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Pandika D, Guttmannova K, Skinner ML, Sanchez-Rodriguez M, McNeish D, Morales LS, Oesterle S. Tobacco Use Patterns From Adolescence to Young Adulthood Among Latinx Youth From Rural Communities. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:761-768. [PMID: 37395693 PMCID: PMC10524685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine patterns in adolescent and young adult tobacco use, comparing Latinx foreign-born children and children of foreign-born parents (i.e., children of immigrants(COI)) to Latinx US-born children of US-born parents (i.e., children of nonimmigrants,(CONI)) and to CONI White youth who grew up in small and rural towns. METHODS Data were from youth who lived in control communities that participated in a community-randomized trial of the Communities That Care prevention system. We compared Latinx CONI (n = 154) with Latinx COI (n = 316) and with non-Latinx White CONI (n = 918). We examined tobacco use in adolescence (any adolescent use, early onset, and chronic use) and young adulthood (any past-year tobacco use, any daily smoking, any nicotine dependence symptoms) with mixed-effects logistic regressions. RESULTS In adolescence, Latinx CONI had a higher prevalence of any and chronic tobacco use relative to Latinx COI, and of any and early onset tobacco use relative to non-Latinx White CONI. In young adulthood, Latinx CONI were more likely to report tobacco use in the past year, any symptoms of nicotine dependence, and daily smoking relative to Latinx COI; and more likely to report daily smoking relative to non-Latinx White CONI. Generation differences in young adult tobacco use were explained by chronic tobacco use in adolescence. DISCUSSION The study suggests targeting chronic tobacco use in adolescence to prevent disparities in tobacco outcomes among Latinx young adults from rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Pandika
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Katarina Guttmannova
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Martie L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mariel Sanchez-Rodriguez
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Daniel McNeish
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Leo S Morales
- Departments of Medicine and Health Services, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sabrina Oesterle
- Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, School of Social Work, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
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Hill LG, Bumpus M, Haggerty KP, Catalano RF, Cooper BR, Skinner ML. "Letting Go and Staying Connected": Substance Use Outcomes from a Developmentally Targeted Intervention for Parents of College Students. Prev Sci 2023; 24:1174-1186. [PMID: 36933101 PMCID: PMC10423701 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-023-01520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
We present results of a randomized, controlled, efficacy trial of a handbook intervention for parents of first-year college students. The aim of the interactive intervention was to decrease risk behaviors by increasing family protective factors. The handbook, based in self-determination theory and the social development model, provided evidence-based and developmentally targeted suggestions for parents to engage with their students in activities designed to support successful adjustment to college. We recruited 919 parent-student dyads from incoming students enrolled at a university in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and randomly assigned them to control and intervention conditions. We sent handbooks to intervention parents in June before students' August matriculation. Research assistants trained in motivational interviewing contacted parents to encourage use of the handbook. Control parents and students received treatment as usual. Participants completed baseline surveys during their final semester in high school (time 1) and their first semester at college (time 2). Self-reported frequency of alcohol, cannabis, and simultaneous use increased across both handbook and control students. In intent-to-treat analyses, odds of increased use were consistently lower and of similar magnitude for students in the intervention condition than in the control condition, and odds of first-time use were also lower in the intervention condition. Contact from research assistants predicted parents' engagement, and parent and student report of active engagement with handbook predicted lower substance use among intervention than control students across the transition to college. We developed a low-cost, theory-based handbook to help parents support their young adult children as they transition to independent college life. Students whose parents used the handbook were less likely to initiate or increase substance use than students in the control condition during their first semester in college.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03227809.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Hill
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
| | - M Bumpus
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - K P Haggerty
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - R F Catalano
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - B R Cooper
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - M L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Haggerty KP, Barkan SE, Caouette JD, Skinner ML, Hanson KG. Family, Mental Health, and Placement Outcomes of a Low-cost Preventive Intervention for Youth in Foster Care. Child Youth Serv Rev 2023; 150:106973. [PMID: 37234457 PMCID: PMC10208435 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.106973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed secondary outcomes of Connecting, a low-cost, self-directed, family-based prevention program for families with youth placed in their care by state child welfare agencies. Families caring for youth aged 11 to 15 years within Washington State were recruited and randomly assigned into either the Connecting program (n = 110) or a treatment-as-usual control condition (n = 110). The program included a 10-week sequence of self-directed family activities and DVDs with video clips. Survey data were collected from caregivers and youth at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and at 12 and 24 months post-intervention; placement data was collected from the child welfare department as well. Intention-to-treat analyses focused on 5 classes of secondary outcomes at 24 months post-intervention: caregiver-youth bonding, family climate, youth risk behavior attitudes, youth mental health, and placement stability. There were no intervention effects in the full sample. In subgroup analyses, among older youth (ages 16 - 17) but not younger youth (ages 13 - 15), the Connecting condition (vs. controls) yielded more frequent caregiver-reported bonding communication, bonding activities, warmth, and positive interactions, as well as less favorable youth attitudes towards early initiation of sexual behavior and substance use, and fewer youth self-injurious thoughts. Consistent with the social development model, the divergent outcomes between younger and older youth suggests Connecting's driving mechanisms involve social processes that undergo critical shifts between early and mid-adolescence. Overall, the Connecting program showed promise in older youth for long-term promotion of caregiver-youth bonding, healthy behaviors, and mental health, but did not demonstrate long-term efficacy in facilitating stable or permanent placement of youth in care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Haggerty
- The Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan E Barkan
- The Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justin D Caouette
- The Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martie L Skinner
- The Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Koren G Hanson
- The Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Haggerty KP, Barkan SE, Caouette JD, Skinner ML, Hanson KG. Two-Year Risk Behavior Outcomes from Connecting, a Prevention Program for Caregivers and Youth in Foster Care. Prev Sci 2023; 24:15-26. [PMID: 35788868 PMCID: PMC9253245 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-022-01390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study experimentally tested risk behavior outcomes of Connecting, a low-cost, self-directed, family-based prevention program for families with youth placed in their care by state child welfare agencies. Families caring for youth aged 11 to 15 years from across Washington State were recruited and randomly assigned to either the self-directed program with supplemental support (n = 110) or a treatment as usual control condition (n = 110). Program materials included a workbook with family activities and DVDs with video clips. Over the 10-week program, participants received motivational support contacts to prompt program completion. Survey data were collected from youth and their caregivers at baseline, directly following intervention, then again at 12 and 24 months post-intervention. Intervention effects at 24-month follow-up were found to be moderated by age. Among 16- to 17-year-old youth at follow-up, there was an intervention benefit yielding reduced use of any substance (OR = 0.71, 95% CI [0.54, 0.93], p = 0.01) and nonviolent delinquency (OR = 0.73, 95% CI [0.57, 0.94], p = 0.02). There was no intervention effect among adolescents aged 13 to 15 years for any risk behaviors. This evidence suggests that the developmental timing of a self-directed, family-focused preventive intervention for youth and their caregivers in the foster care system may influence risk behaviors that typically emerge in late adolescence. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03157895.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P. Haggerty
