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Cueva SF, Wasson DE, Martins LF, Räisänen SE, Silvestre T, Hristov AN. Lactational performance, ruminal fermentation, and enteric gas emission of dairy cows fed an amylase-enabled corn silage in diets with different starch concentrations. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4426-4448. [PMID: 38942561 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of feeding an amylase-enabled corn silage (ACS) on the performance and enteric gas emissions in lactating dairy cows. Following a 2-wk covariate period, 48 mid-lactation Holstein cows were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a 10-wk randomized complete block design experiment. Treatments were diets containing the same proportion of corn silage (40% of dietary DM) as follows: (1) a conventional hybrid corn silage control (CON), (2) ACS replacing the control silage (ADR), and (3) the ADR diet replacing soybean hulls with ground corn grain to achieve the same dietary starch concentration as CON (ASR). Control corn silage and ACS were harvested on the same day and contained 40.3% and 37.1% DM and (% of DM): 37.2% and 41.0% NDF and 37.1% and 30.0% starch, respectively. Enteric gas emissions were measured using the GreenFeed system. Two cows were culled due to health-related issues during the covariate period. Ruminal fluid was collected from 24 cows (8 per treatment) using the orogastric ruminal sampling technique. When compared with CON, cows fed ADR had increased DMI during experimental wk 3, 4, and 9, but treatment did not affect milk or ECM milk yields (39.0 kg/d on average; SEM = 0.89). Compared with CON, feed efficiency (per unit of milk, but not ECM) tended to be lower for ADR, whereas milk true protein concentration (a tendency) and yield were lower for ASR. Milk urea N was decreased by both ADR and ASR diets relative to CON. Compared with CON, daily CH4 emission and emission intensity were increased by ADR but not ASR. Total protozoal count tended to be increased by both diets formulated with ACS when compared with control corn silage. Total-tract digestibility of dietary NDF was greater for ASR, and that of ADF was greater for both ADR and ASR versus CON. The molar proportion of acetate (a tendency) and acetate-to-propionate ratio were increased by ADR, but not ASR, when compared with CON. Replacement of CON with ACS (having lower starch concentration) in the diet of dairy cows increased DMI during the initial weeks of the experiment, maintained ECM, tended to decrease feed efficiency, and increased enteric CH4 emissions, likely due to increased intake of digestible fiber, compared with CON.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Cueva
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - D E Wasson
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - L F Martins
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - S E Räisänen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - T Silvestre
- Kemin Industries, Singapore 758200, Singapore
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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Gallo L, Berton M, Piazza M, Sturaro E, Schiavon S, Bittante G. Environmental impact of Holstein Friesian and 3-breed crossbred dairy cows using a life cycle assessment approach applied to individual animals. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4670-4684. [PMID: 38369114 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to set up a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach at the level of individual animals to assess the effects of a 3-breed crossbreeding program on the environmental impact of cows. The study involved 564 cows, 279 purebred Holstein Friesian (HO) and 285 crossbred cows (CR), that originated from a 3-breed crossbreeding program based on the rotational use of Viking Red, Montebèliarde, and HO sires and kept in 2 dairy herds of northern Italy (224 and 340 cows/herd, respectively). The reference unit of the LCA model was the lifetime of cows, from the birth to culling or death. Data were collected at different levels: individual animal-based data referred to the whole life (birth, calving, dry, cull or death dates, and milk production); individual test-date collection of body measures and BCS, used to predict BW and to estimate energy requirements; common farm-based data concerning herd management (diets composition, and materials used). Data were used to compute DMI, milk and milk components production, gross income (GI), and income over feed costs (IOFC) pertaining to the lifespan of cows. An individual LCA-derived approach was set up to compute global warming potential (GWP), acidification and eutrophication potential (AP and EP, respectively), and land occupation (LO), which have been associated with different functional units (cow in her whole life or per day of life; kilograms of milk fat plus protein, and GI and IOFC [in euros] produced in the herd life). Data were analyzed using a generalized linear model including the fixed effects of genetic group (CR vs. HO), farm, and their interaction (genetic group × farm). Compared with HO, CR cows completed more lactations (+12%), had earlier first calving (-2 wk), yielded more fat plus protein in milk both in the lifespan (+8%) and per day of life (+4%). Concerning the environmental impact, when compared with HO herd mates, CR cows had nominal greater emissions per cow in the whole life, similar emissions per day of life and ∼3% lower GWP, AP, and EP per kilogram of fat plus protein yielded in lifespan. Income over feed costs per unit of emission tended to be ∼4% greater in CR compared with HO cows. Also, the use of land tended to be lower in CR compared with HO in most indicators considered. In conclusion, LCA could be adapted to represent individual animals. Moreover, managing dairy cows according to a 3-breed rotational crossbreeding scheme may be regarded as a strategy that can contribute to mitigate the emissions and to improve the environmental impact of dairy operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gallo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M Berton
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - M Piazza
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - E Sturaro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - S Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - G Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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3
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Martins LF, Cueva SF, Wasson DE, Silvestre T, Stepanchenko N, Hile ML, Hristov AN. Separate offering of forages and concentrates to lactating dairy cows: Effects on lactational performance, enteric methane emission, and efficiency of nutrient utilization. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4587-4604. [PMID: 38942562 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of separate offering of feed ingredients (SF) and frequency of concentrate feeding versus offering a TMR, on lactational performance, ruminal fermentation, enteric CH4 emissions, nutrient digestibility, N use efficiency, milk fatty acid profile, and blood variables in mid-lactation dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein cows (12 primi- and 12 multiparous) averaging (±SD) 141 ± 35 DIM and 43 ± 6 kg/d of milk yield (MY) at the beginning of the study were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment with 3 periods of 28 d each, composed of 7 d for adaptation to the diets, 11 d for estimation of net energy and metabolizable protein requirements, and 10 d for data and samples collection. Cows were grouped based on parity, DIM, and MY into 4 Latin squares. Treatment allocation was balanced for carryover effects, and cows within square were assigned to (1) basal diet fed ad libitum as TMR; (2) basal diet fed as SF with forages fed ad libitum and concentrates fed 3×/d (SF×3); or (3) basal diet fed as SF with forages fed ad libitum and concentrates fed 6×/d (SF×6). Compared with TMR, SF decreased total DMI by 1.2 kg/d. Treatments did not affect MY, milk components, or ECM yield, except for a decrease in milk fat concentration and an increase in milk urea N by SF×3, compared with TMR. Feed efficiency (kg of MY/kg of DMI) was increased by 7% in SF, compared with TMR. Ruminal molar proportion of acetate and acetate-to-propionate ratio were decreased, whereas molar proportion of propionate was increased by SF×3, compared with TMR and SF×6. There was a 9% decrease in daily CH4 production by SF, compared with TMR. Enteric CH4 yield (per kg of DMI) was not affected by treatments in the current study. Methane intensity per kilogram of MY tended to be decreased by 10% in SF, compared with TMR. The sums of odd- and branched-chain, odd-chain, and anteiso milk fatty acids tended to be or were increased by SF, compared with TMR. Intake of nutrients tended to be or were decreased by SF, compared with TMR. The digestibility of amylase-treated NDF tended to be decreased and ADF digestibility was decreased by 3% in SF, compared with TMR. Urinary and fecal N excretions were not affected by treatments. As a percentage of total N intake, separate offering of feed ingredients increased milk N secretion, indicating an increased N use efficiency by SF, compared with TMR. Blood total fatty acid concentration was decreased by SF relative to TMR. Compared with both TMR and SF×6, SF×3 increased blood urea N concentration. Overall, feed and N use efficiencies were increased by separate offering of feed ingredients, and increasing the frequency of concentrate feeding promoted ruminal fermentation effects similar to those obtained by feeding a TMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Martins
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - S F Cueva
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - D E Wasson
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - T Silvestre
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - N Stepanchenko
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - M L Hile
