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Fan Z, Hao Y, Huo Y, Cao F, Li L, Xu J, Song Y, Yang K. Modulators for palmitoylation of proteins and small molecules. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116408. [PMID: 38621327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
As an essential form of lipid modification for maintaining vital cellular functions, palmitoylation plays an important role in in the regulation of various physiological processes, serving as a promising therapeutic target for diseases like cancer and neurological disorders. Ongoing research has revealed that palmitoylation can be categorized into three distinct types: N-palmitoylation, O-palmitoylation and S-palmitoylation. Herein this paper provides an overview of the regulatory enzymes involved in palmitoylation, including palmitoyltransferases and depalmitoylases, and discusses the currently available broad-spectrum and selective inhibitors for these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshuai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yuchen Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yidan Huo
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Longfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Jianmei Xu
- Department of hematopathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yali Song
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Kan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China.
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Su W, Xu F, Zhong J, Hu R, Wang L, Li H, Yang Z, Ge S, He H, Han S, Xie X, Guo H, He L, Liu J, Yi T, Kong Y, Long J. Screening of CPT1A-Targeting Lipid Metabolism Modulators Using Mitochondrial Membrane Chromatography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:13234-13246. [PMID: 38411590 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), which resides on the mitochondrial outer membrane, serves as the rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid β-oxidation. Identifying the compounds targeting CPT1A warrants a promising candidate for modulating lipid metabolism. In this study, we developed a CPT1A-overexpressed mitochondrial membrane chromatography (MMC) to screen the compounds with affinity for CPT1A. Cells overexpressing CPT1A were cultured, and subsequently, their mitochondrial membrane was isolated and immobilized on amino-silica gel cross-linked by glutaraldehyde. After packing the mitochondrial membrane column, retention components of MMC were performed with LC/MS, whose analytic peaks provided structural information on compounds that might interact with mitochondrial membrane proteins. With the newly developed MMC-LC/MS approach, several Chinese traditional medicine extracts, such as Scutellariae Radix and Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix (PCRR), were analyzed. Five noteworthy compounds, baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside, wogonin, and resveratrol, were identified as enhancers of CPT1A enzyme activity, with resveratrol being a new agonist for CPT1A. The study suggests that MMC serves as a reliable screening system for efficiently identifying modulators targeting CPT1A from complex extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Su
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Fanding Xu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jinjin Zhong
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ranrui Hu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lizhuo Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hua Li
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710116, China
| | - Shuai Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710116, China
| | - Huaizhen He
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710116, China
| | - Shengli Han
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710116, China
| | - Xiuying Xie
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710005, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Langchong He
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710116, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266113, China
- Department of Dermatology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tao Yi
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Wang GL, Yuan HJ, Kong QQ, Zhang J, Han X, Gong S, Xu MT, He N, Luo MJ, Tan JH. High glucose exposure of preimplantation embryos causes glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in F1 and F2 male offspring. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166921. [PMID: 37879502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies suggest that maternal high glucose (HG) increases offspring susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the underlying mechanisms are largely unclear. We studied whether glucose levels in oviducts are elevated when pregestational diabetic females get pregnant and whether the oviductal HG (OVHG) would act directly on embryos to increase offspring's T2DM susceptibility. METHODS We established an in vivo model of OVHG by injecting female mice with streptozotocin (STZ) during the preimplantation period and an in vitro model of embryo culture with HG (ECHG) by culturing preimplantation embryos with HG, before examining glucose tolerance and insulin resistance (IR) in F1 and F2 offspring. FINDINGS Injection of female mice with STZ induced a lasting significant glucose elevation in blood and oviduct fluid during the preimplantation period. The glucose tolerance test showed that both the STZ-induced OVHG and the ECHG caused glucose intolerance in F1 male and F1-sired F2 male offspring but had no effect on female offspring. Insulin tolerance test and the analysis for IR-related gene expression and glycogen contents in liver and muscle revealed significant IR in these male offspring. INTERPRETATION This study provided evidence that HG can act directly on preimplantation embryos to increase offspring's T2DM susceptibility suggesting that the preimplantation period is a critical stage for transmission of mother's diabetes to offspring. FUND: This study was supported by grants from the China National Natural Science Foundation (Nos. 31772599, 32072738, 31702114, and 31902160), and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Nos. ZR2022MC036, ZR2017BC025 and ZR2020QC102).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Liang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, PR China
| | - Hong-Jie Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, PR China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Kong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, PR China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, PR China
| | - Shuai Gong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, PR China
| | - Ming-Tao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, PR China
| | - Nan He
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, PR China
| | - Ming-Jiu Luo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, PR China
| | - Jing-He Tan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, PR China.
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Kim M, So J, Shin D. PPARα activation promotes liver progenitor cell-mediated liver regeneration by suppressing YAP signaling in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18312. [PMID: 37880271 PMCID: PMC10600117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the robust regenerative capacity of the liver, prolonged and severe liver damage impairs liver regeneration, leading to liver failure. Since the liver co-opts the differentiation of liver progenitor cells (LPCs) into hepatocytes to restore functional hepatocytes, augmenting LPC-mediated liver regeneration may be beneficial to patients with chronic liver diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation have remained largely unknown. Using the zebrafish model of LPC-mediated liver regeneration, Tg(fabp10a:pt-β-catenin), we present that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) activation augments LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation. We found that treating Tg(fabp10a:pt-β-catenin) larvae with GW7647, a potent PPARα agonist, enhanced the expression of hepatocyte markers and simultaneously reduced the expression of biliary epithelial cell (BEC)/LPC markers in the regenerating livers, indicating enhanced LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation. Mechanistically, PPARα activation augments the differentiation by suppressing YAP signaling. The differentiation phenotypes resulting from GW7647 treatment were rescued by expressing a constitutively active form of Yap1. Moreover, we found that suppression of YAP signaling was sufficient to promote LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation. Treating Tg(fabp10a:pt-β-catenin) larvae with the TEAD inhibitor K-975, which suppresses YAP signaling, phenocopied the effect of GW7647 on LPC differentiation. Altogether, our findings provide insights into augmenting LPC-mediated liver regeneration as a regenerative therapy for chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwook Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 5th Ave. #5063, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Juhoon So
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 5th Ave. #5063, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Donghun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 5th Ave. #5063, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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Yang S, Liu Y, Tang C, Han A, Lin Z, Quan J, Yang Y. The CPT1A/Snail axis promotes pancreatic adenocarcinoma progression and metastasis by activating the glycolytic pathway. iScience 2023; 26:107869. [PMID: 37736047 PMCID: PMC10509355 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that CPT1A plays a critical role in tumor metabolism and progression. However, the molecular mechanisms by which CPT1A affects tumorigenicity during PAAD progression remain unclear. In the current research, the bioinformatics analysis and immunohistochemical staining results showed that CPT1A was overexpressed in PAAD tissues and that its overexpression was associated with a shorter survival time in patients with PAAD. Overexpression of CPT1A increased cell proliferation and promoted EMT and glycolytic metabolism in PAAD cells. Mechanistically, CPT1A is able to bind to Snail and facilitate PAAD progression by regulating Snail stability. In summary, our findings revealed Snail-dependent glycolysis as a crucial metabolic pathway by which CPT1A accelerates PAAD progression. Targeting the CPT1A/Snail/glycolysis axis in PAAD to suppress cell proliferation and metastatic dissemination is a new potential treatment strategy to improve the anticancer therapeutic effect and prolong patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Yang
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathobiology (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs, Commission, Yanji 133000, China
- Department of Pathology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathobiology (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs, Commission, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Chunxiao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathobiology (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs, Commission, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Anna Han
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathobiology (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs, Commission, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Zhenhua Lin
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathobiology (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs, Commission, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Jishu Quan
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathobiology (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs, Commission, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathobiology (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs, Commission, Yanji 133000, China
- Department of Pathology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133000, China
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6
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Onodera T, Wang MY, Rutkowski JM, Deja S, Chen S, Balzer MS, Kim DS, Sun X, An YA, Field BC, Lee C, Matsuo EI, Mizerska M, Sanjana I, Fujiwara N, Kusminski CM, Gordillo R, Gautron L, Marciano DK, Hu MC, Burgess SC, Susztak K, Moe OW, Scherer PE. Endogenous renal adiponectin drives gluconeogenesis through enhancing pyruvate and fatty acid utilization. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6531. [PMID: 37848446 PMCID: PMC10582045 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is a secretory protein, primarily produced in adipocytes. However, low but detectable expression of adiponectin can be observed in cell types beyond adipocytes, particularly in kidney tubular cells, but its local renal role is unknown. We assessed the impact of renal adiponectin by utilizing male inducible kidney tubular cell-specific adiponectin overexpression or knockout mice. Kidney-specific adiponectin overexpression induces a doubling of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase expression and enhanced pyruvate-mediated glucose production, tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and an upregulation of fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Inhibition of FAO reduces the adiponectin-induced enhancement of glucose production, highlighting the role of FAO in the induction of renal gluconeogenesis. In contrast, mice lacking adiponectin in the kidney exhibit enhanced glucose tolerance, lower utilization and greater accumulation of lipid species. Hence, renal adiponectin is an inducer of gluconeogenesis by driving enhanced local FAO and further underlines the important systemic contribution of renal gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Onodera
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, US
| | - May-Yun Wang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, US
| | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Stanislaw Deja
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, US
| | - Shiuhwei Chen
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, US
| | - Michael S Balzer
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Clinician Scientist Program, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dae-Seok Kim
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, US
| | - Xuenan Sun
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, US
| | - Yu A An
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, US
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, UT Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bianca C Field
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, US
| | - Charlotte Lee
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ei-Ichi Matsuo
- Solutions COE, Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Monika Mizerska
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, US
| | - Ina Sanjana
- Solutions COE, Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoto Fujiwara
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, US
| | - Ruth Gordillo
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, US
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Denise K Marciano
- Departments of Cell Biology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ming Chang Hu
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shawn C Burgess
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, US
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Orson W Moe
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, US.