- The Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Susan E. Barkan
- Partners for Our Children, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Justin D. Caouette
- The Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Martie L. Skinner
- The Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Koren G. Hanson
- The Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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Guttmannova K, Oesterle S, Skinner ML, Kuklinski MR, Hultgren B, Rhew IC, Parker M, Briney JS, White HR. Substance-Specific Risk Factors among Young Adults: Potential Prevention Targets across Cannabis-Permissive Environments. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:1923-1930. [PMID: 36151975 PMCID: PMC9701568 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2120363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined levels of substance-specific risk factors such as perception of harm from substance use among young adults in a range of cannabis-permissive environments. The main objective was to inform future preventive interventions aimed at reducing cannabis use in the context of increasingly permissive environments. METHODS Data came from the Community Youth Development Study (CYDS) collected in 2016 when participants were about 23 years old (n = 1,722 participants residing in 46 U.S. states). Young adults self-reported their perceptions about the harms related to cannabis, alcohol, and cigarette use; attitudes about and ease of access to cannabis and other substances; and perceived wrongfulness and social acceptability of cannabis, alcohol, and cigarette use and of selling of cannabis and other illegal drugs. RESULTS Young adults in more permissive cannabis contexts reported higher levels of all cannabis-specific risk factors (e.g., greater access to and more favorable attitudes about cannabis use), except for perception of harm from regular cannabis use. However, permissiveness of the cannabis environment was not associated with heightened levels of risk factors for other substance use (such as alcohol, cigarettes, and opioids). CONCLUSIONS Future preventive interventions for young adults living in more permissive cannabis contexts may need to focus on cannabis-specific risk factors in particular and go beyond considerations of harm from regular use. Future studies should replicate these findings with other samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Guttmannova
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sabrina Oesterle
- Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, School of Social Work, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Martie L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Margaret R Kuklinski
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brittney Hultgren
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Isaac C Rhew
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Myra Parker
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John S Briney
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Helene R White
- Center of Alcohol and Substance Studies, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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McGlynn-Wright A, Crutchfield RD, Skinner ML, Haggerty KP. The Usual, Racialized, Suspects: The Consequence of Police Contacts with Black and White Youth on Adult Arrest. Soc Probl 2022; 69:299-315. [PMID: 37502756 PMCID: PMC10368967 DOI: 10.1093/socpro/spaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Research on race and policing indicates that Black Americans experience a greater frequency of police contacts, discretionary stops, and police harassment when stops occur. Yet, studies examining the long-term consequences of police contact with young people have not examined whether criminal justice consequences of police contact differ by race. We address this issue by examining whether police encounters with children and adolescents predict arrest in young adulthood and if these effects are the same for Black and White individuals. The paper uses longitudinal survey data from 331 Black and White respondents enrolled in the Seattle Public School District as eighth graders in 2001 and 2002. Our findings indicate that police encounters in childhood increase the risk of arrest in young adulthood for Black but not White respondents. Black respondents who experience contact with the police by the eighth grade have eleven times greater odds of being arrested when they are 20 years old than their White counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne McGlynn-Wright
- Please direct correspondence to the first author at Tulane University, Newcomb Institute, 43 Newcomb Place, The Commons, Suite 301, New Orleans, LA 70118;
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Skinner ML, Guttmannova K, Oesterle S, Kuklinski MR. Simultaneous use of marijuana and alcohol: Potential prevention targets among young adults who use alcohol. Addict Behav 2022; 124:107118. [PMID: 34583272 PMCID: PMC8527988 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use (SAM) such that their effects overlap has emerged as a behavior that is riskier than using either substance separately. It has been associated with high-risk binge drinking and driving while intoxicated during young adulthood, and it has been demonstrated to cause greater physical and mental impairment than use of alcohol or marijuana separately. To identify intervention and prevention targets specific to SAM, we examined the relationships between alcohol- and marijuana-specific beliefs and attitudes (risk factors) and self-reported SAM compared to non-simultaneous co-use (CAM) and alcohol use only in the past 30 days in a sample of young adults (n = 1,023, mean age = 23.17; SD = 0.43). Of those who reported drinking alcohol in the past 30 days, 20.7% reported SAM, 12.6% reported CAM, and 66.6% reported using only alcohol. Results from multinomial logistic regression analyses indicated that some marijuana-specific risk factors (e.g., belief that it is not at all wrong for someone their age to use marijuana) differentiated SAM or CAM from alcohol use only, but alcohol-specific risk factors generally did not. However, the perceptions that parents approved of their using marijuana or frequently drinking heavily were associated with a greater likelihood of SAM compared to CAM (OR ranged from 2.25 to 3.53). Findings point to the salience of individuals' attitudes and beliefs around marijuana use and their perception of parental approval of heavy drinking and marijuana use as potential targets for prevention programs targeting risk reduction among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martie L. Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98125, USA,Corresponding Author:
| | - Katarina Guttmannova
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, USA
| | - Sabrina Oesterle
- Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, School of Social Work, Arizona State University, 411 N Central Ave., Suite 720, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Margaret R. Kuklinski
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98125, USA
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Haggerty KP, Barkan SE, Skinner ML, Hanson K. Proximal Outcomes of Connecting, an Evidence-based, Family-focused Prevention Program for Caregivers of Adolescents in Foster Care. Child Youth Serv Rev 2021; 126:106009. [PMID: 34393311 PMCID: PMC8357311 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study experimentally tested proximal outcomes of Connecting, a low-cost, self-directed, family-based substance-use prevention program for foster families. Families (n = 220) fostering youth age 11 to 15 years were recruited and randomly assigned into the self-administered program with telephone support (n = 110) or a treatment as usual, control condition (n = 110). Program materials included a workbook with family activities and DVDs with video clips. Survey data were collected from youth and their caregivers at baseline and 4 months later. Results indicate 60% were 'very satisfied' with Connecting, and 85% would recommend Connecting to other caregivers. Analyses revealed foster youth in the program (n = 93) were significantly more likely than controls (n = 104) to report improved problem-solving skills (Cohen's d = .13, p = .02), involvement in making family rules (OR = 2.6, p = .02), and caregiver recognition for positive behavior (OR = 3.8, p = .03) at posttest. Improvement was observed in youth report of intervention-specific communications (B = 0.15, p = 0.07) and improved refusal skills (OR = 2.09, p = .06). No significant effects were found on bonding communication, inconsistent discipline, family conflict, monitoring, and antisocial norms about substance use and violence, nor were there significant effects from any caregiver reports on similar measures. This evidence suggests that a self-administered family-focused preventive intervention can positively influence known risk and protective factors for youth in foster care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P. Haggerty
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite, 401, Seattle, WA 98115
| | - Susan E. Barkan
- Partners for Our Children, School of Social Work, P.O. Box 354900, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Martie L. Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite, 401, Seattle, WA 98115
| | - Koren Hanson
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite, 401, Seattle, WA 98115