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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Hristov AN. Invited review: Advances in nutrition and feed additives to mitigate enteric methane emissions. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4129-4146. [PMID: 38942560 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Methane, both enteric and from manure management, is the most important greenhouse gas from ruminant livestock, and its mitigation can deliver substantial decreases in the carbon footprint of animal products and potentially contribute to climate change mitigation. Although choices may be limited, certain feeding-related practices can substantially decrease livestock enteric CH4 emission. These practices can be generally classified into 2 categories: diet manipulation and feed additives. Within the first category, selection of forages and increasing forage digestibility are likely to decrease enteric CH4 emission, but the size of the effect, relative to current forage practices in the United States dairy industry, is likely to be minimal to moderate. An opportunity also exists to decrease enteric CH4 emissions by increasing dietary starch concentration, but interventions have to be weighed against potential decreases in milk fat yield and farm profitability. A similar conclusion can be made about dietary lipids and oilseeds, which are proven to decrease CH4 emission but can also have a negative effect on rumen fermentation, feed intake, and milk production and composition. Sufficient and robust scientific evidence indicates that some feed additives, specifically the CH4 inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol, can substantially reduce CH4 emissions from dairy and beef cattle. However, the long-term effects and external factors affecting the efficacy of the inhibitor need to be further studied. The practicality of mass-application of other mitigation practices with proven short-term efficacy (i.e., macroalgae) is currently unknown. One area that needs more research is how nutritional mitigation practices (both diet manipulation and feed additives) interact with each other and whether there is synergism among feed additives with different mode of action. Further, effects of diet on manure composition and greenhouse gas emissions during storage (e.g., emission trade-offs) have not been adequately studied. Overall, if currently available mitigation practices prove to deliver consistent results and novel, potent, and safe strategies are discovered and are practical, nutrition alone can deliver up to 60% reduction in enteric CH4 emissions from dairy farms in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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5
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Liu Q, Lei S, Zhao M, Li M, Cong Y, Fang K, Gao X, Zhang L, Zhu C, Zheng L, Liu J. Potential to reduce methane production of using cultivated seaweeds supplementation to reshape the community structure of rumen microorganisms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024:119458. [PMID: 38925466 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Methane is a short-lived greenhouse gas but has a far greater warming effect than carbon dioxide. At the same time, the livestock sector serves as a large contributor to global emissions of anthropogenic methane. Herein, this work aimed to use cultivated seaweed supplementation to reduce methane emissions and investigate the potential influencing mechanism. To evaluate the feasibility, two cultivated seaweeds, Laminaria japonica Aresch, and Porphyra tenera, along with the enzymatic hydrolysates derived from L. japonica, underwent in vitro trials, and they were both added into corn silage feed (CSF) with different concentrations (1%, 5%, and 10% of CSF) for methane reduction evaluation. The results indicated that >75% and 50% reductions in methane production were observed for the seaweeds and seaweed enzymatic hydrolysates in 9- and 30-day, respectively. Combined high-throughput sequencing and multivariate analysis revealed that supplementation with seaweed and seaweed enzymatic hydrolysates had a notable impact on the prokaryotic community structure. Mantel tests further revealed that significant correlations between the prokaryotic community and methane accumulation (P < 0.05), implying the prokaryotic community plays a role in reducing methane emissions within the rumen. Correspondingly, the networks within the prokaryotic community unveiled the crucial role of propionate/butyrate-producing bacteria in regulating methane emissions through microbial interactions. The predicted function of the prokaryotic community exhibited a significant reduction in the presence of the narB gene in seaweed-supplemented treatments. This reduction may facilitate an increased rate of electron flow toward the nitrate reduction pathway while decreasing the conversion of H2 to methane. These results indicated the supplementation of cultivated seaweeds and the enzymatic hydrolysates has the potential to reshape the community structure of rumen microbial communities, and this alteration appears to be a key factor contributing to their methane production-reduction capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shize Lei
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mingbo Zhao
- Institute of Blue Economic Research in Weihai Co., Ltd., Weihai 264400, China
| | - Mingtan Li
- Weihai Shidai Marine Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Weihai 264400, China
| | - Yongping Cong
- Institute of Blue Economic Research in Weihai Co., Ltd., Weihai 264400, China
| | - Kaili Fang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - XuXu Gao
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lianbao Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chenba Zhu
- Carbon Neutral Innovation Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China; Global Ocean Negative Carbon Emissions (ONCE) Program Alliance
| | - Liwen Zheng
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Jihua Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266003, China; Global Ocean Negative Carbon Emissions (ONCE) Program Alliance.
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6
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Battelli M, Colombini S, Crovetto GM, Galassi G, Abeni F, Petrera F, Manfredi MT, Rapetti L. Condensed tannins fed to dairy goats: Effects on digestibility, milk production, blood parameters, methane emission, and energy and nitrogen balances. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3614-3630. [PMID: 38246549 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Condensed tannins (CT) are plant polyphenols that can affect feed digestibility and are potentially able to reduce enteric CH4 emissions in ruminants. In this in vivo trial with 8 lactating goats, we investigated the effects of 4 levels of inclusion of a commercial CT extract from quebracho (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% on dry matter basis; CON, Q2, Q4, and Q6, respectively). The experimental design was a repeated 4 × 4 Latin square with 28-d periods (24 d of diet adaptation and 4 d of sample collection) using metabolic cages and 4 open-circuit respiration chambers. The inclusion of CT in the diets did not affect the dry matter intake (DMI) but caused a linear decrease in diet digestibility, with reductions up to -11% for dry matter, -21% for crude protein (CP), -23% for α-amylase- and sodium sulfite-treated neutral detergent fiber corrected for insoluble ash (aNDFom), and -13% for gross energy, when comparing the Q6 and CON diets. However, ruminal total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration was not affected by CT, although there were changes in VFA proportions. Milk yield was highest for Q4 (3,371 g/d) and lowest for Q6 (3,066 g/d). In terms of milk composition, CT induced a linear reduction of fat and CP concentrations. The reduction in CP digestibility resulted in a linear reduction in the milk urea level, up to -37% with Q6. Positively, CT linearly reduced the somatic cells count expressed as linear score. The feed efficiency was linearly decreased by CT inclusion. Furthermore, a shift from urinary to fecal nitrogen excretion was observed with CT. The retained nitrogen was always negative (on average -1.93 g/d). The CH4 yield (on average 19.2 g of CH4/kg DMI) was linearly reduced by CT inclusion, up to -18% with Q6. Regarding the CH4 intensity, CT induced a linear reduction when expressed per kilogram of milk, but not per kilogram of fat and protein-corrected milk. Moreover, the CH4 production per kilogram of digestible aNDFom was linearly increased by CT. The metabolizable energy intake (MEI) was not affected by the treatments, but the metabolizability (q = MEI/gross energy intake) was reduced as CT inclusion increased. From the results of the present study, it turned out that CT have a negative impact on feed digestibility and feed use efficiency. Condensed tannins can lower CH4 emissions from ruminants; however, the main mechanism of action is likely the decrease in feed digestibility. Furthermore, CT did not improve the N use efficiency. According to these findings, the positive environmental impacts of CT are only related to the shift from urinary to fecal N excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Battelli
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - S Colombini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - G M Crovetto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - G Galassi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - F Abeni
- CREA Research Center for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | - F Petrera
- CREA Research Center for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | - M T Manfredi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | - L Rapetti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
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7
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Lind V, Sizmaz Ö, Demirtas A, Sudagidan M, Weldon S, Budai A, O'Toole A, Miladinovic DD, Jørgensen GM. Biochar effect on sheep feed intake, growth rate and ruminant in vitro and in vivo methane production. Animal 2024; 18:101195. [PMID: 38850574 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Biochar, which is the product of biomass pyrolysis, has been suggested as a feed supplement to improve performance in livestock systems and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of the current study was to investigate in vitro and in vivo potential of biochar to favourably modify rumen fermentation (e.g., an increase in total Short Chained Fatty Acid (SCFA) concentration and a change in SCFA profile), reduce methane emission and increase sheep growth performance. Four concentrates were produced with biochar inclusion of 0, 10, 23 and 46 g/kg DM. The experimental diets for the in vitro experiments consisted of straw and concentrate in a 60:40 ratio and included measurements of total gas and methane (CH4) production, pH, ammonia nitrogen, SCFA, and microbial assays (total bacteria and methanogenic archaea). Two in vivo experiments were performed where the animals received ad libitum forage with 0.4 kg concentrate daily. Experiment 1 investigated the daily DM intake of sheep while experiment 2 investigated daily growth rate and CH4 emission of lambs. The inclusion of biochar had no impact on in vitro total gas production (ml/200 mg DM substrate) (P = 0.81) and CH4 production (ml/200 mg DM substrate) (P = 0.93). In vitro total SCFA concentration increased (P < 0.05) while acetate to propionate ratio (A:P) tended to decrease (P = 0.05) with both doses of biochar. Total bacteria decreased with the highest biochar inclusion in vitro (P < 0.05). Sheep's DM intake (kg/d) increased when low and medium levels but not when a higher level of biochar was added to the diet (P < 0.001). The inclusion of biochar did not significantly impact the lamb's daily growth rate (g/d) (P = 0.61) or enteric CH4 emissions (g/kg DM) (P = 0.43). We conclude that biochar supplementation had no favourable impacts on in vitro and in vivo CH4 production or on lamb's growth rate. Further research with well-characterised biochar is needed to gain a better understanding of the potential of biochar as a feed additive for ruminant livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lind
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), PB 115, N-1431 Aas, Norway.