- Departments of Cell Biology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Szrok-Jurga S, Czumaj A, Turyn J, Hebanowska A, Swierczynski J, Sledzinski T, Stelmanska E. The Physiological and Pathological Role of Acyl-CoA Oxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14857. [PMID: 37834305 PMCID: PMC10573383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism, including β-oxidation (βOX), plays an important role in human physiology and pathology. βOX is an essential process in the energy metabolism of most human cells. Moreover, βOX is also the source of acetyl-CoA, the substrate for (a) ketone bodies synthesis, (b) cholesterol synthesis, (c) phase II detoxication, (d) protein acetylation, and (d) the synthesis of many other compounds, including N-acetylglutamate-an important regulator of urea synthesis. This review describes the current knowledge on the importance of the mitochondrial and peroxisomal βOX in various organs, including the liver, heart, kidney, lung, gastrointestinal tract, peripheral white blood cells, and other cells. In addition, the diseases associated with a disturbance of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in the liver, heart, kidney, lung, alimentary tract, and other organs or cells are presented. Special attention was paid to abnormalities of FAO in cancer cells and the diseases caused by mutations in gene-encoding enzymes involved in FAO. Finally, issues related to α- and ω- fatty acid oxidation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Szrok-Jurga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Aleksandra Czumaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Jacek Turyn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Areta Hebanowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Julian Swierczynski
- Institue of Nursing and Medical Rescue, State University of Applied Sciences in Koszalin, 75-582 Koszalin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Ewa Stelmanska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
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8
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Cacciola NA, Sepe F, Fioriniello S, Petillo O, Margarucci S, Scivicco M, Peluso G, Balestrieri A, Bifulco G, Restucci B, Severino L. The Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A Inhibitor Teglicar Shows Promising Antitumour Activity against Canine Mammary Cancer Cells by Inducing Apoptosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:987. [PMID: 37513899 PMCID: PMC10383333 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumours (CMTs) are the most common cancer in intact female dogs. In addition to surgery, additional targeted and non-targeted therapies may offer survival benefits to these patients. Therefore, exploring new treatments for CMT is a promising area in veterinary oncology. CMT cells have an altered lipid metabolism and use the oxidation of fatty acids for their energy needs. Here we investigated the tumoricidal effects of teglicar, a reversible inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A), the rate-limiting enzyme for fatty acid import into mitochondria, on two CMT cells, P114 and CMT-U229. Viability and apoptosis were examined in CMT cells using the crystal violet assay, trypan blue assay, and flow cytometry analysis. The expression of mediators of apoptosis signalling (e.g., caspase-9, caspase-8, and caspase-3) was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. Teglicar was able to decrease cell viability and induce apoptosis in P114 and CMT-U229 cells. At the molecular level, the effect of teglicar was associated with an upregulation of the mRNA expression levels of caspase-9, caspase-8, and caspase-3 and an increase in their protein levels. In summary, our results show that teglicar has a potential effect against CMTs through the induction of apoptotic cell death, making it a promising therapeutic agent against CMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Antonio Cacciola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), UOS Naples-National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Sepe
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fioriniello
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" (IGB), National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Orsolina Petillo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), UOS Naples-National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Margarucci
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), UOS Naples-National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Scivicco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Peluso
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), UOS Naples-National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Via di Sant'Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Balestrieri
- Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Giovanna Bifulco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorella Severino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
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Wunderling K, Zurkovic J, Zink F, Kuerschner L, Thiele C. Triglyceride cycling enables modification of stored fatty acids. Nat Metab 2023; 5:699-709. [PMID: 37012495 PMCID: PMC10132980 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Triglyceride cycling is the process of continuous degradation and re-synthesis of triglyceride in cellular stores. We show in 3T3-L1 adipocytes that triglycerides are subject to rapid turnover and re-arrangement of fatty acids with an estimated half-life of 2-4 h. We develop a tracing technology that can simultaneously and quantitatively follow the metabolism of multiple fatty acids to study the triglyceride futile substrate cycle directly and with molecular species resolution. Our approach is based on alkyne fatty acid tracers and mass spectrometry. The triglyceride cycling is connected to modification of released fatty acids by elongation and desaturation. Through cycling and modification, saturated fatty acids are slowly converted to monounsaturated fatty acids, and linoleic acid to arachidonic acid. We conclude that triglyceride cycling renders stored fatty acids accessible for metabolic alteration. The overall process facilitates cellular adjustments to the stored fatty acid pool to meet changing needs of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wunderling
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jelena Zurkovic
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Zink
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Kuerschner
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Thiele
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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10
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Liang K. Mitochondrial CPT1A: Insights into structure, function, and basis for drug development. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1160440. [PMID: 37033619 PMCID: PMC10076611 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1160440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnitine Palmitoyl-Transferase1A (CPT1A) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the fatty acid β-oxidation, and its deficiency or abnormal regulation can result in diseases like metabolic disorders and various cancers. Therefore, CPT1A is a desirable drug target for clinical therapy. The deep comprehension of human CPT1A is crucial for developing the therapeutic inhibitors like Etomoxir. CPT1A is an appealing druggable target for cancer therapies since it is essential for the survival, proliferation, and drug resistance of cancer cells. It will help to lower the risk of cancer recurrence and metastasis, reduce mortality, and offer prospective therapy options for clinical treatment if the effects of CPT1A on the lipid metabolism of cancer cells are inhibited. Targeted inhibition of CPT1A can be developed as an effective treatment strategy for cancers from a metabolic perspective. However, the pathogenic mechanism and recent progress of CPT1A in diseases have not been systematically summarized. Here we discuss the functions of CPT1A in health and diseases, and prospective therapies targeting CPT1A. This review summarizes the current knowledge of CPT1A, hoping to prompt further understanding of it, and provide foundation for CPT1A-targeting drug development.
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11
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Liang K, Dai JY. Progress of potential drugs targeted in lipid metabolism research. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1067652. [PMID: 36588702 PMCID: PMC9800514 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1067652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a class of complex hydrophobic molecules derived from fatty acids that not only form the structural basis of biological membranes but also regulate metabolism and maintain energy balance. The role of lipids in obesity and other metabolic diseases has recently received much attention, making lipid metabolism one of the attractive research areas. Several metabolic diseases are linked to lipid metabolism, including diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis. Additionally, lipid metabolism contributes to the rapid growth of cancer cells as abnormal lipid synthesis or uptake enhances the growth of cancer cells. This review introduces the potential drug targets in lipid metabolism and summarizes the important potential drug targets with recent research progress on the corresponding small molecule inhibitor drugs. The significance of this review is to provide a reference for the clinical treatment of metabolic diseases related to lipid metabolism and the treatment of tumors, hoping to deepen the understanding of lipid metabolism and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liang
- School of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Kai Liang, ; Jian-Ye Dai,
| | - Jian-Ye Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China,Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Kai Liang, ; Jian-Ye Dai,
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12
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Arjmand B, Ebrahimi Fana S, Ghasemi E, Kazemi A, Ghodssi-Ghassemabadi R, Dehghanbanadaki H, Najjar N, Kakaii A, Forouzanfar K, Nasli-Esfahani E, Farzadfar F, Larijani B, Razi F. Metabolic signatures of insulin resistance in non-diabetic individuals. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:212. [PMID: 36002887 PMCID: PMC9404631 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance (IR) evolved from excessive energy intake and poor energy expenditure, affecting the patient's quality of life. Amino acid and acylcarnitine metabolomic profiles have identified consistent patterns associated with metabolic disease and insulin sensitivity. Here, we have measured a wide array of metabolites (30 acylcarnitines and 20 amino acids) with the MS/MS and investigated the association of metabolic profile with insulin resistance. METHODS The study population (n = 403) was randomly chosen from non-diabetic participants of the Surveillance of Risk Factors of NCDs in Iran Study (STEPS 2016). STEPS 2016 is a population-based cross-sectional study conducted periodically on adults aged 18-75 years in 30 provinces of Iran. Participants were divided into two groups according to the optimal cut-off point determined by the Youden index of HOMA-IR for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Associations were investigated using regression models adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS People with high IR were significantly younger, and had higher education level, BMI, waist circumference, FPG, HbA1c, ALT, triglyceride, cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, uric acid, and a lower HDL-C level. We observed a strong positive association of serum BCAA (valine and leucine), AAA (tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine), alanine, and C0 (free carnitine) with IR (HOMA-IR); while C18:1 (oleoyl L-carnitine) was inversely correlated with IR. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we identified specific metabolites linked to HOMA-IR that improved IR prediction. In summary, our study adds more evidence that a particular metabolomic profile perturbation is associated with metabolic disease and reemphasizes the significance of understanding the biochemistry and physiology which lead to these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran, Iran
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Ebrahimi Fana
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Ghasemi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Kazemi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hojat Dehghanbanadaki
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Najjar
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Kakaii
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Katayoon Forouzanfar
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Nasli-Esfahani
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Razi
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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An Q, Lin R, Wang D, Wang C. Emerging roles of fatty acid metabolism in cancer and their targeted drug development. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114613. [PMID: 35853429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is now considered as one of hallmark of tumor cells and provides them with a selective survival/growth advantage to resist harsh micro-environmental stress. Fatty acid (FA) metabolism of tumor cells supports the biosynthetic needs and provides fuel sources for energy supply. Since FA metabolic reprogramming is a critical link in tumor metabolism, its various roles in tumors have attracted increasing interest. Herein, we review the mechanisms through which cancer cells rewire their FA metabolism with a focus on the pathway of FA metabolism and its targeting drug development. The failure and successful cases of targeting tumor FA metabolism are expected to bypass the metabolic vulnerability and improve the efficacy of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi An
- Scientific Research and Teaching Department, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, 377 Jingming Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610061, China
| | - Rui Lin
- Scientific Research and Teaching Department, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, 377 Jingming Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610061, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Scientific Research and Teaching Department, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, 377 Jingming Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610061, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Scientific Research and Teaching Department, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, 377 Jingming Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610061, China.
