantly related to experimentation with e-cigarette use among Texas adolescents. Future interventions (e.g., communication campaigns) should target high sensation seeking adolescents to reduce initiation of e-cigarette use among this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Case
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), School of Public Health in Austin, United States.
| | - Melissa B Harrell
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), School of Public Health in Austin, United States.
| | - Adriana Pérez
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), School of Public Health in Austin, United States.
| | - Alexandra Loukas
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, United States.
| | - Anna V Wilkinson
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), School of Public Health in Austin, United States.
| | - Andrew E Springer
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), School of Public Health in Austin, United States.
| | - MeLisa R Creamer
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), School of Public Health in Austin, United States.
| | - Cheryl L Perry
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), School of Public Health in Austin, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sanders A, Robinson C, Taylor SC, Post SD, Goldfarb J, Shi R, Hunt YM, Augustson EM. Using a Media Campaign to Increase Engagement With a Mobile-Based Youth Smoking Cessation Program. Am J Health Promot 2017; 32:1273-1279. [PMID: 28925292 DOI: 10.1177/0890117117728608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the impact of the National Cancer Institute's promotion of its youth smoking cessation program, Smokefree Teen (SFT). DESIGN We provide a description of campaign strategies and outcomes as a means to engage a teen audience in cessation resources using a cost-effective approach. SETTING The campaign occurred nationally, using traditional (TV and radio), online, and social media outreach. PARTICIPANTS Ads targeted adolescent smokers (aged 14-17). The baseline population was 42 586 and increased to 464 357 during the campaign. MEASURES Metrics used to assess outcomes include (1) visits to SFT website from traditional and online ads, (2) cost to get an online ad clicked (cost-per-click), and (3) SmokefreeTXT program enrollments during the 8-week campaign period. ANALYSIS We conducted a quantitative performance review of all tactics. RESULTS The SFT campaign achieved an online ad click-through rate of 0.33%, exceeding industry averages of 0.15%. Overall, web traffic to teen.smokefree.gov increased by 980%, and the online cost-per-click for ads, including social media actions, was approximately $1 as compared with $107 for traditional ads. Additionally, the campaign increased the SmokefreeTXT program teen sign-ups by 1334%. CONCLUSION The campaign increased engagement with evidence-informed cessation resources for teen smokers. Results show the potential of using multiple, online channels to help increase engagement with core resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Sanders
- 1 Digital Strategy Group, ICF International, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Cendrine Robinson
- 2 Tobacco Control Research Branch, The National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Shani C Taylor
- 1 Digital Strategy Group, ICF International, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Rui Shi
- 3 Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yvonne M Hunt
- 2 Tobacco Control Research Branch, The National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Erik M Augustson
- 2 Tobacco Control Research Branch, The National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hershberger A, Connors M, Um M, Cyders MA. The Theory of Planned Behavior and E-cig Use: Impulsive Personality, E-cig Attitudes, and E-cig Use. Int J Ment Health Addict 2017; 16:366-376. [PMID: 29755302 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-017-9783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paper applied the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB; Ajzen & Fishbein, 1988) to understand how impulsive personality traits and attitudes concerning e-cig use relate to the likelihood of electronic cigarette (e-cig) use. Seven hundred and fourteen participants (Mean age = 34.04, SD = 10.89, 48.6% female) completed cross-sectional measures of e-cig use attitudes (CEAC) and the Short UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. A structural path analysis suggested that urgency and deficits in conscientiousness were significantly related to e-cig attitudes (CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.02; urgency: β = 0.32, p = .001; deficits in conscientiousness: β = -0.48, p < .001). E-cig attitude scores were significantly higher for e-cig users than non-users, β = 0.85, p < .001. There was no significant direct path from impulsive personality traits to e-cig use. Findings provide initial support for a model in which impulsive traits are related to e-cig use through positive e-cig attitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hershberger
- Indiana University-Purdue University in Indianapolis, USA, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Miranda Connors
- Indiana University-Purdue University in Indianapolis, USA, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Miji Um
- Indiana University-Purdue University in Indianapolis, USA, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Melissa A Cyders
- Indiana University-Purdue University in Indianapolis, USA, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Morgan-Siebe JP. A social work plan to promote HIV testing: A social marketing approach. SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE 2017; 56:141-154. [PMID: 28051925 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2016.1265626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) do not know that they are infected. It is important for infected persons to get tested for HIV in order to be diagnosed and medically treated. HIV has no known cure, but it can be controlled and sometimes prevented with proper medical care. The social work profession has ideal positioning to be extraordinarily helpful in work that promotes HIV testing, leading to reducing then eliminating new HIV diagnoses. Social marketing interventions, along with audience segmenting are explained. Specific attention is given to two separate subjects-minority health disparities and impulsive and/or sensation seeking sex practices-to showcase the versatility of social marketing in the promotion of HIV testing. Further ideas about how social workers can participate in these interprofessional social marketing campaigns are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Morgan-Siebe