| | - Ö Sizmaz
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dep. Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, 06110 Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Demirtas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 15030 Burdur, Turkey
| | - M Sudagidan
- KIT-ARGEM R&D Center, Konya Food and Agriculture University, Meram 42080, Konya, Turkey
| | - S Weldon
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), PB 115, N-1431 Aas, Norway
| | - A Budai
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), PB 115, N-1431 Aas, Norway
| | - A O'Toole
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), PB 115, N-1431 Aas, Norway
| | - D D Miladinovic
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, 1430 Aas, Norway
| | - G M Jørgensen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), PB 115, N-1431 Aas, Norway
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8
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Ungerfeld EM, Pitta D. Review: Biological consequences of the inhibition of rumen methanogenesis. Animal 2024:101170. [PMID: 38772773 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Decreasing enteric CH4 emissions from ruminants is important for containing global warming to 1.5 °C and avoid the worst consequences of climate change. However, the objective of mitigating enteric CH4 emissions is difficult to reconcile with the forecasted increase in production of ruminant meat and milk, unless CH4 production per animal and per kilogram of animal product are decreased substantially. Chemical compound 3-nitrooxypropanol and bromoform-containing red algae Asparagopsis are currently the most potent inhibitors of rumen methanogenesis, but their average efficacy would have to be increased to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions to contain global warming to 1.5 °C, if the demand for ruminant products increases as predicted. We propose that it may be possible to enhance the efficacy of inhibitors of methanogenesis through understanding the mechanisms that cause variation in their efficacy across studies. We also propose that a more thorough understanding of the effects of inhibiting methanogenesis on rumen and postabsorptive metabolism may help improve feed efficiency and cost-effectiveness as co-benefits of the methanogenesis inhibition intervention. For enhancing efficacy, we examine herein how different inhibitors of methanogenesis affect the composition of the rumen microbial community and discuss some mechanisms that may explain dissimilar sensitivities among methanogens to different types of inhibitors. For improving feed efficiency and cost-effectiveness, we discuss the consequences of inhibiting methanogenesis on rumen fermentation, and how changes in rumen fermentation can in turn affect postabsorptive metabolism and animal performance. The objectives of this review are to identify knowledge gaps of the consequences of inhibiting methanogenesis on rumen microbiology and rumen and postabsorptive metabolism, propose research to address those knowledge gaps and discuss the implications that this research can have for the efficacy and adoption of inhibitors of methanogenesis. Depending on its outcomes, research on the microbiological, biochemical, and metabolic consequences of the inhibition of rumen methanogenesis could help the adoption of feed additives inhibitors of methanogenesis to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions from ruminants to ameliorate climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Ungerfeld
- Centro Regional de Investigación Carillanca, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA, Camino Cajón a Vilcún km 10, 4880000 Vilcún, La Araucanía, Chile.
| | - D Pitta
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, 19348 Kenneth Square, PA, United States
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9
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Ruiz-Colmenero M, Costantini M, Bàllega A, Zoli M, Andón M, Cerrillo M, Fàbrega E, Bonmatí A, Guarino M, Bacenetti J. Air treatment technologies in pig farms. Life cycle assessment of dry and wet scrubbers in Northern Italy and Northeastern Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171197. [PMID: 38408674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, different solutions were developed and tested to reduce the emissions of ammonia and particulate matter from the livestock facilities. The environmental performances of these solutions were not always evaluated in detail. This study examines the environmental footprint of pig production at farm gate, with a focus on emissions from housing. Using Life Cycle Assessment, the environmental impact of pig production in a transition farm in Spain and in two finishing farms in Italy was evaluated considering three scenarios (one baseline and two of them involving an air treatment technology: wet scrubber or dry scrubber). The study goal was to quantify the environmental footprint of pig production in different scenarios, identify key environmental hotspots, and to assess impact reduction efficiency due to the two assessed technologies, analyze the environmental trade-offs that come with the use of these technologies, and identify potential for improvements. Both wet and dry scrubbers showed potential for reducing emissions in pig housing, affecting environmental impact categories related to air pollutants such as particulate matter, acidification and eutrophication. However, there were trade-offs between emissions reduction and categories related to energy and resource use. The infrastructure and consumables required to operate the scrubber added to the impacts compared to the baseline. The dry scrubber showed a more favorable balance between emission reduction and trade-offs. In this regard, results were similar for the Spanish and Italian farms, although there were slight variations. Scrubbers had a greater effect in the Italian farms due to their use along longer periods of the pig fattening (closed cycle farms) compared to the Spanish farm (transition farm). Scrubbers are environmentally promising, especially where acidification, eutrophication and particulate matter are local problems. However, they alone cannot fully address the complex environmental impacts of pig production, which require comprehensive interventions across the supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ruiz-Colmenero
- Institute of Agrofood Research and Technology (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michele Costantini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 2, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Ariadna Bàllega
- Institute of Agrofood Research and Technology (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michele Zoli
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 2, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Miquel Andón
- Institute of Agrofood Research and Technology (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Cerrillo
- Institute of Agrofood Research and Technology (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emma Fàbrega
- Institute of Agrofood Research and Technology (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - August Bonmatí
- Institute of Agrofood Research and Technology (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcella Guarino
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 2, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Jacopo Bacenetti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 2, Milan 20133, Italy.