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14
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Agostini M, Melino G, Habeb B, Calandria JM, Bazan NG. Targeting lipid metabolism in cancer: neuroblastoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:255-260. [PMID: 35687185 PMCID: PMC9363363 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Agostini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Bola Habeb
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Jorgelina M Calandria
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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15
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Kuerschner L, Leyendecker P, Klizaite K, Fiedler M, Saam J, Thiele C. Development of oxaalkyne and alkyne fatty acids as novel tracers to study fatty acid beta-oxidation pathways and intermediates. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100188. [PMID: 35247455 PMCID: PMC8988009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid beta-oxidation is a key process in mammalian lipid catabolism. Disturbance of this process results in severe clinical symptoms, including dysfunction of the liver, a major beta-oxidizing tissue. For a thorough understanding of this process, a comprehensive analysis of involved fatty acid and acyl-carnitine intermediates is desired, but capable methods are lacking. Here, we introduce oxaalkyne and alkyne fatty acids as novel tracers to study the beta-oxidation of long- and medium-chain fatty acids in liver lysates and primary hepatocytes. Combining these new tracer tools with highly sensitive chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses, this study confirms differences in metabolic handling of fatty acids of different chain length. Unlike longer chains, we found that medium-chain fatty acids that were activated inside or outside of mitochondria by different acyl-CoA synthetases could enter mitochondria in the form of free fatty acids or as carnitine esters. Upon mitochondrial beta-oxidation, shortened acyl-carnitine metabolites were then produced and released from mitochondria. In addition, we show that hepatocytes ultimately also secreted these shortened acyl chains into their surroundings. Furthermore, when mitochondrial beta-oxidation was hindered, we show that peroxisomal beta-oxidation likely acts as a salvage pathway, thereby maintaining the levels of shortened fatty acid secretion. Taken together, we conclude that this new method based on oxaalkyne and alkyne fatty acids allows for metabolic tracing of the beta-oxidation pathway in tissue lysate and in living cells with unique coverage of metabolic intermediates and at unprecedented detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kuerschner
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Str. 31, D-53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Philipp Leyendecker
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Str. 31, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kristina Klizaite
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Str. 31, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria Fiedler
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Str. 31, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennifer Saam
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Str. 31, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Thiele
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Str. 31, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
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16
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Sun W, Nie T, Li K, Wu W, Long Q, Feng T, Mao L, Gao Y, Liu Q, Gao X, Ye D, Yan K, Gu P, Xu Y, Zhao X, Chen K, Loomes KM, Lin S, Wu D, Hui X. Hepatic CPT1A Facilitates Liver-Adipose Cross-Talk via Induction of FGF21 in Mice. Diabetes 2021; 71:db210363. [PMID: 34957498 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatosteatosis, defined as excessive intrahepatic lipid accumulation, represents the first step of NAFLD. When combined with additional cellular stress, this benign status progresses to local and systemic pathological conditions such as NASH and insulin resistance. However, the molecular events directly caused by hepatic lipid build-up, in terms of its impact on liver biology and peripheral organs, remain unclear. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) is the rate limiting enzyme for long chain fatty acid beta-oxidation in the liver. Here we utilise hepatocyte-specific Cpt1a knockout (LKO) mice to investigate the physiological consequences of abolishing hepatic long chain fatty acid metabolism. APPROACH & RESULTS Compared to the wild-type (WT) littermates, high fat diet (HFD)-fed LKO mice displayed more severe hepatosteatosis but were otherwise protected against diet-induced weight gain, insulin resistance, hepatic ER stress, inflammation and damage. Interestingly, increased energy expenditure was observed in LKO mice, accompanied by enhanced adipose tissue browning. RNAseq analysis revealed that the peroxisome proliferator activator alpha (PPARα)- fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) axis was activated in liver of LKO mice. Importantly, antibody-mediated neutralization of FGF21 abolished the healthier metabolic phenotype and adipose browning in LKO mice, indicating that the elevation of FGF21 contributes to the improved liver pathology and adipose browning in HFD-treated LKO mice. CONCLUSIONS Liver with deficient CPT1A expression adopts a healthy steatotic status that protects against HFD-evoked liver damage and potentiates adipose browning in an FGF21-dependent manner. Inhibition of hepatic CPT1A may serve as a viable strategy for the treatment of obesity and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Clinical Department of Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530 Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Nie
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530 Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- GIBH-CUHK Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre
| | - Kuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530 Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- GIBH-CUHK Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre
| | - Wenjie Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Qiaoyun Long
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Tianshi Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Liufeng Mao
- Clinical Department of Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Xuefei Gao
- Southern Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dewei Ye
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | | | - Ping Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530 Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Kang Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Kerry Martin Loomes
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shaoqiang Lin
- Clinical Department of Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Donghai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530 Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- GIBH-CUHK Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre
| | - Xiaoyan Hui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
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17
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Paraiso WKD, Garcia-Chica J, Ariza X, Zagmutt S, Fukushima S, Garcia J, Mochida Y, Serra D, Herrero L, Kinoh H, Casals N, Kataoka K, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R, Quader S. Poly-ion complex micelles effectively deliver CoA-conjugated CPT1A inhibitors to modulate lipid metabolism in brain cells. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:7076-7091. [PMID: 34397074 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00689d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) is a central player in lipid metabolism, catalyzing the first step to fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Inhibiting CPT1A, especially in the brain, can have several pharmacological benefits, such as in treating obesity and brain cancer. C75-CoA is a strong competitive inhibitor of CPT1A. However, due to its negatively charged nature, it has low cellular permeability. Herein, we report the use of poly-ion complex (PIC) micelles to deliver the specific CPT1A inhibitors (±)-, (+)-, and (-)-C75-CoA into U87MG glioma cells and GT1-7 neurons. PIC micelles were formed through charge-neutralization of the cargo with the cationic side chain of PEG-poly{N-[N'-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl]aspartamide} (PEG-PAsp(DET)), forming particles with 55 to 65 nm diameter. Upon short-term incubation with cells, the micelle-encapsulated CPT1A inhibitors resulted in up to 5-fold reduction of ATP synthesis compared to the free drug, without an apparent decline in cell viability. Micelle treatment showed a discernible decrease in 14C-palmitate oxidation into CO2 and acid-soluble metabolites, confirming that the substantial lowering of ATP production has resulted from FAO inhibition. Micelle treatment also diminished IC50 by 2 to 4-fold over the free drug-treated U87MG after long-term incubation. To measure the cellular uptake of these CoA-adduct loaded PIC micelles, we synthesized a fluorescent CoA derivative and prepared Fluor-CoA micelles which showed efficient internalization in the cell lines, both in 2D and 3D culture models, especially in neurons where uptake reached up to 3-fold over the free dye. Our results starkly demonstrate that the PIC micelles are a promising delivery platform for anionic inhibitors of CPT1A in glioma cells and neurons, laying the groundwork for future research or clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- West Kristian D Paraiso
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Jesús Garcia-Chica
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08195 Spain. and Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, E-08028 Spain
| | - Xavier Ariza
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, E-08028 Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029 Spain
| | - Sebastián Zagmutt
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08195 Spain.
| | - Shigeto Fukushima
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Jordi Garcia
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, E-08028 Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029 Spain
| | - Yuki Mochida
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Dolors Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, E-08028 Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029 Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, E-08028 Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029 Spain
| | - Hiroaki Kinoh
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Núria Casals
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08195 Spain. and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029 Spain
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Rosalía Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08195 Spain.
