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Londani M, Oladimeji O. Tobacco use and behaviour among South African adolescents and young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e079657. [PMID: 38413155 PMCID: PMC10900320 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tobacco use, particularly the initiation of smoking during adolescence and young adulthood, represents a significant public health concern in South Africa. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive review of published literature about tobacco use and behaviour among adolescents and young adults and to determine an aggregated prevalence estimate of tobacco use within this demographic. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched from 1 January 2000 through 31 October 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were cross-sectional studies conducted in South Africa and measured the prevalence and determinants of tobacco use among adolescents and young adults aged 12-24 years. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two reviewers independently extracted information for each article and saved it into an Excel spreadsheet. Risk of bias analysis was conducted using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for non-randomised studies. The methodology quality of each selected study was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. The heterogeneity of prevalence estimates was assessed using I2 statistic (random-effects DerSimonian-Laid approach). RESULTS Out of 73 articles identified, 12 articles were included in the analysis. The pooled prevalence of current tobacco use among South African adolescents and young adults was estimated to be 22%. The pooled prevalence of tobacco use among school dropouts, university students and secondary school learners was 51%, 20% and 16%, respectively. Stratifying using gender, boys (26%) were two times more likely to use tobacco than girls (13%). CONCLUSION The elevated occurrence of tobacco usage among South African adolescents and young adults is a relevant public health concern. There is a need for more population-based prevalence studies at a national level to estimate the burden of tobacco use in South Africa. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42023428369.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhethwa Londani
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Olanrewaju Oladimeji
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
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Londani M, Oladimeji O. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Cigarette Smoking among South African Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol. Methods Protoc 2023; 6:85. [PMID: 37736968 PMCID: PMC10514879 DOI: 10.3390/mps6050085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use, particularly the initiation of smoking during adolescence and young adulthood, represents a significant public health concern in South Africa. The influence of socio-cultural factors, marketing strategies of the tobacco industry, and accessibility of tobacco products have all been implicated in this context. This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol aims to scrutinise the body of literature on this issue, providing a comprehensive understanding of the patterns and determinants of tobacco use among South African adolescents and young adults, with an eye towards informing more effective policy interventions. The available literature for studies on tobacco use will be systematically searched and reviewed. Five international scholarly databases, namely PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, and Scopus, will be searched. Peer-reviewed studies will be included if they are conducted in South Africa or South African provinces and if they include the prevalence of tobacco use among adolescents and young adults aged between 12 and 24 years. The results of such an analysis can guide future policy designs, enabling them to be more targeted and thus more effective. The findings can also have implications for shaping global tobacco control strategies, given the transferability of successful interventions across different populations and cultural contexts. This protocol has been registered in the PROSPERO database (ID: CRD42023428369).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhethwa Londani
- Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Eastern Cape, Mthatha 5117, South Africa;
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Olanrewaju Oladimeji
- Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Eastern Cape, Mthatha 5117, South Africa;
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Oleru OO, Shah NV, Zhou PL, Sedaghatpour D, Mistry JB, Wham BC, Kurtzman J, Mithani SK, Koehler SM. Recent Smoking History Is Not Associated with Adverse 30-Day Standardized Postoperative Outcomes following Microsurgical Reconstructive Procedures of the Upper Extremity. Plast Surg (Oakv) 2023; 31:61-69. [PMID: 36755815 PMCID: PMC9900040 DOI: 10.1177/22925503211024755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Upper extremity (UE) microsurgical reconstruction relies upon proper wound healing for optimal outcomes. Cigarette smoking is associated with wound healing complications, yet conclusions vary regarding impact on microsurgical outcomes (replantation, revascularization, and free tissue transfer). We investigated how smoking impacted 30-day standardized postoperative outcomes following UE microsurgical reconstruction. Methods: Utilizing the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, all patients who underwent (1) UE free flap transfer (n = 70) and (2) replantation/revascularization (n = 270) were identified. For each procedure, patients were stratified by recent smoking history (current smoker ≤1-year preoperatively). Baseline demographics and standardized 30-day complications, reoperations, and readmissions were compared between smokers and nonsmokers. Results: Replantation/revascularization patients had no differences in sex, race, or body mass index between smokers (n = 77) and nonsmokers. Smokers had a higher prevalence of congestive heart failure (5.2% vs 1.0%, P = .036) and nonsmokers were more often on hemodialysis (15.6% vs 10.4%, P = .030). Free flap transfer patients had no differences in age, sex, or race between smokers (n = 14) and nonsmokers. Smokers had a longer length of stay (6.6 vs 4.2 days, P = .001) and a greater prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD; 7.1% vs 0%, P = .044). Recent smoking was not associated with increased odds of any 30-day minor and major standardized surgical complications, readmissions, or reoperations following UE microsurgical reconstruction via free flap transfer or replantation/revascularization. Baseline diagnosis of COPD was also not a predictor of adverse 30-day outcomes following free flap transfer. Conclusion: Recent smoking history was not associated with any 30-day adverse outcomes following UE microsurgical reconstruction via replantation/revascularization or free flap transfer. In light of these findings, further investigation is warranted, with particular focus on adverse events specific to free flaps and replantation/revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olachi O. Oleru
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY)
Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Neil V. Shah
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY)
Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Peter L. Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY)
Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Dillon Sedaghatpour
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY)
Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jaydev B. Mistry
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY)
Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Bradley C. Wham
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY)
Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Joey Kurtzman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY)
Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Suhail K. Mithani
- Department of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Reconstructive
Surgery, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Steven M. Koehler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY)
Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Dai Y, Jiang W, Zheng Y, He P, Zhu R, Fei J, Xu W, Liu C, Hong J. Recyclable molecularly imprinted polymers based on Fe3O4@SiO2 and PAMAM dendrimers for the determination of myosmine in cigarettes. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:467. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yu CY, Ford RL, Wester ST, Shriver EM. Update on thyroid eye disease: Regional variations in prevalence, diagnosis, and management. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:2335-2345. [PMID: 35791115 PMCID: PMC9426067 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_3217_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a rare disease that can lead to decreased quality of life, permanent disfigurement, and vision loss. Clinically, TED presents with exophthalmos, periorbital edema, extraocular muscle dysfunction, and eyelid retraction, and can lead to vision-threatening complications such as exposure to keratopathy and dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON). Over the last several years, significant advancements have been made in the understanding of its pathophysiology as well as optimal management. Ethnic variations in the prevalence, clinical presentation, and risk of vision-threatening complications of TED are summarized, and risk factors associated with TED are discussed. Additionally, significant advances have been made in the management of TED. The management of TED traditionally included anti-inflammatory medications, orbital radiation therapy, orbital surgical decompression, and biologic therapies. Most recently, targeted therapies such as teprotumumab, an insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor antagonist, have been studied in the context of TED, with promising initial data. In this review, updates in the understanding and management of TED are presented with a focus on the international variations in presentation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Y Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Ford
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bristol Eye Hospital, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Sara T Wester
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Erin M Shriver
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Domingues A, Moore KJ, Sample J, Kharoud H, Marcotte EL, Spector LG. Parental Age and Childhood Lymphoma and Solid Tumor Risk: A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2022; 6:pkac040. [PMID: 35639955 PMCID: PMC9237841 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although advanced parental age has been definitively linked to pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia, studies of parental age and pediatric solid tumors have not reached firm conclusions. This analysis aimed to elucidate the relationship between parental age and pediatric solid tumors through meta-analysis of existing studies based in population registries. METHODS We searched Medline (PubMed) and Embase for registry-based studies of parental age and solid tumors through March 2022. We performed random-effects meta-analysis to estimate pooled effects and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical tests were 2-sided. RESULTS A total of 15 studies covering 10 childhood solid tumor types (30 323 cases and 3 499 934 controls) were included in this analysis. A 5-year increase in maternal age was associated with an increased risk of combined central nervous system tumors (odds ratio [OR] = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.10), ependymoma (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.31), astrocytoma (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.15), rhabdomyosarcoma (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.25), and germ cell tumors (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.12). A 5-year increase in paternal age was associated with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.12). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis of registry-based analyses of parental age and childhood cancer supports the association between older maternal age and certain childhood solid cancers. There is also some evidence that paternal age may be associated with certain cancers such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma. However, as maternal and paternal age are highly correlated, disentangling potential independent causal effects of either factor will require large studies with extensive data on potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Domingues
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kristin J Moore
- Program in Health Disparities Research, Department of Family Medicine & Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jeannette Sample
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Harmeet Kharoud
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Erin L Marcotte
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Logan G Spector
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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E-cigarette and cigarette use among cancer survivors versus general population: a case-control study in Korea. J Cancer Surviv 2021; 16:741-750. [PMID: 34132983 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-021-01067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although successful smoking cessation after cancer diagnosis is important, research on e-cigarette use and smoking behavior among cancer survivors (CS) is limited. This study compared cigarette and e-cigarette use among CS and non-cancer populations in Korea. METHODS This study analyzed the 2013-2018 National Health and Nutrition Survey data to investigate e-cigarette use and smoking behavior among Korean CS. The data were categorized into 1260 CS and 5040 non-cancer populations using the propensity score matching method. A multiple logistic regression was conducted among CS who previously used cigarettes or e-cigarettes to evaluate factors influencing successful cessation. RESULTS Regarding conventional smoking, the proportion of ex-smokers was higher (25.2% versus 19.9%) than current smokers (6.7% versus 10.6%) in the CS group than in the propensity matched non-cancer population (PMNCP) (p < 0.001). However, ever use of e-cigarettes did not differ between them (2.4% versus 2.7%, p = 0.529). Successful cessation, defined as not using either cigarettes or e-cigarettes, correlated with problem drinking (OR 0.442, 95% CI 0.207-0.940), depression (OR 0.276, 95% CI 0.087-0.872), and cancer sites. CS of stomach, liver, colorectal, and lung cancer maintained higher successful smoking cessation rates than PMNCP. CONCLUSIONS Korean CS had a higher cessation rate than PMNCP regarding conventional smoking; however, there was no difference in e-cigarette use. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS In Korea, some CS continue to use e-cigarettes, and physicians should focus on helping them quit. Individualized and timely interventions should be provided for both cigarette and e-cigarette users, considering factors influencing successful cessation.