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10
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Räisänen SE, Sigurðardóttir ÞH, Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Pitkänen O, Vanhatalo A, Sairanen A, Kokkonen T. Ruminal methane emission and lactational performance of cows fed rapeseed cake and oats on a grass silage-based diet. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00757-4. [PMID: 38642648 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of lipid from rapeseed cake and oats on ruminal CH4 emission and lactational performance of dairy cows. Twelve lactating Nordic Red cows, of which 4 primiparous, and averaging (±SD) 48 ± 22.9 DIM, 37.8 ± 7.14 kg/d milk yield were enrolled in a switch-back design experiment with 3 periods of 4 wk each. The cows were assigned into 6 pairs based on parity and days-in-milk, milk yield, and body weight at the beginning of the experiment. The experimental treatments were 1) rapeseed cake and oats (RSC+O), and 2) rapeseed meal and barley (RSM+B) as the concentrate feeds. Cows in each pair were randomly assigned to one of the 2 groups, which received the treatments in 2 different sequences, i.e., group 1 received RSC+O in period 1 and 3, and RSM+B in period 2, whereas group 2 was fed RSM+B in period 1 and 3, and RSC+O in period 2. The diets consisted of a partially mixed ration with grass silage mixed with either oats or barley, according to the treatment sequence, and the rapeseed cake or meal being mixed into a pellet with either oats or barley according to the treatments, and a mineral mix. The pellet was delivered at a fixed amount (i.e., 6 kg/d for multiparous and 5 kg/d for the primiparous cows) from the milking robot. The actual forage to concentrate ratios for RSC+O and RSM+B were 51:49 and 52:48, respectively, with NDF concentrations of 41.5 and 36.0% and CP concentrations of 17.0 and 16.7% of diet DM. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and gas exchange (with a GreenFeed system attached to the milking robot) were recorded daily, and milk composition and spot fecal samples were collected during the last wk of each period. Based on feed analysis, and dry matter intake of the cows during the experiment, the total fat content of the experimental diets was 4.1 and 2.7% of DM for RSC+O and RSM+B diets, respectively. Dry matter intake was 1.5 kg/d lower, and milk yield tended to be 1.0 kg/d greater for RSC+O vs. RSM+B. There were no differences in energy-corrected milk yield and milk composition between the treatments, while milk metabolizable energy efficiency was greater for cows fed RSC+O than RSM+B. Methane yield (g/kg dry matter intake) did not differ between treatments, but CH4 production (g/d) was 9.4% and CH4 intensity as g/kg energy-corrected milk was 11.7% lower for RSC+O vs. RSM+B. The lower CH4 production was likely caused by the lower DMI and fiber digestibility, observed with the RSC+O diet. In addition, the greater lipid intake also contributed to lower rate of fermentation and subsequent decrease in CH4 production. Overall, feeding rapeseed cake with oats in a grass silage-based diet increased feed efficiency while decreasing CH4 emission intensity in lactating cows. This provides a practical way of mitigating ruminal CH4 emission from dairy operations while maintaining milk production with commonly utilized feed stuffs in Nordic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Räisänen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Þ H Sigurðardóttir
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - O Pitkänen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Vanhatalo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Sairanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Halolantie 31 A, 71750 Maaninka, Finland
| | - T Kokkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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11
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Pepeta BN, Hassen A, Tesfamariam EH. Quantifying the Impact of Different Dietary Rumen Modulating Strategies on Enteric Methane Emission and Productivity in Ruminant Livestock: A Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:763. [PMID: 38473148 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted with an aim to quantify the beneficial effects of nine different dietary rumen modulating strategies which includes: the use of plant-based bioactive compounds (saponin, tannins, oils, and ether extract), feed additives (nitrate, biochar, seaweed, and 3-nitroxy propanol), and diet manipulation (concentrate feeding) on rumen fermentation, enteric methane (CH4) production (g/day), CH4 yield (g/kg dry matter intake) and CH4 emission intensity (g/kg meat or milk), and production performance parameters (the average daily gain, milk yield and milk quality) of ruminant livestock. The dataset was constructed by compiling global data from 110 refereed publications on in vivo studies conducted in ruminants from 2005 to 2023 and anlayzed using a meta-analytical approach.. Of these dietary rumen manipulation strategies, saponin and biochar reduced CH4 production on average by 21%. Equally, CH4 yield was reduced by 15% on average in response to nitrate, oils, and 3-nitroxy propanol (3-NOP). In dairy ruminants, nitrate, oils, and 3-NOP reduced the intensity of CH4 emission (CH4 in g/kg milk) on average by 28.7%. Tannins and 3-NOP increased on average ruminal propionate and butyrate while reducing the acetate:propionate (A:P) ratio by 12%, 13.5% and 13%, respectively. Oils increased propionate by 2% while reducing butyrate and the A:P ratio by 2.9% and 3.8%, respectively. Use of 3-NOP increased the production of milk fat (g/kg DMI) by 15% whereas oils improved the yield of milk fat and protein (kg/d) by 16% and 20%, respectively. On the other hand, concentrate feeding improved dry matter intake and milk yield (g/kg DMI) by 23.4% and 19%, respectively. However, feed efficiency was not affected by any of the dietary rumen modulating strategies. Generally, the use of nitrate, saponin, oils, biochar and 3-NOP were effective as CH4 mitigating strategies, and specifically oils and 3-NOP provided a co-benefit of improving production parameters in ruminant livestock. Equally concentrate feeding improved production parameters in ruminant livestock without any significant effect on enteric methane emission. Therefore, it is advisable to refine further these strategies through life cycle assessment or modelling approaches to accurately capture their influence on farm-scale production, profitability and net greenhouse gas emissions. The adoption of the most viable, region-specific strategies should be based on factors such as the availability and cost of the strategy in the region, the specific goals to be achieved, and the cost-benefit ratio associated with implementing these strategies in ruminant livestock production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulelani N Pepeta
- Department of Animal Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Abubeker Hassen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Eyob H Tesfamariam
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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12
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van Gastelen S, Burgers EEA, Dijkstra J, de Mol R, Muizelaar W, Walker N, Bannink A. Long-term effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol on methane emission and milk production characteristics in Holstein Friesian dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00500-9. [PMID: 38395398 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The objective was to determine the long-term effect of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) on CH4 emission and milk production characteristics from dairy cows receiving 3-NOP in their diet for a full year, covering all lactation stages of the dairy cows. Sixty-four late-lactation Holstein Friesian cows (34% primiparous) were blocked in pairs, based on expected calving date, parity, and daily milk yield. The experiment started with an adaptation period of 1 week followed by a covariate period of 3 weeks in which all cows received the same basal diet and baseline measurements were performed. Directly after, cows within a block were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: a diet containing on average 69.8 mg 3-NOP/kg DM (total ration level, corrected for intake of non-supplemented GreenFeed bait) and a diet containing a placebo. Forage composition as well as forage to concentrate ratio altered with lactation stage (i.e., dry period and early, mid, and late lactation). Diets were provided as a total mixed ration and additional bait was fed in GreenFeed units which were used for emission measurements. Supplementation of 3-NOP did not affect total dry matter intake (DMI), body weight or body condition score, but resulted in a 6.5% increase in the yields of energy-corrected milk and fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM). Furthermore, milk fat and protein as well as feed efficiency were increased upon 3-NOP supplementation. Overall, a reduction of 21%, 20%, and 27% was achieved for CH4 production (g/d), yield (g/kg DMI), and intensity (g/kg FPCM), respectively, upon 3-NOP supplementation. The CH4 mitigation potential of 3-NOP was affected by the lactation stage dependent diet to which 3-NOP was supplemented. On average, a 16%, 20%, 16%, and 26% reduction in CH4 yield (g/kg DMI) was achieved upon 3-NOP supplementation for the dry period, and early, mid, and late lactation diet, respectively. The CH4 mitigation potential of 3-NOP was affected by the length of 3-NOP supplementation within a lactation stage dependent diet and by variation in diet composition within a lactation stage dependent diet as a result of changes in grass and corn silage silos. In conclusion, 3-NOP reduced CH4 emission from cows receiving 3-NOP for a year, with a positive impact on production characteristics. The CH4 mitigation potential of 3-NOP was influenced by diet type, diet composition, and nutrition value, and the efficacy of 3-NOP appeared to decline over time but not continuously. Associated with changes in diet composition, increased efficacy of 3-NOP was observed at the start of the trial, at the start of a new lactation, and, importantly, at the end of the trial. These results suggests that diet composition has a large effect on the efficacy of 3-NOP, perhaps even larger than the week of supplementation after first introduction of 3-NOP. Further studies are needed to clarify the long-term effect of 3-NOP on CH4 emission and to further investigate the effect that variation in diet composition may have on the mitigation potential of 3-NOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne van Gastelen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Eline E A Burgers
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi de Mol
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Muizelaar
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicola Walker
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition & Health, PO Box 2676, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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13
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Lobo RR, Almeida E, Monteiro A, Silva SS, Salas-Solis G, Coronella CJ, Hiibel SR, Faciola AP. Replacing soybean meal with microalgae biomass in diets with contrasting carbohydrate profile can reduce in vitro methane production and improve short-chain fatty acids production. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00495-8. [PMID: 38395394 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction of dietary carbohydrate profile and soybean meal (SBM) replacement with either Chlorella pyrenoidosa (CHL) or Spirulina platensis (SPI) on in vitro fermentation. This experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design, with fermentation run (3 runs) considered as blocks. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 5 factorial design, where the first factor was the carbohydrate profile, which was composed of diets containing 42.5% NDF and 26.8% starch (HF-LS) or 26.8% NDF and 40.6% starch (LF-HS) and the second factor was the protein source, in which a control diet (100% SBM), partial replacement of SBM with CHL (1/2 CHL) or SPI (1/2 SPI), or total replacement of SBM with CHL or SPI were used. All experimental diets were formulated to have 17% crude protein. The ruminal fluid was collected from 2 lactating Holstein cows, buffered with Van Soest medium at a ratio of 1:2 and added to serum bottles containing 0.50 g of the experimental diets. Bottles were incubated at 39°C for 24 and 48 h in triplicate; headspace pressure was measured, along with gas collection for methane (CH4) quantification at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36, and 48 h after incubation. The final medium was used to measure pH, ammonia, and volatile-fatty acid (VFA). After incubation, feed bags were recovered and used for estimation of degradability of DMD, NDF, and OMD. Statistical analysis was carried out using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with carbohydrate profile, protein source, assay, and its interactions as fixed effects, with run and bottle as random effects. Orthogonal contrasts were used to compare carbohydrate profile, algae species, carbohydrate profile × algae interaction, and linear and quadratic effects of SBM replacement with CHL or SPI. There was no interaction effect between carbohydrate profile and algae source. LF-HS improved gas production, degradability of nutrients, and VFA, mainly increasing the production of butyrate and propionate. When compared with CHL, SPI had a greater degradability of nutrients and branched VFA, along with reduction in total gas production and tended to reduce total CH4 yield. The replacement of SBM with algae linearly reduced the degradability of nutrients, along with a linear reduction in gas production. When replacement of SBM with only SPI was evaluated, SPI slightly reduced the degradability of nutrients; however, it promoted a linear reduction in CH4 yield, as well as reduction in CH4 yield by unit of degraded DM, NDF, and OM. In summary, there was no interaction of carbohydrate profile and protein source, which means that SBM replacement had a similar effect, regardless of dietary carbohydrate profile. Spirulina may be a more suitable algae source when compared with Chlorella due to the potential to reduce CH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Lobo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - E Almeida
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States; Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - A Monteiro
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States; Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - S S Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - G Salas-Solis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - C J Coronella
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557
| | - S R Hiibel
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557
| | - A P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States.