- a Institute for Sustainable Health & Optimal Aging, Kent School of Social Work , University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky , USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Skinner ML, Haggerty KP, Casey-Goldstein M, Thompson RW, Buddenberg L, Mason WA. Focus Groups of Parents and Teens Help Develop Messages to Prevent Early Marijuana Use in the Context of Legal Retail Sales. Subst Use Misuse 2017; 52:351-358. [PMID: 27768528 PMCID: PMC5241239 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1227847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The changes in Washington State and Colorado marijuana laws call for the development of new brief family-focused adolescent marijuana use preventive interventions that are relevant for and tailored to the context of legalization for retail sale. To that end, focus groups with parents and teens were conducted to find out about their concerns and needs in the context of legalization. METHODS Six semi-structured focus groups (3 with parents, 3 with teens) were conducted in Washington State in 2013 related to consequences of teen marijuana use and messages that would be effective in helping to prevent teens from using marijuana in the context of legal adult use. A total of 33 teens and 35 parents participated. RESULTS Three primary themes were common to these parents and teens: the negative consequences of marijuana use during adolescence on mental, physical, and social health; the need for more or better information; and the need for information/messages to come from trusted sources. The themes related to potential prevention messages include the use of fear; stories about real people; focusing on short-term consequences; and teens needing alternative activities (something better to do). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that parents and teens need information about the new retail marijuana legalization law. Teens are open to both information and guidance from parents as long as it is calm and respectful. Firsthand accounts of consequences of marijuana use from peers and adults, rather than threats from authority figures, could hold some promise for persuading teens to avoid marijuana use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martie L Skinner
- a Social Development Research Group, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA
| | - Kevin P Haggerty
- a Social Development Research Group, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA
| | - Mary Casey-Goldstein
- a Social Development Research Group, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA
| | - Ronald W Thompson
- b Boys Town National Research Institute for Child and Family Studies , Boys Town, Nebraska , USA
| | - Laura Buddenberg
- b Boys Town National Research Institute for Child and Family Studies , Boys Town, Nebraska , USA
| | - W Alex Mason
- b Boys Town National Research Institute for Child and Family Studies , Boys Town, Nebraska , USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Moran MB, Walker MW, Alexander TN, Jordan JW, Wagner DE. Why Peer Crowds Matter: Incorporating Youth Subcultures and Values in Health Education Campaigns. Am J Public Health 2017; 107:389-395. [PMID: 28103067 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Grounded on research showing that peer crowds vary in risk behavior, several recent health behavior interventions, including the US Food and Drug Administration's Fresh Empire campaign, have targeted high-risk peer crowds. We establish the scientific foundations for using this approach. We introduce peer crowd targeting as a strategy for culturally targeting health behavior interventions to youths. We use social identity and social norms theory to explicate the theoretical underpinnings of this approach. We describe Fresh Empire to demonstrate how peer crowd targeting functions in a campaign and critically evaluate the benefits and limitations of this approach. By replacing unhealthy behavioral norms with desirable, healthy lifestyles, peer crowd-targeted interventions can create a lasting impact that resonates in the target audience's culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan B Moran
- Meghan B. Moran is with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Matthew W. Walker and Tesfa N. Alexander are with the Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Jeffrey W. Jordan and Dana E. Wagner are with Rescue, San Diego, CA
| | - Matthew W Walker
- Meghan B. Moran is with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Matthew W. Walker and Tesfa N. Alexander are with the Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Jeffrey W. Jordan and Dana E. Wagner are with Rescue, San Diego, CA
| | - Tesfa N Alexander
- Meghan B. Moran is with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Matthew W. Walker and Tesfa N. Alexander are with the Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Jeffrey W. Jordan and Dana E. Wagner are with Rescue, San Diego, CA
| | - Jeffrey W Jordan
- Meghan B. Moran is with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Matthew W. Walker and Tesfa N. Alexander are with the Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Jeffrey W. Jordan and Dana E. Wagner are with Rescue, San Diego, CA
| | - Dana E Wagner