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Khan MSR, Putthinun P, Watanapongvanich S, Yuktadatta P, Uddin MA, Kadoya Y. Do Financial Literacy and Financial Education Influence Smoking Behavior in the United States? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2579. [PMID: 33806645 PMCID: PMC7967511 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is still a serious economic, health, and social problem despite various efforts to curb its prevalence. We examined the influence of financial literacy and financial education on the smoking behavior in the United States in terms of the use of rational decision-making abilities to reduce irrational behavior. We hypothesized that financial literacy and financial education, as proxies for rational decision making, would reduce the likelihood of smoking. We used data from the Preference Parameters Study (PPS) of Osaka University conducted in the United States in 2010 and applied probit regression models to test our hypothesis on a sample of 3831 individuals. We found that financially literate people are less likely to be smokers, though we found no clear role of financial education in reducing the likelihood of smoking. Further, respondents' gender, age, unemployment status, and risky health behaviors such as drinking and gambling, have a significantly positive association with smoking, while marital status, university degree, family size, household income, household assets, physical exercise, and level of happiness have a significantly negative association. Our findings suggest that financial literacy, as an instrument encouraging rational decision making, could be a tool to help reduce smoking in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Saidur Rahim Khan
- School of Economics, Hiroshima University, 1-2-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8525, Japan; (P.P.); (S.W.); (P.Y.); (Y.K.)
| | - Pongpat Putthinun
- School of Economics, Hiroshima University, 1-2-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8525, Japan; (P.P.); (S.W.); (P.Y.); (Y.K.)
| | - Somtip Watanapongvanich
- School of Economics, Hiroshima University, 1-2-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8525, Japan; (P.P.); (S.W.); (P.Y.); (Y.K.)
| | - Pattaphol Yuktadatta
- School of Economics, Hiroshima University, 1-2-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8525, Japan; (P.P.); (S.W.); (P.Y.); (Y.K.)
| | - Md. Azad Uddin
- Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan;
| | - Yoshihiko Kadoya
- School of Economics, Hiroshima University, 1-2-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8525, Japan; (P.P.); (S.W.); (P.Y.); (Y.K.)
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Alali WQ, Longenecker JC, Alwotyan R, AlKandari H, Al-Mulla F, Al Duwairi Q. Prevalence of smoking in the Kuwaiti adult population in 2014: a cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10053-10067. [PMID: 33161520 PMCID: PMC7648895 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The study objective was to assess tobacco smoking prevalence in Kuwaiti adults in relation to sociodemographic characteristics. A cross-sectional study survey was conducted in 2014 on 3917 Kuwaiti citizens (18-69 years) following the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise Approach to Surveillance (STEPS) methodology. The study assessed prevalence of self-reported ever-smoking or currently smoking tobacco products and exposure to secondhand smoke in relation to demographic and smoking-related characteristics. The prevalence of "ever smoker" in men and women was 49.9% and 4.4%, respectively, whereas the prevalence of "current smoker" was 39.2% and 3.3%, respectively. Sex (adjusted OR [AOR], 19.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.0-28.3], male versus female) was significantly associated with current smoking. Among daily smokers, 87.1% used manufactured cigarettes. The average daily number of manufactured cigarettes for men and women was 21.8 and 13.0, respectively. Mean age at smoking initiation was 17.5 years (95% CI 17.2-17.9). The prevalence of secondhand smoke at home and work was 38.6% and 29.9%, respectively. Half of Kuwaiti men have smoked at some point in their life with most of these being current smokers. Secondhand smoke is a common exposure at home and work, posing serious health risks to the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Q Alali
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
- Department of Population Health, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
| | - Joseph C Longenecker
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Rehab Alwotyan
- Primary Health Care Department, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Hessa AlKandari
- Department of Population Health, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Department of Pediatrics, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Population Health, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Qais Al Duwairi
- Department of Population Health, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Morkevičius V, Norkus Z, Markevičiūtė J. Risky health behaviours and socioeconomic inequalities in European countries: new insights from European Social Survey. Cent Eur J Public Health 2020; 28:251-259. [PMID: 33338360 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a6112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper explores education-, income- and occupational class-related inequalities in risky health behaviours including into models all three factors together as well as their interactions, which has not been undertaken by previous studies analysing socioeconomic status (SES) related differences in risky health behaviours. METHODS Our data source is the special module "Social Inequalities in Health" included into the European Social Survey Round 7 (ESS R7) and conducted in 20 European countries. We run nine separate multilevel binomial logistic regression analyses for all the risky health behaviours with all our independent and control variables including country as the second level random intercept. Into all the models we also included interaction terms to consider possible moderating effects of separate independent variables. RESULTS Education and income emerged as factors most consistently related to risky health behaviours, but occupational class differences were also found to be significant: eating vegetables or salad less than once a day and being daily smoker is positively related to lower SES as measured by all three indicators; eating fruits less than once a day is related to lower income and occupational class, while drinking alcohol at least several times a week is positively related to higher education and higher income; being physically active for less than 3 days per week is positively related to lower education; patterns of heavy smoking and binge drinking are inconsistently related to SES variables. We also found considerable regional variation, especially in fruit and vegetable consumption, being physically active and alcohol consumption patterns. CONCLUSIONS Without careful theoretical consideration linking SES and risky health behaviours, education, income and occupational class cannot substitute each other in the study of SES-related differences of health behaviours, as assumed in the larger part of research on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidas Morkevičius
- Institute of Sociology and Social Work, Faculty of Philosophy, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Zenonas Norkus
- Institute of Sociology and Social Work, Faculty of Philosophy, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jurgita Markevičiūtė
- Institute of Sociology and Social Work, Faculty of Philosophy, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Sleep disturbances and back pain : Systematic review and meta-analysis. NEUROPSYCHIATRIE : KLINIK, DIAGNOSTIK, THERAPIE UND REHABILITATION : ORGAN DER GESELLSCHAFT ÖSTERREICHISCHER NERVENÄRZTE UND PSYCHIATER 2020; 34:74-84. [PMID: 32166629 DOI: 10.1007/s40211-020-00339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In today's society, sleep disturbances and back pain are both common problems which threaten health. Although some studies have focused on the effects of sleep disturbances on back pain, no meta-analysis has been done. The purpose of this study is to systematically review and perform a meta-analysis on the effects of sleep disturbances on back pain. METHODS A literature search in PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE with keywords until June 2019 was performed. The eligible articles were evaluated qualitatively and the results were pooled using random effects. The publication bias and the degree of heterogeneity were examined. RESULTS In all, 21 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Sleep disturbances were associated with back pain (odds ratio 1.52; confidence interval [CI] 1.37-1.68; P < 0.001). In men, the odds ratio was 1.49 (CI 1.34-1.65; P < 0.001). In women, the odds ratio was 1.56 (CI 1.33-1.81; P < 0.001). Begg's test (P = 0.856) and Egger test (P = 0.188) did not show any publication bias. A funnel plot and trim-and-fill method showed publication bias, and heterogeneity was also high. CONCLUSIONS Sleep disturbance is associated with risk of back pain. Improving sleep can be a deterrent against back pain. Therefore, interventions to reduce sleep disturbances can help to improve health. On the other hand, the relationship between sleep disturbances and back pain can be two-sided, and back pain can also lead to sleep disturbances. Not only in view of the lifetime prevalence and the multifactorial impairments of those affected, but also in consideration of social and economic burdens, this issue will remain of considerable importance.
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Nasser AMA, Geng Y, Al-Wesabi SA. The Prevalence of Smoking (Cigarette and Waterpipe) among University Students in Some Arab Countries: A Systematic Review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:583-591. [PMID: 32212782 PMCID: PMC7437327 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.3.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tobacco use among university students remains the most alarming problem worldwide. This study aims to systematically review the previous literature for determining the prevalence of smoking (cigarette and waterpipe) among university students in some Arab countries. Methods: We electronically searched articles from MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar and Google for the period from April 2018 to June 2019. We conducted a systematic review of eligible studies published in English between 2006 and 2019, for assessing cigarette and waterpipe smoking among university students. The studies were all cross-sectional according to eligibility criteria and contained 469 studies19 meet the inclusion criteria from 12 countries of (Yemen, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Kuwait, Bahrain, Jordan, Lebanon, Tunisia, Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Libya and United Arab Emirates (UAE). Results: the study included a total of participants (N=45,306) (33,450 Males vs 11,856 Females). The overall highest rate of current smoking among students was in Egypt (46.7%), Kuwait (46%) and KSA (42.3%). The smoking prevalence among males was significantly higher than females in Yemen (36.3% vs 28.0%,p<0.001), Bahrain (27.0%vs 4.2%, p<0.001), Tunisia (38.4% vs 3.4%, P<0.001), Egypt (61.2% vs 18.9%, P<0.001), Palestine (52.7% vs 16.5%, p<0.001), Syria (26.1% vs 9.5%, p<0.001), KSA (32.7%vs5.9%,P<0.001), and Jordan (54.3%vs11.1%, P<0.005) and (56.9%vs11.4%, P<0.005). Another study in Yemen was significantly higher among women than man (15.7% vs 10.3%, p<0.001). The highest waterpipe smoking rates among gender was in KSA (36.4%-36.3%). For cigarette smoking, the highest rates were in Libya (80.2%), Jordan (80%) and KSA (70.7%). The highest smoking rates among males were in Egypt (61.2%), Jordan (56.9%-54.3%) and Palestine (52.7%), for females the highest rate was in Yemen (28.0%). Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking cigarette and waterpipe appears to be alarmingly high among university students in Arab countries. The results were different among students, due to the nature of the region and the different customs, traditions, lineage and multicultural from country to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsalam M A Nasser
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Yarui Geng
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Samer Abdo Al-Wesabi
- Wuhan Aige Ophthalmic Hospitals. No: S-8 Building, Nande International Area, Qian Chuan Street, Huangpi, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
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13
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Nagler EM, Aghi M, Rathore A, Lando H, Pednekar MS, Gupta PC, Stoddard AM, Kenwood C, Penningroth B, Sinha DN, Sorensen G. Factors associated with successful tobacco use cessation among teachers in Bihar state, India: a mixed-method study. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2020; 35:60-73. [PMID: 31999824 PMCID: PMC6991618 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although tobacco use is declining in several countries including India (dropping from 35% in 2009-10 to 29% 2016-17 among adults)-it still poses a huge burden on India, as the world's second largest consumer of tobacco products. In Bihar state, with a prevalence of 25%, the Bihar School Teachers Study (BSTS) successfully enlisted teachers as role models for encouraging quitting and changing social norms pertaining to tobacco. The study used a mixed-methods approach to identify factors associated with teachers' quitting. Qualitative data were collected through focus groups with teachers and school principals. Quantitative data were collected through a written survey administered to school personnel post-intervention. Key findings from focus groups were that teachers and principals quit using tobacco and promoted cessation because they wanted to model positive behaviors; specific information about tobacco's harms aided cessation; and the BSTS intervention facilitated a school environment that supported quitting. Survey results indicated teachers who reported knowing people who quit using tobacco in the prior year were far more likely to quit as were teachers who reported that their school's tobacco policy was completely enforced. The combination of qualitative and quantitative data yielded important insights with strong implications for future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Nagler