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14
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Cantillon M, Hennessy T, Amon B, Dragoni F, O'Brien D. Mitigation of gaseous emissions from dairy livestock: A farm-level method to examine the financial implications. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 352:119904. [PMID: 38194877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Feeding the world's population while minimising the contribution of agriculture to climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing modern society. This challenge is particularly pronounced for dairy production where the carbon footprint of products and the mitigation costs are high, relative to other food stuffs. This paper reviews a number of mitigation measures that may be adopted by dairy farmers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from their farms. A simulation model is developed to assess the cost-benefit of a range of mitigation measures. The model is applied to data from Ireland, a country with a large export-oriented dairy industry, for a range of farms including top, middle and bottom performing farms from a profitability perspective. The mitigation measures modelled included animal productivity, grass production and utilisation, better reproductive performance, early compact calving, reduced crude protein, decreased fertiliser N, protected urea, white clover, slurry tank cover and low emission slurry spreading (LESS). The results show that over half of the greenhouse gas abatement potential and most of the ammonia abatement potential were realised with cost-beneficial measures. Animal and feed-related measures that increased efficiency drove the abatement of GHG emissions. Low-emission slurry spreading was beneficial for the bottom and middle one-third of farms, while protected urea and reducing nitrogen use accounted for most of the ammonia abatement potential for the most profitable farms. Results showed that combining mitigation measures resulted in a decrease of 23%, 19%, and 12% in GHG emissions below 2020 levels for the bottom, middle, and top performing dairy farms, respectively. The findings imply that top dairy farms, that are already managed efficiently and optimally, may struggle to achieve the national and international GHG reduction targets with existing technologies and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cantillon
- Teagasc, Crops, Environment and Land Use Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland; Cork University Business School, University College Cork, College Road, Ireland.
| | - T Hennessy
- Cork University Business School, University College Cork, College Road, Ireland
| | - B Amon
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; University of Zielona Gora, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Engineering, Poland
| | - F Dragoni
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - D O'Brien
- Teagasc, Crops, Environment and Land Use Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland
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15
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van Gastelen S, Yáñez-Ruiz D, Khelil-Arfa H, Blanchard A, Bannink A. Effect of a blend of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and Capsicum oleoresin on methane emission and lactation performance of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:857-869. [PMID: 37709037 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of administering a standardized blend of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and Capsicum oleoresin (CEC) to lactating dairy cattle for 84 d (i.e., 12 wk) on enteric CH4 emission, feed intake, milk yield and composition, and body weight. The experiment involved 56 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (145 ± 31.1 d in milk at the start of the trial; mean ± standard deviation) in a randomized complete block design. Cows were blocked in pairs according to parity, lactation stage, and current milk yield, and randomly allocated to 1 of the 2 dietary treatments: a diet including 54.5 mg of CEC/kg of DM or a control diet without CEC. Diets were provided as partial mixed rations in feed bins, which automatically recorded individual feed intake. Additional concentrate was fed in the GreenFeed system that was used to measure emissions of CO2, CH4, and H2. Feeding CEC decreased CH4 yield (g/kg DMI) by on average 3.4% over the complete 12-wk period and by on average 3.9% from 6 wk after the start of supplementation onward. Feeding CEC simultaneously increased feed intake and body weight, and tended to increase milk protein content, whereas no negative responses were observed. These results must be further investigated and confirmed in longer-term in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne van Gastelen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | - André Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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16
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Sarmikasoglou E, Sumadong P, Roesch LFW, Halima S, Arriola K, Yuting Z, Jeong KCC, Vyas D, Hikita C, Watanabe T, Faciola A. Effects of cashew nut shell extract and monensin on in vitro ruminal fermentation, methane production, and ruminal bacterial community. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:840-856. [PMID: 37730175 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cashew nut shell extract (CNSE) and monensin on ruminal in vitro fermentation, CH4 production, and ruminal bacterial community structure. Treatments were as follows: control (CON, basal diet without additives); 2.5 μM monensin (MON); 0.1 mg CNSE granule/g DM (CNSE100); and 0.2 mg CNSE granule/g DM (CNSE200). Each treatment was incubated with 52 mL of buffered ruminal content and 500 mg of total mixed ration for 24 h using serum vials. The experiment was performed as a complete randomized block design with 3 runs. Run was used as a blocking factor. Each treatment had 5 replicates, in which 2 were used to determine nutrient degradability, and 3 were used to determine pH, NH3-N, volatile fatty acids, lactate, total gas, CH4 production, and bacterial community composition. Treatment responses for all data, excluding bacterial abundance, were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS v9.4. Treatment responses for bacterial community structure were analyzed with a PERMANOVA test run with the R package vegan. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test the effects of (1) additive inclusion (ADD: CON vs. MON, CNSE100, and CNSE200); (2) additive type (MCN: MON vs. CNSE100 and CNSE200); and (3) CNSE dose (DOS: CNSE100 vs. CNSE200). We observed that pH, acetate, and acetate:propionate ratio in the CNSE100 treatment were lower compared with CNSE200, and propionate in the CNSE100 treatment was greater compared with CNSE200. Compared with MON, CNSE treatments tended to decrease total lactate concentration. Total gas production of CON was greater by 2.63% compared with all treatments, and total CH4 production was reduced by 10.64% in both CNSE treatments compared with MON. Also, compared with MON, in vitro dry matter degradabilities in CNSE treatments were lower. No effects were observed for NH3-N or in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability. Finally, the relative abundances of Prevotella, Treponema, and Schwartzia were lower, whereas the relative abundances of Butyrivibrio and Succinivibrio were greater in all treatments compared with CON. Overall, the inclusion of CNSE decreased CH4 production compared with MON, making CNSE a possible CH4 mitigation additive in dairy cattle diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sarmikasoglou
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - P Sumadong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Department of Animal Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - L F W Roesch
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603
| | - S Halima
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - K Arriola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Z Yuting
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - K C C Jeong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - C Hikita
- SDS Biotech K.K., Tokyo, Japan 101-0022
| | | | - A Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.