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Jung H, Herrenkohl TI, Skinner ML, Rousson AN. Does Educational Success Mitigate the Effect of Child Maltreatment on Later Offending Patterns? J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:NP1833-1855NP. [PMID: 29400150 PMCID: PMC6070427 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518756113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Analyses examined offending patterns during adolescence and adulthood and their relation to child maltreatment subtypes and education factors measured during adolescence and adulthood. A total of 356 participants were followed from preschool to adulthood in a prospective longitudinal study. Child maltreatment subtypes include physical-emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect. Offending patterns were analyzed as latent classes of (a) chronic offending, (b) desistence, and (c) stable low-level or non-offending. Physical-emotional and sexual abuse were associated with a higher likelihood of chronic offending relative to stable low-level offending. Education variables, including high educational engagement and good academic performance, predicted a higher likelihood of low-level offending relative to desistence, but not desistence relative to chronic offending. Only educational attainment predicted desistence relative to chronic offending. There was no moderating effect of education variables on the association between child maltreatment subtypes and later offending patterns. Implications for research, practice, and policy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd I. Herrenkohl
- School of Social Work, University of Washington
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington
| | - Martie L. Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington
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Rowhani-Rahbar A, Oesterle S, Skinner ML. Initiation Age, Cumulative Prevalence, and Longitudinal Patterns of Handgun Carrying Among Rural Adolescents: A Multistate Study. J Adolesc Health 2020; 66:416-422. [PMID: 31987724 PMCID: PMC7156341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.11.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adolescent handgun carrying is a behavioral marker for youth interpersonal conflicts and an intervention point for violence prevention. Our knowledge about the epidemiology of adolescent handgun carrying mainly pertains to urban settings. Evidence on the initiation age, cumulative prevalence, and longitudinal patterns of this behavior and on handgun-related norms and peer behavior among male and female rural adolescents is scant. METHODS We used data from the control arm of the Community Youth Development Study, a community-randomized controlled trial of the Communities That Care prevention system. Annually, 1,039 males and 963 females were surveyed from Grade 6 (2005) to age 19 years (2012) in 12 rural towns across seven U.S. states. RESULTS In Grade 6, 11.5% of males and 2.8% of females reported past-year handgun carrying. Between Grade 6 and age 19 years, 33.7% of males and 9.6% of females reported handgun carrying at least once. Among participants who ever reported handgun carrying, 34.0% of males and 29.3% of females did so for the first time in Grade 6. Among participants who ever reported handgun carrying, 54.6% of males and 71.7% of females did so only one time over the seven study assessments. Greater proportions of participants who reported handgun carrying than those who did not do so endorsed prohandgun norms and had a peer who carried among both males (Grade 10: prevalence difference = 57%; 95% CI: 46%-67%) and females (Grade 10: prevalence difference = 45%; 95% CI: 12%-78%). CONCLUSIONS Rural adolescent handgun carrying is not uncommon and warrants etiologic research for developing culturally appropriate and setting-specific prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Sabrina Oesterle
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Martie L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Guttmannova K, Skinner ML, Oesterle S, White HR, Catalano RF, Hawkins JD. The Interplay Between Marijuana-Specific Risk Factors and Marijuana Use Over the Course of Adolescence. Prev Sci 2020; 20:235-245. [PMID: 29504048 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-018-0882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Permissive attitudes and norms about marijuana use and perceptions of low harm from use are considered risk factors for adolescent marijuana use. However, the relationship between risk and use may be reciprocal and vary across development and socializing domains. We examined the bidirectional relationships between marijuana-specific risk factors in individual, parent, peer, and community domains and adolescent marijuana use. Longitudinal data came from a sample of 2002 adolescents in 12 communities. Controlling for sociodemographic covariates and communities in which the individuals resided, autoregressive cross-lagged models examined predictive associations between the risk factors and marijuana use. After accounting for concurrent relationships between risk and use and stability in behavior over time, early adolescence and the transition to high school were particularly salient developmental time points. Specifically, higher risk in all four domains in grades 7 and 9 predicted greater use 1 year later. Moreover, youth's perception of lax community enforcement of laws regarding adolescent use at all time points predicted increases in marijuana use at the subsequent assessment, and perceived low harm from use was a risk factor that prospectively predicted more marijuana use at most of the time points. Finally, greater frequency of marijuana use predicted higher levels of risk factors at the next time point in most socializing domains throughout adolescence. Prevention programs should take into account developmental transitions, especially in early adolescence and during the transition to high school. They also should focus on the reciprocal relationships between use and risk across multiple socializing domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Guttmannova
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 356560, Seattle, WA, 98195-6560, USA.
| | - Martie L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | - Sabrina Oesterle
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | - Helene R White
- Center of Alcohol Studies and Sociology Department, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, 607 Allison Rd, Piscataway Township, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Richard F Catalano
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | - J David Hawkins
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
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Catalano RF, Skinner ML, Alvarado G, Kapungu C, Reavley N, Patton GC, Jessee C, Plaut D, Moss C, Bennett K, Sawyer SM, Sebany M, Sexton M, Olenik C, Petroni S. Positive Youth Development Programs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Conceptual Framework and Systematic Review of Efficacy. J Adolesc Health 2019; 65:15-31. [PMID: 31010725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Positive youth development (PYD) has served as a framework for youth programs in high-income countries since the 1990s and has demonstrated broad behavioral health and developmental benefits. PYD programs build skills, assets, and competencies; foster youth agency; build healthy relationships; strengthen the environment; and transform systems to prepare youth for successful adulthood. The goal of this article was to systematically review the impact of PYD programs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS Targeted searches of knowledge repository Web sites and keyword searches of Scopus and PubMed identified over 21,500 articles and over 3,700 evaluation reports published between 1990 and mid-2016. Ninety-four PYD programs with evaluations in LMICs were identified, of which 35 had at least one experimental or rigorous quasi-experimental evaluation. RESULTS Sixty percent of the 35 programs with rigorous evaluations demonstrated positive effects on behaviors, including substance use and risky sexual activity, and/or more distal developmental outcomes, such as employment and health indicators. CONCLUSIONS There is promising evidence that PYD programs can be effective in LMICs; however, more rigorous examination with long-term follow-up is required to establish if these programs offer benefits similar to those seen in higher income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Catalano
- The Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Martie L Skinner
- The Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | | | | | - Nicola Reavley
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - George C Patton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cassandra Jessee
- International Center for Research on Women, Washington, DC; Making Cents International, Washington, DC
| | | | | | - Kristina Bennett
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Meroji Sebany
- International Center for Research on Women, Washington, DC
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Jung H, Herrenkohl TI, Skinner ML, Lee JO, Klika JB, Rousson AN. Gender Differences in Intimate Partner Violence: A Predictive Analysis of IPV by Child Abuse and Domestic Violence Exposure During Early Childhood. Violence Against Women 2018; 25:903-924. [PMID: 30160199 DOI: 10.1177/1077801218796329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on gender differences in the prediction of adult intimate partner violence (IPV) by subtypes of child abuse and children's exposure to IPV. Latent classes of adult IPV consisted of a no violence (20.3%), a psychological violence only (46.2%), a psychological and sexual violence (9.2%), a multitype violence and intimidation (6.8%), and a psychological and physical violence with low intimidation class (17.5%). Physical-emotional child abuse and domestic violence exposure predicted a higher likelihood of multitype violence for males. Sexual abuse predicted a higher likelihood of this same class for females. Implications for future research and prevention are discussed.