- Center for Community-Based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 450 Brookline Avenue, LW722 Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - M Aghi
- Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400701, India
| | - A Rathore
- Welobaby Jaipur, Rajasthan 302039, India
| | - H Lando
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - M S Pednekar
- Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400701, India
| | - P C Gupta
- Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400701, India
| | - A M Stoddard
- Biostatistical Consultant, Pelham, MA 01002, USA
| | - C Kenwood
- Veristat, LLC, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | | | - D N Sinha
- Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400701, India
| | - G Sorensen
- Center for Community-Based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 450 Brookline Avenue, LW722 Boston, MA 02115, USA
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14
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Zang E, Zheng H, Yang YC, Land KC. Recent trends in US mortality in early and middle adulthood: racial/ethnic disparities in inter-cohort patterns. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 48:934-944. [PMID: 30508118 PMCID: PMC6934031 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A striking increase in the all-cause mortality of US middle-aged non-Hispanic Whites in the past two decades has been documented by previous studies. The inter-cohort patterns in US mortality, as well as their racial/ethnic disparities, are still unclear. METHODS Using official mortality data, we study US annual mortality rates for ages 25-54 from 1990 to 2016 by gender and race/ethnicity. We conduct an age-period-cohort analysis to disentangle the period and cohort forces driving the absolute changes in mortality across cohorts. Nine leading causes of death are also explored to explain the inter-cohort mortality patterns and their racial/ethnic disparities. RESULTS We find cohort-specific elevated mortality trends for gender- and race/ethnicity-specific populations. For non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics, Baby Boomers have increased mortality trends compared with other cohorts. For non-Hispanic White females, it is late-Gen Xers and early-Gen Yers for whom the mortality trends are higher than other cohorts. For non-Hispanic White males, the elevated mortality pattern is found for Baby Boomers, late-Gen Xers, and early-Gen Yers. The mortality pattern among Baby Boomers is at least partially driven by mortality related to drug poisoning, suicide, external causes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and HIV/AIDS for all race and gender groups affected. The elevated mortality patterns among late-Gen Xers and early-Gen Yers are at least partially driven by mortality related to drug poisonings and alcohol-related diseases for non-Hispanic Whites. Differential patterns of drug poisoning-related mortality play an important role in the racial/ethnic disparities in these mortality patterns. CONCLUSIONS We find substantial racial/ethnic disparities in inter-cohort mortality patterns. Our findings also point to the unique challenges faced by younger generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Zang
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Sociology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yang Claire Yang
- Department of Sociology, Lineberger Cancer Center, and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth C Land
- Department of Sociology and Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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15
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Knight ET, Murray Thomson W. A public health perspective on personalized periodontics. Periodontol 2000 2019; 78:195-200. [PMID: 30198135 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we consider personalized periodontics from a public health perspective. Periodontitis is an under-acknowledged and important public health problem, and there has long been interest in identifying and treating those who are at high risk of developing this disease. Although susceptibility/risk-assessment tools in periodontology are currently in their early stages of development, personalized periodontics is increasingly becoming a realistic approach. At the population level, however, personalized periodontics is not an effective way of improving periodontal health because it would target only those who seek help or are able to access care. The occurrence of periodontitis in populations is socially patterned, with those of lower socio-economic position having poorer periodontal health and being far less likely to seek care. There is the potential for social inequalities actually to worsen as a result of personalized periodontics. In most health systems, personalized periodontics is likely to be accessible only to the social strata for whom it is affordable, and those with the greatest need for such an intervention will remain the least likely to be able to get it. Thus, personalized periodontics is likely to be a niche service for a small proportion of the adult population. This is at odds with the public health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie T Knight
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Department of Oral Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - W Murray Thomson
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Department of Oral Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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16
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Xia N, Morteza A, Yang F, Cao H, Wang A. Review of the role of cigarette smoking in diabetic foot. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:202-215. [PMID: 30300476 PMCID: PMC6400172 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulceration has been a serious issue over the past decades in Asia, causing economic and social problems. Therefore, it is important to identify and reduce the risk factors of diabetic foot. Cigarette smoking has been reported to be associated with diabetes and its macrovascular complications, but the relationship between smoking and diabetic foot ulcers is still unclear. In the present review, we summarize the effects of cigarette smoking on diabetic foot ulcers with respect to peripheral neuropathy, vascular alterations and wound healing. One underlying mechanism of these impacts might be the smoking-induced oxidative stress inside the cells. At the end of this review, the current mainstream therapies for smoking cessation are also outlined. We believe that it is urgent for all diabetic patients to quit smoking so as to reduce their chances of developing foot ulcers and to improve the prognosis of diabetic foot ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xia
- Diabetes & Wound Care CenterMingci Cardiovascular HospitalWuxiChina
| | - Afsaneh Morteza
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center – EMRCVali‐Asr. HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Fengyu Yang
- Diabetes & Wound Care CenterMingci Cardiovascular HospitalWuxiChina
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of EndocrinologyWuxi No. 3 People's HospitalWuxiChina
| | - Aiping Wang
- Diabetes & Wound Care CenterMingci Cardiovascular HospitalWuxiChina
- Department of EndocrinologyNanjing 454th HospitalNanjingChina
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17
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Salazar C, Campbell IG, Gorringe KL. When Is "Type I" Ovarian Cancer Not "Type I"? Indications of an Out-Dated Dichotomy. Front Oncol 2018; 8:654. [PMID: 30627526 PMCID: PMC6309131 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dualistic classification of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) into “type I” and “type II” is widely applied in the research setting; it is used as a convenient way of conceptualizing different mechanisms of tumorigenesis. However, this classification conflicts with recent molecular insights of the etiology of EOC. Molecular and cell of origin studies indicate that while type II tumors could be classed together, type I tumors are not homogenous, even within the histological types, and can have poor clinical outcomes. Type II high grade serous carcinoma and type I low grade serous carcinomas best fit the description of the dualistic model, with different precursors, and distinct molecular profiles. However, endometriosis-associated cancers should be considered a separate group, without assuming an indolent course or type I genetic profiles. Furthermore, the very clear differences between mucinous ovarian carcinomas and other type I tumors, including an uncertain origin, and heterogeneous mutational spectrum and clinical behavior, indicate a non-type I classification for this entity. The impression that only type II carcinomas are aggressive, have poor prognosis, and carry TP53 mutations is an unhelpful misinterpretation of the dualistic classification. In this review, we revisit the history of EOC classification, and discuss the misunderstanding of the dualistic model by comparing the clinical and molecular heterogeneity of EOC types. We also emphasize that all EOC research, both basic and clinical, should consider the subtypes as different diseases beyond the type I/type II model, and base novel therapies on the molecular characteristics of each tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Salazar
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian G Campbell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kylie L Gorringe
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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18
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Issaka A, Paradies Y, Stevenson C. Modifiable and emerging risk factors for type 2 diabetes in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Syst Rev 2018; 7:139. [PMID: 30208942 PMCID: PMC6136189 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-018-0801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains a public health problem in low-income countries, including African countries. Risk factors of this disease in Africa are still unclear. This study will examine the modifiable and emerging risk factors associated with T2DM in Africa. METHODOLOGY The study will include a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished empirical studies, reporting quantitative data only. We will conduct a search on scientific databases (e.g. Global Health), general online search engines (e.g. Google Scholar) and key websites for grey literature using a combination of key countries/geographic terms, risk factors (e.g. overweight/obesity) and T2DM (including a manual search of the included reference lists). We will use the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software (CMA) version 2.0 for data management and analysis. This protocol follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). DISCUSSION The systematic review and meta-analysis will provide a robust and reliable evidence base for policy makers and future research. This may help with identifying and implementing more cost-effective diabetes prevention strategies and improved resource allocation. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION This protocol has been registered with the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews. The reference number is CRD42016043027 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayuba Issaka
- School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125 Australia
| | - Yin Paradies
- Alfred Deakin Institute, Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125 Australia
| | - Christopher Stevenson
- School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125 Australia
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Emotion Regulation Difficulties in Relation to Anxiety, Depression, and Functional Impairment Among Treatment-Seeking Smokers. J Nerv Ment Dis 2018; 206:614-620. [PMID: 30028360 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Psychological distress is elevated among smokers and plays a key role in the maintenance of smoking behavior. Although research has implicated emotion regulation (ER) difficulties as a transdiagnostic construct for psychological distress, empirical work has not yet investigated ER difficulties among treatment-seeking smokers. The purpose of the current study was to increase understanding of ER difficulties in relation to depression, anxious arousal, and functional impairment among treatment-seeking smokers. Participants included adult daily treatment-seeking smokers (N = 568; Mage = 37, SD = 13.46; 51.9% male). Results indicated that global ER difficulties were significantly related to depression, anxious arousal, and functional impairment. Analyses focused on the lower-order facets of ER and indicated that limited access to ER strategies, difficulty engaging in goal-directed behavior, and lack of emotional clarity were significantly related to depression; limited access to ER strategies, nonacceptance of emotions, and impulsivity were significantly associated with anxious arousal; and limited access to ER strategies and difficulty engaging in goal-directed behavior were significantly related to functional impairment. The significant ER effects were evident above and beyond the variance accounted for by neuroticism and tobacco dependence. These findings highlight the importance of considering ER difficulties to better understand psychological distress among smokers.