| | - Sabina Quader
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
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18
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Hu W, Jiang C, Kim M, Yang W, Zhu K, Guan D, Lv W, Xiao Y, Wilson JR, Rader DJ, Pui CH, Relling MV, Lazar MA. Individual-specific functional epigenomics reveals genetic determinants of adverse metabolic effects of glucocorticoids. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1592-1609.e7. [PMID: 34233159 PMCID: PMC8340270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used as anti-inflammatory drugs, but their long-term use has severe metabolic side effects. Here, by treating multiple individual adipose stem cell-derived adipocytes and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes with the potent GC dexamethasone (Dex), we uncovered cell-type-specific and individual-specific GC-dependent transcriptomes and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) cistromes. Individual-specific GR binding could be traced to single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that altered the binding motifs of GR or its cooperating factors. We also discovered another set of genetic variants that modulated Dex response through affecting chromatin accessibility or chromatin architecture. Several SNPs that altered Dex-regulated GR binding and gene expression controlled Dex-driven metabolic perturbations. Remarkably, these genetic variations were highly associated with increases in serum glucose, lipids, and body mass in subjects on GC therapy. Knowledge of the genetic variants that predispose individuals to metabolic side effects allows for a precision medicine approach to the use of clinically relevant GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Hu
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Max-Planck Center for Tissue Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chunjie Jiang
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mindy Kim
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenjian Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kun Zhu
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dongyin Guan
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenjian Lv
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yang Xiao
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jessica R Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mary V Relling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Wang J, Xiang H, Lu Y, Wu T, Ji G. The role and therapeutic implication of CPTs in fatty acid oxidation and cancers progression. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:2477-2494. [PMID: 34249411 PMCID: PMC8263643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells must maintain metabolic homeostasis under a wide range of conditions and meet their own energy needs in order to survive and reproduce. In addition to glycolysis, cancer cells can also perform various metabolic strategies, such as fatty acid oxidation (FAO). It has been found that the proliferation, survival, drug resistance and metastasis of cancer cells depend on FAO. The carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT), including CPT1 and CPT2, located on the mitochondrial membrane, are important mediators of FAO. In recent years, many researchers have found that CPT has a close relationship with the metabolic development of tumor cells, not only provides energy for cancer cells development and metastasis by promoting FAO but also affects the occurrence and invasion through other signal pathways or cytokines or microRNA. This review summarized the role of CPTs in several kinds of tumors and the developed targeted inhibitors of CPTs, as well as the potential gene therapy and immunotherapy of CPTs, hoping to better explore the mechanism and role of CPTs in the future and providing useful ideas for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongjiao Xiang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 200032, China
| | - Yifei Lu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 200032, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 200032, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 200032, China
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20
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Abstract
Legumes are an essential food source worldwide. Their high-quality proteins, complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and relatively low-fat content make these an important functional food. Known to possess a multitude of health benefits, legume consumption is associated with the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Legume crude protein isolates and purified peptides possess many cardiopreventive properties. Here, we review selected economically valued legumes, their taxonomy and distribution, biochemical composition, and their protein components and the mechanism(s) of action associated with cardiovascular health. Most of the legume protein studies had shown upregulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor leading to increased binding and uptake, in effect significantly reducing total lipid levels in the blood serum and liver. This is followed by decreased biosynthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids. To understand the relationship of identified genes from legume studies, we performed gene network analysis, pathway, and gene ontology (GO) enrichment. Results showed that the genes were functionally interrelated while enrichment and pathway analysis revealed involvement in lipid transport, fatty acid and triglyceride metabolic processes, and regulatory processes. This review is the first attempt to collate all known mechanisms of action of legume proteins associated with cardiovascular health. This also provides a snapshot of possible targets leading to systems-level approaches to further investigate the cardiometabolic potentials of legumes.
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21
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Fernandes GW, Bocco BMLC. Hepatic Mediators of Lipid Metabolism and Ketogenesis: Focus on Fatty Liver and Diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:e110320187539. [PMID: 33143628 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816999201103141216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder that it is caused by the absence of insulin secretion due to the inability of the pancreas to produce it (type 1 diabetes; T1DM), or due to defects of insulin signaling in the peripheral tissues, resulting in insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes; T2DM). Commonly, the occurrence of insulin resistance in T2DM patients reflects the high prevalence of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in these individuals. In fact, approximately 60% of T2DM patients are also diagnosed to have NAFLD, and this condition is strongly linked with insulin resistance and obesity. NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of obesity and metabolic syndrome and includes a spectrum of pathological conditions, which range from simple steatosis (NAFL), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD manifestation is followed by a series of hepatic lipid deregulations and the main abnormalities are increased triglyceride levels, increased hepatic production of VLDL and a reduction in VLDL catabolism. During the progression of NAFLD, the production of ketone bodies progressively reduces while hepatic glucose synthesis and output increases. In fact, most of the fat that enters the liver can be disposed of through ketogenesis, preventing the development of NAFLD and hyperglycemia. OBJECTIVE This review will focus on the pathophysiological aspect of hepatic lipid metabolism deregulation, ketogenesis, and its relevance in the progression of NAFLD and T2DM. CONCLUSION A better understanding of the molecular mediators involved in lipid synthesis and ketogenesis can lead to new treatments for metabolic disorders in the liver, such as NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo W Fernandes
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, United States
| | - Barbara M L C Bocco
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, United States
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22
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Hepatic synthesis of triacylglycerols containing medium-chain fatty acids is dominated by diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and efficiently inhibited by etomoxir. Mol Metab 2020; 45:101150. [PMID: 33359403 PMCID: PMC7843514 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) play an increasing role in human nutrition. In the liver, one fraction is used for synthesis of MCFA-containing triacylglycerol (MCFA-TG), and the rest is used for oxidative energy production or ketogenesis. We investigated which enzymes catalyse the synthesis of MCFA-TG and how inhibition of MCFA-TG synthesis or fatty acid (FA) oxidation influences the metabolic fate of the MCFAs. Methods FA metabolism was followed by time-resolved tracing of alkyne-labelled FAs in freshly isolated mouse hepatocytes. Quantitative data were obtained by mass spectrometry of several hundred labelled lipid species. Wild-type hepatocytes and cells from diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)1−/− mice were treated with inhibitors against DGAT1, DGAT2, or FA β-oxidation. Results Inhibition or deletion of DGAT1 resulted in a reduction of MCFA-TG synthesis by 70%, while long-chain (LC)FA-TG synthesis was reduced by 20%. In contrast, DGAT2 inhibition increased MCFA-TG formation by 50%, while LCFA-TG synthesis was reduced by 5–25%. Inhibition of β-oxidation by the specific inhibitor teglicar strongly increased MCFA-TG synthesis. In contrast, the widely used β-oxidation inhibitor etomoxir blocked MCFA-TG synthesis, phenocopying DGAT1 inhibition. Conclusions DGAT1 is the major enzyme for hepatic MCFA-TG synthesis. Its loss can only partially be compensated by DGAT2. Specific inhibition of β-oxidation leads to a compensatory increase in MCFA-TG synthesis, whereas etomoxir blocks both β-oxidation and MCFA-TG synthesis, indicating a strong off-target effect on DGAT1.
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23
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Makrecka‐Kuka M, Liepinsh E, Murray AJ, Lemieux H, Dambrova M, Tepp K, Puurand M, Käämbre T, Han WH, Goede P, O'Brien KA, Turan B, Tuncay E, Olgar Y, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM, Boardman NT, Wüst RCI, Larsen TS. Altered mitochondrial metabolism in the insulin-resistant heart. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13430. [PMID: 31840389 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus can ultimately result in various complications, including diabetic cardiomyopathy. In this case, cardiac dysfunction is characterized by metabolic disturbances such as impaired glucose oxidation and an increased reliance on fatty acid (FA) oxidation. Mitochondrial dysfunction has often been associated with the altered metabolic function in the diabetic heart, and may result from FA-induced lipotoxicity and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. In this review, we address the metabolic changes in the diabetic heart, focusing on the loss of metabolic flexibility and cardiac mitochondrial function. We consider the alterations observed in mitochondrial substrate utilization, bioenergetics and dynamics, and highlight new areas of research which may improve our understanding of the cause and effect of cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes. Finally, we explore how lifestyle (nutrition and exercise) and pharmacological interventions can prevent and treat metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew J. Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Hélène Lemieux
- Department of Medicine Faculty Saint‐Jean, Women and Children's Health Research Institute University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | | | - Kersti Tepp
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Tallinn Estonia
| | - Marju Puurand
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Tallinn Estonia
| | - Tuuli Käämbre
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Tallinn Estonia
| | - Woo H. Han
- Faculty Saint‐Jean University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Paul Goede
- Laboratory of Endocrinology Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism Amsterdam University Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Katie A. O'Brien
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Belma Turan
- Laboratory of Endocrinology Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism Amsterdam University Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Erkan Tuncay
- Department of Biophysics Faculty of Medicine Ankara University Ankara Turkey
| | - Yusuf Olgar
- Department of Biophysics Faculty of Medicine Ankara University Ankara Turkey
| | - Anabela P. Rolo
- Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Palmeira
- Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Neoma T. Boardman
- Cardiovascular Research Group Department of Medical Biology UiT the Arctic University of Norway Tromso Norway
| | - Rob C. I. Wüst
- Laboratory for Myology Department of Human Movement Sciences Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences Amsterdam Movement Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Terje S. Larsen
- Cardiovascular Research Group Department of Medical Biology UiT the Arctic University of Norway Tromso Norway
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24
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Schlaepfer IR, Joshi M. CPT1A-mediated Fat Oxidation, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5695911. [PMID: 31900483 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis during fasting or prolonged exercise depends on mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO). This pathway is crucial in many tissues with high energy demand and its disruption results in inborn FAO deficiencies. More than 15 FAO genetic defects have been currently described, and pathological variants described in circumpolar populations provide insights into its critical role in metabolism. The use of fatty acids as energy requires more than 2 dozen enzymes and transport proteins, which are involved in the activation and transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria. As the key rate-limiting enzyme of FAO, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) regulates FAO and facilitates adaptation to the environment, both in health and in disease, including cancer. The CPT1 family of proteins contains 3 isoforms: CPT1A, CPT1B, and CPT1C. This review focuses on CPT1A, the liver isoform that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of converting acyl-coenzyme As into acyl-carnitines, which can then cross membranes to get into the mitochondria. The regulation of CPT1A is complex and has several layers that involve genetic, epigenetic, physiological, and nutritional modulators. It is ubiquitously expressed in the body and associated with dire consequences linked with genetic mutations, metabolic disorders, and cancers. This makes CPT1A an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. This review discusses our current understanding of CPT1A expression, its role in heath and disease, and the potential for therapeutic opportunities targeting this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Schlaepfer