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Oesterle S, Kuklinski MR, Hawkins JD, Skinner ML, Guttmannova K, Rhew IC. Long-Term Effects of the Communities That Care Trial on Substance Use, Antisocial Behavior, and Violence Through Age 21 Years. Am J Public Health 2018; 108:659-665. [PMID: 29565666 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2018.304320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether the effects of the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system, implemented in early adolescence to promote positive youth development and reduce health-risking behavior, endured through age 21 years. METHODS We analyzed 9 waves of prospective data collected between 2004 and 2014 from a panel of 4407 participants (grade 5 through age 21 years) in the community-randomized trial of the CTC system in Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Oregon, Utah, and Washington State. We used multilevel models to evaluate intervention effects on sustained abstinence, lifetime incidence, and prevalence of past-year substance use, antisocial behavior, and violence. RESULTS The CTC system increased the likelihood of sustained abstinence from gateway drug use by 49% and antisocial behavior by 18%, and reduced lifetime incidence of violence by 11% through age 21 years. In male participants, the CTC system also increased the likelihood of sustained abstinence from tobacco use by 30% and marijuana use by 24%, and reduced lifetime incidence of inhalant use by 18%. No intervention effects were found on past-year prevalence of these behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of the CTC prevention system in adolescence reduced lifetime incidence of health-risking behaviors into young adulthood. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01088542.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Oesterle
- Sabrina Oesterle, Margaret R. Kuklinski, J. David Hawkins, and Martie L. Skinner are with the Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle. Katarina Guttmannova and Isaac C. Rhew are with the Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Margaret R Kuklinski
- Sabrina Oesterle, Margaret R. Kuklinski, J. David Hawkins, and Martie L. Skinner are with the Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle. Katarina Guttmannova and Isaac C. Rhew are with the Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | - J David Hawkins
- Sabrina Oesterle, Margaret R. Kuklinski, J. David Hawkins, and Martie L. Skinner are with the Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle. Katarina Guttmannova and Isaac C. Rhew are with the Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Martie L Skinner
- Sabrina Oesterle, Margaret R. Kuklinski, J. David Hawkins, and Martie L. Skinner are with the Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle. Katarina Guttmannova and Isaac C. Rhew are with the Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Katarina Guttmannova
- Sabrina Oesterle, Margaret R. Kuklinski, J. David Hawkins, and Martie L. Skinner are with the Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle. Katarina Guttmannova and Isaac C. Rhew are with the Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Isaac C Rhew
- Sabrina Oesterle, Margaret R. Kuklinski, J. David Hawkins, and Martie L. Skinner are with the Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle. Katarina Guttmannova and Isaac C. Rhew are with the Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
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Hanson K, Haggerty KP, Fleming CB, Skinner ML, Casey-Goldstein M, Mason WA, Thompson RW, Redmond C. Washington State Retail Marijuana Legalization: Parent and Adolescent Preferences for Marijuana Messages in a Sample of Low-Income Families. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 79:309-317. [PMID: 29553361 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As legalization of nonmedical retail marijuana increases, states are implementing public health campaigns designed to prevent increases in youth marijuana use. This study investigated which types of marijuana-related messages were rated most highly by parents and their teens and whether these preferences differed by age and marijuana use. METHOD Nine marijuana-focused messages were developed as potential radio, newspaper, or television announcements. The messages fell into four categories: information about the law, general advice/conversation starters, consequences of marijuana use/positive alternatives, and information on potential harmful effects of teen marijuana use. The messages were presented through an online survey to 282 parent (84% female) and 283 teen (54% female) participants in an ongoing study in Washington State. RESULTS Both parents and youth rated messages containing information about the law higher than other types of messages. Messages about potential harms of marijuana use were rated lower than other messages by both generations. Parents who had used marijuana within the past year (n = 80) rated consequence/positive alternative messages lower than parent nonusers (n = 199). Youth marijuana users (n = 77) and nonusers (n = 202) both rated messages containing information about the law higher than other types of messages. Youth users and nonusers were less likely than parents to believe messages on the harmful effects of marijuana. CONCLUSIONS The high ratings for messages based on information about the marijuana law highlight the need for informational health campaigns to be established as a first step in the marijuana legalization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koren Hanson
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington School of Social Work, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kevin P Haggerty
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington School of Social Work, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles B Fleming
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Martie L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington School of Social Work, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary Casey-Goldstein
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington School of Social Work, Seattle, Washington
| | - W Alex Mason
- National Research Institute for Child and Family Studies, Boys Town, Nebraska
| | - Ronald W Thompson
- National Research Institute for Child and Family Studies, Boys Town, Nebraska
| | - Cleve Redmond
- Partnerships in Prevention Science Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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Salazar AM, McCowan KJ, Cole JJ, Skinner ML, Noell BR, Colito JM, Haggerty KP, Barkan SE. Developing Relationship-Building Tools for Foster Families Caring for Teens who are LGBTQ2S. Child Welfare 2018; 96:75-97. [PMID: 29861503 PMCID: PMC5978427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Youth who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, and two-spirit (LGBTQ2S) are disproportionally represented in the foster care population and often face discrimination within the system. This article summarizes findings from focus groups with youth in care who are LGBTQ2S, foster caregivers, and child welfare workers to explore (a) the unique challenges and support-related needs of youth in care who are LGBTQ2S and their foster caregivers, and (b) strategies for building better relationships between these youth and caregivers. Findings can be used to improve youth placement stability.
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17
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Shirtcliff EA, Skinner ML, Obasi EM, Haggerty KP. Positive parenting predicts cortisol functioning six years later in young adults. Dev Sci 2017; 20:10.1111/desc.12461. [PMID: 28139051 PMCID: PMC5689081 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Research which indicates that adverse experiences influence hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning illustrates the social environment 'getting under the skin'. The present study extended this literature by examining whether positive social forces within the caregiving environment can also impact cortisol functioning. We conducted a prospective investigation of over 300 youth, half of whom were White and half were Black. Attachment, bonding and parental rewards for positive behaviors were observed or reported by the youth as an 8th grader. Twelve repeated measures of salivary cortisol were examined six years later when youth were young adults (mean age 20). Race differences were explored. Stronger attachment, bonding and teen-reported positive parenting were predictive of high waking cortisol and steeper diurnal slopes six years later. This effect was nonlinear and additive, such that youth whose social contexts were characterized by the strongest attachment, bonding and rewarding parental relationships had the highest waking cortisol. When effects were moderated by race, findings were such that links of positive parenting with HPA functioning were more consistent for White than Black youth. Findings suggest that positive aspects of the caregiving environment can also 'get under the skin' and these effects are additive across a range of caregiving indices. These findings dovetail with an emerging literature on the powerful role of social support for shaping the body's stress response system and are interpreted as consistent with the Adaptive Calibration Model which suggests that cortisol regulation can have adaptive significance. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/8evHXpt_TXM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martie L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington-Seattle, USA
| | | | - Kevin P Haggerty
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington-Seattle, USA
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18
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Jung H, Herrenkohl TI, Lee JO, Hemphill SA, Heerde JA, Skinner ML. Gendered Pathways From Child Abuse to Adult Crime Through Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors in Childhood and Adolescence. J Interpers Violence 2017; 32:2724-2750. [PMID: 26264725 PMCID: PMC4991959 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515596146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gender differences in externalizing and internalizing pathways from child abuse to adult crime were examined across four waves of an extended longitudinal study ( N = 186 males and 170 females) using multiple-group structural equation modeling. Results show that child abuse was associated with both internalizing and externalizing behaviors in the elementary school years for both males and females. However, gender differences were found such that internalizing behaviors increased the risk of adult crime for females only, and externalizing behaviors increased the risk of adult crime for males only. Internalizing behaviors among males actually lessened the risk of adult crime, and externalizing behaviors were unrelated to adult crime among females. Findings confirm distinct pathways leading from child abuse to later crime for males and females, which is important for prevention and intervention strategies.