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17
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Jordon MW, Buffet JC, Dungait JA, Galdos M, Garnett T, Lee MR, Lynch J, Röös E, Searchinger TD, Smith P, Godfray HCJ. A restatement of the natural science evidence base concerning grassland management, grazing livestock and soil carbon storage. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232669. [PMID: 38264781 PMCID: PMC10806435 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Approximately a third of all annual greenhouse gas emissions globally are directly or indirectly associated with the food system, and over a half of these are linked to livestock production. In temperate oceanic regions, such as the UK, most meat and dairy is produced in extensive systems based on pasture. There is much interest in the extent to which such grassland may be able to sequester and store more carbon to partially or completely mitigate other greenhouse gas emissions in the system. However, answering this question is difficult due to context-specificity and a complex and sometimes inconsistent evidence base. This paper describes a project that set out to summarize the natural science evidence base relevant to grassland management, grazing livestock and soil carbon storage potential in as policy-neutral terms as possible. It is based on expert appraisal of a systematically assembled evidence base, followed by a wide stakeholders engagement. A series of evidence statements (in the appendix of this paper) are listed and categorized according to the nature of the underlying information, and an annotated bibliography is provided in the electronic supplementary material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Jordon
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Jean-Charles Buffet
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Jennifer A. J. Dungait
- School of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stoker Road, Exeter EX4 4PY, UK
- Carbon Management Centre, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Marcelo V. Galdos
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Tara Garnett
- TABLE, Environment Change Institute, University of Oxford, 3 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | | | - John Lynch
- Nature-Based Solutions Initiative, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Elin Röös
- Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Ulls hus, Almas allé 8, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - Timothy D. Searchinger
- School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, 318 Robertson Hall, NJ 08544-1013, USA
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - H. Charles J. Godfray
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
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18
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Kirwan SF, Tamassia LFM, Walker ND, Karagiannis A, Kindermann M, Waters SM. Effects of dietary supplementation with 3-nitrooxypropanol on enteric methane production, rumen fermentation, and performance in young growing beef cattle offered a 50:50 forage:concentrate diet. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skad399. [PMID: 38038711 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent requirement internationally to reduce enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants to meet greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets. Dietary supplementation with feed additives is one possible strategy under investigation as an effective solution. The effects of the CH4 inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) at reducing CH4 emissions in beef have been shown mainly in adult cattle consuming backgrounding and high-energy finishing diets. In this study, the effects of dietary supplementation of young growing (≤6 mo) beef cattle with 3-NOP were examined in a 50:50 forage:concentrate diet. A total of 68 Dairy × Beef (Aberdeen Angus and Hereford dairy cross) male calves (≤6 mo of age at the start of experiment, body weight: 147 ± 38 kg) underwent a 3-wk acclimatization period and were then assigned to one of two treatments in a completely randomized block design. Dietary treatments were (1) control, placebo (no 3-NOP), and (2) 3-NOP applied at 150 mg kg-1 DM. Calves were fed a partial mixed ration for 12 wk. Body weight was recorded weekly and feed intake daily using the Calan Broadbent feeding system. Methane and hydrogen emissions were measured using the GreenFeed system. Total weight gained, dry matter intake (DMI), and average daily gain were not affected by 3-NOP (P > 0.05) supplementation. On average, the inclusion of 3-NOP decreased (P < 0.001) CH4 emissions: g d-1; g kg-1 DMI; by 30.6% and 27.2%, respectively, during the study with a greater reduction occurring over time. Incorporating 3-NOP into beef cattle diets is an efficient solution to decrease CH4 emissions during indoor feeding and when offered 50:50 forage:concentrate diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart F Kirwan
- Animal Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, County Meath, IrelandC15 PW93
| | - Luis F M Tamassia
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Nicola D Walker
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Alexios Karagiannis
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Maik Kindermann
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Sinéad M Waters
- Animal Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, County Meath, IrelandC15 PW93
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19
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Martins LF, Cueva SF, Lage CFA, Ramin M, Silvestre T, Tricarico J, Hristov AN. A meta-analysis of methane-mitigation potential of feed additives evaluated in vitro. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:288-300. [PMID: 38353472 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0302(23)00819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
A systematic literature review of in vitro studies was performed to identify methane (CH4) mitigation interventions with a potential to reduce CH4 emission in vivo. Data from 277 peer-reviewed studies published between 1979 and 2018 were reviewed. Individual CH4 mitigation interventions were classified into 14 categories of feed additives based on their type, chemical composition, and mode of action. Response variables evaluated were absolute CH4 emission (number of treatment means comparisons = 1,325); total volatile fatty acids (n = 1,007), acetate (n = 783), propionate (n = 792), and butyrate (n = 776) concentrations; acetate to propionate ratio (n = 675); digestibility of dry matter (n = 489), organic matter (n = 277), and neutral detergent fiber (n = 177). Total gas production was used as an explanatory variable in the model for CH4 production. Relative mean difference between treatment and control means reported in the studies was calculated and used for statistical analysis. The robust variance estimation method was used to analyze the effects of CH4 mitigation interventions. In vitro CH4 production was decreased by antibodies (-38.9%), chemical inhibitors (-29.2%), electron sinks (-18.9%), essential oils (-18.2%), plant extracts (-14.5%), plant inclusion (-11.7%), saponins (-14.8%), and tannins (-14.5%). Overall effects of direct-fed microbials, enzymes, macroalgae, and organic acids supplementation did not affect CH4 production in the current meta-analysis. When considering the effects of individual mitigation interventions containing a minimum number of 4 degrees of freedom within feed additives categories, Enterococcus spp. (i.e., direct-fed microbial), nitrophenol (i.e., electron sink), and Leucaena spp. (i.e., tannins) decreased CH4 production by 20.3%, 27.1%, and 23.5%, respectively, without extensively, or only slightly, affecting ruminal fermentation and digestibility of nutrients. It should be noted, however, that although the total number of publications (n = 277) and treatment means comparisons (n = 1,325 for CH4 production) in the current analysis were high, data for most mitigation interventions were obtained from less than 5 observations (e.g., maximum number of observations was 4, 7, and 22 for nitrophenol, Enterococcus spp., and Leucaena spp., respectively), because of limited data available in the literature. These should be further evaluated in vitro and in vivo to determine their true potential to decrease enteric CH4 production, yield, and intensity. Some mitigation interventions (e.g., magnesium, Heracleum spp., nitroglycerin, β-cyclodextrin, Leptospermum pattersoni, Fructulus Ligustri, Salix caprea, and Sesbania grandiflora) decreased in vitro CH4 production by over 50% but did not have enough observations in the database. These should be more extensively investigated in vitro, and the dose effect must be considered before adoption of mitigation interventions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Martins
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - S F Cueva
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - C F A Lage
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; Cornell Cooperative Extension, Bath, NY 14810
| | - M Ramin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden SE-901 83
| | - T Silvestre
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; Kemin Industries, Singapore, 758200
| | - J Tricarico
- Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy, Rosemont, IL 60018
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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20
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Martins LF, Cueva SF, Silvestre T, Stepanchenko N, Wasson DE, Wall E, Hristov AN. Lactational performance, enteric methane emission, and nutrient utilization of dairy cows supplemented with botanicals. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:242-257. [PMID: 38220436 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate lactational performance, enteric gas emissions, ruminal fermentation, nutrient use efficiency, milk fatty acid profile, and energy and inflammatory markers in blood of peak-lactation dairy cows fed diets supplemented with Capsicum oleoresin or a combination of Capsicum oleoresin and clove oil. A 10-wk randomized complete block design experiment was conducted with 18 primiparous and 30 multiparous Holstein cows. Cows were blocked based on parity, days in milk, and milk yield (MY), and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (16 cows/treatment): (1) basal diet (CON); (2) basal diet supplemented with 300 mg/cow per day of Capsicum oleoresin (CAP); and (3) basal diet supplemented with 300 mg/cow per day of a combination of Capsicum oleoresin and clove oil (CAPCO). Premixes containing ground corn (CON), CAP, or CAPCO were mixed daily with the basal diet at 0.8% of dry matter intake (DMI). Supplementation of the diet with CAP or CAPCO did not affect DMI, MY, milk components, and feed efficiency of the cows. Body weight (BW) was increased during the last 2 wk of the experiment by CAP and CAPCO, compared with CON. The botanicals improved BW gain (0.85 and 0.66 kg/d for CAP and CAPCO, respectively, compared with -0.01 kg/d for CON) and CAP enhanced the efficiency of energy utilization, compared with CON (94.5% vs. 78.4%, respectively). Daily CH4 emission was not affected by treatments, but CH4 emission yield (per kg of DMI) and intensity (per kg of MY) were decreased by up to 11% by CAPCO supplementation, compared with CON and CAP. A treatment × parity interaction indicated that the CH4 mitigation effect was pronounced in primiparous but not in multiparous cows. Ruminal molar proportion of propionate was decreased by botanicals, compared with CON. Concentrations of trans-10 C18:1 and total trans fatty acids in milk fat were decreased by CAP and tended to be decreased by CAPCO, compared with CON. Total-tract apparent digestibility of nutrients was not affected by treatments, except for a tendency for decreased starch digestibility in cows supplemented with botanicals. Blood concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate, total fatty acids, and insulin were not affected by botanicals. Blood haptoglobin concentration was increased by CAP in multiparous but not in primiparous cows. Lactational performance of peak-lactation dairy cows was not affected by the botanicals in this study, but they appeared to improve efficiency of energy utilization and partitioned energy toward BW gain. In addition, CH4 yield and intensity were decreased in primiparous cows fed CAPCO, suggesting a potential positive environmental effect of the combination of Capsicum oleoresin and clove oil supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Martins
