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Liu H, Yao X, Fan J, Lv L, Zhao Y, Nie J, Guo Y, Zhang L, Huang H, Shi Y, Zhang Q, Li J, Sui X. Cell wall invertase 3 plays critical roles in providing sugars during pollination and fertilization in cucumber. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1293-1311. [PMID: 38428987 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
In plants, pollen-pistil interactions during pollination and fertilization mediate pollen hydration and germination, pollen tube growth, and seed set and development. Cell wall invertases (CWINs) help provide the carbohydrates for pollen development; however, their roles in pollination and fertilization have not been well established. In cucumber (Cucumis sativus), CsCWIN3 showed the highest expression in flowers, and we further examined CsCWIN3 for functions during pollination to seed set. Both CsCWIN3 transcript and CsCWIN3 protein exhibited similar expression patterns in the sepals, petals, stamen filaments, anther tapetum, and pollen of male flowers, as well as in the stigma, style, transmitting tract, and ovule funiculus of female flowers. Notably, repression of CsCWIN3 in cucumber did not affect the formation of parthenocarpic fruit but resulted in an arrested growth of stigma integuments in female flowers and a partially delayed dehiscence of anthers with decreased pollen viability in male flowers. Consequently, the pollen tube grew poorly in the gynoecia after pollination. In addition, CsCWIN3-RNA interference plants also showed affected seed development. Considering that sugar transporters could function in cucumber fecundity, we highlight the role of CsCWIN3 and a potential close collaboration between CWIN and sugar transporters in these processes. Overall, we used molecular and physiological analyses to determine the CsCWIN3-mediated metabolism during pollen formation, pollen tube growth, and plant fecundity. CsCWIN3 has essential roles from pollination and fertilization to seed set but not parthenocarpic fruit development in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuehui Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingwei Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lijun Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yalong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yicong Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Kernel Cucumber Research Institute, Tianjin 300192, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Hongyu Huang
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Kernel Cucumber Research Institute, Tianjin 300192, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yuzi Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiawang Li
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Kernel Cucumber Research Institute, Tianjin 300192, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xiaolei Sui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Cheng J, Jia Y, Hill C, He T, Wang K, Guo G, Shabala S, Zhou M, Han Y, Li C. Diversity of Gibberellin 2-oxidase genes in the barley genome offers opportunities for genetic improvement. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(23)00408-3. [PMID: 38199453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gibberellin (GA) is a vital phytohormone in regulating plant growth and development. During the "Green Revolution", modification of GA-related genes created semi-dwarfing phenotype in cereal crops but adversely affected grain weight. Gibberellin 2-oxidases (GA2oxs) in barley act as key catabolic enzymes in deactivating GA, but their functions are still less known. OBJECTIVES This study investigates the physiological function of two HvGA2ox genes in barley and identifies novel semi-dwarf alleles with minimum impacts on other agronomic traits. METHODS Virus-induced gene silencing and CRISPR/Cas9 technology were used to manipulate gene expression of HvGA2ox9 and HvGA2ox8a in barley and RNA-seq was conducted to compare the transcriptome between wild type and mutants. Also, field trials in multiple environments were performed to detect the functional haplotypes. RESULTS There were ten GA2oxs that distinctly expressed in shoot, tiller, inflorescence, grain, embryo and root. Knockdown of HvGA2ox9 did not affect plant height, while ga2ox8a mutants generated by CRISPR/Cas9 increased plant height and significantly altered seed width and weight due to the increased bioactive GA4 level. RNA-seq analysis revealed that genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism were significantly decreased in the inflorescence of ga2ox8a mutants. Furthermore, haplotype analysis revealed one naturally occurring HvGA2ox8a haplotype was associated with decreased plant height, early flowering and wider and heavier seed. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the potential of manipulating GA2ox genes to fine tune GA signalling and biofunctions in desired plant tissues and open a promising avenue for minimising the trade-off effects of Green Revolution semi-dwarfing genes on grain size and weight. The knowledge will promote the development of next generation barley cultivars with better adaptation to a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingye Cheng
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, TAS, Australia; Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Food Futures Institute, School of Agriculture, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Jia
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Food Futures Institute, School of Agriculture, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Agriculture and Food, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Camilla Hill
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Food Futures Institute, School of Agriculture, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Tianhua He
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Food Futures Institute, School of Agriculture, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Ke Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ganggang Guo
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, TAS, Australia
| | - Meixue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, TAS, Australia.
| | - Yong Han
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Food Futures Institute, School of Agriculture, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Agriculture and Food, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Food Futures Institute, School of Agriculture, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Agriculture and Food, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia.
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Chen L, Ganguly DR, Shafik SH, Danila F, Grof CPL, Sharwood RE, Furbank RT. The role of SWEET4 proteins in the post-phloem sugar transport pathway of Setaria viridis sink tissues. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2968-2986. [PMID: 36883216 PMCID: PMC10560085 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the developing seeds of all higher plants, filial cells are symplastically isolated from the maternal tissue supplying photosynthate to the reproductive structure. Photoassimilates must be transported apoplastically, crossing several membrane barriers, a process facilitated by sugar transporters. Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) have been proposed to play a crucial role in apoplastic sugar transport during phloem unloading and the post-phloem pathway in sink tissues. Evidence for this is presented here for developing seeds of the C4 model grass Setaria viridis. Using immunolocalization, SvSWEET4 was detected in various maternal and filial tissues within the seed along the sugar transport pathway, in the vascular parenchyma of the pedicel, and in the xylem parenchyma of the stem. Expression of SvSWEET4a in Xenopus laevis oocytes indicated that it functions as a high-capacity glucose and sucrose transporter. Carbohydrate and transcriptional profiling of Setaria seed heads showed that there were some developmental shifts in hexose and sucrose content and consistent expression of SvSWEET4 homologues. Collectively, these results provide evidence for the involvement of SWEETs in the apoplastic transport pathway of sink tissues and allow a pathway for post-phloem sugar transport into the seed to be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Chen
- Research School of Biology, ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, New South Wales 2753, Australia
| | - Diep R Ganguly
- Research School of Biology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Sarah H Shafik
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Florence Danila
- Research School of Biology, ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher P L Grof
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Robert E Sharwood
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, New South Wales 2753, Australia
| | - Robert T Furbank
- Research School of Biology, ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Li Y, Hu W, Zou J, He J, Zhu H, Zhao W, Wang Y, Chen B, Meng Y, Wang S, Zhou Z. Effects of soil drought on cottonseed kernel carbohydrate metabolism and kernel biomass accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 195:170-181. [PMID: 36640684 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cottonseed is the main coproduct of cotton production. The carbohydrate metabolism provides carbon substrate for the accumulation of cottonseed kernel biomass which was the basis of cottonseed kernel development. However, the responses of drought stress on carbohydrate metabolism in kernels are still unclear. To address this, two cotton cultivars (Dexiamian 1 and Yuzaomian 9110) were cultivated under three water treatments including soil relative water content (SRWC) at (75 ± 5)% (control), (60 ± 5)% (mild drought) and (45 ± 5)% (severe drought) to investigate the effects of soil drought on cottonseed kernel carbohydrate metabolism and kernel biomass accumulation. Results suggested that drought restrained the accumulation of cottonseed kernel biomass which eventually decreased cottonseed kernel biomass at maturity. In detail, the down-regulation of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity led to the inhibition of sucrose synthesis, while the up-regulation of invertase (INV) promoted the sucrose decomposite, which reduced the sucrose content eventually under drought. Though hexose content was increased, phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) content was decreased under drought by downregulating 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities, which hindered the conversion of hexose to PEP. The large decrease of sucrose and PEP contents hindered the accumulation of kernel biomass. The related substances contents and enzyme activities in carbohydrate metabolism of Yuzaomian 9110 were more susceptible to drought stress than Dexiamian 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Zou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaqi He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Honghai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Binglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yali Meng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Li G, Cui K, Hu Q, Wang W, Pan J, Zhang G, Shi Y, Nie L, Huang J, Peng S. Phloem Unloading in Developing Rice Caryopses and its Contribution to Non-Structural Carbohydrate Translocation from Stems and Grain Yield Formation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1510-1525. [PMID: 35946132 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phloem unloading plays an important role in photoassimilate partitioning and grain yield improvements in cereal crops. The phloem unloading strategy and its effects on photoassimilate translocation and yield formation remain unclear in rice. In this study, plasmodesmata were observed at the interface between the sieve elements (SEs) and companion cells (CCs), and between the SE-CC complex and surrounding parenchyma cells (PCs) in phloem of the dorsal vascular bundle in developing caryopses. Carboxyfluorescein (CF) signal was detected in the phloem of caryopses, which showed that CF was unloaded into caryopses. These results indicated that the SE-CC complex was symplasmically connected with adjacent PCs by plasmodesmata. Gene expression for sucrose transporter (SUT) and cell wall invertase (CWI), and OsSUT1 and OsCIN1 proteins were detected in developing caryopses, indicating that rice plants might actively unload sucrose into caryopses by the apoplasmic pathway. Among three rice recombinant inbred lines, R201 exhibited lower plasmodesmal densities at the boundaries between cell types (SE-CC, SE-PC and CC-PC) in developing caryopses than R91 and R156. R201 also had lower expression of SUT and CWI genes and lower protein levels of OsSUT1 and OsCIN1, as well as CWI activity, than R91 and R156. These data agreed with stem non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) translocation and grain yields for the three lines. The nitrogen application rate had no significant effect on plasmodesmal densities at the interfaces between different cells types, and did not affect CF unloading in the phloem of developing caryopses. Low nitrogen treatment enhanced expression levels of OsSUT and OsCIN genes in the three lines. These results suggested that nitrogen application had no substantial effect on symplasmic unloading but affected apoplasmic unloading. Therefore, we concluded that poor symplasmic and apoplasmic unloading in developing caryopses might result in low stem NSC translocation and poor grain