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20
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Nketiah-Amponsah E, Afful-Mensah G, Ampaw S. Determinants of cigarette smoking and smoking intensity among adult males in Ghana. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:941. [PMID: 30064492 PMCID: PMC6069749 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5872-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of the adverse health and financial implications of smoking, it still remains one of the leading causes of preventable diseases and deaths in the world. Key to discouraging the habit of smoking is knowledge of the drivers of smoking. In Ghana, though smoking behaviours are relatively more associated with adult males than youth and adolescents, studies on smoking behaviours of adult males are scant. This study, therefore, investigates the determinants of cigarette smoking and smoking intensity among adult males in Ghana. METHODS Data were obtained from the most recent Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in 2014. Based on the 2014 GDHS, a negative binomial-logit hurdle model was estimated to explore the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics associated with cigarette consumption and smoking intensity among adult males in Ghana. To ensure robustness, separate estimations were performed for the respective logit and negative binomial models used in the two-part model. RESULTS We find that men in lower socioeconomic category (poor and low education) have a higher likelihood to smoke. Also, age proved significant in explaining smoking behaviors in Ghana. Moreover, religion and region of residence are reported to affect cigarette consumption decision. Furthermore, we find that among the men who smoke, those between the ages of 44 and 60 years and have attained approximately primary education have a higher likelihood to smoke greater quantities of cigarette daily. Also, the smokers who reside in the Upper East and Upper West regions are reported to smoke more intensely than their counterparts in the Greater Accra region. CONCLUSION Since smoking remains one of the major causes of diseases and deaths the world over, the current study provides recent empirical evidence based on a nationally representative sample for public health policies geared towards smoking reduction and ultimately cessation. This study suggests that public policies that promote higher educational attainment and improved incomes (wealth) are crucial in smoking reduction and cessation in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria Afful-Mensah
- Department of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Samuel Ampaw
- Department of Economics, University of Ghana, Legon (Accra), Ghana
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21
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Zvolensky MJ, Jardin C, Wall MM, Gbedemah M, Hasin D, Shankman SA, Gallagher MW, Bakhshaie J, Goodwin RD. Psychological Distress Among Smokers in the United States: 2008-2014. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:707-713. [PMID: 28482108 PMCID: PMC7207069 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Decline in smoking in the United States has slowed over the past 25 years. Mental health problems are common among smokers, and may be an impediment to quitting and remaining abstinent. The study investigated the relationship between serious (past-30-day) psychological distress (SPD) and smoking, estimated trends in the prevalence of SPD among current, former, and never smokers in the United States from 2008 to 2014, and investigated whether heterogeneity in these trends varied by sociodemographic characteristics. Methods Data were drawn from the National Household Survey on Drug Use (NSDUH), an annual cross-sectional study of persons ages 12 and over (N = 270 227). SPD and smoking in the past 30 days were examined using logistic regression models among adults 18 and older. The prevalence of SPD was examined annually among current, former, and never smokers from 2008 to 2014. Results SPD increased among smokers in the United States from 2008 to 2014. An increase in SPD was more rapid among non-daily smokers than daily smokers. The prevalence of SPD was higher among younger smokers, those with less formal education and lower annual family income and higher among current smokers than former and never smokers. The relationships between SPD and smoking were stronger among smokers with higher education levels and annual family income. Conclusions Our findings suggest an increase in SPD among smokers over time and that as smoking has declined, those with SPD are comprising a greater proportion of the remaining smokers. Results suggest that mental health must be integrated into mainstream tobacco control efforts. Implications The greater prevalence and increasing rate of Serious Psychological Distress among smokers, relative to former- and never-smokers, from 2008 to 2014 provides support that the greater mental health burden among smokers may be contributing to the slowed reduction in smoking prevalence in the United States. In addition, relationships between SPD and smoking were consistently stronger among smokers with higher levels of education and annual family income. Such results suggest the necessity of incorporating mental health treatments in tobacco use reduction efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Charles Jardin
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Melanie M Wall
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Misato Gbedemah
- Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, Queens, NY
| | - Deborah Hasin
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Stewart A Shankman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Jafar Bakhshaie
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Renee D Goodwin
- Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, Queens, NY
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Socioeconomic and Environmental Predictors of Asthma-Related Mortality. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 2018:9389570. [PMID: 29853926 PMCID: PMC5941796 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9389570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of asthma-related mortality (ARM) varies significantly among different countries, possibly influenced by various socioeconomic and environmental conditions (SEC). In-depth epidemiological research is necessary to understand the causal relationship between different SECs and ARM and to develop public health strategies to reduce the global burden of asthma. Our research aimed to identify the key SECs which may be attributed to ARM worldwide and to study the relationship between ARM and asthma prevalence. We included twenty-two countries with available data on SECs (2014-2015) and divided them into four groups: Asia, Africa, Europe, and Miscellaneous (Australia and North and South America). Tertiary school enrollment (TSE), gross domestic product (GDP), air pollution index, and male and female smoking prevalence rates were analyzed as predictors of ARM, using multiple linear regression. We found that ARM and asthma prevalence had an inverse relationship and developing countries compared to developed countries experienced higher ARM despite having lower asthma prevalence. Asian and African countries, compared to Europe and Miscellaneous countries, experienced poorer SECs, possibly associated with higher ARM. Among SECs, TSE and GDP had strongest association with ARM. In conclusion, lack of education and uneven distribution of resources may have an influence on the increased ARM in developing countries.
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Lai O, Recke A, Zillikens D, Kasperkiewicz M. Influence of cigarette smoking on pemphigus - a systematic review and pooled analysis of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 32:1256-1262. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Lai
- Department of Dermatology; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - A. Recke
- Department of Dermatology; University of Lübeck; Lübeck Germany
| | - D. Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology; University of Lübeck; Lübeck Germany
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Effects of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and betel quid chewing on upper digestive diseases: a large cross-sectional study and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:78011-78022. [PMID: 29100443 PMCID: PMC5652832 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor of upper digestive diseases. Findings on alcohol's effect on these diseases are inconsistent and with the exception of its association with esophageal cancer, little is known about betel quid chewing. This study investigated the association between use of these three substances and upper digestive diseases. We collected data from 9,275 patients receiving upper endoscopies between April 2008 and December 2013. Polynomial regressions were used to analyze the association between risk factors and diseases of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum. Meta-analysis for use of these substances and esophageal diseases was also performed. Participants who simultaneously consumed cigarettes, alcohol and betel quid had a 17.28-fold risk of esophageal cancer (95% CI = 7.59-39.33), 2.99-fold risk of Barrette's esophagus (95% CI = 2.40-4.39), 1.60-fold risk of grade A-B erosive esophagitis (95% CI = 1.29-2.00), 2.00-fold risk of gastric ulcer (95% CI = 1.52-2.63), 2.12-fold risk of duodenitis (95% CI = 1.55-2.89) and 1.29-fold risk of duodenal ulcer (95% CI = 1.01-1.65). Concurrent consumption of more substances was associated with significantly higher risk of developing these diseases. Meta-analysis also revealed use of the three substances came with a high risk of esophageal diseases. In conclusions, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and betel quid chewing were associated with upper digestive tract diseases.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to examine (1) the prevalence of smoking in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), (2) whether smoking prevalence significantly differs between subjects with and without IBS, and (3) whether smoking significantly predicts the presence or the development of IBS. METHODS Articles were retrieved by systematically searching the Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed electronic databases from inception to July 2016, using the keywords "smoking" and "tobacco" combined with "irritable bowel syndrome." Reference lists of included articles were also searched. Articles were included if they (1) reported data on smoking prevalence in subjects with IBS and/or on the association (assessed by means of multivariate analyses) between smoking and IBS, (2) identified IBS according to Manning criteria or Rome I-III criteria, (3) were English-language articles, and (4) involved only adult subjects. RESULTS The electronic searches yielded a total of 1,637 records, and 42 articles met inclusion criteria. Another 13 articles were retrieved through manual search, leading to a total of 55 included articles. Smoking prevalence in subjects with IBS was assessed by 48 articles and ranged from 0% in university students to 47.1% in patients with microscopic colitis. Thirty-three articles compared smoking prevalence between subjects with and without IBS. In 25 articles no significant difference was found. In seven articles smoking was significantly more frequent in subjects with IBS compared to those without IBS, while one study found a significantly higher smoking prevalence in controls. Eighteen multivariate analyses assessing the association between smoking and IBS were presented in 16 articles. Only one study employed a prospective design. In 11 analyses, smoking was not significantly associated with IBS after adjusting for covariates. In seven studies smoking independently predicted the presence of IBS. CONCLUSIONS According to the selected articles, a significant association between smoking and IBS cannot be confirmed. However, different shortcomings may hinder generalizability and comparability of many studies. A dimensional assessment of smoking, a prospective design, the differentiation between IBS subgroups, and the recruitment of patients in clinical settings, especially in primary care, are necessary to clarify the role of smoking in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sirri
- a Laboratory of Psychosomatics and Clinimetrics, Department of Psychology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Silvana Grandi
- a Laboratory of Psychosomatics and Clinimetrics, Department of Psychology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Eliana Tossani
- a Laboratory of Psychosomatics and Clinimetrics, Department of Psychology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
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Saddleson ML, Wileyto EP, Darwar R, Ware S, Strasser AA. The Importance of Filter Collection for Accurate Measurement of Cigarette Smoking. TOB REGUL SCI 2017; 3:248-257. [PMID: 30135863 PMCID: PMC6101261 DOI: 10.18001/trs.3.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the impact of cigarette filter collection on reports of cigarettes per day (CPD) versus self-reported CPD and to assess the utility of a pre-intervention baseline period in smoking studies. METHODS Using baseline data from 522 non-treatment seeking smokers, we assessed differences in self-reported CPD via phone screen (CPD PS) and during baseline (CPD BL). We analyzed self-reported cigarette measures to predict carbon monoxide (CO), a measure of smoke exposure. RESULTS On average, CPD PS was 2.8 CPD more than CPD BL, and reporting multiples of 10 were more often found in CPD PS compared with CPD BL (54.7% vs17.2%, respectively). CPD BL was more strongly associated with CO than self-report CPD. Number of cigarettes smoked today, time since last cigarette, and nicotine dependence were significantly associated with CO. CONCLUSIONS CPD BL using filter collection is a more accurate measure of cigarette consumption than self-report, which may have implications for assessment of nicotine dependence. When feasible, studies should include a pre-intervention baseline period for comparison data with study outcomes. In addition to CPD BL, studies should assess time since last cigarette and the number of cigarettes smoked today when using CO as a biological measure of smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Saddleson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - E Paul Wileyto
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rahul Darwar
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Susan Ware
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Andrew A Strasser
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Opeodu O, Gbadebo S. FACTORS INFLUENCING CHOICE OF ORAL HYGIENE PRODUCTS BY DENTAL PATIENTS IN A NIGERIAN TEACHING HOSPITAL. Ann Ib Postgrad Med 2017; 15:51-56. [PMID: 28970772 PMCID: PMC5598444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several factors, such as cost, branding, packaging and family influence, had been implicated as influencing the choice of toothpastes and toothbrushes by individuals. Media advertisement is also considered a very strong factor influencing consumer's choice. AIM To assess the extent to which some factors influenced the choice of toothpastes and toothbrushes among dental patients in a Nigerian teaching hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two-hundred and two patients were interviewed on factors that influenced their choice of toothbrush and toothpaste. Some of the factors considered include the cost, packaging, brand, media advertisement and their previous experience. RESULTS Factors that affected choice of toothbrush by respondents included texture (89.6%), brand (62.9%), previous experience (64.4%) and for toothpaste, fluoride content (62.4%), previous experience (69.3%), and advice by a dentist (55.0%). Media advertisement was the least influential in their choice of toothpaste (29.2%) and toothbrush (24.3%). Consideration for fluoride was a stronger factor than herbal contents in the choice of toothpaste (P<0.001). CONCLUSION Previous experience seems to be a very strong factor in the choice of both the toothbrush and toothpaste in this study, which suggest that for as long as the respondents are satisfied with a particular product, they will stick to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- O.I. Opeodu