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - S F Cueva
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - T Silvestre
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - N Stepanchenko
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - D E Wasson
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - E Wall
- AVT Natural North America, Santa Clara, CA 95054
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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21
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Sarmikasoglou E, Sumadong P, Roesch LF, Halima S, Hikita C, Watanabe T, Faciola A. Effects of monensin and cashew nut-shell extract on bacterial community composition in a dual-flow continuous culture system. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 8:txad148. [PMID: 38221956 PMCID: PMC10787353 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of including monensin and two doses of CNSE in a high producing dairy cow diet on ruminal bacterial communities. A dual-flow continuous culture system was used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square design. A basal diet was formulated to meet the requirements of a cow producing 45 kg of milk per d (17% crude protein and 27% starch). There were four experimental treatments: the basal diet without any feed additive (CON), 2.5 μM monensin (MON), 100 ppm CNSE granule (CNSE100), and 200 ppm CNSE granule (CNSE200). Samples were collected from the fluid and solid effluents at 3, 6, and 9 h after feeding; a composite of all time points was made for each fermenter within their respective fractions. Bacterial community composition was analyzed by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Treatment responses for bacterial community structure were analyzed with the PERMANOVA test run with the R Vegan package. Treatment responses for correlations were analyzed with the CORR procedure of SAS. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test the effects of (1) ADD (CON vs. MON, CNSE100, and CNSE200); (2) MCN (MON vs. CNSE100 and CNSE200); and (3) DOSE (CNSE100 vs. CNSE200). Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05. We observed that the relative abundance of Sharpea (P < 0.01), Mailhella (P = 0.05), Ruminococcus (P = 0.03), Eubacterium (P = 0.01), and Coprococcus (P < 0.01) from the liquid fraction and the relative abundance of Ruminococcus (P = 0.03) and Catonella (P = 0.02) from the solid fraction decreased, while the relative abundance of Syntrophococcus (P = 0.02) increased in response to MON when compared to CNSE treatments. Our results demonstrate that CNSE and monensin have similar effects on the major ruminal bacterial genera, while some differences were observed in some minor genera. Overall, the tested additives would affect the ruminal fermentation in a similar pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Sarmikasoglou
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611 FL, USA
| | - Phussorn Sumadong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611 FL, USA
- Department of Animal Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Luiz Fernando Roesch
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32603 FL, USA
| | - Sultana Halima
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611 FL, USA
| | - Chie Hikita
- Product Development Department, SDS Biotech K.K., Tokyo 101-0022, Japan
| | - Tomonori Watanabe
- Product Development Department, SDS Biotech K.K., Tokyo 101-0022, Japan
| | - Antonio P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611 FL, USA
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22
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Zhang B, Lin S, Moraes L, Firkins J, Hristov AN, Kebreab E, Janssen PH, Bannink A, Bayat AR, Crompton LA, Dijkstra J, Eugène MA, Kreuzer M, McGee M, Reynolds CK, Schwarm A, Yáñez-Ruiz DR, Yu Z. Methane prediction equations including genera of rumen bacteria as predictor variables improve prediction accuracy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21305. [PMID: 38042941 PMCID: PMC10693554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants are of a significant environmental concern, necessitating accurate prediction for emission inventories. Existing models rely solely on dietary and host animal-related data, ignoring the predicting power of rumen microbiota, the source of CH4. To address this limitation, we developed novel CH4 prediction models incorporating rumen microbes as predictors, alongside animal- and feed-related predictors using four statistical/machine learning (ML) methods. These include random forest combined with boosting (RF-B), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), generalized linear mixed model with LASSO (glmmLasso), and smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) implemented on linear mixed models. With a sheep dataset (218 observations) of both animal data and rumen microbiota data (relative sequence abundance of 330 genera of rumen bacteria, archaea, protozoa, and fungi), we developed linear mixed models to predict CH4 production (g CH4/animal·d, ANIM-B models) and CH4 yield (g CH4/kg of dry matter intake, DMI-B models). We also developed models solely based on animal-related data. Prediction performance was evaluated 200 times with random data splits, while fitting performance was assessed without data splitting. The inclusion of microbial predictors improved the models, as indicated by decreased root mean square prediction error (RMSPE) and mean absolute error (MAE), and increased Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). Both glmmLasso and SCAD reduced the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for both the ANIM-B and the DMI-B models, while the other two ML methods had mixed outcomes. By balancing prediction performance and fitting performance, we obtained one ANIM-B model (containing 10 genera of bacteria and 3 animal data) fitted using glmmLasso and one DMI-B model (5 genera of bacteria and 1 animal datum) fitted using SCAD. This study highlights the importance of incorporating rumen microbiota data in CH4 prediction models to enhance accuracy and robustness. Additionally, ML methods facilitate the selection of microbial predictors from high-dimensional metataxonomic data of the rumen microbiota without overfitting. Moreover, the identified microbial predictors can serve as biomarkers of CH4 emissions from sheep, providing valuable insights for future research and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Zhang
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shili Lin
- Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, 2029 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Luis Moraes
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Consultoria, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Alexander N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ermias Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter H Janssen
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - André Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alireza R Bayat
- Milk Production, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Les A Crompton
- School of Agriculture, Policy, and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Jan Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maguy A Eugène
- INRAE UMR Herbivores, VetAgro Sup, Université Clermont Auvergne, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark McGee
- Teagasc, AGRIC, Grange, Dunsany., CO., Meath, Ireland
| | | | - Angela Schwarm
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Zhongtang Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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23
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Patra AK, Puchala R. Methane mitigation in ruminants with structural analogues and other chemical compounds targeting archaeal methanogenesis pathways. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108268. [PMID: 37793598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants are responsible for enteric methane production contributing significantly to the anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Moreover, dietary energy is lost as methane gas without being available for animal use. Therefore, many mitigation strategies aiming at interventions at animals, diet, and microbiota have been explored by researchers. Specific chemical analogues targeting the enzymes of the methanogenic pathway appear to be more effective in specifically inhibiting the growth of methane-producing archaea without hampering another microbiome, particularly, cellulolytic microbiota. The targets of methanogenesis reactions that have been mainly investigated in ruminal fluid include methyl coenzyme M reductase (halogenated sulfonate and nitrooxy compounds), corrinoid enzymes (halogenated aliphatic compounds), formate dehydrogenase (nitro compounds, e.g., nitroethane and 2-nitroethanol), and deazaflavin (F420) (pterin and statin compounds). Many other potential metabolic reaction targets in methanogenic archaea have not been evaluated properly. The analogues are specifically effective inhibitors of methanogens, but their efficacy to lower methanogenesis over time reduces due to the metabolism of the compounds by other microbiota or the development of resistance mechanisms by methanogens. In this short review, methanogen populations inhabited in the rumen, methanogenesis pathways and methane analogues, and other chemical compounds specifically targeting the metabolic reactions in the pathways and methane production in ruminants have been discussed. Although many methane inhibitors have been evaluated in lowering methane emission in ruminants, advancement in unravelling the molecular mechanisms of specific methane inhibitors targeting the metabolic pathways in methanogens is very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Kumar Patra
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA.