yield formation of R201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kehui Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiuqian Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wencheng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junfeng Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guo Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yange Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lixiao Nie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Tropical crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Jianliang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Shen S, Ma S, Chen XM, Yi F, Li BB, Liang XG, Liao SJ, Gao LH, Zhou SL, Ruan YL. A transcriptional landscape underlying sugar import for grain set in maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:228-242. [PMID: 35020972 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing seed depends on sugar supply for its growth and yield formation. Maize (Zea mays L.) produces the largest grains among cereals. However, there is a lack of holistic understanding of the transcriptional landscape of genes controlling sucrose transport to, and utilization within, maize grains. By performing in-depth data mining of spatio-temporal transcriptomes coupled with histological and heterologous functional analyses, we identified transporter genes specifically expressed in the maternal-filial interface, including (i) ZmSWEET11/13b in the placento-chalazal zone, where sucrose is exported into the apoplasmic space, and (ii) ZmSTP3, ZmSWEET3a/4c (monosaccharide transporters), ZmSUT1, and ZmSWEET11/13a (sucrose transporters) in the basal endosperm transfer cells for retrieval of apoplasmic sucrose or hexoses after hydrolysis by extracellular invertase. In the embryo and its surrounding regions, an embryo-localized ZmSUT4 and a cohort of ZmSWEETs were specifically expressed. Interestingly, drought repressed those ZmSWEETs likely exporting sucrose but enhanced the expression of most transporter genes for uptake of apoplasmic sugars. Importantly, this drought-induced fluctuation in gene expression was largely attenuated by an increased C supply via controlled pollination, indicating that the altered gene expression is conditioned by C availability. Based on the analyses above, we proposed a holistic model on the spatio-temporal expression of genes that likely govern sugar transport and utilization across maize maternal and endosperm and embryo tissues during the critical stage of grain set. Collectively, the findings represent an advancement towards a holistic understanding of the transcriptional landscape underlying post-phloem sugar transport in maize grain and indicate that the drought-induced changes in gene expression are attributable to low C status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Shen
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Si Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xian-Min Chen
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fei Yi
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bin-Bin Li
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Gui Liang
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Research Center on Ecological Science, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Sheng-Jin Liao
- Research Center of Agricultural Information & Technology, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li-Hong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shun-Li Zhou
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
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Ponert J, Šoch J, Vosolsobě S, Čiháková K, Lipavská H. Integrative Study Supports the Role of Trehalose in Carbon Transfer From Fungi to Mycotrophic Orchid. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:793876. [PMID: 34956293 PMCID: PMC8695678 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.793876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Orchids rely on mycorrhizal symbiosis, especially in the stage of mycoheterotrophic protocorms, which depend on carbon and energy supply from fungi. The transfer of carbon from fungi to orchids is well-documented, but the identity of compounds ensuring this transfer remains elusive. Some evidence has been obtained for the role of amino acids, but there is also vague and neglected evidence for the role of soluble carbohydrates, probably trehalose, which is an abundant fungal carbohydrate. We therefore focused on the possible role of trehalose in carbon and energy transfer. We investigated the common marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza majalis) and its symbiotic fungus Ceratobasidium sp. using a combination of cultivation approaches, high-performance liquid chromatography, application of a specific inhibitor of the enzyme trehalase, and histochemical localization of trehalase activity. We found that axenically grown orchid protocorms possess an efficient, trehalase-dependent, metabolic pathway for utilizing exogenous trehalose, which can be as good a source of carbon and energy as their major endogenous soluble carbohydrates. This is in contrast to non-orchid plants that cannot utilize trehalose to such an extent. In symbiotically grown protocorms and roots of adult orchids, trehalase activity was tightly colocalized with mycorrhizal structures indicating its pronounced role in the mycorrhizal interface. Inhibition of trehalase activity arrested the growth of both symbiotically grown protocorms and trehalose-supported axenic protocorms. Since trehalose constitutes only an inconsiderable part of the endogenous saccharide spectrum of orchids, degradation of fungal trehalose likely takes place in orchid mycorrhiza. Our results strongly support the neglected view of the fungal trehalose, or the glucose produced by its cleavage as compounds transported from fungi to orchids to ensure carbon and energy flow. Therefore, we suggest that not only amino acids, but also soluble carbohydrates are transported. We may propose that the soluble carbohydrates would be a better source of energy for plant metabolism than amino acids, which is partially supported by our finding of the essential role of trehalase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ponert
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Prague Botanical Garden, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Jan Šoch
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Klára Čiháková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Helena Lipavská
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Hu M, Zhao H, Yang B, Yang S, Liu H, Tian H, Shui G, Chen Z, E L, Lai J, Song W. ZmCTLP1 is required for the maintenance of lipid homeostasis and the basal endosperm transfer layer in maize kernels. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2384-2399. [PMID: 34559890 PMCID: PMC9292782 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Maize kernel weight is influenced by the unloading of nutrients from the maternal placenta and their passage through the transfer tissue of the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL) and the basal intermediate zone (BIZ) to the upper part of the endosperm. Here, we show that Small kernel 10 (Smk10) encodes a choline transporter-like protein 1 (ZmCTLP1) that facilitates choline uptake and is located in the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Its loss of function results in reduced choline content, leading to smaller kernels with a lower starch content. Mutation of ZmCTLP1 disrupts membrane lipid homeostasis and the normal development of wall in-growths. Expression levels of Mn1 and ZmSWEET4c, two kernel filling-related genes, are downregulated in the smk10, which is likely to be one of the major causes of incompletely differentiated transfer cells. Mutation of ZmCTLP1 also reduces the number of plasmodesmata (PD) in transfer cells, indicating that the smk10 mutant is impaired in PD formation. Intriguingly, we also observed premature cell death in the BETL and BIZ of the smk10 mutant. Together, our results suggest that ZmCTLP1-mediated choline transport affects kernel development, highlighting its important role in lipid homeostasis, wall in-growth formation and PD development in transfer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Haiming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Haihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - He Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Zongliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854‐8020USA
| | - Lizhu E
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Weibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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9
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Yi F, Gu W, Li J, Chen J, Hu L, Cui Y, Zhao H, Guo Y, Lai J, Song W. Miniature Seed6, encoding an endoplasmic reticulum signal peptidase, is critical in seed development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:985-1001. [PMID: 33793873 PMCID: PMC8133640 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) type I signal peptidases (ER SPases I) are vital proteases that cleave signal peptides from secreted proteins. However, the specific function of ER SPase I in plants has not been genetically characterized, and the substrate is largely unknown. Here, we report the identification of a maize (Zea mays) miniature seed6 (mn6) mutant. The loss-of-function mn6 mutant exhibited severely reduced endosperm size. Map-based cloning and molecular characterization indicated that Mn6 is an S26-family ER SPase I, with Gly102 (box E) in Mn6 critical for protein function during processing. Mass spectrometric and immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that Mn6 is predominantly involved in processing carbohydrate synthesis-related proteins, including the cell wall invertase miniature seed1 (Mn1), which is specifically expressed in the basal endosperm transfer layer. RNA and protein expression levels of Mn1 were both significantly downregulated in the mn6 mutant. Due to the significant reduction in cell wall invertase activity in the transfer cell layer, mutation of Mn6 caused dramatic defects in endosperm development. These results suggest that proper maturation of Mn1 by Mn6 may be a crucial step for proper seed filling and maize development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education & College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Wei Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jianfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Li Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Weibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Author for communication:
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10
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Dai D, Ma Z, Song R. Maize endosperm development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:613-627. [PMID: 33448626 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in transcriptome analysis and gene characterization have provided valuable resources and information about the maize endosperm developmental program. The high temporal-resolution transcriptome analysis has yielded unprecedented access to information about the genetic control of seed development. Detailed spatial transcriptome analysis using laser-capture microdissection has revealed the expression patterns of specific populations of genes in the four major endosperm compartments: the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL), aleurone layer (AL), starchy endosperm (SE), and embryo-surrounding region (ESR). Although the overall picture of the transcriptional regulatory network of endosperm development remains fragmentary, there have been some exciting advances, such as the identification of OPAQUE11 (O11) as a central hub of the maize endosperm regulatory network connecting endosperm development, nutrient metabolism, and stress responses, and the discovery that the endosperm adjacent to scutellum (EAS) serves as a dynamic interface for endosperm-embryo crosstalk. In addition, several genes that function in BETL development, AL differentiation, and the endosperm cell cycle have been identified, such as ZmSWEET4c, Thk1, and Dek15, respectively. Here, we focus on current advances in understanding the molecular factors involved in BETL, AL, SE, ESR, and EAS development, including the specific transcriptional regulatory networks that function in each compartment during endosperm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zeyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rentao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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11