- Meghan B. Moran is with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Matthew W. Walker and Tesfa N. Alexander are with the Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Jeffrey W. Jordan and Dana E. Wagner are with Rescue, San Diego, CA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Huang LL, Lazard AJ, Pepper JK, Noar SM, Ranney LM, Goldstein AO. Impact of The Real Cost Campaign on Adolescents' Recall, Attitudes, and Risk Perceptions about Tobacco Use: A National Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14010042. [PMID: 28054993 PMCID: PMC5295293 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) The Real Cost campaign advertisements (ads) have targeted U.S. youth with messages designed to prevent and reduce tobacco use. This study examined exposure to The Real Cost campaign, including ad and slogan recall, and associations with attitudes and risk perceptions among U.S. adolescents. We analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of adolescents aged 13 to 17 years (n = 1125) surveyed by phone from October 2014 to June 2015. We assessed aided recall of and attitudes toward four campaign ads and the one slogan. Logistic regression models assessed whether aided recall of The Real Cost ads or slogan was associated with perceived likelihood of serious health consequences of cigarette smoking. Most (88%) adolescents reported seeing or hearing at least one of four ads for The Real Cost, and 54% recalled The Real Cost slogan. The majority of adolescents reported more negative attitudes toward tobacco products after seeing or hearing the ads. Recall of any The Real Cost ad was significantly associated with greater perceptions of serious health consequences of cigarette smoking (Adjusted Odd Ratios (AOR) = 5.58, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.20–25.90). The FDA’s The Real Cost campaign has achieved very high reach and is associated with more negative attitudes toward tobacco products and greater risk perceptions of cigarette smoking among U.S. adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ling Huang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Allison J Lazard
- School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Jessica K Pepper
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Seth M Noar
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Leah M Ranney
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Adam O Goldstein
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Meil WM, LaPorte DJ, Mills JA, Sesti A, Collins SM, Stiver AG. Sensation seeking and executive deficits in relation to alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use frequency among university students: Value of ecologically based measures. Addict Behav 2016; 62:135-44. [PMID: 27355485 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of substance use and addiction has been linked to impaired executive function which relies on systems that converge in the prefrontal cortex. This study examined several measures of executive function as predictors of college student alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use frequency and abuse. METHODS College students (N=321) were administered the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) test battery, the Sensation Seeking Scale V (SSSV), the Frontal Systems Behavioral Scale (FrSBe), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST), the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND). RESULTS Alcohol use frequency was predicted by sensation seeking and FrSBe Disinhibition scores, but the latter only emerged as a unique predictor for binge drinking frequency. Sex and Disinhibition, Apathy and Executive Function FrSBe subscales predicted the frequency of tobacco use. FrSBe scores uniquely predicted tobacco use among daily users. Marijuana use frequency was predicted by sensation seeking, sex, perceived stress, and FrSBe Disinhibition scores, but only sensation seeking predicted daily use after controlling for other variables. FrSBe Disinhibition scores reached levels considered to be clinically significant for frequent binge drinkers and daily marijuana users. Sensation seeking emerged as the predominate predictor of the early stages of alcohol and tobacco related problems. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest ecologically based self-report measures of frontal lobe function and sensation seeking are significant predictors of use frequency among college students and the extent of frontal dysfunction may be clinically significant among some heavy users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William M Meil
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, United States.
| | - David J LaPorte
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, United States
| | - John A Mills
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, United States
| | - Ann Sesti
- Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs Program, Center for Health and Well-Being, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, United States
| | - Sunshine M Collins
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, United States
| | - Alyssa G Stiver
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kelly BC, Harris E, Vuolo M. Psychosocial Influences of the Escalation of Deviance: The Case of Prescription Drug Sniffing. DEVIANT BEHAVIOR 2016; 38:941-956. [PMID: 30774170 PMCID: PMC6377195 DOI: 10.1080/01639625.2016.1229934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The escalation of deviant behavior remains a central issue for criminologists, although mechanisms of intensification remain understudied. Using a sample of prescription drug misusers recruited via time-space sampling, we test five theoretically informed hypotheses on social and psychological factors - sensation seeking; coping; stigma; peer drug associations; use for pleasant times with peers - that may impact the escalation of deviance via non-normative consumption. Social factors - peer drug associations and use for pleasant time with peers - as well as stigma were associated with escalation. Sensation seeking was mediated by social factors. Social contexts are crucial for the intensification of deviant behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Harris
- Kem C Garnder Policy Institute, University of Utah,
| | - Mike Vuolo
- Dept. of Sociology, The Ohio State University,
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mental Health Service Use Among Young Adults: A Communication Framework for Program Development. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2016; 45:62-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10488-016-0765-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
32
|