- Dept. of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan
| | - S.O. Gbadebo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan
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Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2017; 389:1885-1906. [PMID: 28390697 PMCID: PMC5439023 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30819-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1111] [Impact Index Per Article: 158.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scale-up of tobacco control, especially after the adoption of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, is a major public health success story. Nonetheless, smoking remains a leading risk for early death and disability worldwide, and therefore continues to require sustained political commitment. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) offers a robust platform through which global, regional, and national progress toward achieving smoking-related targets can be assessed. METHODS We synthesised 2818 data sources with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and produced estimates of daily smoking prevalence by sex, age group, and year for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We analysed 38 risk-outcome pairs to generate estimates of smoking-attributable mortality and disease burden, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We then performed a cohort analysis of smoking prevalence by birth-year cohort to better understand temporal age patterns in smoking. We also did a decomposition analysis, in which we parsed out changes in all-cause smoking-attributable DALYs due to changes in population growth, population ageing, smoking prevalence, and risk-deleted DALY rates. Finally, we explored results by level of development using the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). FINDINGS Worldwide, the age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking was 25·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·2-25·7) for men and 5·4% (5·1-5·7) for women, representing 28·4% (25·8-31·1) and 34·4% (29·4-38·6) reductions, respectively, since 1990. A greater percentage of countries and territories achieved significant annualised rates of decline in smoking prevalence from 1990 to 2005 than in between 2005 and 2015; however, only four countries had significant annualised increases in smoking prevalence between 2005 and 2015 (Congo [Brazzaville] and Azerbaijan for men and Kuwait and Timor-Leste for women). In 2015, 11·5% of global deaths (6·4 million [95% UI 5·7-7·0 million]) were attributable to smoking worldwide, of which 52·2% took place in four countries (China, India, the USA, and Russia). Smoking was ranked among the five leading risk factors by DALYs in 109 countries and territories in 2015, rising from 88 geographies in 1990. In terms of birth cohorts, male smoking prevalence followed similar age patterns across levels of SDI, whereas much more heterogeneity was found in age patterns for female smokers by level of development. While smoking prevalence and risk-deleted DALY rates mostly decreased by sex and SDI quintile, population growth, population ageing, or a combination of both, drove rises in overall smoking-attributable DALYs in low-SDI to middle-SDI geographies between 2005 and 2015. INTERPRETATION The pace of progress in reducing smoking prevalence has been heterogeneous across geographies, development status, and sex, and as highlighted by more recent trends, maintaining past rates of decline should not be taken for granted, especially in women and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. Beyond the effect of the tobacco industry and societal mores, a crucial challenge facing tobacco control initiatives is that demographic forces are poised to heighten smoking's global toll, unless progress in preventing initiation and promoting cessation can be substantially accelerated. Greater success in tobacco control is possible but requires effective, comprehensive, and adequately implemented and enforced policies, which might in turn require global and national levels of political commitment beyond what has been achieved during the past 25 years. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Bloomberg Philanthropies.
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Abstract
Countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region share important sociocultural features but also differ significantly on a number of dimensions, including methods and approaches to addressing the health of their national populations. This article is a systematic analysis of the health systems of the region, including a review of health patterns and services to address them. A number of health systems dimensions are discussed, including the organization of biomedical and traditional medical services, access to health services, financing and resourcing mechanisms, and leadership and governance issues. Current and future challenges that need to be addressed by countries to ensure more efficient and responsive systems are also reviewed.
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Ossip DJ, Quiñones Z, Diaz S, Thevenet-Morrison K, Fisher S, Holderness H, Cai X, McIntosh S, Dozier A, Chin N, Weber E, Sanchez JJ, Bautista A, Héctor A. Tobacco Cessation in Economically Disadvantaged Dominican Republic Communities: Who are the Ex-Users? J Smok Cessat 2016; 11:239-249. [PMID: 28025600 PMCID: PMC5181849 DOI: 10.1017/jsc.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco use and harm continue to increase in low- and middle income countries (LMICs) globally. Smoking cessation is the most effective means of reducing morbidity and mortality from tobacco use. Increasing the prevalence of ex-users is an indicator of population cessation. AIMS This study provides the first examination of factors associated with ex-tobacco use status in the Dominican Republic (DR), a LMIC in the Latin America and Caribbean region. METHODS Baseline surveillance was conducted for 1177 randomly selected households in 7 economically disadvantaged DR communities (total N=2680 adult household members). RESULTS Ex-user prevalence was 10.6% (1.0%-18.5% across communities), 14.8% were current users (9.1-20.4), and quit ratios were 41.7% (9.7%-52.7%). Among ever-users, females (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.41, 2.90), older adults (45-64: OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.12, 2.74; 65+: OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.29, 3.39), and those who could read/write (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.08, 2.50), had health conditions (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.11, 2.41), and lived with ex-users (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.12, 2.58) were over 60% to two times as likely to be ex-users. Those from remote communities (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.36, 0.74), using chewed tobacco (OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.04, 0.48) and living with tobacco users (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.37, 0.81) were less likely to be ex-users. CONCLUSIONS Ex-user prevalence and quit ratios were lower than for high income countries. Implementing broad tobacco control measures, combined with clinically targeting vulnerable groups, may increase tobacco cessation to most effectively reduce this public health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Ossip
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Zahíra Quiñones
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago, Dominican Republic
| | - Sergio Diaz
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago, Dominican Republic
- Hospital Regional Universitario José Maria Cabral y Baez, Santiago, Dominican Republic
| | - Kelly Thevenet-Morrison
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Susan Fisher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Heather Holderness
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Xeuya Cai
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Scott McIntosh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ann Dozier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Chin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Emily Weber
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jose Javier Sanchez
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago, Dominican Republic
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Tsai LT, Lo FE, Yang CC, Lo WM, Keller JJ, Hwang CW, Lin CF, Lyu SY, Morisky DE. Influence of Socioeconomic Factors, Gender and Indigenous Status on Smoking in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E1044. [PMID: 27792157 PMCID: PMC5129254 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The indigenous Austronesian minority of Taiwan is heavily affected by health disparities which may include suffering from a greater burden of the tobacco epidemic. While a lack of representative data has historically precluded an investigation of the differences in smoking between Taiwanese ethnicities, these data have recently become available through an annual population-based telephone survey conducted by the Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare (previously known as the Bureau of Health Promotion (BHP), Department of Health). We used the BHP monitoring data to observe the prevalence of smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure among indigenous and non-indigenous Taiwanese surrounding a tobacco welfare tax increase in 2006, investigate ethnic differences in smoking prevalence and environmental tobacco smoke exposure each year between 2005 and 2008, and perform multiple logistic regression to estimate measures of association between potential risk factors and smoking status. Despite significant ethnic and gender differences in smoking prevalence, smoking status was not found to be significantly associated with ethnicity after controlling for socioeconomic and demographic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Ting Tsai
- Taiwan Marine Education Center, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan.
- Institute of Indigenous Health and Preventive Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Feng-En Lo
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402 Taiwan.
- Department of Leisure and Recreation Management, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Chien Yang
- Graduate Institute of Educational Measurement and Statistics, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung 40306, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Min Lo
- Institute of Indigenous Health and Preventive Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Information Management, Tatung University, Taipei 10452, Taiwan.
| | | | - Chiou-Wei Hwang
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Feng Lin
- Institute of Indigenous Health and Preventive Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Yu Lyu
- Department of Leisure Industry and Health Promotion, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 11219, Taiwan.
| | - Donald E Morisky
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Wiggert N, Wilhelm FH, Nakajima M, al'Absi M. Chronic Smoking, Trait Anxiety, and the Physiological Response to Stress. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:1619-1628. [PMID: 27484702 PMCID: PMC5055449 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1191511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Both chronic smoking and trait anxiety have been associated with dysregulations in psychobiological stress response systems. However, these factors have not been studied in conjunction. We expected trait anxiety and smoking status to attenuate stress reactivity. Furthermore, we expected an allostatic load effect resulting in particularly attenuated stress reactivity in high-anxious smokers. In addition, high-anxious smokers were expected to exhibit increased urges to smoke in response to stress. METHODS 115 smokers and 37 nonsmokers, aged 18-64 years, completed a laboratory session including mental stressors such as evaluated public speaking and mental arithmetic. Trait anxiety was assessed using Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Cardiovascular autonomic indices, salivary cortisol, and the desire to smoke were measured at baseline, during stressors, and at recovery. RESULTS Regression analyses showed that smokers exhibited attenuated cardiovascular stress responses in comparison to nonsmokers. Higher trait anxiety predicted attenuated systolic blood pressure responses to stress. No interaction effect of smoking status and trait anxiety was found in stress response measures. Higher trait anxiety predicted an increased desire to smoke in response to stress among smokers. CONCLUSION Results indicate that both smoking status and trait anxiety are associated with blunted sympatho-adrenal cardiovascular stress reactivity. Elevated urges to smoke in response to stress found among smokers with high trait anxiety suggest an important role of anxiety in smoking propensity and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wiggert
- a Department of Psychology , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Frank H Wilhelm
- a Department of Psychology , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Motohiro Nakajima
- b Department of Biobehavioral Health and Population Sciences , University of Minnesota Medical School , Duluth , Minnesota , USA
| | - Mustafa al'Absi
- b Department of Biobehavioral Health and Population Sciences , University of Minnesota Medical School , Duluth , Minnesota , USA
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Abstract
Four non-communicable diseases-cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer-account for over 60 % of all deaths globally. In recognition of this significant epidemic, the United Nations set forth a target of reducing the four major NCDs by 25 % by 2025. Cardiovascular disease alone represents half of these deaths and is the leading cause of death globally, representing as much as 60 % of all deaths in regions such as Eastern Europe. In response, the WHO set specific targets on conditions and risk factors and changes in the health systems structure in order to achieve the goals. The focus was set on lifestyle risk factors-physical activity, salt-intake, and tobacco-and established conditions-obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Health system efforts to improve medical treatment of high risk are encouraged. Efforts to achieve the goal are being promoted by leading international CVD organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Dugani
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, 02115, USA. .,Division of General Internal Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
| | - Thomas A Gaziano
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, 02115, USA.