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Deng Y, Wang J, Zhang Z, Wu Y. Transactivation of Sus1 and Sus2 by Opaque2 is an essential supplement to sucrose synthase-mediated endosperm filling in maize. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1897-1907. [PMID: 32004404 PMCID: PMC7415785 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The endosperm-specific transcription factor Opaque2 (O2) acts as a central regulator for endosperm filling, but its functions have not been fully defined. Regular o2 mutants exhibit a non-vitreous phenotype, so we used its vitreous variety Quality Protein Maize to create EMS-mutagenesis mutants for screening o2 enhancers (oen). A mutant (oen1) restored non-vitreousness and produced a large cavity in the seed due to severely depleted endosperm filling. When oen1 was introgressed into inbred W64A with a normal O2 gene, the seeds appeared vitreous but had a shrunken crown. oen1 was determined to encode Shrunken1 (Sh1), a sucrose synthase (SUS, EC 2.4.1.13). Maize contains three SUS-encoding genes (Sh1, Sus1, and Sus2) with Sh1 contributing predominantly to the endosperm. We determined SUS activity and found a major and minor reduction in oen1 and o2, respectively. In o2;oen1-1, SUS activity was further decreased. We found all Sus gene promoters contain at least one O2 binding element that can be specifically recognized and be transactivated by O2. Sus1 and Sus2 promoters had a much stronger O2 transactivation than Sh1, consistent with their transcript reduction in o2 endosperm. Although sus1 and sus2 alone or in combination had no perceptible phenotype, either of them could dramatically enhance seed opacity and cavity in sh1, indicating that transactivation of Sus1 and Sus2 by O2 supplements SUS-mediated endosperm filling in maize. Our findings demonstrate that O2 transcriptionally regulates the metabolic source entry for protein and starch synthesis during endosperm filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology & EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiechen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology & EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology & EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yongrui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology & EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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12
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Jammer A, Albacete A, Schulz B, Koch W, Weltmeier F, van der Graaff E, Pfeifhofer HW, Roitsch TG. Early-stage sugar beet taproot development is characterized by three distinct physiological phases. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00221. [PMID: 32766510 PMCID: PMC7395582 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the agronomic importance of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), the early-stage development of its taproot has only been poorly investigated. Thus, the mechanisms that determine growth and sugar accumulation in sugar beet are largely unknown. In the presented study, a physiological characterization of early-stage sugar beet taproot development was conducted. Activities were analyzed for fourteen key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in developing taproots over the first 80 days after sowing. In addition, we performed in situ localizations of selected carbohydrate-metabolic enzyme activities, anatomical investigations, and quantifications of soluble carbohydrates, hexose phosphates, and phytohormones. Based on the accumulation dynamics of biomass and sucrose, as well as on anatomical parameters, the early phase of taproot development could be subdivided into three stages-prestorage, transition, secondary growth and sucrose accumulation stage-each of which was characterized by distinct metabolic and phytohormonal signatures. The enzyme activity signatures corresponding to these stages were also shown to be robustly reproducible in experiments conducted in two additional locations. The results from this physiological phenotyping approach contribute to the identification of the key regulators of sugar beet taproot development and open up new perspectives for sugar beet crop improvement concerning both physiological marker-based breeding and biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Jammer
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
- Department of Crop SciencesUFT TullnUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)TullnAustria
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
- Present address:
Department of Plant Production and AgrotechnologyInstitute for Agri‐Food Research and Development of Murcia (IMIDA)MurciaSpain
| | | | | | | | - Eric van der Graaff
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesCopenhagen Plant Science CentreUniversity of CopenhagenTaastrupDenmark
- Present address:
Koppert Cress B.V.MonsterThe Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas G. Roitsch
- Department of Crop SciencesUFT TullnUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)TullnAustria
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesCopenhagen Plant Science CentreUniversity of CopenhagenTaastrupDenmark
- Department of Adaptive BiotechnologiesGlobal Change Research Institute CASBrnoCzech Republic
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13
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Wang S, Zhan H, Li P, Chu C, Li J, Wang C. Physiological Mechanism of Internode Bending Growth After the Excision of Shoot Sheath in Fargesia yunnanensis and Its Implications for Understanding the Rapid Growth of Bamboos. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:418. [PMID: 32391032 PMCID: PMC7191042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The physiological function of bamboo shoot sheaths is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the anatomical and physiological influences of bamboo shoot sheaths on internode elongation by longitudinally striping parts of sheaths. The internodes would bend toward the bare sides during night. The results showed that amounts of water leaked at the cut of shoot sheaths during night, which impeded the increase of water, water pressure and assimilate transport rates, and decreased starch and soluble sugar catabolism in the bare side of the internodes. A higher level of water pressure and sugar metabolism increased the vacuole expansion and promoted the cell expansion in the outer sides as compared to the bare sides. The bending growth of internodes was mainly due to the significant differences in cell expansion, which was led by the difference in water pressure and sugar hydrolysis levels between the inner and outer sides. Bamboo internode elongation mainly relied on the increase of water pressure and soluble sugar concentration. Shoot sheaths played an important role in the rapid growth of bamboo shoots as a controller in water and assimilate transportation. This study gave a new insight into understanding the rapid growth mechanism of bamboo plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sympodial Bamboo Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | | | | | | | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory for Sympodial Bamboo Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Changming Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sympodial Bamboo Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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14
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Wang S, Pei J, Li J, Tang G, Zhao J, Peng X, Nie S, Ding Y, Wang C. Sucrose and starch metabolism during Fargesia yunnanensis shoot growth. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:188-204. [PMID: 30746708 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants in the world, but their shoot buds develop very slowly. Information about the sugar storage and metabolism during the shoot growth is lacking. In the present study, we determined the activity of sucrose and starch metabolizing enzymes during the developmental period of Fargesia yunnanensis from shoot buds to the young culms that have achieved their full height. The soluble sugars and starch contents were also determined and analyzed in shoot buds and shoots at different developmental stages. The results showed that there were higher sucrose contents in shoot buds than shoots, which coincides with the sweeter taste of shoot buds. As the shoot buds sprouted out of the ground, the starch and sucrose were depleted sharply. Coupled with this, the activity of soluble acid invertase (SAI), cell wall-bound invertase (CWI), sucrose synthase at cleavage direction (SUSYC) and starch phosphorylase (STP) increased significantly in the rapidly elongating internodes. These enzymes dominated the rapid elongation of internodes. The activities of SAI, CWI, SUSYC and STP and adenosine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase were higher as compared to other enzymes in the shoot buds, but were far lower than those in the developing shoots. The slow growth of shoot buds was correlated with the low activity of these enzymes. These results complement our understanding of the physiological differences between shoot buds and elongating shoots and ascertain the physiological mechanism for the rapid growth of bamboo shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Biotechnology in Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, P.R. China
| | - Jialong Pei
- Key Laboratory of Forest Biotechnology in Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, P.R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Biotechnology in Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, P.R. China
| | - Guojian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Biotechnology in Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, P.R. China
| | - Jingwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Biotechnology in Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Shuangxi Nie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Ding
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, P.R. China
| | - Changming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Biotechnology in Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, P.R. China
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15
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Heyduk K, Ray JN, Ayyampalayam S, Moledina N, Borland A, Harding SA, Tsai CJ, Leebens-Mack J. Shared expression of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) genes pre-dates the origin of CAM in the genus Yucca. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6597-6609. [PMID: 30870557 PMCID: PMC6883266 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon-concentrating mechanism that has evolved numerous times across flowering plants and is thought to be an adaptation to water-limited environments. CAM has been investigated from physiological and biochemical perspectives, but little is known about how plants evolve from C3 to CAM at the genetic or metabolic level. Here we take a comparative approach in analyzing time-course data of C3, CAM, and C3+CAM intermediate Yucca (Asparagaceae) species. RNA samples were collected over a 24 h period from both well-watered and drought-stressed plants, and were clustered based on time-dependent expression patterns. Metabolomic data reveal differences in carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidant response between the CAM and C3 species, suggesting that changes to metabolic pathways are important for CAM evolution and function. However, all three species share expression profiles of canonical CAM pathway genes, regardless of photosynthetic pathway. Despite differences in transcript and metabolite profiles between the C3 and CAM species, shared time-structured expression of CAM genes in both CAM and C3Yucca species suggests that ancestral expression patterns required for CAM may have pre-dated its origin in Yucca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Heyduk
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy N Ray
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Nida Moledina
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anne Borland
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Scott A Harding
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jim Leebens-Mack
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Shih MD, Lin JS, Fang MJ, Tsai YC, Hsing YIC. Dye- and fluorescence-based assay to characterize symplastic and apoplastic trafficking in soybean (Glycime max L.) endosperm. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2019; 60:24. [PMID: 31549275 PMCID: PMC6757080 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-019-0271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endosperm is a triploid tissue in seed resulting from a sperm nucleus fused with the binucleate central cell after double fertilization. Endosperm may be involved in metabolite production, solute transport, nutrient storage, and germination. In the legume family (Fabaceae), with the greatest number of domesticated crops, approximately 60% of genera contain well-differentiated endosperm in mature seeds. Soybean seeds, the most important legume crop in the worlds, have endosperm surrounding embryos during all stages of seed development. However, the function of soybean endosperm is still unknown. RESULTS Flow cytometry assay confirmed that soybean endosperm was triploid. Cytobiological observation showed that soybean endosperm cells were alive with zigzag-shape cell wall. Soybean endosperm cells allowed fusion proteins (42 kDa) to move from bombarded cells to adjacent unbombarded-cells. Such movement is not simple diffusion because the fusion proteins failed to move into dead cells. We used symplastic tracers to test the transport potential of soybean endosperm. Small organic dye and low-molecular-weight symplastic tracers revealed fast symplastic transport. After a treatment of an inhibitor of ATPase, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), symplastic transport was blocked, but all tracers still showed fast apolopastic transport. The transport speed of 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid in endosperm was 1.5 to 3 times faster than in cotyledon cells or Arabidopsis embryos. CONCLUSIONS Soybean endosperm is a membrane-like, semi-transparent, and fully active tissue located between the seed coat and cotyledon. Soybean endosperm cells allowed macromolecules to move fast via plasmodesmata transport. The size exclusion limit is larger for soybean endosperm cells than its cotyledon or even Arabidopsis embryo cells. Soybean endosperm may be involved in fast and horizontal transport during the mid-developmental stage of seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Der Shih