Pentz MA, Jasuja GK, Rohrbach LA, Sussman S, Bardo MT. Translation in Tobacco and Drug Abuse Prevention Research. Eval Health Prof 2016; 29:246-71. [PMID: 16645186 DOI: 10.1177/0163278706287347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to describe the translation of research on tobacco and drug abuse prevention from basic science to program development to large-scale program dissemination, and from animal to human studies. Where relevant, continuity of translation is discussed by referring to two variables that have been studied for their potential relationship to drug use risk in both animals and humans: sensation and novelty seeking and low impulse control. Review of the research indicates relatively slow translation until the early 1990s. The authors recommend several mechanisms to promote more rapid translation across types of research that encourage reciprocal rather than unidirectional transmission of knowledge to expedite the development and diffusion of more timely, targeted drug abuse prevention programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Pentz
- University of Southern California, Dept. of Preventive Medicine, Alhambra, CA 91803, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hull SJ, Hong Y. Sensation Seeking as a Moderator of Gain- and Loss-Framed HIV-Test Promotion Message Effects. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2016; 21:46-55. [PMID: 26308904 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2015.1033113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study used an experiment (N = 504) to test whether the fit between sensation-seeking disposition and frame enhances the persuasiveness of gain- and loss-framed HIV test promotion messages. Gain- and loss-framed messages may be consistent with low and high sensation seekers' disposition with respect to risk behavior. We hypothesized that a loss-framed message would be more persuasive for high sensation seekers and that a gain-framed message should be more effective for low sensation seekers. We also expected elaboration to mediate the interaction. Results demonstrated the hypothesized interaction. When the message frame fit with the viewer's way of thinking, the persuasive power of the message was enhanced. The mediation hypothesis was not supported. Practical implications for targeting and message design are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawnika J Hull
- a Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health , George Washington University , Washington , District of Columbia , USA
| | - Yangsun Hong
- b School of Journalism and Mass Communication , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin , USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Anker AE, Feeley TH, McCracken B, Lagoe CA. Measuring the Effectiveness of Mass-Mediated Health Campaigns Through Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2016; 21:439-56. [PMID: 26953782 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2015.1095820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A meta-analytic review was undertaken to examine the effects of mass communication campaigns on changes in behavior, knowledge, and self-efficacy in the general public. A review of the academic literature was undertaken and identified 1,638 articles from 1966 through 2012. Using strict inclusion criteria, we included 63 studies for coding and analyses. Results from these efforts indicated that campaigns produced positive effects in behavior change (r = .05, k = 61) and knowledge (r = .10, k = 26) but failed to produce significant increases in self-efficacy (r = .02, k = 14). Several moderators (e.g., health topic, the theory underlying the campaign) were examined in relation to campaign principles that are prescribed to increase campaign effects. The major findings are reviewed, and the implications for future campaign design are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Anker
- a Department of Communication , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York , USA
| | - Thomas Hugh Feeley
- a Department of Communication , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York , USA
| | - Bonnie McCracken
- a Department of Communication , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York , USA
| | - Carolyn A Lagoe
- b Department of Communication, Film, & Media Studies , University of New Haven , New Haven , Connecticut , USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Joseph JE, Zhu X, Lynam D, Kelly TH. Modulation of meso-limbic reward processing by motivational tendencies in young adolescents and adults. Neuroimage 2015; 129:40-54. [PMID: 26690806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period for the onset of substance use disorders and other psychopathology. Individual variability in motivational tendencies and temperament and significant changes in functional brain organization during adolescence are important factors to consider in the development of substance use and dependence. Recent conceptualizations suggest that sensitivity to reward is heightened in adolescence and that this motivation tendency may precipitate subsequent substance abuse. The present study examined the role of personality traits in mesolimbic neurobehavioral response on a monetary incentive delay (MID) task in young adolescents (11-14 years) and emerging adults (18-25 years) using functional magnetic resonance imaging. As a group, adolescents were not more sensitive to gains than losses compared to adults during either anticipatory and feedback phases; instead, compared to adults they showed less sensitivity to incentive magnitude in mesolimbic circuitry during anticipation and feedback stages. However, personality modulated this response such that adolescents high in impulsivity or low in avoidance tendencies showed greater gain sensitivity and adolescents high in avoidance showed greater loss sensitivity during cue anticipation. In adults, mesolimbic response was modulated by the impulsivity construct such that high-impulsive adults showed reduced magnitude sensitivity during both anticipation and feedback compared to low impulsive adults. The present findings suggest that impulsive personality significantly modulates mesolimbic reward response during both adolescence and adulthood but avoidance and approach tendencies also modulate this response in adolescents. Moreover, personality modulated incentive valence in adolescents but incentive magnitude in adults. Collectively, these findings suggest that mesolimbic reward circuitry function is modulated by somewhat different parameters in adolescence than in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Joseph
- Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425-0616, USA.