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Beard E, Brown J, West R, Angus C, Brennan A, Holmes J, Kaner E, Meier P, Michie S. Deconstructing the Alcohol Harm Paradox: A Population Based Survey of Adults in England. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160666. [PMID: 27682619 PMCID: PMC5040414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Alcohol Harm Paradox refers to observations that lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups consume less alcohol but experience more alcohol-related problems. However, SES is a complex concept and its observed relationship to social problems often depends on how it is measured and the demographic groups studied. Thus this study assessed socioeconomic patterning of alcohol consumption and related harm using multiple measures of SES and examined moderation of this patterning by gender and age. Method Data were used from the Alcohol Toolkit Study between March and September 2015 on 31,878 adults (16+) living in England. Participants completed the AUDIT which includes alcohol consumption, harm and dependence modules. SES was measured via qualifications, employment, home and car ownership, income and social-grade, plus a composite of these measures. The composite score was coded such that higher scores reflected greater social-disadvantage. Results We observed the Alcohol Harm Paradox for the composite SES measure, with a linear negative relationship between SES and AUDIT-Consumption scores (β = -0.036, p<0.001) and a positive relationship between lower SES and AUDIT-Harm (β = 0.022, p<0.001) and AUDIT-Dependence (β = 0.024, p<0.001) scores. Individual measures of SES displayed different, and non-linear, relationships with AUDIT modules. For example, social-grade and income had a u-shaped relationship with AUDIT-Consumption scores while education had an inverse u-shaped relationship. Almost all measures displayed an exponential relationship with AUDIT-Dependence and AUDIT-Harm scores. We identified moderating effects from age and gender, with AUDIT-Dependence scores increasing more steeply with lower SES in men and both AUDIT-Harm and AUDIT-Dependence scores increasing more steeply with lower SES in younger age groups. Conclusion Different SES measures appear to influence whether the Alcohol Harm Paradox is observed as a linear trend across SES groups or a phenomenon associated particularly with the most disadvantaged. The paradox also appears more concentrated in men and younger age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Beard
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jamie Brown
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert West
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Angus
- ScHARR, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Brennan
- ScHARR, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - John Holmes
- ScHARR, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Kaner
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Petra Meier
- ScHARR, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Michie
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The influence of masculinity and femininity on behaviors and outcomes has been extensively studied in social science research using various measurement strategies. In the present paper, we describe and evaluate a measurement technique that uses existing survey items to capture the extent to which an individual behaves similarly to their same-gender peers. We use data from the first four waves of The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), a nationally representative sample of adolescents (age 12-18) in the United States who were re-interviewed at ages 13-19, 18-26, and 24-32. We estimate split-half reliability and provide evidence that supports the validity of this measurement technique. We demonstrate that the resulting measure does not perform as a trait measure and is associated with involvement in violent fights, a pattern consistent with theory and empirical findings. This measurement technique represents a novel approach for gender researchers with the potential for expanding our current knowledge base.
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Lee K, Eckhardt J, Holden C. Tobacco industry globalization and global health governance: towards an interdisciplinary research agenda. PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS 2016; 2:16037. [PMID: 28458910 PMCID: PMC5409523 DOI: 10.1057/palcomms.2016.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Shifting patterns of tobacco production and consumption, and the resultant disease burden worldwide since the late twentieth century, prompted efforts to strengthen global health governance through adoption of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. While the treaty is rightfully considered an important achievement, to address a neglected public health issue through collective action, evidence suggests that tobacco industry globalization continues apace. In this article, we provide a systematic review of the public health literature and reveal definitional and measurement imprecision, ahistorical timeframes, transnational tobacco companies and the state as the primary units and levels of analysis, and a strong emphasis on agency as opposed to structural power. Drawing on the study of globalization in international political economy and business studies, we identify opportunities to expand analysis along each of these dimensions. We conclude that this expanded and interdisciplinary research agenda provides the potential for fuller understanding of the dual and dynamic relationship between the tobacco industry and globalization. Deeper analysis of how the industry has adapted to globalization over time, as well as how the industry has influenced the nature and trajectory of globalization, is essential for building effective global governance responses. This article is published as part of a thematic collection dedicated to global governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Lee
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | | | - Chris Holden
- Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of York, York, UK
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Tulloch HE, Pipe AL, Els C, Clyde MJ, Reid RD. Flexible, dual-form nicotine replacement therapy or varenicline in comparison with nicotine patch for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Med 2016; 14:80. [PMID: 27233840 PMCID: PMC4884360 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended use of combined pharmacotherapies to treat tobacco dependence may increase smoking abstinence; few studies have examined their effectiveness. The objective of this study was to evaluate smoking abstinence with standard nicotine patch (NRT), extended use of combined formulations of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT+), or varenicline (VR). METHODS A total of 737 smokers, including those with medical and psychiatric comorbidities, were randomly assigned to one of the above three treatment conditions. The NRT group received 10 weeks of patches (21 mg daily maximum); the NRT+ group received patches (35 mg daily maximum) and gum or inhaler for up to 22 weeks; and the VR group received 1 mg twice daily for up to 24 weeks (22 weeks post target quit date). All participants also received six standardized 15-minute smoking cessation counseling sessions by nurses experienced in tobacco dependence treatment. The primary outcome was carbon monoxide-confirmed continuous abstinence rates (CAR) from weeks 5-52. Secondary outcomes were: CAR from weeks 5-10 and 5-22, and carbon monoxide-confirmed 7-day point prevalence (7PP) at weeks 10, 22, and 52. Adjusted and unadjusted logistic regression analyses were conducted using intention-to-treat procedures. RESULTS The CARs for weeks 5-52 were 10.0 %, 12.4 %, and 15.3 % in the NRT, NRT+, and VR groups, respectively; no group differences were observed. Results with 7PP showed that VR was superior to NRT at week 52 (odds ratio (OR), 1.84; 97.5 % Confidence Interval (CI), 1.04-3.26) in the adjusted intention-to-treat analysis. Those in the VR group had higher CAR at weeks 5-22 (OR, 2.01; CI, 1.20-3.36) than those in the NRT group. Results with 7PP revealed that both NRT+ (OR, 1.72; CI, 1.04-2.85) and VR (OR, 1.96; CI, 1.20-3.23) were more effective than NRT at 22 weeks. As compared to NRT monotherapy, NRT+ and VR produced significant increases in CAR for weeks 5-10 (OR, 1.52; CI, 1.00-2.30 and OR, 1.58; CI, 1.04-2.39, respectively); results were similar, but somewhat stronger, when 7PP was used at 10 weeks (OR, 1.57; CI, 1.03-2.41 and OR, 1.79; CI, 1.17-2.73, respectively). All medications were well tolerated, but participants in the VR group experienced more fatigue, digestive symptoms (e.g., nausea, diarrhea), and sleep-related concerns (e.g., abnormal dreams, insomnia), but less dermatologic symptoms than those in the NRT or NRT+ groups. The frequency of serious adverse events did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Flexible and combination NRT and varenicline enhance success in the early phases of quitting. Varenicline improves abstinence in the medium term; however, there is no clear evidence that either varenicline or flexible, dual-form NRT increase quit rates in the long-term when compared to NRT monotherapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01623505 ; Retrospectively registered on July 13, 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Tulloch
- Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4 W7, Canada. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. .,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Andrew L Pipe
- Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4 W7, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Charl Els
- Department of Psychiatry, 1E1 Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - Matthew J Clyde
- Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4 W7, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert D Reid
- Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4 W7, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Mishra S, Joseph RA, Gupta PC, Pezzack B, Ram F, Sinha DN, Dikshit R, Patra J, Jha P. Trends in bidi and cigarette smoking in India from 1998 to 2015, by age, gender and education. BMJ Glob Health 2016; 1:e000005. [PMID: 28588906 PMCID: PMC5321300 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2015-000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Smoking of cigarettes or bidis (small, locally manufactured smoked tobacco) in India has likely changed over the last decade. We sought to document trends in smoking prevalence among Indians aged 15–69 years between 1998 and 2015. Design Comparison of 3 nationally representative surveys representing 99% of India's population; the Special Fertility and Mortality Survey (1998), the Sample Registration System Baseline Survey (2004) and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2010). Setting India. Participants About 14 million residents from 2.5 million homes, representative of India. Main outcome measures Age-standardised smoking prevalence and projected absolute numbers of smokers in 2015. Trends were stratified by type of tobacco smoked, age, gender and education level. Findings The age-standardised prevalence of any smoking in men at ages 15–69 years fell from about 27% in 1998 to 24% in 2010, but rose at ages 15–29 years. During this period, cigarette smoking in men became about twofold more prevalent at ages 15–69 years and fourfold more prevalent at ages 15–29 years. By contrast, bidi smoking among men at ages 15–69 years fell modestly. The age-standardised prevalence of any smoking in women at these ages was 2.7% in 2010. The smoking prevalence in women born after 1960 was about half of the prevalence in women born before 1950. By contrast, the intergenerational changes in smoking prevalence in men were much smaller. The absolute numbers of men smoking any type of tobacco at ages 15–69 years rose by about 29 million or 36% in relative terms from 79 million in 1998 to 108 million in 2015. This represents an average increase of about 1.7 million male smokers every year. By 2015, there were roughly equal numbers of men smoking cigarettes or bidis. About 11 million women aged 15–69 smoked in 2015. Among illiterate men, the prevalence of smoking rose (most sharply for cigarettes) but fell modestly among men with grade 10 or more education. The ex-smoking prevalence in men at ages 45–59 years rose modestly but was low: only 5% nationally with about 4 current smokers for every former smoker. Conclusions Despite modest decreases in smoking prevalence, the absolute numbers of male smokers aged 15–69 years has increased substantially over the last 15 years. Cigarettes are displacing bidi smoking, most notably among young adult men and illiterate men. Tobacco control policies need to adapt to these changes, most notably with higher taxation on tobacco products, so as to raise the currently low levels of adult smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Mishra