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Shin Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Jane Fang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ching Tsai
- Department of Agronomy, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Ie C Hsing
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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17
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Turc O, Tardieu F. Drought affects abortion of reproductive organs by exacerbating developmentally driven processes via expansive growth and hydraulics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3245-3254. [PMID: 29546424 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abortion of reproductive organs is a major limiting factor of yield under water deficit, but is also a trait selected for by evolutionary processes. The youngest reproductive organs must be prone to abortion so older organs can finish their development in case of limited resources. Water deficit increases natural abortion via two developmentally driven processes, namely a signal from the first fertilized ovaries and a simultaneous arrest of the expansive growth of all ovaries at a precise stage. In maize (Zea mays) subjected to water deficits typically encountered in dryland agriculture, these developmental mechanisms account for 90% of drought-associated abortion and are irreversible 3 d after silk emergence. Consistently, transcripts and enzyme activities suggest that the molecular events associated with abortion affect expansive growth in silks whereas ovaries maintain a favourable carbon status. Abortion due to carbon starvation is only observed for severe drought scenarios occurring after silking. Both kinetic and genetic evidence indicates that vegetative and reproductive structures share a partly common hydraulic control of expansive growth. Hence, the control of expansive growth of reproductive structures probably has a prominent effect on abortion for mild water deficits occurring at flowering time, while carbon starvation dominates in severe post-flowering drought scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Turc
- LEPSE, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - François Tardieu
- LEPSE, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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18
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Kumar R, Mukherjee S, Ayele BT. Molecular aspects of sucrose transport and its metabolism to starch during seed development in wheat: A comprehensive review. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:954-967. [PMID: 29499342 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important crops globally, and its grain is mainly used for human food, accounting for 20% of the total dietary calories. It is also used as animal feed and as a raw material for a variety of non-food and non-feed industrial products such as a feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Starch is the major constituent of a wheat grain, as a result, it is considered as a critical determinant of wheat yield and quality. The amount and composition of starch deposited in wheat grains is controlled primarily by sucrose transport from source tissues to the grain and its conversion to starch. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms regulating these physiological processes provides important opportunities to improve wheat starch yield and quality through biotechnological approaches. This review comprehensively discusses the current understanding of the molecular aspects of sucrose transport and sucrose-to-starch metabolism in wheat grains. It also highlights the advances and prospects of starch biotechnology in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shalini Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Belay T Ayele
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Guo X, Duan X, Wu Y, Cheng J, Zhang J, Zhang H, Li B. Genetic Engineering of Maize (Zea mays L.) with Improved Grain Nutrients. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1670-1677. [PMID: 29394054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-wall invertase plays important roles in the grain filling of crop plants. However, its functions in the improvement of grain nutrients have not been investigated. In this work, the stable expression of cell-wall-invertase-encoding genes from different plant species and the contents of total starch, protein, amino acid, nitrogen, lipid, and phosphorus were examined in transgenic maize plants. High expressions of the cell-wall-invertase gene conferred enhanced invertase activity and sugar content in transgenic plants, leading to increased grain yield and improved grain nutrients. Transgenic plants with high expressions of the transgene produced more total starch, protein, nitrogen, and essential amino acids in the seeds. Overall, the results indicate that the cell-wall-invertase gene can be used as a potential candidate for the genetic breeding of grain crops with both improved grain yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Guo
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University , 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Xiaoguang Duan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University , 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yongzhen Wu
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University , 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Jieshan Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University , 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University , 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University , 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Bei Li
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University , 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai 264025, China
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Morey SR, Hirose T, Hashida Y, Miyao A, Hirochika H, Ohsugi R, Yamagishi J, Aoki N. Genetic Evidence for the Role of a Rice Vacuolar Invertase as a Molecular Sink Strength Determinant. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 11:6. [PMID: 29344835 PMCID: PMC5772344 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-018-0201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice is a major crop feeding the majority of the global population, and increasing its sink strength is one of the modes to alleviate the declining availability of food for the rapidly growing world population. We demonstrate a role for an important rice vacuolar invertase isoform, OsINV3, in sink strength determination. RESULTS OsINV3 mutants showed shorter panicles with lighter and smaller grains, owing to a smaller cell size on the outer and inner surfaces of the palea and lemma as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Further, strong promoter::GUS expression was observed in the palea, lemma and the rachis branches in the young elongating panicles, which supported the role of OsINV3 in cell expansion and thus, in spikelet size and panicle length determination. Size of the spikelet was found to directly influence the grain weight, which was confirmed by the lack of differences in weights of hulled grain for differently segregated alleles in the heterozygous lines. Assessment of field grown mutants not only revealed a drastic reduction in the percentage of ripened grain, 1000-grain weight and final yield, but also significantly reduced partitioning of assimilates to the panicles, whereby the total dry weight remained unaffected. Determination of the non-structural carbohydrate contents revealed a lower hexose-to-sucrose ratio in the panicles of the mutants from panicle initiation to 10 days after heading, a stage that identifies as the critical pre-storage phase of grain filling, whereas the starch contents were not affected. In addition, strong promoter::GUS expression was observed in the dorsal end of ovary during the pre-storage phase until 6 days after flowering, highlighting a function for OsINV3 in monitoring the initial grain filling stage. CONCLUSIONS OsINV3 was found to regulate spikelet size by playing a key role in cell expansion, driving the movement of assimilates for grain filling by modulating the hexose-to-sucrose ratio, contributing in grain weight determination and thus, the grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamitha Rao Morey
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Tatsuro Hirose
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 1-2-1 Inada, Joetsu, Niigata 943-0193 Japan
| | - Yoichi Hashida
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
- Present addresses: Research Institute for Food and Agriculture, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194 Japan
| | - Akio Miyao
- Advanced Genomics Breeding Section, Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hirochika
- Advanced Genomics Breeding Section, Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
| | - Ryu Ohsugi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Junko Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Naohiro Aoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
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Yang H, Zhang X, Chen B, Meng Y, Wang Y, Zhao W, Zhou Z. Integrated Management Strategies Increase Cottonseed, Oil and Protein Production: The Key Role of Carbohydrate Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:48. [PMID: 28194156 PMCID: PMC5277014 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cottonseed, oil, and protein, as the by-products of cotton production, have the potential to provide commodities to meet the increasing demand of renewable bio-fuels and ruminant feed. An increase in crop yield per unit area requires high-yielding cultivar management with an economic nitrogen (N) rate, an optimal N application schedule, high-yielding plant populations and strong seedlings. Whether the integration of these agronomic practices into a coherent management system can increase the productivity of cotton fiber, embryo oil and protein requires experimental elucidation. In this 2-year study, conventional management practices (CM) were used as a control, and two integrated management strategies (IMS1 and IMS2) were considered at two soil fertility levels (high soil fertility and low soil fertility) to analyze the metabolic and biochemical traits of cotton embryos. The results illustrate that the cottonseed, oil, and protein yields for IMS1 and IMS2 were significantly higher than those under CM at both soil fertility levels and the fiber yield increased as well. The IMS regulated the maternal photo thermal environment by delaying the flowering date, resulting in increases in the seed weight. In developing cotton embryos, the IMS increased the embryo weight accumulation rate and biomass partitioning into oil and protein, which were associated with high activities of H+-ATPase, H+-PPase, sucrose synthase (SuSy), and cell wall invertase (C-INV) and low activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and vacuole invertase (V-INV). Increased hexoses (D-fructose, D-glucose) content contributed to the oil and protein contents. These results suggest that increased sucrose/H+ symport, sucrose hydrolysis, hexoses synthesis, and cumulative photo-thermal product (PTP), especially in the early stage of embryo growth, play a dominant role in the high productivity of cotton oil and protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Binglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yali Meng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
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Turc O, Bouteillé M, Fuad-Hassan A, Welcker C, Tardieu F. The growth of vegetative and reproductive structures (leaves and silks) respond similarly to hydraulic cues in maize. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:377-388. [PMID: 27400762 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The elongation of styles and stigma (silks) of maize (Zea mays) flowers is rapid (1-3 mm h(-1) ), occurs over a short period and plays a pivotal role in reproductive success in adverse environments. Silk elongation rate was measured using displacement transducers in 350 plants of eight genotypes during eight experiments with varying evaporative demand and soil water status. Measured time courses revealed that silk elongation rate closely followed changes in soil water status and evaporative demand, with day-night alternations similar to those in leaves. Day-night alternations were steeper with high than with low plant transpiration rate, manipulated via evaporative demand or by covering part of the leaf area. Half times of changes in silk elongation rate upon changes in evaporative demand or soil water status were 10-30 min, similar to those in leaves. The sensitivity of silk elongation rate to xylem water potential was genetically linked to that of leaf elongation rate. Lines greatly differed for these sensitivities. These results are consistent with a common hydraulic control of expansive growth in vegetative and reproductive structures upon changes in environmental conditions via a close connection with the xylem water potential. They have important implications for breeding, modelling and phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Turc
- UMR LEPSE, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, 34000, Montpellier, France.