| | - Xun Zhu
- Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425-0616, USA
| | - Donald Lynam
- University of Kentucky, 410 Administration Drive, Lexington, KY 40508-0001, USA
| | - Thomas H Kelly
- University of Kentucky, 410 Administration Drive, Lexington, KY 40508-0001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Allara E, Ferri M, Bo A, Gasparrini A, Faggiano F. Are mass-media campaigns effective in preventing drug use? A Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e007449. [PMID: 26338836 PMCID: PMC4563251 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether there is evidence that mass-media campaigns can be effective in reducing illicit drug consumption and the intent to consume. DESIGN Systematic review of randomised and non-randomised studies. METHODS We searched four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I and CENTRAL) and further explored seven additional resources to obtain both published and unpublished materials. We appraised the quality of included studies using standardised tools. We carried out meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and a pooled analysis of interrupted time-series and controlled before-and-after studies. RESULTS We identified 19 studies comprising 184,811 participants. Pooled analyses and narrative synthesis provided mixed evidence of effectiveness. Eight interventions evaluated with randomised controlled trials leaned towards no evidence of an effect, both on drug use (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.02; 95% CI -0.15 to 0.12) and the intention to use drugs (SMD -0.07; 95% CI -0.19 to 0.04). Four campaigns provided some evidence of beneficial effects in preventing drug use and two interventions provided evidence of iatrogenic effects. CONCLUSIONS Studies were considerably heterogeneous in type of mass-media intervention, outcome measures, underlying theory, comparison groups and design. Such factors can contribute to explaining the observed variability in results. Owing to the risk of adverse effects, caution is needed in disseminating mass-media campaigns tackling drug use. Large studies conducted with appropriate methodology are warranted to consolidate the evidence base.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Allara
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- School of Public Health, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marica Ferri
- Consequences, Responses and Best Practices Unit, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alessandra Bo
- Consequences, Responses and Best Practices Unit, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Antonio Gasparrini
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fabrizio Faggiano
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cohn A, Villanti A, Richardson A, Rath JM, Williams V, Stanton C, Mermelstein R. The association between alcohol, marijuana use, and new and emerging tobacco products in a young adult population. Addict Behav 2015; 48:79-88. [PMID: 26042613 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adults have the highest rates of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use relative to any other age group. Few studies have examined the co-occurrence of substance use with new and emerging tobacco products in this vulnerable group, or the underlying personality factors that may explain these associations. To address this gap, this study examined the association of current alcohol and marijuana use with the use of cigarettes and emerging tobacco products in a nationally representative sample of young adults. METHODS Data were drawn from 18 to 24year olds in Wave 4 (January 2013; n=1609) of the Legacy Young Adult Cohort, a nationally-representative sample of men and women. Never, ever (lifetime), and past 30-day use of little cigars/cigarillos (LCCs), hookah, e-cigarettes, and cigarettes were assessed separately in current (everyday or some days) alcohol and marijuana users. RESULTS Using weighted estimates, multivariable multinomial logistic regression models showed that current alcohol and marijuana use were associated with lifetime and past 30-day use of cigarettes, LCCs, e-cigarettes, and hookah, with different magnitudes of association found across each product. Post-hoc exploratory analyses showed that sensation-seeking traits moderated the relationship of alcohol (but not marijuana) use to current use of select tobacco products. DISCUSSION Marijuana and alcohol use may enhance risk for emerging tobacco products use in young adulthood. Prevention and intervention programs may need to target poly-use of alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco rather than focusing on a single risk behavior during these critical years.
Collapse
|
38
|
Siegel JT, Tan CN, Navarro MA, Alvaro EM, Crano WD. The power of the proposition: frequency of marijuana offers, parental knowledge, and adolescent marijuana use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 148:34-9. [PMID: 25620730 PMCID: PMC4449258 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequency with which adolescents are offered marijuana has been investigated as a predictor of marijuana use. The current study was designed to test whether the number of marijuana offers received provides an indirect path between parental knowledge and adolescents' marijuana use. METHODS Data from the nationally representative National Survey of Parents and Youth were examined. Analysis 1 tested the association between frequency of being offered marijuana and adolescents' (N=4264) marijuana usage in the subsequent year. Analysis 2, spanning a three-year time frame, tested whether the frequency of marijuana offers at the second year of the panel study bridged the relationship between parental knowledge in Year 1 and marijuana use in Year 3. RESULTS Analysis 1 indicated that the frequency with which adolescents were offered marijuana predicted usage one year later, after controlling for previous usage and nine other common predictors of marijuana use. Analysis 2 revealed an indirect relationship between parental knowledge and use through the number of marijuana offers the adolescent received. CONCLUSION There was a strong link between the number of offers received and adolescents' future marijuana use. Higher parental knowledge predicted reductions in offer frequency, which was associated with lower levels of marijuana use. Reducing the number of marijuana offers an adolescent receives could serve as a useful focus for intervention programs targeting parents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Siegel
- Claremont Graduate University, 150 E 10th St. , Claremont, CA 91711, USA.