- Centre for Global Health Research, St. Michael's Hospital and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Renu Ann Joseph
- Centre for Global Health Research, St. Michael's Hospital and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prakash C Gupta
- Healis-Sekhsaria Institute of Public Health,Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Brendon Pezzack
- Centre for Global Health Research, St. Michael's Hospital and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faujdar Ram
- International Institute of Population Studies, Mumbai, Maharashtra
| | - Dhirendra N Sinha
- World Health Organization Regional Office of South East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Jayadeep Patra
- Centre for Global Health Research, St. Michael's Hospital and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prabhat Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, St. Michael's Hospital and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mishra S, Joseph RA, Gupta PC, Pezzack B, Ram F, Sinha DN, Dikshit R, Patra J, Jha P. Trends in bidi and cigarette smoking in India from 1998 to 2015, by age, gender and education. BMJ Glob Health 2016. [PMID: 28588906 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2015-000005.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Smoking of cigarettes or bidis (small, locally manufactured smoked tobacco) in India has likely changed over the last decade. We sought to document trends in smoking prevalence among Indians aged 15-69 years between 1998 and 2015. DESIGN Comparison of 3 nationally representative surveys representing 99% of India's population; the Special Fertility and Mortality Survey (1998), the Sample Registration System Baseline Survey (2004) and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2010). SETTING India. PARTICIPANTS About 14 million residents from 2.5 million homes, representative of India. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Age-standardised smoking prevalence and projected absolute numbers of smokers in 2015. Trends were stratified by type of tobacco smoked, age, gender and education level. FINDINGS The age-standardised prevalence of any smoking in men at ages 15-69 years fell from about 27% in 1998 to 24% in 2010, but rose at ages 15-29 years. During this period, cigarette smoking in men became about twofold more prevalent at ages 15-69 years and fourfold more prevalent at ages 15-29 years. By contrast, bidi smoking among men at ages 15-69 years fell modestly. The age-standardised prevalence of any smoking in women at these ages was 2.7% in 2010. The smoking prevalence in women born after 1960 was about half of the prevalence in women born before 1950. By contrast, the intergenerational changes in smoking prevalence in men were much smaller. The absolute numbers of men smoking any type of tobacco at ages 15-69 years rose by about 29 million or 36% in relative terms from 79 million in 1998 to 108 million in 2015. This represents an average increase of about 1.7 million male smokers every year. By 2015, there were roughly equal numbers of men smoking cigarettes or bidis. About 11 million women aged 15-69 smoked in 2015. Among illiterate men, the prevalence of smoking rose (most sharply for cigarettes) but fell modestly among men with grade 10 or more education. The ex-smoking prevalence in men at ages 45-59 years rose modestly but was low: only 5% nationally with about 4 current smokers for every former smoker. CONCLUSIONS Despite modest decreases in smoking prevalence, the absolute numbers of male smokers aged 15-69 years has increased substantially over the last 15 years. Cigarettes are displacing bidi smoking, most notably among young adult men and illiterate men. Tobacco control policies need to adapt to these changes, most notably with higher taxation on tobacco products, so as to raise the currently low levels of adult smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Mishra
- Centre for Global Health Research, St. Michael's Hospital and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Renu Ann Joseph
- Centre for Global Health Research, St. Michael's Hospital and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prakash C Gupta
- Healis-Sekhsaria Institute of Public Health,Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Brendon Pezzack
- Centre for Global Health Research, St. Michael's Hospital and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faujdar Ram
- International Institute of Population Studies, Mumbai, Maharashtra
| | - Dhirendra N Sinha
- World Health Organization Regional Office of South East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Jayadeep Patra
- Centre for Global Health Research, St. Michael's Hospital and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prabhat Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, St. Michael's Hospital and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Elkhader BA, Abdulla AA, Ali Omer MA. Correlation of Smoking and Myocardial Infarction Among Sudanese Male Patients Above 40 Years of Age. Pol J Radiol 2016; 81:138-40. [PMID: 27081418 PMCID: PMC4818030 DOI: 10.12659/pjr.894068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To find an association between smoking and the development of myocardial infarction in male patients above forty years of age presenting at the echocardiology department of Sudan heart center Khartoum. A prospective cohort study was carried out at the echocardiography department of Sudan Heart Center in Khartoum-Sudan between July 2012 and June 2014. The study population comprised a total of 168 adult male patients who underwent cardiac ultrasound scanning. Out of a total of 144 cases, 65% (94) of patients were smokers, 74% of the 94 cases smoked for more than 10 years, and 26% of the 94 cases smoked for less than 10 years. With this study it was concluded that smoking is a risk factor for the development of myocardial infarction. This study showed that patients with myocardial infarction are more likely to have a past history of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaaedin A Elkhader
- College of Medical Radiological Sciences, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Alsafi A Abdulla
- College of Medical Radiological Sciences, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohammed A Ali Omer
- College of Medical Radiological Sciences, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Radiologic Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Sudan
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Legaki E, Gazouli M. Influence of environmental factors in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2016; 7:112-125. [PMID: 26855817 PMCID: PMC4734944 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v7.i1.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are multifactorial diseases that are manifested after disruption of a genetic predisposed individual and its intestinal microflora through an environmental stimulus. Urbanization and industrialization are associated with IBD. Epidemiological data, clinical observations and family/immigrants studies indicate the significance of environmental influence in the development of IBD. Some environmental factors have a different effect on the subtypes of IBD. Smoking and appendectomy is negatively associated with UC, but they are aggravating factors for CD. A westernized high fat diet, full of refined carbohydrates is strongly associated with the development of IBD, contrary to a high in fruit, vegetables and polyunsaturated fatty acid-3 diet that is protective against these diseases. High intake of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug and oral contraceptive pills as well as the inadequacy of vitamin D leads to an increased risk for IBD and a more malignant course of disease. Moreover, other factors such as air pollution, psychological factors, sleep disturbances and exercise influence the development and the course of IBD. Epigenetic mechanism like DNA methylation, histone modification and altered expression of miRNAS could explain the connection between genes and environmental factors in triggering the development of IBD.
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Sutherland R, Sindicich N, Entwistle G, Whittaker E, Peacock A, Matthews A, Bruno R, Alati R, Burns L. Tobacco and e-cigarette use amongst illicit drug users in Australia. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 159:35-41. [PMID: 26703856 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the rates and patterns of tobacco and e-cigarette use amongst two samples of illicit drug users in Australia. METHOD Data were obtained from the 2015 Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) and the 2015 Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS). These studies comprised cross-sectional samples of 888 people who inject drugs (PWID) and 763 regular psychostimulant users (RPU). RESULTS Tobacco was consumed by the majority of both samples, however, use in the 6 months preceding interview was significantly higher amongst PWID (92.2%) than RPU (82.4% [OR 2.53 95% CI 1.86-3.44]). Inversely, PWID were less likely to have a history of e-cigarette use: 31.5% of PWID reported lifetime use of e-cigarettes (vs. 57.0% of RPU [OR 0.35 95% CI 0.28-0.42]) and 18.1% reported use in the 6 months preceding interview (vs. 33.7% of RPU [OR 0.44 95% CI 0.35-0.55]). PWID were more than three times as likely than RPU to report using e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool (OR 3.09 95% CI 2.03-4.71), but were less likely to use e-liquids that contained nicotine (OR 0.52 95% CI 0.32-0.83). Higher levels of poly drug use, daily tobacco use, recent use of synthetic cannabinoids and employment status were found to be significantly associated with e-cigarette use. CONCLUSION The use of e-cigarettes was relatively common amongst Australian samples of PWID and RPU. Whilst the majority of PWID reported using e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool, it appears that RPU are using them for experimental or recreational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amy Peacock
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Allison Matthews
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Raimondo Bruno
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rosa Alati
- School of Public Health and the Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Lucy Burns
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Australia
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Otoacoustic Emissions in Smoking and Nonsmoking Young Adults. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 8:303-11. [PMID: 26622946 PMCID: PMC4661243 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2015.8.4.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The present study investigates the usefulness of transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and distortion product OAEs (DPOAEs) in detecting small changes in the hearing of young smoking adults. Methods Otoacoustic emissions were acquired from the ears of 48 young adults (age, 20 to 27 years). The dataset was divided into two groups, smoking (24 persons/48 ears) and nonsmoking (24 persons/48 ears). The level of smoking was relatively small in comparison to previous studies, an average of 3.8 years and 8.7 cigarettes per day. In each ear three OAE measurements were made: TEOAEs, DPOAEs, and spontaneous OAEs (SOAEs). Pure tone audiometry and tympanometry were also conducted. Audiometric thresholds did not differ significantly between the datasets. Half-octave-band values of OAE signal to noise ratios and response levels were used to assess statistical differences. Results Averaged data initially revealed that differences between the two study groups occurred only for TEOAEs at 1 kHz. However when the datasets were divided into ears with and without SOAEs more differences became apparent, both for TEOAEs and DPOAEs. In ears that exhibited SOAEs, both smokers and nonsmokers, there were no statistically significant differences between evoked OAEs; however in all ears without SOAEs, evoked OAEs were higher in the ears of nonsmokers, by as much as 5 dB. These differences were most prominent in the 1-2 kHz range. Conclusion A general decrease in OAE levels was found in the group of smokers. However, in ears which exhibited SOAEs, there was no difference between the evoked OAEs of smokers and nonsmokers. We conclude that smoking had not yet measurably affected the ears of those with acute hearing (i.e., those who exhibit SOAEs). However, in ears without SOAEs, smokers exhibited smaller evoked OAE amplitudes than nonsmokers, even though their audiometric thresholds were within the norm.