| | - Marie Bouteillé
- UMR LEPSE, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Avan Fuad-Hassan
- UMR LEPSE, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Claude Welcker
- UMR LEPSE, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - François Tardieu
- UMR LEPSE, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, 34000, Montpellier, France
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Yu SM, Lo SF, Ho THD. Source-Sink Communication: Regulated by Hormone, Nutrient, and Stress Cross-Signaling. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:844-857. [PMID: 26603980 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Communication between source organs (exporters of photoassimilates) and sink organs (importers of fixed carbon) has a pivotal role in carbohydrate assimilation and partitioning during plant growth and development. Plant productivity is enhanced by sink strength and source activity, which are regulated by a complex signaling network encompassing sugars, hormones, and environmental factors. However, key components underlying the signaling pathways that regulate source-sink communication are only now beginning to be discovered. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating sugar mobilization during seed development and seedling establishment in cereals, which provide the majority of nutrition for humans. Insights into these mechanisms may provide strategies for improving crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-May Yu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC; Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Shuen-Fang Lo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC; Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tuan-Hua David Ho
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
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24
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Chettoor AM, Yi G, Gomez E, Hueros G, Meeley RB, Becraft PW. A putative plant organelle RNA recognition protein gene is essential for maize kernel development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:236-46. [PMID: 24985738 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL) cells are responsible for transferring apoplastic solutes from the maternal pedicel into the endosperm, supplying the grain with compounds required for embryo development and storage reserve accumulation. Here, we analyze the maize (Zea mays L.) empty pericarp6 (emp6) mutant, which causes early arrest in grain development. The Emp6+gene function is required independently in both the embryo and endosperm. The emp6 mutant causes a notable effect on the differentiation of BETL cells; the extensive cell wall ingrowths that distinguish BETL cells are diminished and BETL marker gene expression is compromised in mutant kernels. Transposon tagging identified the emp6 locus as encoding a putative plant organelle RNA recognition (PORR) protein, 1 of 15 PORR family members in maize. The emp6 transcript is widely detected in plant tissues with highest levels in embryos and developing kernels. EMP6-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves were targeted specifically to mitochondria. These results suggest that BETL cell differentiation might be particularly energy intensive, or alternatively, that mitochondria might confer a developmental function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony M Chettoor
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Li J, Berger F. Endosperm: food for humankind and fodder for scientific discoveries. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:290-305. [PMID: 22642307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The endosperm is an essential constituent of seeds in flowering plants. It originates from a fertilization event parallel to the fertilization that gives rise to the embryo. The endosperm nurtures embryo development and, in some species including cereals, stores the seed reserves and represents a major source of food for humankind. Endosperm biology is characterized by specific features, including idiosyncratic cellular controls of cell division and epigenetic controls associated with parental genomic imprinting. This review attempts a comprehensive summary of our current knowledge of endosperm development and highlights recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, 117604 Singapore
| | - Frédéric Berger
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, 117604 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Zalabák D, Pospíšilová H, Šmehilová M, Mrízová K, Frébort I, Galuszka P. Genetic engineering of cytokinin metabolism: prospective way to improve agricultural traits of crop plants. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 31:97-117. [PMID: 22198203 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are ubiquitous phytohormones that participate in development, morphogenesis and many physiological processes throughout plant kingdom. In higher plants, mutants and transgenic cells and tissues with altered activity of CK metabolic enzymes or perception machinery, have highlighted their crucial involvement in different agriculturally important traits, such as productivity, increased tolerance to various stresses and overall plant morphology. Furthermore, recent precise metabolomic analyses have elucidated the specific occurrence and distinct functions of different CK types in various plant species. Thus, smooth manipulation of active CK levels in a spatial and temporal way could be a very potent tool for plant biotechnology in the future. This review summarises recent advances in cytokinin research ranging from transgenic alteration of CK biosynthetic, degradation and glucosylation activities and CK perception to detailed elucidation of molecular processes, in which CKs work as a trigger in model plants. The first attempts to improve the quality of crop plants, focused on cereals are discussed, together with proposed mechanism of action of the responses involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zalabák
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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27
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Lytovchenko A, Eickmeier I, Pons C, Osorio S, Szecowka M, Lehmberg K, Arrivault S, Tohge T, Pineda B, Anton MT, Hedtke B, Lu Y, Fisahn J, Bock R, Stitt M, Grimm B, Granell A, Fernie AR. Tomato fruit photosynthesis is seemingly unimportant in primary metabolism and ripening but plays a considerable role in seed development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1650-63. [PMID: 21972266 PMCID: PMC3327185 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.186874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fruit of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), like those from many species, have been characterized to undergo a shift from partially photosynthetic to truly heterotrophic metabolism. While there is plentiful evidence for functional photosynthesis in young tomato fruit, the rates of carbon assimilation rarely exceed those of carbon dioxide release, raising the question of its role in this tissue. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of lines exhibiting a fruit-specific reduction in the expression of glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase (GSA). Despite the fact that these plants contained less GSA protein and lowered chlorophyll levels and photosynthetic activity, they were characterized by few other differences. Indeed, they displayed almost no differences in fruit size, weight, or ripening capacity and furthermore displayed few alterations in other primary or intermediary metabolites. Although GSA antisense lines were characterized by significant alterations in the expression of genes associated with photosynthesis, as well as with cell wall and amino acid metabolism, these changes were not manifested at the phenotypic level. One striking feature of the antisense plants was their seed phenotype: the transformants displayed a reduced seed set and altered morphology and metabolism at early stages of fruit development, although these differences did not affect the final seed number or fecundity. Taken together, these results suggest that fruit photosynthesis is, at least under ambient conditions, not necessary for fruit energy metabolism or development but is essential for properly timed seed development and therefore may confer an advantage under conditions of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lytovchenko
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | | | - Clara Pons
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Marek Szecowka
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Kerstin Lehmberg
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Stephanie Arrivault
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Benito Pineda
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Maria Teresa Anton
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Yinghong Lu
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Joachim Fisahn
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Antonio Granell
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
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Cho JI, Burla B, Lee DW, Ryoo N, Hong SK, Kim HB, Eom JS, Choi SB, Cho MH, Bhoo SH, Hahn TR, Neuhaus HE, Martinoia E, Jeon JS. Expression analysis and functional characterization of the monosaccharide transporters, OsTMTs, involving vacuolar sugar transport in rice (Oryza sativa). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 186:657-68. [PMID: 20202129 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, the compartmentation of sugars into vacuoles is known to be facilitated by sugar transporters. However, vacuolar sugar transporters have not been studied in detail in other plant species. To characterize the rice (Oryza sativa) tonoplast monosaccharide transporters, OsTMT1 and OsTMT2, we analysed their subcellular localization using green fluorescent protein (GFP) and expression patterns using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), performed histochemical beta-glucuronidase (GUS) assay and in situ hybridization analysis, and assessed sugar transport ability using isolated vacuoles. Expression of OsTMT-GFP fusion protein in rice and Arabidopsis revealed that the OsTMTs localize at the tonoplast. Analyses of OsTMT promoter-GUS transgenic rice indicated that OsTMT1 and OsTMT2 are highly expressed in bundle sheath cells, and in vascular parenchyma and companion cells in leaves, respectively. Both genes were found to be preferentially expressed in the vascular tissues of roots, the palea/lemma of spikelets, and in the main vascular tissues and nucellar projections on the dorsal side of the seed coats. Glucose uptake studies using vacuoles isolated from transgenic mutant Arabidopsis (tmt1-2-3) expressing OsTMT1 demonstrated that OsTMTs are capable of transporting glucose into vacuoles. Based on expression analysis and functional characterization, our present findings suggest that the OsTMTs play a role in vacuolar glucose storage in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Il Cho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Plant Metabolism Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
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LeClere S, Schmelz EA, Chourey PS. Sugar levels regulate tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis in developing maize kernels. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:306-18. [PMID: 20237017 PMCID: PMC2862422 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.155226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The maize (Zea mays) Miniature1 (Mn1) locus encodes the cell wall invertase INCW2, which is localized predominantly in the basal endosperm transfer layer of developing kernels and catalyzes the conversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose. Mutations in Mn1 result in pleiotropic changes, including a reduction in kernel mass and a recently reported decrease in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels throughout kernel development. Here, we show that mn1-1 basal kernel regions (pedicels and basal endosperm transfer layer) accumulate higher levels of sucrose and lower levels of glucose and fructose between 8 and 28 d after pollination when compared with the wild type, whereas upper regions of mn1 accumulate similar or increased concentrations of sugars. To determine the cause of the reduction in IAA accumulation, we investigated transcript levels of several potential IAA biosynthetic enzymes. We demonstrate that reduced IAA levels most closely correspond to reduced transcript levels of ZmYUCCA (ZmYUC), a newly identified homolog of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene YUCCA. We further demonstrate that ZmYUC catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of tryptamine and that sugar levels regulate transcript levels of ZmYUC, both in in vitro-cultured kernels and in a promoter-reporter fusion in Arabidopsis. These results indicate that developing seeds may modulate growth by altering auxin biosynthesis in response to sugar concentrations.