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Aurora
| | - Molishree Joshi
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Aurora, Colorado
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25
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HUANG TAIYU, GOLDSMITH FELICIAR, FULLER SCOTTE, SIMON JACOB, BATDORF HEIDIM, SCOTT MATTHEWC, ESSAJEE NABILM, BROWN JOHNM, BURK DAVIDH, MORRISON CHRISTOPHERD, BURKE SUSANJ, COLLIER JJASON, NOLAND ROBERTC. Response of Liver Metabolic Pathways to Ketogenic Diet and Exercise Are Not Additive. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:37-48. [PMID: 31389908 PMCID: PMC6910928 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies suggest ketogenic diets (KD) produce favorable outcomes (health and exercise performance); however, most rodent studies have used a low-protein KD, which does not reflect the normal- to high-protein KD used by humans. Liver has an important role in ketoadaptation due to its involvement in gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that exercise training (ExTr) while consuming a normal-protein KD (NPKD) would induce additive/synergistic responses in liver metabolic pathways. METHODS Lean, healthy male C57BL/6J mice were fed a low-fat control diet (15.9% kcal protein, 11.9% kcal fat, 72.2% kcal carbohydrate) or carbohydrate-deficient NPKD (16.1% protein, 83.9% kcal fat) for 6 wk. After 3 wk on the diet, half were subjected to 3-wk treadmill ExTr (5 d·wk, 60 min·d, moderate-vigorous intensity). Upon conclusion, metabolic and endocrine outcomes related to substrate metabolism were tested in liver and pancreas. RESULTS NPKD-fed mice had higher circulating β-hydroxybutyrate and maintained glucose at rest and during exercise. Liver of NPKD-fed mice had lower pyruvate utilization and greater ketogenic potential as evidenced by higher oxidative rates to catabolize lipids (mitochondrial and peroxisomal) and ketogenic amino acids (leucine). ExTr had higher expression of the gluconeogenic gene, Pck1, but lower hepatic glycogen, pyruvate oxidation, incomplete fat oxidation, and total pancreas area. Interaction effects between the NPKD and ExTr were observed for intrahepatic triglycerides, as well as genes involved in gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, mitochondrial fat oxidation, and peroxisomal markers; however, none were additive/synergistic. Rather, in each instance the interaction effects showed the NPKD and ExTr opposed each other. CONCLUSIONS An NPKD and an ExTr independently induce shifts in hepatic metabolic pathways, but changes do not seem to be additive/synergistic in healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- TAI-YU HUANG
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - FELICIA R. GOLDSMITH
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - SCOTT E. FULLER
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA,School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA
| | - JACOB SIMON
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - HEIDI M. BATDORF
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA,Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA,Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - MATTHEW C. SCOTT
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - NABIL M. ESSAJEE
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - JOHN M. BROWN
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - DAVID H. BURK
- Cell Biology and Bioimaging Core, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | - SUSAN J. BURKE
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - J. JASON COLLIER
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - ROBERT C. NOLAND
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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26
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MYCN-enhanced Oxidative and Glycolytic Metabolism Reveals Vulnerabilities for Targeting Neuroblastoma. iScience 2019; 21:188-204. [PMID: 31670074 PMCID: PMC6889365 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In pediatric neuroblastoma, MYCN-amplification correlates to poor clinical outcome and new treatment options are needed for these patients. Identifying the metabolic adaptations crucial for tumor progression may be a promising strategy to discover novel therapeutic targets. Here, we have combined proteomics, gene expression profiling, functional analysis, and metabolic tracing to decipher the impact of MYCN on neuroblastoma cell metabolism. We found that high MYCN levels are correlated with altered expression of proteins involved in multiple metabolic processes, including enhanced glycolysis and increased oxidative phosphorylation. Unexpectedly, we discovered that MYCN-amplified cells showed de novo glutamine synthesis. Furthermore, inhibition of β-oxidation reduced the viability of MYCN-amplified cells in vitro and decreased tumor burden in vivo, while not affecting non-MYCN–amplified tumors. Our data provide information on metabolic processes in MYCN expressing tumors, which could be exploited for the development of novel targeted therapies. High MYCN expression enhances glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in neuroblastoma Neuroblastoma cells with MYCN-amplification display de novo glutamine synthesis MYCN-amplified cells show fatty acid–dependent mitochondrial respiration Fatty acid oxidation is a vulnerability in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma
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27
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Almannai M, Alfadhel M, El-Hattab AW. Carnitine Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183251. [PMID: 31500110 PMCID: PMC6766900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnitine plays essential roles in intermediary metabolism. In non-vegetarians, most of carnitine sources (~75%) are obtained from diet whereas endogenous synthesis accounts for around 25%. Renal carnitine reabsorption along with dietary intake and endogenous production maintain carnitine homeostasis. The precursors for carnitine biosynthesis are lysine and methionine. The biosynthetic pathway involves four enzymes: 6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), 3-hydroxy-6-N-trimethyllysine aldolase (HTMLA), 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABADH), and γ-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD). OCTN2 (organic cation/carnitine transporter novel type 2) transports carnitine into the cells. One of the major functions of carnitine is shuttling long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix for β-oxidation. This transport is achieved by mitochondrial carnitine–acylcarnitine cycle, which consists of three enzymes: carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I), carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II). Carnitine inborn errors of metabolism could result from defects in carnitine biosynthesis, carnitine transport, or mitochondrial carnitine–acylcarnitine cycle. The presentation of these disorders is variable but common findings include hypoketotic hypoglycemia, cardio(myopathy), and liver disease. In this review, the metabolism and homeostasis of carnitine are discussed. Then we present details of different inborn errors of carnitine metabolism, including clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options. At the end, we discuss some of the causes of secondary carnitine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Almannai
- Section of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ayman W El-Hattab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE.
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28
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Shokouh P, Jeppesen PB, Christiansen CB, Mellbye FB, Hermansen K, Gregersen S. Efficacy of Arabica Versus Robusta Coffee in Improving Weight, Insulin Resistance, and Liver Steatosis in a Rat Model of Type-2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2074. [PMID: 31484373 PMCID: PMC6770458 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of chronic coffee exposure in models of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) models is scarcely studied, and the efficacy of the main coffee species has never been compared. We tested the hypothesis that long-term consumption of arabica and robusta coffee may differentially delay and affect T2D development in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Three study groups received either chow mixed with arabica or robusta instant coffee (1.8% w/w) or unsupplemented chow food for 10 weeks. Both coffee species reduced liver triglyceride content and area under the curve of fasting and postprandial insulin. At study end, plasma adiponectin, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein levels were higher in the robust group compared with both arabica and control groups. The liver gene expression of Glucose-6-phosphatase, catalytic subunit (G6pc) and Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in robusta and Cpt1a in both coffee groups was downregulated. In conclusion, long-term consumption of both coffee species reduced weight gain and liver steatosis and improved insulin sensitivity in a rat model of T2D. Robusta coffee was seemingly superior to arabica coffee with respect to effects on lipid profile, adiponectin level and hepatic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Shokouh
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 10, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Per B Jeppesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Christine B Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Fredrik B Mellbye
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Hermansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Søren Gregersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Steno Diabetes Center, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
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29
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Fuller SE, Huang TY, Simon J, Batdorf HM, Essajee NM, Scott MC, Waskom CM, Brown JM, Burke SJ, Collier JJ, Noland RC. Low-intensity exercise induces acute shifts in liver and skeletal muscle substrate metabolism but not chronic adaptations in tissue oxidative capacity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:143-156. [PMID: 31095457 PMCID: PMC6692746 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00820.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptations in hepatic and skeletal muscle substrate metabolism following acute and chronic (6 wk; 5 days/wk; 1 h/day) low-intensity treadmill exercise were tested in healthy male C57BL/6J mice. Low-intensity exercise maximizes lipid utilization; therefore, we hypothesized pathways involved in lipid metabolism would be most robustly affected. Acute exercise nearly depleted liver glycogen immediately postexercise (0 h), whereas hepatic triglyceride (TAG) stores increased in the early stages after exercise (0-3 h). Also, hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) gene expression and fat oxidation (mitochondrial and peroxisomal) increased immediately postexercise (0 h), whereas carbohydrate and amino acid oxidation in liver peaked 24-48 h later. Alternatively, skeletal muscle exhibited a less robust response to acute exercise as stored substrates (glycogen and TAG) remained unchanged, induction of PGC-1α gene expression was delayed (up at 3 h), and mitochondrial substrate oxidation pathways (carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid) were largely unaltered. Peroxisomal lipid oxidation exhibited the most dynamic changes in skeletal muscle substrate metabolism after acute exercise; however, this response was also delayed (peaked 3-24 h postexercise), and expression of peroxisomal genes remained unaffected. Interestingly, 6 wk of training at a similar intensity limited weight gain, increased muscle glycogen, and reduced TAG accrual in liver and muscle; however, substrate oxidation pathways remained unaltered in both tissues. Collectively, these results suggest changes in substrate metabolism induced by an acute low-intensity exercise bout in healthy mice are more rapid and robust in liver than in skeletal muscle; however, training at a similar intensity for 6 wk is insufficient to induce remodeling of substrate metabolism pathways in either tissue. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Effects of low-intensity exercise on substrate metabolism pathways were tested in liver and skeletal muscle of healthy mice. This is the first study to describe exercise-induced adaptations in peroxisomal lipid metabolism and also reports comprehensive adaptations in mitochondrial substrate metabolism pathways (carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid). Acute low-intensity exercise induced shifts in mitochondrial and peroxisomal metabolism in both tissues, but training at this intensity did not induce adaptive remodeling of metabolic pathways in healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Fuller
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette , Lafayette, Louisiana
| | - Tai-Yu Huang
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Jacob Simon
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Heidi M Batdorf
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Nabil M Essajee
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Matthew C Scott
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Callie M Waskom
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - John M Brown
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Susan J Burke
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - J Jason Collier
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Robert C Noland
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Raasch M, Fritsche E, Kurtz A, Bauer M, Mosig AS. Microphysiological systems meet hiPSC technology - New tools for disease modeling of liver infections in basic research and drug development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:51-67. [PMID: 29908880 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Complex cell culture models such as microphysiological models (MPS) mimicking human liver functionality in vitro are in the spotlight as alternative to conventional cell culture and animal models. Promising techniques like microfluidic cell culture or micropatterning by 3D bioprinting are gaining increasing importance for the development of MPS to address the needs for more predictivity and cost efficiency. In this context, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer new perspectives for the development of advanced liver-on-chip systems by recreating an in vivo like microenvironment that supports the reliable differentiation of hiPSCs to hepatocyte-like cells (HLC). In this review we will summarize current protocols of HLC generation and highlight recently established MPS suitable to resemble physiological hepatocyte function in vitro. In addition, we are discussing potential applications of liver MPS for disease modeling related to systemic or direct liver infections and the use of MPS in testing of new drug candidates.