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Skinner ML, Hong S, Herrenkohl TI, Brown EC, Lee JO, Jung H. Longitudinal Effects of Early Childhood Maltreatment on Co-Occurring Substance Misuse and Mental Health Problems in Adulthood: The Role of Adolescent Alcohol Use and Depression. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2017; 77:464-72. [PMID: 27172579 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2016.77.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tested a developmental model in which subtypes of childhood maltreatment were hypothesized to have direct and indirect effects on co-occurring depression, anxiety, and substance misuse in adulthood. Indirect effects involved adolescent alcohol use and depression, which were included as mediators in the tested models. METHOD This prospective longitudinal study (N = 332; 52.4% male) followed the participants from childhood (18 months to 6 years of age) to adulthood (31-41 years old, M = 36.21). Maltreatment subtypes included parent-reported physical and emotional abuse and child-reported sexual abuse. Adult outcomes included measures of substance misuse and mental health (i.e., depression and anxiety). Latent class analysis and structural equation models were used to identify classes of substance misuse and mental health co-occurrence and to test mediating effects of adolescent alcohol use and depression. RESULTS Three classes were identified: (a) low risk of substance misuse and low mental health symptoms, (b) moderate substance misuse risk and mild depression and anxiety, and (c) moderate substance misuse risk and moderate to high depression and anxiety. Structural models showed that effects of childhood sexual abuse were fully mediated by adolescent alcohol use and depression. Physical abuse increased adolescent depression but did not have direct or indirect effects on adult outcome classes. Emotional abuse had a direct effect on the adult classes. CONCLUSIONS Children exposed to severe emotional abuse are at higher risk for comorbid substance misuse, depression, and anxiety into their mid-30s, after taking into account evidence of alcohol use and depression during adolescence. Sexual and physical abuse have more proximal effects on adolescent alcohol use and depression, which then influence the risk of adult problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martie L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Seunghye Hong
- Myron B. Thompson School of Social Work, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Todd I Herrenkohl
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eric C Brown
- Division of Prevention Science and Community Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Jungeun Olivia Lee
- School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hyunzee Jung
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Abstract
The current study examined predictors of marijuana use among adults, including subsamples of adults who are actively parenting (i.e., have regular face-to-face contact with a child) and those who have no children. Participants were a community sample of 808 adults and two subsamples drawn from the full group: 383 adults who were actively parenting and 135 who had no children. Multilevel models examined predictors of marijuana use in these three groups from ages 27 to 39. Becoming a parent was associated with a decrease in marijuana use. Regular marijuana use in young adulthood (ages 21-24), partner marijuana use, and pro-marijuana attitudes increased the likelihood of past-year marijuana use among all participants. Being a primary caregiver (among parents) was associated with less marijuana use. Overall, predictors of marijuana use were similar for all adults, regardless of parenting status. Study results suggest that the onset of parenthood alone may be insufficient to reduce adult marijuana use. Instead, preventive intervention targets may include changing adult pro-marijuana attitudes and addressing marijuana use behaviors of live-in partners. Lastly, universal approaches targeting parents and nonparents may be effective for general adult samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Epstein
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Avenue NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Bailey
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Avenue NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | - Christine M Steeger
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Avenue NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | - Karl G Hill
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Avenue NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | - Martie L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Avenue NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
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Skinner ML, Haggerty KP, Casey-Goldstein M, Thompson RW, Buddenberg L, Mason WA. Focus Groups of Parents and Teens Help Develop Messages to Prevent Early Marijuana Use in the Context of Legal Retail Sales. Subst Use Misuse 2017; 52:351-358. [PMID: 27768528 PMCID: PMC5241239 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1227847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The changes in Washington State and Colorado marijuana laws call for the development of new brief family-focused adolescent marijuana use preventive interventions that are relevant for and tailored to the context of legalization for retail sale. To that end, focus groups with parents and teens were conducted to find out about their concerns and needs in the context of legalization. METHODS Six semi-structured focus groups (3 with parents, 3 with teens) were conducted in Washington State in 2013 related to consequences of teen marijuana use and messages that would be effective in helping to prevent teens from using marijuana in the context of legal adult use. A total of 33 teens and 35 parents participated. RESULTS Three primary themes were common to these parents and teens: the negative consequences of marijuana use during adolescence on mental, physical, and social health; the need for more or better information; and the need for information/messages to come from trusted sources. The themes related to potential prevention messages include the use of fear; stories about real people; focusing on short-term consequences; and teens needing alternative activities (something better to do). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that parents and teens need information about the new retail marijuana legalization law. Teens are open to both information and guidance from parents as long as it is calm and respectful. Firsthand accounts of consequences of marijuana use from peers and adults, rather than threats from authority figures, could hold some promise for persuading teens to avoid marijuana use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martie L Skinner
- a Social Development Research Group, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA
| | - Kevin P Haggerty
- a Social Development Research Group, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA
| | - Mary Casey-Goldstein
- a Social Development Research Group, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA
| | - Ronald W Thompson
- b Boys Town National Research Institute for Child and Family Studies , Boys Town, Nebraska , USA
| | - Laura Buddenberg
- b Boys Town National Research Institute for Child and Family Studies , Boys Town, Nebraska , USA
| | - W Alex Mason
- b Boys Town National Research Institute for Child and Family Studies , Boys Town, Nebraska , USA
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Bailey JA, Hill KG, Guttmannova K, Epstein M, Abbott RD, Steeger CM, Skinner ML. Associations Between Parental and Grandparental Marijuana Use and Child Substance Use Norms in a Prospective, Three-Generation Study. J Adolesc Health 2016; 59:262-268. [PMID: 27265424 PMCID: PMC5002069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using prospective longitudinal data from three generations, this study seeks to test whether and how parent and grandparent marijuana use (current and prior) predicts an increased likelihood of child cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use. METHODS Using multilevel modeling of prospective data spanning three generations (n = 306 families, children ages 6-22), this study tested associations between grandparent (G1) and parent (G2) marijuana use and child (G3) past-year cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use. Analyses tested whether G3 substance-related norms mediated these associations. Current G1 and G2 marijuana use was examined, as was G2 high school and early adult use and G1 marijuana use when G2 parents were in early adolescence. Controls included G2 age at G3 birth, G2 education and depression, and G3 gender. RESULTS G2 current marijuana use predicted a higher likelihood of G3 alcohol and marijuana use but was not related to the probability of G3 cigarette use. G3's perceptions of their parents' norms and G2 current marijuana use both contributed independently to the likelihood of G3 alcohol and marijuana use when included in the same model. G3 children's own norms and their perceptions of friends' norms mediated the link between G2 current marijuana use and G3 alcohol and marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS Results are discussed in light of the growing trend toward marijuana legalization. To the extent that parent marijuana use increases under legalization, we can expect more youth to use alcohol and marijuana and to have norms that favor substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Bailey
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Karl G. Hill
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Katarina Guttmannova
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Marina Epstein
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Robert D. Abbott
- College of Education, University of Washington, Box 353600, Seattle, WA 98195-3600, USA
| | - Christine M. Steeger
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Martie L. Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
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Abstract
Analyses tested hypotheses that pertain to direct and indirect effects of parent-reported physical and emotional abuse on later self-reported criminal behavior in a sample of 356 adults of a longitudinal study of more than 30 years. Childhood antisocial behavior was included in analyses as a potential mediator. Physical abuse only predicted adult crime indirectly through childhood antisocial behavior, whereas emotional abuse predicted adult outcome both directly and indirectly. Chronicity of physical abuse was indirectly related to later crime in a subsample test for those who had been physically abused (n=318), whereas chronicity of emotional abuse was neither directly nor indirectly related to adult crime in a test of those who had been emotionally abused (n=225). Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