| | - Cara N Tan
- Claremont Graduate University, 150 E 10th St. , Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Mario A Navarro
- Claremont Graduate University, 150 E 10th St. , Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Eusebio M Alvaro
- Claremont Graduate University, 150 E 10th St. , Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - William D Crano
- Claremont Graduate University, 150 E 10th St. , Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Luxenberg MG, Greenseid LO, Depue J, Mowery A, Dreher M, Larsen LS, Schillo B. A comparison of two methods for assessing awareness of antitobacco television advertisements. Tob Control 2015; 25:301-6. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
40
|
Starling R, Helme D, Nodulman JA, Bryan AD, Buller DB, Donohew RL, Woodall WG. Testing a Risky Sex Behavior Intervention Pilot Website for Adolescents. CALIFORNIAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION 2014; 12:24-34. [PMID: 26167134 PMCID: PMC4498479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Each year, teenagers account for about one-fifth of all unintended pregnancies in the United States. As such, delivering sexual risk reduction educational materials to teens in a timely fashion is of critical importance. Web-based delivery of these materials shows promise for reaching and persuading teens away from risky sexual and substance abuse behaviors. The purpose of this study was to pilot test a web-based program aimed at reducing risky sexual behavior and related outcomes among adolescents in a high school setting. METHODS A beta-test of the website was conducted in three public schools in New Mexico, USA with 173 students in 9th and 10th grades recruited from existing health education classes. Participants spent approximately three hours over a period of two days completing the online program in school computer labs. RESULTS Pretest to posttest results indicated that self-efficacy for condom use and condom use intentions, two theoretical mediators of changes in condom use behavior, were significantly changed. Adolescents also reported high satisfaction with the website content. CONCLUSION BReady4it provided an innovative sex and substance abuse education to teenagers that revealed promising positive changes in cognitive constructs that are inversely related to risky sexual behavior among users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randall Starling
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions University of New Mexico 2650 Yale Blvd. SE MSC11-6280 Albuquerque, NM 87106
| | - Don Helme
- University of Kentucky Department of Communication
| | | | - Angela D Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | | | - W Gill Woodall
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions University of New Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
A meta-analytic review of the relationship between adolescent risky sexual behavior and impulsivity across gender, age, and race. Clin Psychol Rev 2014; 34:551-62. [PMID: 25261740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsivity is frequently included as a risk factor in models of adolescent sexual risk-taking; however, findings on the magnitude of association between impulsivity and risky sexual behavior are variable across studies. The aims of the current meta-analysis were to examine (1) how specific impulsivity traits relate to specific risky sexual behaviors in adolescents, and (2) how the impulsivity-risky sex relationship might differ across gender, age, and race. METHOD Eighty-one studies were meta-analyzed using a random effects model to examine the overall impulsivity-risky sex relationship and relationships among specific impulsivity traits and risky sexual behaviors. RESULTS Overall, results revealed a significant, yet small, association between impulsivity and adolescent risky sexual behavior (r=0.19, p<0.001) that did not differ across impulsivity trait. A pattern of stronger effects was associated with risky sexual behaviors as compared to negative outcomes related to these behaviors. Gender moderated the overall relationship (β=0.22, p=0.04), such that effect sizes were significantly larger in samples with more females. Age, race, study design, and sample type did not moderate the relationship, although there was a pattern suggesting smaller effects for adolescents in juvenile detention settings. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent samples with more females showed a larger impulsivity-risky sex relationship, suggesting that impulsivity may be a more important risk factor for risky sex among adolescent females. Research and treatment should consider gender differences when investigating the role of impulsivity in adolescent sexual risk-taking.
Collapse
|
42
|
Zimmerman RS, Cupp PK, Abadi M, Donohew RL, Gray C, Gordon L, Grossl AB. The effects of framing and fear on ratings and impact of antimarijuana PSAs. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:824-35. [PMID: 24502372 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.880721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A laboratory experiment, funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health, involved 243 U.S. undergraduate students and employed a 2 (gain-framed vs. loss-framed) × 2 (high vs. low threat) plus control group pretest-posttest experimental design to assess the combined effects of frame (gain vs. loss) and level of threat of public service announcements (PSAs) about marijuana on attitudes, beliefs, and intentions related to marijuana, as well as the relationship of message condition to ratings of PSAs. Results suggest that loss-framed messages may lead to greater perceived threat, as well as reactance, and gain-framed messages may lead to a greater reduction in positive attitudes toward marijuana than loss-framed messages. Finally, frame and threat may interact in a complex way. Further research is suggested to replicate these findings. A substantial body of carefully crafted and systematic research studies examining both content and features of messages increasingly informs mass media prevention efforts, including the development of public service announcements (PSAs). Although the significance of messages on commercial broadcast stations may be diminishing with the increasing role and impact of new media, many of the basic questions addressed by this research are likely to apply across media channels. Nonetheless, important questions about what makes a message effective in changing an individual's attitudes or behavior remain to be answered. In this paper, the authors focus on two theoretically derived strategies that offer possibilities for developing persuasive messages: framing and threat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rick S Zimmerman