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Senni N, Savall M, Bossard P. [β-catenin mutated hepatocarcinoma metabolic rewiring at the heart of their transformation]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 34:1029-1031. [PMID: 30623757 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2018285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Senni
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 24, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France - Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Savall
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 24, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France - Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Bossard
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 24, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France - Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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32
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Giunchi F, Fiorentino M, Loda M. The Metabolic Landscape of Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol 2018; 2:28-36. [PMID: 30929843 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Neoplastic cells are characterized by metabolic alterations that sustain tumor growth. Interventions aimed at modifying metabolic rewiring of cancer cells are currently being investigated in several tumor types, including prostate cancer (PC). OBJECTIVE To review relevant metabolic alterations reported for PC and potential diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities that could be exploited on the basis of these discoveries. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We performed a review of PubMed/Medline in March 2018 for PC in association with each of the following search terms: metabolomics; lipid, cholesterol, one-carbon, amino acid, and glucose metabolism. Fifty publications were selected for inclusion in this analysis. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The reports included were grouped according to fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism (28 studies); one-carbon metabolism (9 studies); amino acid metabolism (6 studies); and glucose metabolism (7 studies). We report on multiple metabolic pathways that are dysregulated in prostate cancer. Metabolic alterations can result in at least one of the following changes: protein lipidation, oncogene activation, DNA methylation, cellular signaling, and protein-protein interactions. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic alterations play a crucial role in PC development, progression, and resistance to therapy. Increasing knowledge of metabolic rewiring is revealing novel metabolic signatures in PC. These signatures could be utilized for PC diagnosis, as well as for the discovery of novel therapeutic interventions to overcome castration resistance. PATIENT SUMMARY Metabolic alterations play a crucial role in the development and progression of prostate cancer and its resistance to therapy. Our knowledge of metabolic rewiring is increasing and revealing novel metabolic signatures in prostate cancer. These signatures could be used for diagnosis and for the discovery of novel therapeutic interventions aimed at overcoming castration resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Giunchi
- Division of Genito-Urinary Pathology, S.Orsola-Malpighi Teaching Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Fiorentino
- Division of Genito-Urinary Pathology, S.Orsola-Malpighi Teaching Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Tyagi R, Maddirala AR, Elfawal M, Fischer C, Bulman CA, Rosa BA, Gao X, Chugani R, Zhou M, Helander J, Brindley PJ, Tseng CC, Greig IR, Sakanari J, Wildman SA, Aroian R, Janetka JW, Mitreva M. Small Molecule Inhibitors of Metabolic Enzymes Repurposed as a New Class of Anthelmintics. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1130-1145. [PMID: 29718656 PMCID: PMC6283408 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The enormous prevalence of infections caused by parasitic nematodes worldwide, coupled to the rapid emergence of their resistance to commonly used anthelmintic drugs, presents an urgent need for the discovery of new drugs. Herein, we have identified several classes of small molecules with broad spectrum activity against these pathogens. Previously, we reported the identification of carnitine palmitoyltransferases (CPTs) as a representative class of enzymes as potential targets for metabolic chokepoint intervention that was elucidated from a combination of chemogenomic screening and experimental testing in nematodes. Expanding on these previous findings, we have discovered that several chemical classes of known small molecule inhibitors of mammalian CPTs have potent activity as anthelmintics. Cross-clade efficacy against a broad spectrum of adult parasitic nematodes was demonstrated for multiple compounds from different series. Several analogs of these initial hit compounds were designed and synthesized. The compounds we report represent a good starting point for further lead identification and optimization for development of new anthelmintic drugs with broad spectrum activity and a novel mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Tyagi
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Amarendar Reddy Maddirala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8231, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Mostafa Elfawal
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Suite 219 Biotech 2, 373 Plantation St., Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Chelsea Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Christina A. Bulman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Bruce A. Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Xin Gao
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Ryan Chugani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8231, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Mingzhou Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8231, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jon Helander
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8231, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Ross Hall, Room 521, 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Chih-Chung Tseng
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, U.K
| | - Iain R. Greig
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, U.K
| | - Judy Sakanari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Scott A. Wildman
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | - Raffi Aroian
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Suite 219 Biotech 2, 373 Plantation St., Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - James W. Janetka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8231, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Ave., CB 8051, St. Louis MO, 63110, USA
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34
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CPT1A-mediated fatty acid oxidation promotes colorectal cancer cell metastasis by inhibiting anoikis. Oncogene 2018; 37:6025-6040. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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35
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Gugiatti E, Tenca C, Ravera S, Fabbi M, Ghiotto F, Mazzarello AN, Bagnara D, Reverberi D, Zarcone D, Cutrona G, Ibatici A, Ciccone E, Darzynkiewicz Z, Fais F, Bruno S. A reversible carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1) inhibitor offsets the proliferation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Haematologica 2018; 103:e531-e536. [PMID: 29930162 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.175414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gugiatti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudya Tenca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Marina Fabbi
- Biotherapies Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Ghiotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy.,Molecular Pathology Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea N Mazzarello
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island, Experimental Immunology, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy.,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island, Experimental Immunology, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Daniele Reverberi
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Zarcone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cutrona
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Adalberto Ibatici
- Hematology Unit and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ermanno Ciccone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Brander Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Franco Fais
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy.,Molecular Pathology Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Bruno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
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Nowak C, Hetty S, Salihovic S, Castillejo-Lopez C, Ganna A, Cook NL, Broeckling CD, Prenni JE, Shen X, Giedraitis V, Ärnlöv J, Lind L, Berne C, Sundström J, Fall T, Ingelsson E. Glucose challenge metabolomics implicates medium-chain acylcarnitines in insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8691. [PMID: 29875472 PMCID: PMC5989236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) predisposes to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease but its causes are incompletely understood. Metabolic challenges like the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) can reveal pathogenic mechanisms. We aimed to discover associations of IR with metabolite trajectories during OGTT. In 470 non-diabetic men (age 70.6 ± 0.6 years), plasma samples obtained at 0, 30 and 120 minutes during an OGTT were analyzed by untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics. IR was assessed with the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp method. We applied age-adjusted linear regression to identify metabolites whose concentration change was related to IR. Nine trajectories, including monounsaturated fatty acids, lysophosphatidylethanolamines and a bile acid, were significantly associated with IR, with the strongest associations observed for medium-chain acylcarnitines C10 and C12, and no associations with L-carnitine or C2-, C8-, C14- or C16-carnitine. Concentrations of C10- and C12-carnitine decreased during OGTT with a blunted decline in participants with worse insulin resistance. Associations persisted after adjustment for obesity, fasting insulin and fasting glucose. In mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes exposed to different acylcarnitines, we observed blunted insulin-stimulated glucose uptake after treatment with C10- or C12-carnitine. In conclusion, our results identify medium-chain acylcarnitines as possible contributors to IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nowak
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Samira Salihovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Casimiro Castillejo-Lopez
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Naomi L Cook
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Corey D Broeckling
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Jessica E Prenni
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Xia Shen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Ärnlöv
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Berne
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America.