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Lee JO, Herrenkohl TI, Jung H, Skinner ML, Klika JB. Longitudinal examination of peer and partner influences on gender-specific pathways from child abuse to adult crime. Child Abuse Negl 2015; 47:83-93. [PMID: 26271556 PMCID: PMC4567933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Research provides increasing evidence of the association of child abuse with adult antisocial behavior. However, less is known about the developmental pathways that underlie this association. Building on the life course model of antisocial behavior, the present study examined possible developmental pathways linking various forms of child abuse (physical, emotional, sexual) to adult antisocial behavior. These pathways include child and adolescent antisocial behavior, as well as adulthood measures of partner risk taking, warmth, and antisocial peer influences. Data are from the Lehigh Longitudinal Study, a prospective longitudinal study examining long-term developmental outcomes subsequent to child maltreatment. Participant families in the Lehigh Longitudinal Study were followed from preschool age into adulthood. Analyses of gender differences addressed the consistency of path coefficients across genders. Results for 297 adult participants followed from early childhood showed that, for both genders, physical and emotional child abuse predicted adult crime indirectly through child and adolescent antisocial behavior, as well as adult partner and antisocial peer influences. However, for females, having an antisocial partner predicted an affiliation with antisocial peers, and that in turn predicted adult crime. For males, having an antisocial partner was associated with less partner warmth, which in turn predicted an affiliation with antisocial peers, itself a proximal predictor of adult crime. Sexual abuse also predicted adolescent antisocial behavior, but only for males, supporting what some have called "a delayed-onset pathway" for females, whereby the exposure to early risks produce much later developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungeun Olivia Lee
- Correspondence regarding this article should be sent to Jungeun Olivia Lee, School of Social Work, University of Southern California, 1149 S. Hill St. Suite 360s, Los Angeles, CA 90015, USA, ; phone: 213-740-7822
| | - Todd I. Herrenkohl
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Hyunzee Jung
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Martie L. Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - J. Bart Klika
- Institute for Educational Research and Service, School of Social Work, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr., Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Skinner ML, Kristman-Valente AN, Herrenkohl TI. Adult Binge Drinking: Childhood Sexual Abuse, Gender and the Role of Adolescent Alcohol-Related Experiences. Alcohol Alcohol 2015; 51:136-41. [PMID: 26260149 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study examines gender differences in the pathway from childhood sexual abuse (CSA) to adult binge drinking. METHODS Using longitudinal data on 313 males and females (31-41 years old, mean = 36.21) in the Lehigh Longitudinal Study, we test for gender differences in the pathway from CSA to adolescent drinking, norms and pro-alcohol peers, to adult binge drinking. RESULTS Controlling for family history of alcohol problems, socioeconomic status (SES) and ethnicity, we found that for females there was a significant direct effect of CSA on adult binge drinking. For males there was no significant direct or indirect effect. Significant effects of family alcohol problems and SES were also moderated by gender. CONCLUSION There are gender differences in the impact of CSA on adult binge drinking. Service providers and program developers should pay special attention to the possibility that their female clients may have a history of sexual abuse which could have implications for the course of prevention and treatment services related to binge drinking. Early intervention could prevent alcohol-related risk in adolescence which in turn could reduce, but not eliminate, the binge drinking consequences of CSA for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martie L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Allison N Kristman-Valente
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Todd I Herrenkohl
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
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Klima T, Skinner ML, Haggerty KP, Crutchfield RD, Catalano RF. Exploring heavy drinking patterns among black and white young adults. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2015; 75:839-49. [PMID: 25208202 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED ABSTRACT. OBJECTIVE This investigation examined patterns of heavy drinking among Black and White young adults from a person-centered perspective and linked family and individual factors in adolescence to young adult drinking patterns. METHOD The analysis focuses on 331 10th-grade students (168 Whites, 163 Blacks; 51% males) who were followed into young adulthood (ages 20 and 22). Cluster analyses using heavy episodic drinking, drunkenness, and alcohol problems in young adulthood resulted in groups of drinkers with different patterns. Groups were examined across and within race. Associations between young adult drinking groups and adolescent family and individual factors were tested. RESULTS Groups followed well-established race differences, with Whites clustering into frequent drinking groups more than Blacks, and Blacks clustering into non-heavy drinking groups more than Whites. Further, Black heavy drinkers reported fewer alcohol problems than White counterparts. Parental monitoring, consistent discipline, ethnic identity, and delinquency were associated with adult heavy episodic drinking groups for both races. Monitoring and delinquency, along with parental norms, were associated with drunkenness groups for both races. However, race differences were observed for drunkenness clusters such that attachment was predictive for White clusters, and parental guidelines and discipline were predictive for Black clusters. CONCLUSIONS Large race differences in heavy drinking at young adulthood were confirmed. Family dynamics in 10th grade were identified as important for the development of different drinking patterns in the early 20s, when many individuals have left home, which suggests a key target for substance use prevention programs. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 75, 839-849, 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Klima
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Martie L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kevin P Haggerty
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Richard F Catalano
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Skinner ML, Fleming CB, Haggerty KP, Catalano RF. Sex risk behavior among adolescent and young adult children of opiate addicts: outcomes from the focus on families prevention trial and an examination of childhood and concurrent predictors of sex risk behavior. Prev Sci 2014; 15 Suppl 1:S70-7. [PMID: 23404659 PMCID: PMC3692595 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-012-0327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on rates and predictors of sex risk behavior among a sample of adolescent and young adult children of parents enrolled in methadone treatment for opiate addiction. Data are from 151 participants (80 males, 71 females) in the Focus on Families (FOF) project, a randomized trial of a family intervention and a study of the development of at-risk children. The study participants are children of parents enrolled in methadone treatment between 1990 and 1993. Participants were interviewed in 2005 when they ranged in age from 15 to 29 years. In the year prior to the follow-up, 79% of the males and 83% of females were sexually active, 26% of males and 10% of females had more than one partner in the prior year, and 34% of males and 24% of females reported having sex outside of a committed relationship. Twenty-four percent of males and 17% of females met criteria for high-risk sexual behavior, reporting casual or multiple partners in the prior year and inconsistent condom use. Participants in the intervention and control conditions did not differ significantly in terms of any measure of sex risk behavior examined. None of the measures of parent behavior and family processes derived from data at baseline of the FOF study predicted whether participants engaged in high-risk sex. Among measures derived from data collected at long-term follow-up, however, having ever met criteria for substance abuse or dependence predicted greater likelihood of high-risk sexual behavior, and being married or being in a romantic relationship was associated with lower likelihood of high-risk sexual behavior. The findings point to the important role of committed relationships in regulating sex risk behavior among this population, as well as heightened levels of sex risk behavior associated with substance abuse or dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martie L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,
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Fernandes A, Skinner ML, Woelfel T, Carpenter T, Haggerty KP. Implementing Self-collection of Biological Specimens With a Diverse Sample. Field methods 2013; 25:10.1177/1525822X12453526. [PMID: 24376374 PMCID: PMC3872129 DOI: 10.1177/1525822x12453526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Collecting saliva is the most noninvasive way to detect changing levels of cortisol (Adam & Kumari, 2009; Soo-Quee Koh & Choon-Huat Koh, 2007), a stress hormone of interest to behavioral and health scientists, where there are benefits from multiple samples taken over a period of days. Various self-collection strategies have been employed, ranging from treated cards to cotton swabs and passive drool methods. The current study investigates the effectiveness of a variety of reminder techniques in encouraging adherence with procedures requiring 4 samples per day on 3 separate days of passive drool collection among African American and European American young adults. The findings suggest that direct texts were associated with the greatest level of adherence, while phone reminders were most effective when controlling for total number of contacts. Results indicate that both traditional and novel reminder methods can positively influence adherence, even with challenging populations.
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Haggerty KP, Skinner ML, McGlynn-Wright A, Catalano RF, Crutchfield RD. Parent and peer predictors of violent behavior of Black and White teens. Violence Vict 2013; 28:145-160. [PMID: 23520837 PMCID: PMC3767568 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.28.1.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the role that parenting and deviant peers play on frequency of self-reported violent behavior in the 10th grade while testing race differences in mean levels and impact of these risk and protective factors. The level and impact of family and peer factors on violent behavior across race are modeled prospectively from 8th to 10th grade in a sample of 331 (Black [n = 163], White [n = 168]) families from Seattle, Washington, using data from self-administered computer-assisted questionnaires. Mean-level differences indicated greater levels of violent behavior and risk for Black teens in some cases and higher protection in others. Multiple-group structural equation modeling indicated no race differences in predictors of teen violence. Income was also predictive of violent behavior, but analyses including both income and race indicated their relationships to violence overlapped so neither was uniquely predictive. Subsequent logistic regressions revealed that both race and income differences in violent behavior were mediated by association with friends who get in serious trouble at school. We conclude that higher rates of self-reported violent behavior by Blacks compared to Whites are attributable to lower family income and higher rates of associating with deviant peers at school.