- 1College of Nursing, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Moran MB, Sussman S. Translating the link between social identity and health behavior into effective health communication strategies: An experimental application using antismoking advertisements. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2014; 29:1057-66. [PMID: 24447056 PMCID: PMC4105014 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2013.832830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Social identity is a construct that has been linked to health behavior. Yet, limited research has attempted to translate this relationship into health communication strategies. The current study addresses this gap by examining the efficacy of social identity targeting (constructing ads so that they target a specific group with which an individual identifies) to increase anti-cigarette smoking beliefs among adolescents. Two hundred and fifty one adolescents aged 12-15, randomly selected from a nationally representative sample, completed an online survey. Participants indicated which of 11 peer groups (determined in pre-testing) they most identified with. Each participant was then randomly assigned to view an ad that either did or did not target that group. One week later participants reported level of agreement with two key antismoking beliefs presented in the ad. Multiple regression analyses indicated that if an individual identified with the group targeted by the ad, antismoking beliefs were more strongly endorsed. Based on these findings, we conclude that social identity targeting has the potential to increase the effectiveness of antismoking messages and should be considered when designing antismoking campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve Sussman
- Institute of Health Promotion & Disease Prevention Research, Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Noar SM, Zimmerman RS, Palmgreen P, Cupp PK, Floyd BR, Mehrotra P. Development and implementation of mass media campaigns to delay sexual initiation among African American and White youth. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2014; 19:152-69. [PMID: 24093220 PMCID: PMC4520297 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2013.811318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Reducing new HIV/STD infections among at-risk adolescents requires developing and evaluating evidence-based health communication approaches. Research overwhelmingly supports the conclusion that early sexual initiation is associated with STDs and other negative outcomes in later years (e.g., unintended pregnancy). The authors' research group secured funding from the National Institute of Mental Health to develop, implement, and rigorously evaluate televised mass media campaigns to delay initiation of sexual intercourse among African American and White adolescents in two cities in the Southeastern United States. The focus of the present study is on the development and implementation of the campaigns, including (a) rationale and theoretical underpinnings; (b) collection, screening, and assessment of existing public service announcements; (c) development of new public service announcements; (d) study design and campaign airing plan; and (e) message exposure achieved in the campaigns. Health communication campaigns hold much promise in reaching at-risk adolescent populations with targeted, timely, and relevant risk-reduction messages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth M Noar
- a School of Journalism and Mass Communication and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Siegel JT, Crano WD, Alvaro EM, Lac A, Hackett JD, Hohman ZP. Differentiating Common Predictors and Outcomes of Marijuana Initiation: A Retrospective Longitudinal Analysis. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:30-40. [PMID: 23905581 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2013.817427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This quasi-experimental secondary analysis, funded by NIDA, employed data from a national sample of 1,968 US adolescents, collected from 1999 to 2003, self-classified as resolutely anti-marijuana on the first two yearly assessments (T1 and 2). At T3, respondents remained resolute non-users, or had moved to vulnerable non-use or use. Analysis of variance indicated that users at T3 were significantly heavier users of tobacco and alcohol, and reported significantly less intense parental monitoring, than those who did not initiate marijuana use. Furthermore, categorizing non-users as either resolute or vulnerable revealed behavioral patterns that otherwise would have been unidentified. Implications for prevention are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Siegel
- a 1School of Behavioral and Organizational Science, Claremont Graduate University , Claremont, California, USA
| | - William D Crano
- a 1School of Behavioral and Organizational Science, Claremont Graduate University , Claremont, California, USA
| | - Eusebio M Alvaro
- a 1School of Behavioral and Organizational Science, Claremont Graduate University , Claremont, California, USA
| | - Andrew Lac
- b 2Department of Psychology, Loyola Marymount University , Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Justin D Hackett
- c 3Department of Psychology, California University of Pennsylvania , California, Pennsylvania
| | - Zachary P Hohman
- a 1School of Behavioral and Organizational Science, Claremont Graduate University , Claremont, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Comello MLG. How does a risk-oriented “future-self” influence behavior?: A structural-equation-modeling approach with marijuana-related outcomes. J Health Psychol 2013; 20:37-47. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105313498107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to examine the influence of a risk-oriented future self on self-reported marijuana use among college students. Drawing on theoretical work on possible selves, it was hypothesized that the extent to which a future self is viewed as risk-oriented will be associated with reported marijuana use and that effects of a risk-oriented future self on use would be partially mediated by risk-oriented attitudes and perceived attractiveness of users. Analysis of data from an online survey of college students supported hypotheses, with the additional finding that the effect of user attractiveness on use is mediated by attitudes.