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Andreuzza S, Li J, Guitton AE, Faure JE, Casanova S, Park JS, Choi Y, Chen Z, Berger F. DNA LIGASE I exerts a maternal effect on seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 2010; 137:73-81. [PMID: 20023162 DOI: 10.1242/dev.041020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Maternal effects are defined by mutations that affect the next generation when they are maternally inherited. To date, most indepth studies of maternal effects in plants have attributed their origin to genomic imprinting that restricts expression to the maternal allele. The DNA glycosylase DEMETER (DME) removes methylated cytosine residues, causing transcriptional activation of the maternal allele of imprinted genes. In this study, we show that loss-of-function of the major DNA LIGASE I (AtLIG1) in Arabidopsis thaliana causes maternal effects in the endosperm, which is the seed tissue that nurtures embryo development. AtLIG1 expression is not imprinted and has a limited impact on imprinted gene expression. Genetic interaction analyses further indicate that AtLIG1 acts downstream of DME. The removal of methylated cytosine residues by DME involves the creation of DNA single-strand breaks and our results suggest that AtLIG1 repairs these breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Andreuzza
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, 117604 Singapore
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31
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Kang BH, Xiong Y, Williams DS, Pozueta-Romero D, Chourey PS. Miniature1-encoded cell wall invertase is essential for assembly and function of wall-in-growth in the maize endosperm transfer cell. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:1366-76. [PMID: 19759348 PMCID: PMC2773079 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.142331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The miniature1 (mn1) seed phenotype in maize (Zea mays) is due to a loss-of-function mutation at the Mn1 locus that encodes a cell wall invertase (INCW2) that localizes exclusively to the basal endosperm transfer cells (BETCs) of developing seeds. A common feature of all transfer cells is the labyrinth-like wall-in-growth (WIG) that increases the plasma membrane area, thereby enhancing transport capacity in these cells. To better understand WIG formation and roles of INCW2 in the BETC development, we examined wild-type and mn1 mutant developing kernels by cryofixation and electron microscopy. In Mn1 seeds, WIGs developed uniformly in the BETC layer during 7 to 17 d after pollination, and the secretory/endocytic organelles proliferated in the BETCs. Mitochondria accumulated in the vicinity of WIGs, suggesting a functional link between them. In the mn1 BETCs, WIGs were stunted and their endoplasmic reticulum was swollen; Golgi density in the mutant BETCs was 51% of the Mn1 Golgi density. However, the polarized distribution of mitochondria was not affected. INCW2-specific immunogold particles were detected in WIGs, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi stacks, and the trans-Golgi network in the Mn1 BETCs, while immunogold particles were extremely rare in the mutant BETCs. Levels of WIG development in the empty pericarp4 mutant was heterogeneous among BETCs, and INCW2 immunogold particles were approximately four times more abundant in the larger WIGs than in the stunted WIGs. These results indicate that polarized secretion is activated during WIG formation and that INCW2 is required for normal development of WIGs to which INCW2 is localized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ho Kang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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32
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Zanor MI, Osorio S, Nunes-Nesi A, Carrari F, Lohse M, Usadel B, Kühn C, Bleiss W, Giavalisco P, Willmitzer L, Sulpice R, Zhou YH, Fernie AR. RNA interference of LIN5 in tomato confirms its role in controlling Brix content, uncovers the influence of sugars on the levels of fruit hormones, and demonstrates the importance of sucrose cleavage for normal fruit development and fertility. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:1204-18. [PMID: 19439574 PMCID: PMC2705052 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.136598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously demonstrated, utilizing intraspecific introgression lines, that Lycopersicum Invertase5 (LIN5), which encodes a cell wall invertase, controls total soluble solids content in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The physiological role of this protein, however, has not yet been directly studied, since evaluation of data obtained from the introgression lines is complicated by the fact that they additionally harbor many other wild species alleles. To allow a more precise comparison, we generated transgenic tomato in which we silenced the expression of LIN5 using the RNA interference approach. The transformants were characterized by an altered flower and fruit morphology, displaying increased numbers of petals and sepals per flower, an increased rate of fruit abortion, and a reduction in fruit size. Evaluation of the mature fruit revealed that the transformants were characterized by a reduction of seed number per plant. Furthermore, detailed physiological analysis revealed that the transformants displayed aberrant pollen morphology and a reduction in the rate of pollen tube elongation. Metabolite profiling of ovaries and green and red fruit revealed that metabolic changes in the transformants were largely confined to sugar metabolism, whereas transcript and hormone profiling revealed broad changes both in the hormones themselves and in transcripts encoding their biosynthetic enzymes and response elements. These results are discussed in the context of current understanding of the role of sugar during the development of tomato fruit, with particular focus given to its impact on hormone levels and organ morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inés Zanor
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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33
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Zhou Y, Zhang X, Kang X, Zhao X, Zhang X, Ni M. SHORT HYPOCOTYL UNDER BLUE1 associates with MINISEED3 and HAIKU2 promoters in vivo to regulate Arabidopsis seed development. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:106-17. [PMID: 19141706 PMCID: PMC2648090 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.064972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Revised: 12/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana undergoes an initial phase of endosperm proliferation followed by a second phase in which the embryo grows at the expense of the endosperm. As mature seed size is largely attained during the initial phase, seed size is coordinately determined by the growth of the maternal ovule, endosperm, and embryo. Here, we identify SHORT HYPOCOTYL UNDER BLUE1 (SHB1) as a positive regulator of Arabidopsis seed development that affects both cell size and cell number. shb1-D, a gain-of-function overexpression allele, increases seed size, and shb1, a loss-of-function allele, reduces seed size. SHB1 is transmitted zygotically. The increase in shb1-D seed size is associated with endosperm cellurization, chalazal endosperm enlargement, and embryo development. SHB1 is required for the proper expression of two other genes that affect endosperm development, MINISEED3 (MINI3) and HAIKU2 (IKU2), a WRKY transcription factor gene and a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase gene. SHB1 associates with both MINI3 and IKU2 promoters in vivo. SHB1 may act with other proteins that bind to MINI3 and IKU2 promoters to promote a large seed cavity and endosperm growth in the early phase of seed development. In the second phase, SHB1 enhances embryo cell proliferation and expansion through a yet unknown IKU2-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minesota, St. Paul, Minesota 55108, USA
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34
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Kocal N, Sonnewald U, Sonnewald S. Cell wall-bound invertase limits sucrose export and is involved in symptom development and inhibition of photosynthesis during compatible interaction between tomato and Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 148:1523-36. [PMID: 18784281 PMCID: PMC2577280 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.127977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall-bound invertase (cw-Inv) plays an important role in carbohydrate partitioning and regulation of sink-source interaction. There is increasing evidence that pathogens interfere with sink-source interaction, and induction of cw-Inv activity has frequently been shown in response to pathogen infection. To investigate the role of cw-Inv, transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants silenced for the major leaf cw-Inv isoforms were generated and analyzed during normal growth and during the compatible interaction with Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria. Under normal growth conditions, activities of sucrolytic enzymes as well as photosynthesis and respiration were unaltered in the transgenic plants compared with wild-type plants. However, starch levels of source leaves were strongly reduced, which was most likely caused by an enhanced sucrose exudation rate. Following X. campestris pv vesicatoria infection, cw-Inv-silenced plants showed an increased sucrose to hexose ratio in the apoplast of leaves. Symptom development, inhibition of photosynthesis, and expression of photosynthetic genes were clearly delayed in transgenic plants compared with wild-type plants. In addition, induction of senescence-associated and pathogenesis-related genes observed in infected wild-type plants was abolished in cw-Inv-silenced tomato lines. These changes were not associated with decreased bacterial growth. In conclusion, cw-Inv restricts carbon export from source leaves and regulates the sucrose to hexose ratio in the apoplast. Furthermore, an increased apoplastic hexose to sucrose ratio can be linked to inhibition of photosynthesis and induction of pathogenesis-related gene expression but does not significantly influence bacterial growth. Indirectly, bacteria may benefit from low invertase activity, since the longevity of host cells is raised and basal defense might be dampened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Kocal
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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35
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Privat I, Foucrier S, Prins A, Epalle T, Eychenne M, Kandalaft L, Caillet V, Lin C, Tanksley S, Foyer C, Mccarthy J. Differential regulation of grain sucrose accumulation and metabolism in Coffea arabica (Arabica) and Coffea canephora (Robusta) revealed through gene expression and enzyme activity analysis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 178:781-797. [PMID: 18384509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
* Coffea arabica (Arabica) and Coffea canephora (Robusta) are the two main cultivated species used for coffee bean production. Arabica genotypes generally produce a higher coffee quality than Robusta genotypes. Understanding the genetic basis for sucrose accumulation during coffee grain maturation is an important goal because sucrose is an important coffee flavor precursor. * Nine new Coffea genes encoding sucrose metabolism enzymes have been identified: sucrose phosphate synthase (CcSPS1, CcSPS2), sucrose phosphate phosphatase (CcSP1), cytoplasmic (CaInv3) and cell wall (CcInv4) invertases and four invertase inhibitors (CcInvI1, 2, 3, 4). * Activities and mRNA abundance of the sucrose metabolism enzymes were compared at different developmental stages in Arabica and Robusta grains, characterized by different sucrose contents in mature grain. * It is concluded that Robusta accumulates less sucrose than Arabica for two reasons: Robusta has higher sucrose synthase and acid invertase activities early in grain development - the expression of CcSS1 and CcInv2 appears to be crucial at this stage and Robusta has a lower SPS activity and low CcSPS1 expression at the final stages of grain development and hence has less capacity for sucrose re-synthesis. Regulation of vacuolar invertase CcInv2 activity by invertase inhibitors CcInvI2 and/or CcInvI3 during Arabica grain development is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Privat
- Centre de Recherche Nestlé, 101 Av. Gustave Eiffel, Notre Dame d'Oé, BP 49716-37097 Tours, France
| | - Séverine Foucrier
- Centre de Recherche Nestlé, 101 Av. Gustave Eiffel, Notre Dame d'Oé, BP 49716-37097 Tours, France
| | - Anneke Prins
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Thibaut Epalle
- Centre de Recherche Nestlé, 101 Av. Gustave Eiffel, Notre Dame d'Oé, BP 49716-37097 Tours, France
| | - Magali Eychenne
- Centre de Recherche Nestlé, 101 Av. Gustave Eiffel, Notre Dame d'Oé, BP 49716-37097 Tours, France
| | - Laurianne Kandalaft
- Centre de Recherche Nestlé, 101 Av. Gustave Eiffel, Notre Dame d'Oé, BP 49716-37097 Tours, France
| | - Victoria Caillet
- Centre de Recherche Nestlé, 101 Av. Gustave Eiffel, Notre Dame d'Oé, BP 49716-37097 Tours, France
| | - Chenwei Lin
- Department of Plant Breeding, 248 Emerson, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Steve Tanksley
- Department of Plant Breeding, 248 Emerson, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Christine Foyer
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - James Mccarthy
- Centre de Recherche Nestlé, 101 Av. Gustave Eiffel, Notre Dame d'Oé, BP 49716-37097 Tours, France
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Gutiérrez-Marcos JF, Dal Prà M, Giulini A, Costa LM, Gavazzi G, Cordelier S, Sellam O, Tatout C, Paul W, Perez P, Dickinson HG, Consonni G. empty pericarp4 encodes a mitochondrion-targeted pentatricopeptide repeat protein necessary for seed development and plant growth in maize. THE PLANT CELL 2007; 19:196-210. [PMID: 17259266 PMCID: PMC1820960 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.039594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) family represents one of the largest gene families in plants, with >440 members annotated in Arabidopsis thaliana. PPR proteins are thought to have a major role in the regulation of posttranscriptional processes in organelles. Recent studies have shown that Arabidopsis PPR proteins play an essential, nonredundant role during embryogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that mutations in empty pericarp4 (emp4), a maize (Zea mays) PPR-encoding gene, confer a seed-lethal phenotype. Mutant endosperms are severely impaired, with highly irregular differentiation of transfer cells in the nutrient-importing basal endosperm. Analysis of homozygous mutant plants generated from embryo-rescue experiments indicated that emp4 also affects general plant growth. The emp4-1 mutation was identified in an active Mutator (Mu) population, and cosegregation analysis revealed that it arose from a Mu3 element insertion. Evidence of emp4 molecular cloning was provided by the isolation of four additional emp4 alleles obtained by a reverse genetics approach. emp4 encodes a novel type of PPR protein of 614 amino acids. EMP4 contains nine 35-amino acid PPR motifs and an N-terminal mitochondrion-targeted sequence peptide, which was confirmed by a translational EMP4-green fluorescent protein fusion that localized to mitochondria. Molecular analyses further suggest that EMP4 is necessary to regulate the correct expression of a small subset of mitochondrial transcripts in the endosperm.