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Abstract
Criminologists agree the race disparity in arrests cannot be fully explained by differences in criminal behavior. We examine social environment factors that may lead to racial differences in police contact in early adolescence, including family, peers, school, and community. Data are from 331 8th-grade students. Blacks were almost twice as likely as Whites to report a police contact. Blacks reported more property crime but not more violent crime than Whites. Police contacts were increased by having a parent who had been arrested, a sibling involved in criminal activity, higher observed reward for negative behavior, having school disciplinary actions, and knowing adults who engaged in substance abuse or criminal behavior. Race differences in police contacts were partially attributable to more school discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martie L. Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115. Fax: 206-543-4507
| | - Kevin P. Haggerty
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115. Fax: 206-543-4507
| | - Anne McGlynn
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115. Fax: 206-543-4507
| | - Richard F. Catalano
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115. Fax: 206-543-4507
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Skinner ML, MacKenzie EP, Haggerty KP, Hill KG, Roberson KC. Observed parenting behavior with teens: measurement invariance and predictive validity across race. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2011; 17:252-260. [PMID: 21787057 PMCID: PMC3155812 DOI: 10.1037/a0024730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports supporting measurement equality between European American and African American families have often focused on self-reported risk factors or observed parent behavior with young children. This study examines equality of measurement of observer ratings of parenting behavior with adolescents during structured tasks; mean levels of observed parenting; and predictive validity of teen self-reports of antisocial behaviors and beliefs using a sample of 163 African American and 168 European American families. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses supported measurement invariance across ethnic groups for four measures of observed parenting behavior: prosocial rewards, psychological costs, antisocial rewards, and problem solving. Some mean-level differences were found: African American parents exhibited lower levels of prosocial rewards, higher levels of psychological costs, and lower problem solving when compared to European Americans. No significant mean difference was found in rewards for antisocial behavior. Multigroup structural equation models suggested comparable relationships across race (predictive validity) between parenting constructs and youth antisocial constructs (i.e., drug initiation, positive drug attitudes, antisocial attitudes, problem behaviors) in all but one of the tested relationships. This study adds to existing evidence that family-based interventions targeting parenting behaviors can be generalized to African American families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martie L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington
| | | | - Kevin P Haggerty
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington
| | - Karl G Hill
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington
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Skinner ML, Haggerty KP, Fleming CB, Catalano RF, Gainey RR. Opiate-addicted parents in methadone treatment: long-term recovery, health, and family relationships. J Addict Dis 2011; 30:17-26. [PMID: 21218307 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2010.531670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Few studies follow the lives of opiate-addicted parents. The authors examined a 12-year follow-up of 144 parents in methadone treatment and their 3- to 14-year-old children. Parent mortality was high. Among survivors, drug use and treatment, incarceration, residential and family disruptions, and health problems were common. Moderate and long-term recovery were associated with consistent methadone treatment, further education, employment, and fewer relationship disruptions. Earlier depression, deviant friends, and poor coping skills predicted continued drug problems. Thus, interventions should include treatment for depression and build skills for avoiding and refusing drugs, coping with stress, and maintaining recovery-supportive friendships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martie L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
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Ramey CT, Campbell FA, Burchinal M, Skinner ML, Gardner DM, Ramey SL. Persistent Effects of Early Childhood Education on High-Risk Children and Their Mothers. Applied Developmental Science 2010. [DOI: 10.1207/s1532480xads0401_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Abstract
Criminologists have long reported the existence of racial disparity in the criminal justice system, but the important question is why. While some argue that observed differences are a consequence of more criminal behavior among minorities, the weight of the evidence indicates that this is but a partial explanation. In this paper we study data from a sample of juveniles to examine how racial differences in early police contact, and important social environments-family, school, and neighborhoods-affect later contact and arrests, controlling for self-reported delinquency. We find that early (in middle school) contact with police is an important predictor of later (high school) arrests. Also we found that, in addition to being male and living in a low-income family, children who have parents who have a history of arrest, who have experienced school disciplinary actions, who have delinquent peers, and who are in networks with deviant adults are more likely to have problems with law enforcement. These factors help to explain racial differences in police contacts and arrests.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The health risks associated with smoking disproportionately burden Blacks, and Black adults are more likely to smoke than are White adults. Most adult smokers have their first smoking experience as teenagers; however, rates of smoking initiation during adolescence remain lower among Black compared with White youth. METHODS The level and impact of family and peer risk and protective factors on adolescent smoking across both groups were modeled prospectively from 8th to 10th grade in a sample of 331 (Black n = 162, White n = 168) families using data from self-administered computer-assisted questionnaires. Predictors included parent smoking, guidelines against substance use, monitoring, consistent discipline, attachment to parents, and association with deviant peers. RESULTS Mean-level differences indicated greater risk for Black teens in some cases and higher protection in others. Multiple-group structural equation modeling indicated no race differences. Several factors affected both groups: (a) parenting factors reduced association with deviant peers, (b) association with deviant peers increased the risk of smoking in the 10th grade, and (c) teens were more likely to smoke if their parents smoked. DISCUSSION Reduced smoking among Black teens compared with White teens may be due to the protection of clear parental guidelines about substance use and clearly stated consequences for failure to observe those guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martie L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Avenue Northeast, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
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Skinner ML, Haggerty KP, Fleming CB, Catalano RF. Predicting functional resilience among young-adult children of opiate-dependent parents. J Adolesc Health 2009; 44:283-90. [PMID: 19237115 PMCID: PMC2674607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 07/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study describes the adversities experienced by a sample of children of opiate-dependent parents, examines criteria for young adulthood functional resilience, and tests parent, child, and school predictors of resilience. METHODS The Focus on Families (FOF) project was a randomized trial of a family-focused intervention with opiate-dependent individuals in methadone treatment and their children. Analyses were conducted on data from the children in treatment and control families during the original study (1991-1995) and a long-term follow-up interview (2005-2006). RESULTS Although all participants had an opiate-dependent parent, 70% experienced two or more additional types of childhood adversity and 20% experienced four or more types. A total of 24% met the following three criteria for functional resilience at the time of their young-adult interview: (1) working or being enrolled in school, (2) no history of substance abuse or dependence, and (3) no adult criminal charges in the prior 5 years. The FOF intervention did not significantly predict functional resilience. Girls were approximately four times more likely to exhibit resilience than boys. Experiencing a wider range of adversities in addition to having an opiate-dependent parent did not reduce the likelihood of functional resilience. Of the five child, family, and school predictors tested, only externalizing or internalizing problems in childhood were significantly associated with the likelihood of functional resilience (odds ratio = .30, p = .04) as a young adult. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that early intervention with families with opiate-dependent parents to prevent and reduce internalizing and externalizing problems in their children holds the most promise of supporting resilient adaptation in early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martie L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA.
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Haggerty KP, Skinner ML, MacKenzie EP, Catalano RF. A randomized trial of Parents Who Care: effects on key outcomes at 24-month follow-up. Prev Sci 2007; 8:249-60. [PMID: 17987388 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-007-0077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to test the efficacy of Parents Who Care (PWC), a seven-session universal prevention program which includes parenting, youth, and family components designed to prevent substance use and other problem behaviors. Using an intent-to-treat experimental design, this study tests the program efficacy across race within a balanced sample of European American (EA) and African American (AA) youth and their parents (n = 331 n AA = 163; n EA = 168). Families were recruited, randomly assigned to three conditions (group-administered [PA], self-administered with telephone support [SA], and no-treatment control) and the intervention was administered when the adolescents were in the eighth grade. Analyses on key teen outcomes of the Parent's Who Care program at 24-month follow-up are reported here and include perceptions of drug use harm; favorable attitudes about drug use; delinquent and violent behavior; and initiation into cigarette, alcohol, other drug use, or sexual activity. Repeated measures mixed model regressions found no effect of the intervention on rate of change in attitudes about drug use or frequency of delinquent or violent behavior. Regression analyses with multiple imputations for missing data detected group differences in means at 24-month follow-up. Both program formats reduced favorable attitudes toward drug use among youth (SA d = 0.39, PA d = 0.22); and AA youth in the self-administered intervention reported significantly less violent behavior than their control counterparts (d = 0.45). No effects were found for drug use harm or delinquency. Finally, logistic regression predicting a combined outcome measure of initiation of alcohol, tobacco, drug use, and/or sexual activity found AA youth in both the group- and self-administered intervention conditions significantly less likely to initiate substance use and/or sexual activity than those in the control condition. Odds ratios indicated the chances of initiating sex or substance use were reduced by almost 70% (OR = 0.31) for AA teens in the SA condition compared to controls, and 75% (OR = 0.25) for the AA teens in the PA compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Haggerty
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave. NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
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Baranek GT, Danko CD, Skinner ML, Bailey DB, Hatton DD, Roberts JE, Mirrett PL. Video Analysis of Sensory-Motor Features in Infants with Fragile X Syndrome at 9–12 Months of Age. J Autism Dev Disord 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-006-0295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Physiological hyperarousal, an elevated state of physiological arousal and poor modulation, has been postulated to be a significant source of behavior problems in children with fragile X syndrome (FXS). Temperament has been associated with behavior problems and may also reflect biological reactivity. Young boys with FXS display poorly modulated and low levels of vagal tone (Roberts, Dev Psychobiol 2001;39:107-123) and high activity, poor attention, low adaptability, poor persistence, and low intensity when compared with a reference sample of typically developing (Hatton, Dev Med Child Neurol 1991;41:625-632). In this study, we integrated physiological indices of vagal tone with temperament ratings and compared a sample of 29 young boys with FXS to 31 typically developing boys matched on chronological age and ethnicity. Boys with FXS were more active, less adaptable, and less persistent than the comparison group. Boys with FXS also showed lower baseline levels and less suppression of vagal tone in response to changing task demands. A relationship between baseline vagal tone and persistence was shown across both groups. However, group differences in temperament dimensions did not appear to be mediated or moderated by vagal tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Roberts
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27510-8040, USA.