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Soto-Gutierrez A, Gough A, Vernetti LA, Taylor DL, Monga SP. Pre-clinical and clinical investigations of metabolic zonation in liver diseases: The potential of microphysiology systems. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1605-1616. [PMID: 28467181 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217707731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of metabolic zonation within a hepatic lobule ascribes specific functions to hepatocytes based on unique, location-dependent gene expression patterns. Recently, there have been significant developments in the field of metabolic liver zonation. A little over a decade ago, the role of β-catenin signaling was identified as a key regulator of gene expression and function in pericentral hepatocytes. Since then, additional molecules have been identified that regulate the pattern of Wnt/β-catenin signaling within a lobule and determine gene expression and function in other hepatic zones. Currently, the molecular basis of metabolic zonation in the liver appears to be a 'push and pull' between signaling pathways. Such compartmentalization not only provides an efficient assembly line for hepatocyte functions but also can account for restricting the initial hepatic damage and pathology from some hepatotoxic drugs to specific zones, possibly enabling effective regeneration and restitution responses from unaffected cells. Careful analysis and experimentation have also revealed that many pathological conditions in the liver lobule are spatially heterogeneous. We will review current research efforts that have focused on examination of the role and regulation of such mechanisms of hepatocyte adaptation and repair. We will discuss how the pathological organ-specific microenvironment affects cell signaling and metabolic liver zonation, especially in steatosis, viral hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. We will discuss how the use of new human microphysiological platforms will lead to a better understanding of liver disease progression, diagnosis, and therapies. In conclusion, we aim to provide insights into the role and regulation of metabolic zonation and function using traditional and innovative approaches. Impact statement Liver zonation of oxygen tension along the liver sinusoids has been identified as a critical liver microenvironment that impacts specific liver functions such as intermediary metabolism of amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates, detoxification of xenobiotics and as sites for initiation of liver diseases. To date, most information on the role of zonation in liver disease including, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been obtained from animal models. It is now possible to complement animal studies with human liver, microphysiology systems (MPS) containing induced pluripotent stem cells engineered to create disease models where it is also possible to control the in vitro liver oxygen microenvironment to define the role of zonation on the mechanism(s) of disease progression. The field now has the tools to investigate human liver disease progression, diagnosis, and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert Gough
- 2 Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,3 Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Lawrence A Vernetti
- 2 Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,3 Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - D L Taylor
- 2 Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,3 Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,4 Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15232, USA
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,5 Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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38
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Zhao SJ, Wang DH, Li YW, Han L, Xiao X, Ma M, Wan DCC, Hong A, Ma Y. A novel selective VPAC2 agonist peptide-conjugated chitosan modified selenium nanoparticles with enhanced anti-type 2 diabetes synergy effects. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:2143-2160. [PMID: 28356733 PMCID: PMC5367579 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s130566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel neuroendocrine peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP), was found to have an important role in carbohydrate or lipid metabolism and was susceptible to dipeptidyl peptidase IV degradation. It can not only mediate glucose-dependent insulin secretion and lower blood glucose by activating VPAC2 receptor, but also raise blood glucose by promoting glucagon production by VPAC1 receptor activation. Therefore, its therapeutic application is restricted by the exceedingly short-acting half-life and the stimulatory function for glycogenolysis. Herein, we generated novel peptide-conjugated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs; named as SCD), comprising a 32-amino acid PACAP-derived peptide DBAYL that selectively binds to VPAC2, and chitosan-modified SeNPs (SeNPs-CTS, SC) as slow-release carrier. The circulating half-life of SCD is 14.12 h in mice, which is 168.4-and 7.1-fold longer than wild PACAP (~5 min) and DBAYL (~1.98 h), respectively. SCD (10 nmol/L) significantly promotes INS-1 cell proliferation, glucose uptake, insulin secretion, insulin receptor expression and also obviously reduces intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in H2O2-injured INS-1 cells. Furthermore, the biological effects of SCD are stronger than Exendin-4 (a clinically approved drug through its insulinotropic effect), DBAYL, SeNPs or SC. A single injection of SCD (20 nmol/kg) into db/db mice with type 2 diabetes leads to enhanced insulin secretion and sustained hypoglycemic effect, and the effectiveness and duration of SCD in enhancing insulin secretion and reducing blood glucose levels are much stronger than Exendin-4, SeNPs or SC. In db/db mice, chronic administration of SCD by daily injection for 12 weeks markedly improved glucose and lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity and the structures of pancreatic and adipose tissue. The results indicate that SC can play a role as a carrier for the slow release of bioactive peptides and SCD could be a hopeful therapeutic against type 2 diabetes through the synergy effects of DBAYL and SeNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jun Zhao
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University
| | - De-Hua Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University
| | - Yan-Wei Li
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University
| | - Lei Han
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University
| | - Xing Xiao
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University
| | - Min Ma
- College of traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong
| | - David Chi-Cheong Wan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - An Hong
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University
| | - Yi Ma
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University
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Abstract
Liver cancer is fundamentally physiologically different from the surrounding liver tissue. Despite multiple efforts to target the altered signaling pathways created by oncogenic mutations, not many have focused on targeting the altered metabolism that allows liver cancer to develop and grow. Still to be resolved is the question of whether the altered metabolic pathways in this cancer differ enough from the surrounding noncancerous cells to allow for the development of potent and specific compounds. Clinical studies of metabolic modulators would provide some more information with regard to the feasibility of this approach. Furthermore, as it appears that oncogenic signaling is essential to this cancer's altered metabolism, it stands to reason that targeting this altered signaling may allow the exploitation of specific metabolic vulnerabilities in combination with other drugs for enhanced efficacy. The identification of biomarkers of metabolic sensitivity will also be essential to determine whether these drugs will have the desired effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zarrinpar
- 1 Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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40
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Singh SB, Kang L, Nawrocki AR, Zhou D, Wu M, Previs S, Miller C, Liu H, Hines CDG, Madeira M, Cao J, Herath K, Wang L, Kelley DE, Li C, Guan HP. The Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitor Platensimycin Improves Insulin Resistance without Inducing Liver Steatosis in Mice and Monkeys. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164133. [PMID: 27695056 PMCID: PMC5047649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Platensimycin (PTM) is a natural antibiotic produced by Streptomyces platensis that selectively inhibits bacterial and mammalian fatty acid synthase (FAS) without affecting synthesis of other lipids. Recently, we reported that oral administration of PTM in mouse models (db/db and db/+) with high de novo lipogenesis (DNL) tone inhibited DNL and enhanced glucose oxidation, which in turn led to net reduction of liver triglycerides (TG), reduced ambient glucose, and improved insulin sensitivity. The present study was conducted to explore translatability and the therapeutic potential of FAS inhibition for the treatment of diabetes in humans. Methods We tested PTM in animal models with different DNL tones, i.e. intrinsic synthesis rates, which vary among species and are regulated by nutritional and disease states, and confirmed glucose-lowering efficacy of PTM in lean NHPs with quantitation of liver lipid by MRS imaging. To understand the direct effect of PTM on liver metabolism, we performed ex vivo liver perfusion study to compare FAS inhibitor and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) inhibitor. Results The efficacy of PTM is generally reproduced in preclinical models with DNL tones comparable to humans, including lean and established diet-induced obese (eDIO) mice as well as non-human primates (NHPs). Similar effects of PTM on DNL reduction were observed in lean and type 2 diabetic rhesus and lean cynomolgus monkeys after acute and chronic treatment of PTM. Mechanistically, PTM lowers plasma glucose in part by enhancing hepatic glucose uptake and glycolysis. Teglicar, a CPT1 inhibitor, has similar effects on glucose uptake and glycolysis. In sharp contrast, Teglicar but not PTM significantly increased hepatic TG production, thus caused liver steatosis in eDIO mice. Conclusions These findings demonstrate unique properties of PTM and provide proof-of-concept of FAS inhibition having potential utility for the treatment of diabetes and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheo B. Singh
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SBS); (HPG)
| | - Ling Kang
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Andrea R. Nawrocki
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Margaret Wu
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Stephen Previs
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Corey Miller
- Department of Imaging and Biomarker, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Haiying Liu
- Department of Imaging and Biomarker, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Catherine D. G. Hines
- Department of Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, United States of America
| | - Maria Madeira
- Department of PKPD, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Jin Cao
- Department of Imaging and Biomarker, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Kithsiri Herath
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Liangsu Wang
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - David E. Kelley
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Cai Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Hong-Ping Guan
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SBS); (HPG)
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Fatty acid oxidation and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I: emerging therapeutic targets in cancer. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2226. [PMID: 27195673 PMCID: PMC4917665 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells exhibit unique metabolic adaptations that are increasingly viewed as potential targets for novel and specific cancer therapies. Among these targets, the carnitine palmitoyltransferase system is responsible for delivering the long-chain fatty acid (FA) from cytoplasm into mitochondria for oxidation, where carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPTI) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of fatty acid oxidation (FAO). With increasing understanding of the crucial role had by fatty acid oxidation in cancer, CPTI has received renewed attention as a pivotal mediator in cancer metabolic mechanism. CPTI activates FAO and fuels cancer growth via ATP and NADPH production, constituting an essential part of cancer metabolism adaptation. Moreover, CPTI also functionally intertwines with other key pathways and factors to regulate gene expression and apoptosis of cancer cell. Here, we summarize recent findings and update the current understanding of FAO and CPTI in cancer and provide theoretical basis for this enzyme as an emerging potential molecular target in cancer therapeutic intervention.
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Antonellis PJ, Hayes MP, Adams AC. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21-Null Mice Do Not Exhibit an Impaired Response to Fasting. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:77. [PMID: 27445980 PMCID: PMC4928592 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a pleotropic metabolic regulator, expression of which is elevated during fasting. To this end, the precise role played by FGF21 in the biology of fasting has been the subject of several recent studies, which have demonstrated contributions to the regulation of both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. In the present study, we compared wild-type (WT) and FGF21-null (FGF21KO) mice, demonstrating that, despite the significant induction of FGF21 during fasting in the WT animals, our strain of FGF21-null mice exhibits only limited impairments in their adaptation to nutrient deprivation. Specifically, fasted FGF21KO mice display a mild attenuation of gluconeogenic transcriptional induction in the liver accompanied by partially blunted glucose production in response to a pyruvate challenge. Furthermore, FGF21KO mice displayed only minor impairments in lipid metabolism in the fasted state, limited to accumulation of hepatic triglycerides and a reduction in expression of genes associated with fatty acid oxidation. To address the possibility of compensation to germline deletion of FGF21, we further interrogated the role of endogenous FGF21 via acute pharmacological blockade of FGF21 signaling. At the transcriptional level, we show that FGF21 signaling is required for full induction of gluconeogenic and oxidative genes in the liver. However, corroborating our findings in FGF21KO mice, pharmacological blockade of the FGF21 axis did not profoundly disrupt the physiological response to fasting. Taken as a whole, these data demonstrate that, while FGF21 is partially required for appropriate gene expression during the fed to fasted transition, its absence does not significantly impact the downstream physiology of the fasted state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Charles Adams
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- *Correspondence: Andrew Charles Adams,
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44
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Impaired mitochondrial fat oxidation induces adaptive remodeling of muscle metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E3300-9. [PMID: 26056297 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418560112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The correlations between intramyocellular lipid (IMCL), decreased fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and insulin resistance have led to the hypothesis that impaired FAO causes accumulation of lipotoxic intermediates that inhibit muscle insulin signaling. Using a skeletal muscle-specific carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 KO model, we show that prolonged and severe mitochondrial FAO inhibition results in increased carbohydrate utilization, along with reduced physical activity; increased circulating nonesterified fatty acids; and increased IMCLs, diacylglycerols, and ceramides. Perhaps more importantly, inhibition of mitochondrial FAO also initiates a local, adaptive response in muscle that invokes mitochondrial biogenesis, compensatory peroxisomal fat oxidation, and amino acid catabolism. Loss of its major fuel source (lipid) induces an energy deprivation response in muscle coordinated by signaling through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) to maintain energy supply for locomotion and survival. At the whole-body level, these adaptations result in resistance to obesity.