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Sergeeva LI, Keurentjes JJB, Bentsink L, Vonk J, van der Plas LHW, Koornneef M, Vreugdenhil D. Vacuolar invertase regulates elongation of Arabidopsis thaliana roots as revealed by QTL and mutant analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:2994-9. [PMID: 16481625 PMCID: PMC1413815 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511015103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible role of the sucrose-splitting enzymes sucrose synthase and invertase in elongating roots and hypocotyls of Arabidopsis was tested by using a combination of histochemical methods and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Lengths of roots and hypocotyls correlated better with invertase activities than with sucrose synthase activities. The highest correlations were observed with activities in the elongating zones of roots. The genetic basis of these correlations was studied by using QTL analysis. Several loci, affecting invertase activity, colocated with loci that had an effect on root or hypocotyl length. Further fine mapping of a major locus for root length, but not for hypocotyl length (top chromosome 1), consistently showed colocation with the locus for invertase activity containing a gene coding for a vacuolar invertase. The analysis of a functional knockout line confirmed the role of this invertase in root elongation, whereas other invertase genes might play a role in hypocotyl elongation. Thus, we show the power of QTL analysis, combined for morphological and biochemical traits, followed by fine-mapping and mutant analysis, in unraveling the function of genes and their role in growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya I. Sergeeva
- Laboratories of *Plant Physiology and
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, Moscow 127276, Russia; and
| | - Joost J. B. Keurentjes
- Laboratories of *Plant Physiology and
- Genetics, Wageningen University, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leónie Bentsink
- Genetics, Wageningen University, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maarten Koornneef
- Genetics, Wageningen University, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Dick Vreugdenhil
- Laboratories of *Plant Physiology and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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38
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von Schweinichen C, Büttner M. Expression of a plant cell wall invertase in roots of Arabidopsis leads to early flowering and an increase in whole plant biomass. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2005; 7:469-75. [PMID: 16163611 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-865894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to enhance sink strength, we expressed a heterologous plant cell wall invertase (CrCIN1) under the control of a root-specific promoter (ppyk10) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Slightly elevated apoplastic invertase activity resulted in apparent phenotypic changes. Transgenic plants developed more secondary roots and subsequently, possibly because of a higher capacity to acquire nutrients, a higher shoot and whole plant biomass. Furthermore, an early flowering phenotype was detected. The data presented here demonstrate that it is possible to modulate carbohydrate metabolism by ectopic expression of cell wall invertases and thereby influence sink organ size and whole plant development.
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39
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Garcia D, Saingery V, Chambrier P, Mayer U, Jürgens G, Berger F. Arabidopsis haiku mutants reveal new controls of seed size by endosperm. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 131:1661-70. [PMID: 12692325 PMCID: PMC166922 DOI: 10.1104/pp.102.018762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2002] [Revised: 01/03/2003] [Accepted: 01/13/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, maternal seed integument encloses the embryo and the endosperm, which are both derived from double fertilization. Although the development of these three components must be coordinated, we have limited knowledge of mechanisms involved in such coordination. The endosperm may play a central role in these mechanisms as epigenetic modifications of endosperm development, via imbalance of dosage between maternal and paternal genomes, affecting both the embryo and the integument. To identify targets of such epigenetic controls, we designed a genetic screen in Arabidopsis for mutants that phenocopy the effects of dosage imbalance in the endosperm. The two mutants haiku 1 and haiku 2 produce seed of reduced size that resemble seed with maternal excess in the maternal/paternal dosage. Homozygous haiku seed develop into plants indistinguishable from wild type. Each mutation is sporophytic recessive, and double-mutant analysis suggests that both mutations affect the same genetic pathway. The endosperm of haiku mutants shows a premature arrest of increase in size that causes precocious cellularization of the syncytial endosperm. Reduction of seed size in haiku results from coordinated reduction of endosperm size, embryo proliferation, and cell elongation of the maternally derived integument. We present further evidence for a control of integument development mediated by endosperm-derived signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Garcia
- European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) YIP team, Ecole Normal Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Lyon I, 46 Allée d'Italie, France
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40
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Andersen MN, Asch F, Wu Y, Jensen CR, Naested H, Mogensen VO, Koch KE. Soluble invertase expression is an early target of drought stress during the critical, abortion-sensitive phase of young ovary development in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:591-604. [PMID: 12376627 PMCID: PMC166589 DOI: 10.1104/pp.005637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2002] [Revised: 05/03/2002] [Accepted: 06/19/2002] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To distinguish their roles in early kernel development and stress, expression of soluble (Ivr2) and insoluble (Incw2) acid invertases was analyzed in young ovaries of maize (Zea mays) from 6 d before (-6 d) to 7 d after pollination (+7 d) and in response to perturbation by drought stress treatments. The Ivr2 soluble invertase mRNA was more abundant than the Incw2 mRNA throughout pre- and early post-pollination development (peaking at +3 d). In contrast, Incw2 mRNAs increased only after pollination. Drought repression of the Ivr2 soluble invertase also preceded changes in Incw2, with soluble activity responding before pollination (-4 d). Distinct profiles of Ivr2 and Incw2 mRNAs correlated with respective enzyme activities and indicated separate roles for these invertases during ovary development and stress. In addition, the drought-induced decrease and developmental changes of ovary hexose to sucrose ratio correlated with activity of soluble but not insoluble invertase. Ovary abscisic acid levels were increased by severe drought only at -6 d and did not appear to directly affect Ivr2 expression. In situ analysis showed localized activity and Ivr2 mRNA for soluble invertase at sites of phloem-unloading and expanding maternal tissues (greatest in terminal vascular zones and nearby cells of pericarp, pedicel, and basal nucellus). This early pattern of maternal invertase localization is clearly distinct from the well-characterized association of insoluble invertase with the basal endosperm later in development. This localization, the shifts in endogenous hexose to sucrose environment, and the distinct timing of soluble and insoluble invertase expression during development and stress collectively indicate a key role and critical sensitivity of the Ivr2 soluble invertase gene during the early, abortion-susceptible phase of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Neumann Andersen
- Agricultural Chemistry Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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41
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Appeldoorn NJ, Sergeeva L, Vreugdenhil D, Van Der Plas LH, Visser RG. In situ analysis of enzymes involved in sucrose to hexose-phosphate conversion during stolon-to-tuber transition of potato. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2002; 115:303-310. [PMID: 12060250 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1150218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An in situ study of enzymes involved in sucrose to hexose-phosphate conversion during in vitro stolon-to-tuber transition of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Bintje) was employed to follow developmental changes in spatial patterns. In situ activity of the respective enzymes was visualized by specific activity-staining techniques and they revealed distinct spatially and developmentally regulated patterns. Two of the enzymes studied were also subject to in situ investigations at the transcriptional level. During the stages of stolon formation high hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) and acid (cell wall-bound) invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) activities were restricted to the mitotically active (sub)apical region, suggesting a possible importance of these enzymes for cell division. At the onset of tuberization sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13) and fructokinase (EC 2.7.1.4) were strongly induced (visualized at transcriptional and translational level) and the acid invertase activities disappeared from the swelling subapical region as expected. The high degree of similarity in the spatial pattern and the temporal induction of sucrose synthase and fructokinase suggests a tightly co-ordinated coarse (up)regulation, which may be subject to a sugar-modulated mechanism(s) by which genes involved in the metabolic sucrose-starch converting potential are co-ordinately regulated during tuber growth. The overall activity of uridine-5-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.9) was present in all tissues during stolon and tuber development, implying that its coarse control is not subject to (in)direct developmental regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niek J.G Appeldoorn
- The Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands The Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD Wageningen, The Netherlands Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127 276 Moscow, Russia