Collapse
|
47
|
Ferri M, Allara E, Bo A, Gasparrini A, Faggiano F. Media campaigns for the prevention of illicit drug use in young people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013:CD009287. [PMID: 23740538 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009287.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance-specific mass media campaigns which address young people are widely used to prevent illicit drug use. They aim to reduce use and raise awareness of the problem. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of mass media campaigns in preventing or reducing the use of or intention to use illicit drugs amongst young people. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 1), including the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group's Specialised Register; MEDLINE through PubMed (from 1966 to 29 January 2013); EMBASE (from 1974 to 30 January 2013) and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I (from 1861 to 3 February 2013). SELECTION CRITERIA Cluster-randomised controlled trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, interrupted time series and controlled before and after studies evaluating the effectiveness of mass media campaigns in influencing drug use, intention to use or the attitude of young people under the age of 26 towards illicit drugs. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used the standard methodological procedures of The Cochrane Collaboration. MAIN RESULTS We included 23 studies involving 188,934 young people, conducted in the USA, Canada and Australia between 1991 and 2012. Twelve studies were randomised controlled trials (RCT), two were prospective cohort studies (PCS), one study was both a RCT and a PCS, six were interrupted time series and two were controlled before and after (CBA) studies. The RCTs had an overall low risk of bias, along with the ITS (apart from the dimension 'formal test of trend'), and the PCS had overall good quality, apart from the description of loss to follow-up by exposure.Self reported or biomarker-assessed illicit drug use was measured with an array of published and unpublished scales making comparisons difficult. Pooled results of five RCTs (N = 5470) show no effect of media campaign intervention (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.02; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.15 to 0.12).We also pooled five ITS studies (N = 26,405) focusing specifically on methamphetamine use. Out of four pooled estimates (two endpoints measured in two age groups), there was evidence of a reduction only in past-year prevalence of methamphetamine use among 12 to 17 years old.A further five studies (designs = one RCT with PCS, two PCS, two ITS, one CBA, N = 151,508), which could not be included in meta-analyses, reported a drug use outcome with varied results including a clear iatrogenic effect in one case and reduction of use in another. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Overall the available evidence does not allow conclusions about the effect of media campaigns on illicit drug use among young people. We conclude that further studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marica Ferri
- Interventions, Best Practice and Scientific Partners, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Stautz K, Cooper A. Impulsivity-related personality traits and adolescent alcohol use: A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2013; 33:574-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
49
|
Coskunpinar A, Dir AL, Cyders MA. Multidimensionality in impulsivity and alcohol use: a meta-analysis using the UPPS model of impulsivity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:1441-50. [PMID: 23578176 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is considerable support for the relationship between impulsivity and alcohol use, the use of multidimensional conceptualizations of impulsivity and alcohol use has lead to varying relationship sizes across studies. The aims of the current meta-analysis are to (i) examine variability in the magnitude of the bivariate relationship between impulsivity and alcohol use across studies and (ii) describe the pattern of effects between specific impulsivity traits and alcohol use variables, using the UPPS model of impulsivity. METHODS Ninety-six studies were meta-analyzed using a random effects model to examine the relationship between general impulsivity and alcohol use, as well as the relationships among separate impulsivity traits based in the UPPS model of impulsivity and specific alcohol use outcomes. RESULTS Results indicate that, in general, impulsivity and alcohol use are related (r = 0.28); however, this effect size varied significantly across studies (from -0.05 to 1.02). Drinking quantity was most strongly predicted by lack of perseverance (r = 0.32), whereas all traits equally predicted drinking frequency. Drinking problems were most highly related to negative (r = 0.35) and positive (r = 0.34) urgency, and alcohol dependence was most highly related to negative urgency (r = 0.38) and lack of planning (r = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS Effect sizes between impulsivity and alcohol use vary significantly by UPPS trait used in each study; thus, findings suggest and further reinforce the view in the literature that specific impulsivity-related constructs differentially relate to specific alcohol use outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Coskunpinar
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Humphreys KL, Lee SS, Tottenham N. Not all risk taking behavior is bad: Associative sensitivity predicts learning during risk taking among high sensation seekers. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013; 54:709-715. [PMID: 23935235 PMCID: PMC3735177 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Risk taking behavior can be both adaptive and maladaptive depending on context. The majority of studies of risk taking, however, focus on clinical populations and dangerous or harmful risk taking. Individual differences in learning during risk taking are rarely examined in relation to task performance. The present study examined risk taking and associated outcomes in an exploration-based instrumental learning task (Balloon Emotional Learning Task; BELT), which presented a series of balloons in which participants pump up for points. Consistent with prior work, sensation seeking predicted increased risk taking behavior. Importantly, however, a significant interaction between sensation seeking and associative sensitivity, an attentional construct defined as the frequency and remoteness of automatic cognitive activity, was found. Specifically, among individuals high in sensation seeking, associative sensitivity predicted fewer balloon explosions and an increase in points earned on the balloon condition with the most potential feedback driven learning. Thus, these findings suggest that sensation seekers are a heterogeneous group, and secondary traits such as associative sensitivity moderate behavior such as risk taking and learning according to context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Humphreys
- University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
| | - Steve S. Lee
- University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
| | - Nim Tottenham
- University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
| |
Collapse
|