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Ma Y, Fang S, Zhao S, Wang X, Wang D, Ma M, Luo T, Hong A. A recombinant slow-release PACAP-derived peptide alleviates diabetes by promoting both insulin secretion and actions. Biomaterials 2015; 51:80-90. [PMID: 25771000 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuroendocrine factor that activates both the receptor VPAC1 and VPAC2. Although PACAP possesses insulinotropic activity, its therapeutic application is limited by the extremely short acting half-life and the stimulatory effects on glucagon production via a VPAC1-dependent mechanism. Here we have generated a recombinant PACAP-derived peptide (named as MHDBAY) comprising a 7-mer albumin-binding peptide identified by phage display screening (WQRPSSW), a cleavage peptide for Factor Xa (FXa) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), and a 31-amino acid PACAP-derived peptide (DBAY) that can specifically bind to the VPAC2 receptor. MHDBAY binds to albumin both in vitro and in animals, thereby leading to an orderly slow release of the active peptide DBAY via the protease cleavage. In db/db mice and New Zealand rabbits, the circulating half-life of MHDBAY is approximately 12.2 h, which is 146-fold longer than DBAY (∼5 min). A single injection of MHDBAY into db/db diabetic mice markedly increases insulin secretion, thereby leading to sustained alleviation of hyperglycemia. The potency and duration of MHDBAY in increasing insulin secretion and decreasing blood glucose levels is much greater than Exendin-4, an anti-diabetic drug via its insulinotropic actions. Furthermore, chronic administration of MHDBAY by daily injection for 8 weeks significantly improves both glucose and lipid profiles and also greatly increases insulin sensitivity in db/db mice. These findings suggest that serum albumin may act as a reservoir for slow-release of small bioactive peptides, and MHDBAY may represent a promising therapeutic peptide for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ma
- Institute of Biomedicine & Dept. Cellular Biology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, 601 Huangpu Ave. West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shixiong Fang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Dept. Cellular Biology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, 601 Huangpu Ave. West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shaojun Zhao
- Institute of Biomedicine & Dept. Cellular Biology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, 601 Huangpu Ave. West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Dept. Cellular Biology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, 601 Huangpu Ave. West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dongbo Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Dept. Cellular Biology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, 601 Huangpu Ave. West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Min Ma
- School of Medicine of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tianjie Luo
- Institute of Biomedicine & Dept. Cellular Biology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, 601 Huangpu Ave. West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - An Hong
- Institute of Biomedicine & Dept. Cellular Biology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, 601 Huangpu Ave. West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China.
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Mittermayer F, Caveney E, De Oliveira C, Gourgiotis L, Puri M, Tai LJ, Turner JR. Addressing unmet medical needs in type 2 diabetes: a narrative review of drugs under development. Curr Diabetes Rev 2015; 11:17-31. [PMID: 25537454 PMCID: PMC4428473 DOI: 10.2174/1573399810666141224121927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The global burden of type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide, and successful treatment of this disease needs constant provision of new drugs. Twelve classes of antidiabetic drugs are currently available, and many new drugs are under clinical development. These include compounds with known mechanisms of action but unique properties, such as once-weekly DPP4 inhibitors or oral insulin. They also include drugs with new mechanisms of action, the focus of this review. Most of these compounds are in Phase 1 and 2, with only a small number having made it to Phase 3 at this time. The new drug classes described include PPAR agonists/modulators, glucokinase activators, glucagon receptor antagonists, anti-inflammatory compounds, G-protein coupled receptor agonists, gastrointestinal peptide agonists other than GLP-1, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitors, SGLT1 and dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitors, and 11beta- HSD1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - J Rick Turner
- Quintiles GmbH, Stella- Klein-Low Weg 15, Rund 4, Haus B, OG 4, 1020 Vienna, Austria.
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Nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease: pathogenesis and therapeutics from a mitochondria-centric perspective. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:637027. [PMID: 25371775 PMCID: PMC4211163 DOI: 10.1155/2014/637027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) describes a spectrum of disorders characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides within the liver. The global prevalence of NAFLD has been increasing as the obesity epidemic shows no sign of relenting. Mitochondria play a central role in hepatic lipid metabolism and also are affected by upstream signaling pathways involved in hepatic metabolism. This review will focus on the role of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of NAFLD and touch on some of the therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondria as well as metabolically important signaling pathways. Mitochondria are able to adapt to lipid accumulation in hepatocytes by increasing rates of beta-oxidation; however increased substrate delivery to the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) leads to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and eventually ETC dysfunction. Decreased ETC function combined with increased rates of fatty acid beta-oxidation leads to the accumulation of incomplete products of beta-oxidation, which combined with increased levels of ROS contribute to insulin resistance. Several related signaling pathways, nuclear receptors, and transcription factors also regulate hepatic lipid metabolism, many of which are redox sensitive and regulated by ROS.
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Kim T, He L, Johnson MS, Li Y, Zeng L, Ding Y, Long Q, Moore JF, Sharer JD, Nagy TR, Young ME, Wood PA, Yang Q. Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1b Deficiency Protects Mice from Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance. JOURNAL OF DIABETES & METABOLISM 2014; 5:361. [PMID: 25309812 PMCID: PMC4190034 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6156.1000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 1 (CPT1) is the rate-limiting enzyme governing long-chain fatty acid entry into mitochondria. CPT1 inhibitors have been developed and exhibited beneficial effects against type II diabetes in short-term preclinical animal studies. However, the long-term effects of treatment remain unclear and potential non-specific effects of these CPT1 inhibitors hamper in-depth understanding of the potential molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS We investigated the effects of restricting the activity of the muscle isoform CPT1b in mice using heterozygous CPT1b deficient (Cpt1b+/-) and Wild Type (WT) mice fed with a High Fat Diet (HFD) for 22 weeks. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT), insulin tolerance test and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps. We also examined body weight/composition, tissue and systemic metabolism/energetic status, lipid profile, transcript analysis, and changes in insulin signaling pathways. RESULTS We found that Cpt1b+/- mice were protected from HFD-induced insulin resistance compared to WT littermates. Cpt1b+/- mice exhibited elevated whole body glucose disposal rate and skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Furthermore, Cpt1b+/- skeletal muscle showed diminished ex vivo palmitate oxidative capacity by ~40% and augmented glucose oxidation capacity by ~50% without overt change in whole body energy metabolism. HFD feeding Cpt1b+/- but not WT mice exhibited well-maintained insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, heart, and liver. CONCLUSION The present study on a genetic model of CPT1b restriction supports the concept that partial CPT1b inhibition is a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teayoun Kim
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Lan He
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Maria S. Johnson
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Ling Zeng
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Higher Education Mega Center Campus, China
| | - Yishu Ding
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Qinqiang Long
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - John F. Moore
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Jon D. Sharer
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Tim R. Nagy
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Martin E. Young
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Philip A. Wood
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, USA
| | - Qinglin Yang
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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Abstract
Glucose metabolism is normally regulated by a feedback loop including islet β cells and insulin-sensitive tissues, in which tissue sensitivity to insulin affects magnitude of β-cell response. If insulin resistance is present, β cells maintain normal glucose tolerance by increasing insulin output. Only when β cells cannot release sufficient insulin in the presence of insulin resistance do glucose concentrations rise. Although β-cell dysfunction has a clear genetic component, environmental changes play an essential part. Modern research approaches have helped to establish the important role that hexoses, aminoacids, and fatty acids have in insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, and the potential role of changes in the microbiome. Several new approaches for treatment have been developed, but more effective therapies to slow progressive loss of β-cell function are needed. Recent findings from clinical trials provide important information about methods to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes and some of the adverse effects of these interventions. However, additional long-term studies of drugs and bariatric surgery are needed to identify new ways to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes and thereby reduce the harmful effects of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Kahn
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Mark E Cooper
- Diabetes Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefano Del Prato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa School of Medicine, Pisa, Italy
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Mingrone G, Castagneto-Gissey L, Macé K. Use of dicarboxylic acids in type 2 diabetes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:671-6. [PMID: 22242741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Even-number, medium-chain dicarboxylic acids (DAs), naturally occurring in higher plants, are a promising alternative energy substrate. Unlike the homologous fatty acids, DAs are soluble in water as salts. They are β-oxidized, providing acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA, the latter being an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Sebacic acid and dodecanedioic acid, DAs with 10 and 12 carbon atoms respectively, provide 6.6 and 7.2 kcal g⁻¹ each; therefore, their energy density is intermediate between glucose and fatty acids. Dicarboxylic acids have been proved to be safe in both experimental animals and humans, and their use has recently been proposed in diabetes. Studies in animals and humans with type 2 diabetes showed that oral administration of sebacic acid improved glycaemic control, probably by enhancing insulin sensitivity, and reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis and glucose output. Moreover, dodecanedioic acid intake reduced muscle fatigue during exercise in subjects with type 2 diabetes, suggesting an improvement of energy utilization and 'metabolic flexibility'. In this article, we review the natural sources of DAs, their fate in animals and humans and their effect in improving glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geltrude Mingrone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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