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Vilhar B, Kladnik A, Blejec A, Chourey PS, Dermastia M. Cytometrical evidence that the loss of seed weight in the miniature1 seed mutant of maize is associated with reduced mitotic activity in the developing endosperm. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 129:23-30. [PMID: 12011334 PMCID: PMC1540223 DOI: 10.1104/pp.001826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vilhar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 111, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Goetz M, Godt DE, Guivarc'h A, Kahmann U, Chriqui D, Roitsch T. Induction of male sterility in plants by metabolic engineering of the carbohydrate supply. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:6522-7. [PMID: 11371651 PMCID: PMC33501 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.091097998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2000] [Accepted: 02/27/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular invertase mediates phloem unloading via an apoplastic pathway. The gene encoding isoenzyme Nin88 from tobacco was cloned and shown to be characterized by a specific spatial and temporal expression pattern. Tissue-specific antisense repression of Nin88 under control of the corresponding promoter in tobacco results in a block during early stages of pollen development, thus, causing male sterility. This result demonstrates a critical role of extracellular invertase in pollen development and strongly supports the essential function of extracellular sucrose cleavage for supplying carbohydrates to sink tissues via the apoplast. The specific interference with phloem unloading, the sugar status, and metabolic signaling during pollen formation will be a potentially valuable approach to induce male sterility in various crop species for hybrid seed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goetz
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Carlson, Chourey. A Re-Evaluation of the Relative Roles of Two Invertases, INCW2 and IVR1, in Developing Maize Kernels and Other Tissues. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 121:1025-1035. [PMID: 10557252 PMCID: PMC59467 DOI: 10.1104/pp.121.3.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/1999] [Accepted: 08/02/1999] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the relative abundance and distribution of the transcripts and protein products of a cell wall gene (Incw2) and a soluble invertase gene (Ivr1) to better understand their relative roles during maize (Zea mays L.) kernel development. In developing kernels the steady-state levels of Incw2 transcript increased dramatically from 0 to 12 d after pollination, while Ivr1 transcript, in contrast to a previous report, was undetectable. Consistent with the RNA expression data, the IVR1 protein could not be detected in kernel extracts using antisera raised to a synthetic peptide. Fractionation of the soluble form of invertase from developing kernels by isoelectric focusing and protein blots suggested that the enzyme activity was due to contamination of the cell wall invertase protein. A similar observation was made in a maize cell suspension culture in which Ivr1 RNA, but not IVR1 protein, was significantly modulated by sugars in the medium. Protein-blot analyses of the soluble enzyme activity suggested that changes in the enzyme activity are attributable to a cell wall invertase protein in the soluble fraction. Based on the collective evidence, we propose that the cell wall, but not the soluble invertase, is critical to heterotrophic sinks such as cell suspension cultures and developing kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlson
- Crop Genetics and Environmental Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0680
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Sturm A. Invertases. Primary structures, functions, and roles in plant development and sucrose partitioning. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 121:1-8. [PMID: 10482654 PMCID: PMC1539224 DOI: 10.1104/pp.121.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Sturm
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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Zinselmeier C, Jeong BR, Boyer JS. Starch and the control of kernel number in maize at low water potentials. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 121:25-36. [PMID: 10482657 PMCID: PMC59374 DOI: 10.1104/pp.121.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/1999] [Accepted: 05/26/1999] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
After reproduction is initiated in plants, subsequent reproductive development is sometimes interrupted, which decreases the final number of seeds and fruits. We subjected maize (Zea mays L.) to low water potentials (psi(w)) that frequently cause this kind of failure. We observed metabolite pools and enzyme activities in the developing ovaries while we manipulated the sugar stream by feeding sucrose (Suc) to the stems. Low psi(w) imposed for 5 d around pollination allowed embryos to form, but abortion occurred and kernel number decreased markedly. The ovary contained starch that nearly disappeared during this abortion. Analyses showed that all of the intermediates in starch synthesis were depleted. However, when labeled Suc was fed to the stems, label arrived at the ovaries. Solute accumulated and caused osmotic adjustment. Suc accumulated, but other intermediates did not, showing that a partial block in starch synthesis occurred at the first step in Suc utilization. This step was mediated by invertase, which had low activity. Because of the block, Suc feeding only partially prevented starch disappearance and abortion. These results indicate that young embryos abort when the sugar stream is interrupted sufficiently to deplete starch during early ovary development, and this abortion results in a loss of mature seeds and fruits. At low psi(w), maintaining the sugar stream partially prevented the abortion, but invertase regulated the synthesis of ovary starch and partially prevented full recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zinselmeier
- College of Marine Studies and College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Lewes, Delaware 19958, USA
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Cheng WH, Taliercio EW, Chourey PS. Sugars modulate an unusual mode of control of the cell-wall invertase gene (Incw1) through its 3' untranslated region in a cell suspension culture of maize. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:10512-7. [PMID: 10468640 PMCID: PMC17920 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.18.10512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We show here that a cell-wall invertase encoded by the Incw1 gene is regulated at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels by sugars in a heterotrophic cell suspension culture of maize. The Incw1 gene encoded two transcripts: Incw1-S (small) and Incw1-L (large); the size variation was attributable to different lengths in the 3' untranslated region. Both metabolizable and nonmetabolizable sugars induced Incw1-L RNA apparently by default. However, only the metabolizable sugars, sucrose and D-glucose, were associated with the increased steady-state abundance of Incw1-S RNA, the concomitant increased levels of INCW1 protein and enzyme activity, and the downstream metabolic repression of the sucrose synthase gene, Sh1. Conversely, nonmetabolizable sugars, including the two glucose analogs 3-O-methylglucose and 2-deoxyglucose, induced greater steady-state levels of the Incw1-L RNA, but this increase did not lead to either an increase in the levels of the INCW1 protein/enzyme activity or the repression of the Sh1 gene. We conclude that sugar sensing and the induction of the Incw1 gene is independent of the hexokinase pathway. More importantly, our results also suggest that the 3' untranslated region of the Incw1 gene acts as a regulatory sensor of carbon starvation and may constitute a link between sink metabolism and cellular translation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Cheng
- Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville FL, 32611-0680, USA
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Alonso-Blanco C, Blankestijn-de Vries H, Hanhart CJ, Koornneef M. Natural allelic variation at seed size loci in relation to other life history traits of Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:4710-7. [PMID: 10200327 PMCID: PMC16397 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.8.4710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed two Arabidopsis strains differing in the mean seed size and seed number they produced. The accession Cape Verde Islands (Cvi) yielded on average about 40% fewer seeds than the laboratory strain Landsberg erecta (Ler), but Cvi seeds were almost twice as heavy. Maternal and nonmaternal genetic factors were involved in the seed size variation, and interactions between both types of factors presumably occurred. The Ler/Cvi seed size difference increased through seed development from ovule maturation until seed desiccation, suggesting that multiple processes of seed development were affected. In addition, it involved changes in the final cell number and cell size of the seed coat and the embryo. Cell number variation was controlled mainly by maternal factors, whereas nonmaternal allelic variation mostly affected cell size. By using a recombinant inbred line population derived from Ler and Cvi, we mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting 12 life history traits related to seed size, fruit size, seed number, and plant resources. Five of the seed size QTLs colocated with QTLs for other traits, suggesting that they control seed size via maternal components affecting ovule number and/or carpel development, ovule development, or reproductive resource allocation in the mother plant. The six remaining putative seed size QTLs did not show a significant effect on any other trait, suggesting that this allelic variation may be involved specifically in seed development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alonso-Blanco
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Science, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen Agricultural University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Greiner S, Krausgrill S, Rausch T. Cloning of a tobacco apoplasmic invertase inhibitor. Proof of function of the recombinant protein and expression analysis during plant development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 116:733-42. [PMID: 9489020 PMCID: PMC35133 DOI: 10.1104/pp.116.2.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/1997] [Accepted: 11/07/1997] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants express several isoforms of vacuolar and cell wall invertases (CWI), some of which are inactivated by inhibitory proteins at certain stages of plant development. We have purified an apoplasmic inhibitor (INH) of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) CWI to homogeneity. Based on sequences from tryptic fragments, we have isolated a full-length INH-encoding cDNA clone (Nt-inh1) via a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Southern-blot analysis revealed that INH is encoded by a single- or low-copy gene. Comparison with expressed sequence tag clones from Arabidopsis thaliana and Citrus unshiu indicated the presence of Nt-inh1-related proteins in other plants. The recombinant Nt-inh1-encoded protein inhibits CWI from tobacco and Chenopodium rubrum suspension-cultured cells and vacuolar invertase from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit, whereas yeast invertase is not affected. However, only in the homologous system is the inhibition modulated by the concentration of Suc as previously shown for INH isolated from tobacco cells. Highly specific binding of INH to CWI could be shown by affinity chromatography of a total cell wall protein fraction on immobilized recombinant Nt-inh1 protein. RNA-blot analysis of relative transcript ratios for Nt-inh1 and CWI in different parts of adult tobacco plants revealed that the expression of both proteins is not always coordinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Greiner
- Botanisches Institut, Heidelberg, Germany
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