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Baranek GT, Danko CD, Skinner ML, Bailey DB, Hatton DD, Roberts JE, Mirrett PL. Video analysis of sensory-motor features in infants with fragile X syndrome at 9-12 months of age. J Autism Dev Disord 2006; 35:645-56. [PMID: 16172809 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-005-0008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study utilized retrospective video analysis to distinguish sensory-motor patterns in infants with fragile X syndrome (FXS) (n = 11) from other infants [i.e., autism (n = 11), other developmental delay (n = 10), typical (n = 11)] at 9-12 months of age. Measures of development, autistic features, and FMRP were assessed at the time of entry into the study. Home videos collected from families were edited and coded with previously validated procedures. Findings revealed a pattern of sensory-motor features (e.g., repetitive leg movements, posturing, less sophistication/repetitive use of objects) associated with FXS, and suggest these infants were most similar to the group of infants with other developmental delays, irrespective of co-existing autistic symptoms later in life. Infant sensory-motor features in the FXS group were more predictive of an early developmental milestone (i.e., age walking) than later, more broad, developmental outcomes, or FMRP. Implications for early identification and differential diagnosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace T Baranek
- Division of Occupational Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7120, USA.
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Haggerty KP, MacKenzie EP, Skinner ML, Harachi TW, Catalano RF. Participation in “Parents Who Care”: Predicting Program Initiation and Exposure in Two Different Program Formats. J Prim Prev 2006; 27:47-65. [PMID: 16421658 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-005-0019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Predictors of participation and exposure across two formats of a universal prevention program are examined here. Families of 225 8th-grade students, balanced by race (African American and European American) and gender, were assigned to a parent and adolescent group format (PAG) or a self-administered format (SA). Logistic regression showed greater program initiation in SA than in PAG. Hierarchical regression showed only one variable (parent high-risk behavior) to be associated with lower program exposure in the self-administered format. In contrast, demographic variables (e.g., being African American) predicted lower exposure in PAG. Overall, the findings of this study were notable in that most of the variables that have been identified in past research as lowering participation rates were not related to program initiation or level of exposure to either format of Parents Who Care. Further, the self-administered format may be particularly useful to increase program participation for families, even those who are traditionally difficult to reach. Editors' Strategic Implications: The authors make a promising contribution to the literature on program engagement by presenting experimental data highlighting different risk factors for nonparticipation across program formats. Their discussion of barriers will help program designers and practitioners decide on the most appropriate strategies for the dissemination of prevention-related materials to parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Haggerty
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, Washington, USA.
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Abstract
Adaptive behavior over time in 70 children with fragile X syndrome, ages 1 to 12 years, was examined using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. With a mean of 4.4 assessments per child, adaptive behavior skills increased steadily and gradually over time. Children with less autistic behavior and higher percentages of FMPR expression showed better performance on all areas of adaptive behavior. Children without autistic behavior displayed higher scores and rates of growth on the Daily Living Skills domain, with the lowest scores in Socialization. Comparison to Brief IQs indicate that children with fragile X syndrome display nonverbal IQs superior to their adaptive behavior when they are below age 10 but that these skills seem to converge as they get older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah D Hatton
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
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Abstract
This study examines problem behavior over time in 59 boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS), aged 4-12 years, using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Approximately 49% of the boys scored within the borderline or clinical range on total problem behavior, while 56-57% scored in the borderline or clinical range on the attention and thought problems subscales, and 26% scored in this range on the social problems subscale. With a mean of 2.5 assessments per child, behavior problems were stable during the 3-year period of study. Total problem behavior was higher for children who displayed autistic behavior, were rated as low in adaptability, had mothers with higher maternal education levels, and were on medication. Mothers with more education also rated their children as having more attention, thought, and total problems. Children taking medication differed from boys who were not taking medication on social problems, but not on attention and thought problems. Low adaptability and more autistic characteristics predicted thought problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah D Hatton
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-8180, USA.
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Chen LM, Skinner ML, Kauffman SW, Chao J, Chao L, Thaler CD, Chai KX. Prostasin is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored active serine protease. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:21434-42. [PMID: 11274175 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011423200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant human prostasin serine protease was expressed in several human cell lines. Subcellular fractionation showed that this serine protease is synthesized as a membrane-bound protein while a free-form prostasin is secreted into the culture medium. Prostasin was identified in nuclear and membrane fractions. Membrane-bound prostasin can be released by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C treatment, or labeled by [(3)H]ethanolamine, indicating a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchorage. A prostasin-binding protein was identified in mouse and human seminal vesicle fluid. Both the secreted and the membrane-bound prostasin were able to form a covalently linked 82-kDa complex when incubated with seminal vesicle fluid. The complex formation between prostasin and the prostasin-binding protein was inhibited by a prostasin antibody, heparin, and serine protease inhibitors. Prostasin's serine protease activity was inhibited when bound to the prostasin-binding protein in mouse seminal vesicle fluid. This study indicates that prostasin is an active serine protease in its membrane-bound form.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
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Eads CA, Lord RV, Kurumboor SK, Wickramasinghe K, Skinner ML, Long TI, Peters JH, DeMeester TR, Danenberg KD, Danenberg PV, Laird PW, Skinner KA. Fields of aberrant CpG island hypermethylation in Barrett's esophagus and associated adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2000; 60:5021-6. [PMID: 11016622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is thought to develop through a multistage process in which Barrett's metaplasia progresses through low- and high-grade dysplasia to invasive cancer. Transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes by promoter CpG island hypermethylation has been observed in many types of human cancer. Analysis of CpG island hypermethylation in EAC has thus far been limited to the CDKN2A (p16) gene. In this study, we extend the methylation analysis of EAC to include three other genes, APC, CDH1 (E-cadherin), and ESR1 (ER, estrogen receptor alpha), in addition to CDKN2A. Molecular analysis can provide insight into the complex relationships between tissues with different histologies in Barrett's esophagus and associated adenocarcinoma. Therefore, we have mapped the spatial distribution of methylation patterns in six esophagectomy cases in detail. Hypermethylation of the four CpG islands was analyzed by the MethyLight technique in 107 biopsies derived from these six patients for a total of 428 methylation analyses. Our results show that normal esophageal squamous epithelium is unmethylated at all four CpG islands. CDH1 is unmethylated in most other tissue types as well. Hypermethylation of ESR1 is seen at high frequency in inflammatory reflux esophagitis and at all subsequent stages, whereas APC and CDKN2A hypermethylation is found in Barrett's metaplasia, dysplasia, and EAC. When it occurs, hypermethylation of APC, CDKN2A, and ESR1 is usually found in a large contiguous field, suggesting either a concerted methylation change associated with metaplasia or a clonal expansion of cells with abnormal hypermethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Eads
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles 90089- 9176, USA
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Skinner ML, Elder GH, Conger RD. Linking economic hardship to adolescent aggression. J Youth Adolesc 1992; 21:259-76. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01537018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/1990] [Accepted: 07/17/1991] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Skinner ML. A need for effective communication. J Am Pharm Assoc 1977; 17:419-20. [PMID: 881539 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-0465(16)33079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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