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Torres ET, Guido J, de Monegro ZQ, Diaz S, Dozier AM, McInstosh S, Ossip DJ. Understanding sociodemographic and sociocultural factors that characterize tobacco use and cessation during pregnancy among women in the Dominican Republic. Matern Child Health J 2015; 18:2275-83. [PMID: 24043558 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-013-1354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco use and exposure are serious public health problems that threaten to undermine improvements in maternal and child health, and add to already existing poor pregnancy outcomes in many low- and middle-income countries. The purpose of this study is to explore factors that characterize tobacco use and cessation during pregnancy among women in the Dominican Republic. This study was part of a larger trial and includes a sample of women who participated in baseline surveillance and community assessments (n = 613). Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable analyses were conducted. Overall, 93.31 % (n = 572) of women experienced a past/current pregnancy and 22.44 % (n = 127) smoked during a past or current pregnancy. Among women who had smoked, 34.13 % (n = 43) stopped smoking due to a pregnancy, and 46.03 % (n = 58) were advised by a health care provider to quit smoking because of pregnancy. Women who were older, Catholic, and had a mother who used tobacco were three times more likely to smoke during a past or current pregnancy. Inability to read or write was also significantly associated with smoking during pregnancy. Women who were able to read and write and were from a tobacco growing community were three times more likely to quit smoking during pregnancy. This study provides a preliminary understanding of factors influencing tobacco use and cessation among pregnant women in the Dominican Republic. It also informs a critical area for public health research and intervention, indicating opportunities to engage the health care provider community in intervening with pregnant women and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essie T Torres
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, East Carolina University, 3202 Belk Building, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA,
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Sewell J, Ranasinghe W, De Silva D, Ayres B, Ranasinghe T, Hounsome L, Verne J, Persad R. Trends in penile cancer: a comparative study between Australia, England and Wales, and the US. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:420. [PMID: 26301167 PMCID: PMC4536252 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate and compare the trends in incidence and mortality of penile cancer between Australia, England and Wales, and the US, and provide hypotheses for these trends. Methods Cancer registry data from 1982 to 2005 inclusive were obtained from Australia, England and Wales, and the United States. From these data, age-specific, -standardised and mortality:incidence ratios were calculated, and compared. Results The overall incidence of penile cancer in England and Wales (1.44 per 100,000 man-years) was higher than in Australia (0.80 per 100,000), and the US (0.66 per 100,000). Incidence of penile cancer in all three countries has remained relatively stable over time. Similarly, although the mortality rates were also higher in England and Wales (0.37 per 100,000 man-years) compared to Australia (0.18 per 100,000) and the US (0.15 per 100,000), the mortality/incidence ratios were similar for all three countries. Conclusions Penile cancer incidence is low, affecting mainly older men. Rates differ between the three countries, being twice as common in England and Wales as in the other studied regions. Circumcision rates have a potential influence on these rates but are not the sole explanation for the variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sewell
- Department of Surgery, Western Hospital, Gordon Street, Footscray, VIC 3011 Australia
| | | | - Daswin De Silva
- La Trobe Business School, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Tamra Ranasinghe
- Department of Neurology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | - Luke Hounsome
- South West Knowledge and Intelligence Team, Public Health England, Bristol, UK
| | - Julia Verne
- South West Knowledge and Intelligence Team, Public Health England, Bristol, UK
| | - Raj Persad
- University Hospital Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Chen VCH, Kuo CJ, Wang TN, Lee WC, Chen WJ, Ferri CP, Tsai D, Lai TJ, Huang MC, Stewart R, Ko YC. Suicide and Other-Cause Mortality after Early Exposure to Smoking and Second Hand Smoking: A 12-Year Population-Based Follow-Up Study. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26222448 PMCID: PMC4519334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association between smoking and suicide is still controversial, particular for early life cigarette smoking exposure. Few studies have investigated this association in adolescents using population-based cohorts, and the relationship with second hand smoking (SHS) exposure has not been addressed. Methods and Findings In this study, we followed a large population-based sample of younger people to investigate the association between smoking, SHS exposure and suicide mortality. Between October 1995 and June 1996, 162,682 junior high school students ages 11 to 16 years old living in a geographic catchment area in Taiwan were enrolled and then followed till December 2007 (1,948,432 person-years) through linkage to the National Death Certification System. Participants who were currently smoking at baseline had a greater than six-fold higher suicide mortality than those who did not smoke (29.5 vs. 4.8 per 100,000 person-years, p<0.001) as well as higher natural mortality (33.7 vs. 10.3 per 100,000 person-years, p<0.001). After controlling for gender, age, parental education, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and alcohol consumption, the adjusted hazard ratios for suicide were 3.69 (95% CI 1.85-7.39) in current smokers, and 1.47 (95% CI 0.94-2.30) and 2.83 (95% CI 1.54-5.20) respectively in adolescents exposed to SHS of 1-20 cigarettes and >20 cigarettes/per day. The estimated depression-adjusted odds ratio did not change substantially. The population attributable fractions for suicide associated with smoking and heavy SHS exposure (>20 cigarettes/per day) were 9.6% and 10.6%, respectively. Conclusions This study showed evidence of excess suicide mortality among young adults exposed to active or passive early life cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Chin-Hung Chen
- Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung San Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Jue Kuo
- Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Nai Wang
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YCK); (TNW)
| | - Wen-Chung Lee
- Institue of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei J. Chen
- Institue of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cleusa P. Ferri
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Psychobiology Department, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Duujian Tsai
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Te-Jen Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung San Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chuan Huang
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Robert Stewart
- King’s College London (Institute of Psychiatry), London, United Kingdom
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Environment-Omics-Diseases Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YCK); (TNW)
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Bowry ADK, Lewey J, Dugani SB, Choudhry NK. The Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Epidemiology and Management. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:1151-9. [PMID: 26321437 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for 17 million deaths in 2013. More than 80% of these cases were in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Although the risk factors for the development of CVD are similar throughout the world, the evolving change in lifestyle and health behaviours in LMICs-including tobacco use, decreased physical activity, and obesity-are contributing to the escalating presence of CVD and mortality. Although CVD mortality is falling in high-income settings because of more effective preventive and management programs, access to evidence-based interventions for combating CVD in resource-limited settings is variable. The existing pressures on both human and financial resources impact the efforts of controlling CVD. The implementation of emerging innovative interventions to improve medication adherence, introducing m-health programs, and decentralizing the management of chronic diseases are promising methods to reduce the burden of chronic disease management on such fragile health care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna D K Bowry
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jennifer Lewey
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sagar B Dugani
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Niteesh K Choudhry
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kim H, Kim MH, Park YS, Shin JY, Song YM. Factors That Predict Persistent Smoking of Cancer Survivors. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:853-9. [PMID: 26130945 PMCID: PMC4479936 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.7.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted this cross-sectional study to elucidate factors that predict persistent smoking of the Korean cancer survivors. The subjects were 130 adult (≥19 yr old) cancer survivors who were smokers at the diagnosis of cancer and have participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted from 2007 to 2011. We categorized them into the persistent smokers and the quitters, according to change in smoking status between the time of cancer diagnosis and the time of the survey. Factors associated with persistent smoking were evaluated using the multiple logistic regression analysis. During 7.52 yr (standard deviation = 0.34) after the cancer diagnosis, 59.6% of the 130 cancer survivors have continued to smoke. After adjusting for covariates, following factors were independently associated with the risk of persistent smoking: female, low income, high-risk alcohol use, high body mass index (≥ 25 kg/m(2)), presence of household members who smoke, and longer duration of smoking. Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test showed a positive association with the risk of persistent smoking (P for trend = 0.012). In conclusion, more efforts for smoking cessation should be in place for the cancer survivors with those risk factors associated with the persistent smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoeun Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Soon Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jin Young Shin
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Mi Song
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Nagler EM, Sinha DN, Pednekar MS, Stoddard AM, Gupta PC, Mathur N, Lando H, Aghi M, Cordeira LS, Viswanath K, Sorensen G. Social contextual factors and tobacco use among Indian teachers: insights from the Bihar School Teachers' Study. Prev Med 2015; 74:24-30. [PMID: 25657167 PMCID: PMC4617324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tobacco use within India has significant effects on the global burden of tobacco-related disease. As role models and opinion leaders, teachers are at the forefront of tobacco control efforts, yet little is known about their own tobacco use. This study examines the association between factors in the social environment and tobacco use among teachers in Bihar, India. METHODS The study was based on the Bihar School Teachers' Study baseline survey. Seventy-two Bihar government schools (grades 8-10) were randomly selected for the study and all school personnel were invited to complete the survey in June/July in 2009 and 2010. We assessed the relation between social contextual factors and current smoking/smokeless tobacco use by fitting a series of logistic regression models. RESULTS After controlling for clustering of teachers in schools and other covariates, our results showed teachers with one or more coworkers who used tobacco were twice as likely to be smokeless tobacco users as teachers with no co-workers who used tobacco. Teachers who reported rules prohibiting smoking at home were significantly less likely to smoke than teachers without such rules. Older male teachers also had significantly greater odds of smoking/using smokeless tobacco. CONCLUSION These findings provide direction for future interventions targeting the social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve M Nagler
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Community Based Research, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 677 Huntington Avenue-7th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Dhirendra N Sinha
- WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, Indraprastha Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Mangesh S Pednekar
- Healis Sekhsaria Institute For Public Health, 501, Technocity, Plot-X-4/5, TTC Industrial Area, Mahape, Navi Mumbai, Pin code-400701, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anne M Stoddard
- New England Research Institutes, 480 Pleasant Street, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
| | - Prakash C Gupta
- Healis Sekhsaria Institute For Public Health, 501, Technocity, Plot-X-4/5, TTC Industrial Area, Mahape, Navi Mumbai, Pin code-400701, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha Mathur
- Healis Sekhsaria Institute For Public Health, 501, Technocity, Plot-X-4/5, TTC Industrial Area, Mahape, Navi Mumbai, Pin code-400701, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harry Lando
- University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, 1300S. 2nd Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Mira Aghi
- Freelance Behavioral Scientist, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Laura Shulman Cordeira
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Community Based Research, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - K Viswanath
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Community Based Research, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 677 Huntington Avenue-7th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Glorian Sorensen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Community Based Research, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 677 Huntington Avenue-7th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Dalinjong PA, Welaga P, Azongo DK, Chatio S, Anaseba D, Kondayire F, Akazili J, Debpuur C, Oduro AR. A retrospective analysis of the association between tobacco smoking and deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in the Kassena-Nankana districts of Northern Ghana. Tob Induc Dis 2015; 13:12. [PMID: 25937824 PMCID: PMC4416277 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-015-0037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use is a public health problem, responsible for approximately six million deaths annually worldwide. It is a risk factor for many diseases including cancers, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In low-and middle-income countries, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases are important causes of death. Tobacco use is prevalent in Ghana, but no study had examined the relationship between tobacco use and deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in the Upper East Region of Northern Ghana. Hence the paper assessed the association between tobacco use and deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in that region. METHODS The study used verbal autopsy data collected from the Kassena-Nankana East and West districts of the Upper East Region of Northern Ghana. Data from deceased individuals aged 15 to 59 years whose deaths occurred between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2011 and with a known cause as well as smoking status were analyzed. Two binary outcome variables were generated from the cause of death data; whether an individual died from respiratory diseases or not, and from cardiovascular diseases or not. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between tobacco use and deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. RESULTS Out of 3,492 deaths with a known cause of death and smoking status, a third of them smoked. About 16.6% of smokers and 8.1% of non-smokers died from respiratory diseases. Approximately, 10.7% of smokers died from cardiovascular diseases compared to 10.6% of non-smokers. In multivariate analyses, individuals with a history of smoking had two-fold increased odds [OR=2.18, 95% CI (1.6-2.9)] of dying from respiratory diseases. Besides, the number of years of smoking as well as the frequency of smoking is significantly associated with deaths from respiratory diseases. No association existed between tobacco use and deaths from cardiovascular diseases. CONCLUSIONS Within our study we identified a strong relationship between tobacco use and deaths from respiratory diseases, but not an association with deaths from cardiovascular diseases. Our findings highlight the need to make appropriate health interventions to control tobacco use and thus help reduce premature deaths from respiratory and other tobacco linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Ayizem Dalinjong
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Paul Welaga
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Daniel K Azongo
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Samuel Chatio
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Dominic Anaseba
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Felix Kondayire
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - James Akazili
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Abraham Rexford Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
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