| | - Ryszard Puchala
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA; Applied Physiology Unit, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Alayón-Gamboa JA, Albores-Moreno S, Jiménez-Ferrer G, Alarcón-Zúñiga B, Miranda-Romero LA, Pérez-Luna EJ, Canul-Solís J. Tropical tree foliage supplementation in ruminants improves rumen fermentation and the bacterial profile and decreases methane production. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4510-4522. [PMID: 36639141 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2165935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The main of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of tropical tree foliage in ruminant diets on the in vitro fermentation, bacterial population, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and enteric CH4 production. Seven experimental diets were evaluated: a control treatment of Pennisetum purpureum (T7) and six treatments of P. purpureum supplemented (30%) with the foliage of Neomillspaughia emargiata (T1), Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia (T2), Caesalpinia gaumeri (T3), Piscidia piscipula (T4), Leucaena leucocephala (T5), and Havardia albicans (T6). The T2, T7, and T5 treatments had the highest (p < 0.05) digestibility of dry matter. Overall, supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the concentrations of propionic and butyric acid and decreased acetic acid. Methanogenic bacteria decreased (p < 0.05) in T1, T2, T5, and T6. Ruminococcus albus decreased in T1, T2, T3, and T5 and Selenomonas ruminiantum increased in T3. Fibrobacter succinogenes increased, except in T5. Methane production decreased (p < 0.05) in T1, T4, T5, and T6. The supplementation with Leucaena leucocephala, Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia, Neomillspaughia emargiata, Piscidia piscipula, Havardia albicans, and Caesalpinia gaumeri is a potential alternative nutritional strategy for ruminants that results in positive changes in VFAs profile, a decrease on CH4 production and methanogenic bacteria, and changes on fibrolytic and non-fibrolytic bacteria composition.HIGHLIGHTSTropical tree foliage supplementation increased propionic and butyric acid and decreased acetic acid concentrations.Fibrolytic, non-fibrolytic, and Methanogenic bacteria were selectively modulated with the supplementation of tropical tree foliage.The enteric methane (CH4) production decreased with the supplementation of tree foliage.The supplementation of Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia and Leucaena leucocephala had the highest digestibility and is a potential alternative nutritional strategy for ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - B Alarcón-Zúñiga
- Graduate Department of Animal Production, Autonomous University of Chapingo, Chapingo, Mexico
| | - L A Miranda-Romero
- Graduate Department of Animal Production, Autonomous University of Chapingo, Chapingo, Mexico
| | - E J Pérez-Luna
- Faculty of Agronomic Sciences C-V, Autonomous University of Chiapas, Villaflores, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - J Canul-Solís
- National Technological Institute of Mexico, Technological Institute of Tizimín, Tizimín, Mexico
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25
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Sarmikasoglou E, Johnson ML, Vinyard JR, Sumadong P, Lobo RR, Arce-Cordero JA, Bahman A, Ravelo A, Halima S, Salas-Solis GK, Hikita C, Watanabe T, Faciola AP. Effects of cashew nutshell extract and monensin on microbial fermentation in a dual-flow continuous culture. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8746-8757. [PMID: 37678783 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare cashew nutshell extract (CNSE) to monensin and evaluate changes in in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and microbial nitrogen outflow. Treatments were randomly assigned to 8 fermenters in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 experimental periods of 10 d (7 d for diet adaptation and 3 d for sample collection). Basal diets contained 43.5:56.5 forage: concentrate ratio and each fermenter was fed 106 g of DM/d divided equally between 2 feeding times. Treatments were control (CON, basal diet without additives), 2.5 μM monensin (MON), 0.1 mg CNSE granule/g DM (CNSE100), and 0.2 mg CNSE granule/g DM (CNSE200). On d 8 to10, samples were collected for pH, lactate, NH3-N, volatile fatty acids (VFA), mixed protozoa counts, organic matter (OM), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test the effects of (1) ADD (CON vs. MON, CNSE100, and CNSE200); (2) MCN (MON vs. CNSE100 and CNSE200); and (3) DOSE (CNSE100 vs. CNSE200). We observed that butyrate concentration in all treatments was lower compared with CON and the concentration for MON was lower compared with CNSE treatments. Protozoal population in all treatments was lower compared with CON. No effects were observed for pH, lactate, NH3-N, total VFA, OM, or N utilization. Within the 24-h pool, protozoal generation time, tended to be lower, while NDF digestibility tended to be greater in response to all additives. Furthermore, the microbial N flow, and the efficiency of N use tended to be lower for the monensin treatment compared with CNSE treatments. Overall, our results showed that both monensin and CNSE decreased butyrate synthesis and protozoal populations, while not affecting OM digestibility and tended to increase NDF digestibility; however, such effects are greater with monensin than CNSE nutshell.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sarmikasoglou
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - M L Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - J R Vinyard
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - P Sumadong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Department of Animal Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - R R Lobo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - J A Arce-Cordero
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Escuela de Zootecnia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - A Bahman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - A Ravelo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - S Halima
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - G K Salas-Solis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - C Hikita
- SDS Biotech K.K., Tokyo, Japan 101-0022
| | | | - A P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.
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26
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Preez DAD, Akanmu AM, Adejoro FA, Hassen A. The Effect of Monensin vs. Neem, and Moringa Extracts on Nutrient Digestibility, Growth Performance, Methane, and Blood Profile of Merino Lambs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3514. [PMID: 38003132 PMCID: PMC10668727 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant secondary compounds are potential rumen modifiers that can improve nutrient utilization in ruminant animals. This study evaluated the effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and enteric methane production in South African Mutton Merino lambs. Forty 4-month-old ram lambs with a mean body weight of 35 ± 2.2 kg were blocked by weight and from each block, lambs were randomly allocated into one of the following treatments: (i) diet only (fed a total mixed ration TMR-negative control), (ii) Monensin (fed TMR containing Monensin sodium, 15 mg/kg DM), (iii) Moringa (fed TMR, drenched with Moringa extract 50 mg/kg feed DM intake), and (iv) Neem (fed TMR, drenched with Neem extract 50 mg/kg DM intake). Extracts were administered via oral drenching at a concentration determined based on the previous week's feed intake. There were no differences in dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed conversion efficiency, digestibility, and nitrogen retention across the treatments. However, the extracts tended to reduce methane emitted both in g/head/day (p < 0.08) and g/ kg dry matter intake (p < 0.07). Extracts did not influence any of the blood metabolites in the ram lambs. Although the benefits of utilizing these medicinal plants as rumen modifiers under prolonged feeding conditions is justified, further evaluation is recommended to test Moringa and Neem leaf extracts at higher inclusion levels. Our research group is currently exploring a variety of phytogenic tools for the identification and standardization of key bioactive compounds linked to methane inhibition, in these leaf extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danah A. Du Preez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Abiodun Mayowa Akanmu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Festus Adeyemi Adejoro
- Department of Animal Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Abubeker Hassen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Jaberi Darmiyan S, Montazer Torbati MB, Ramin M, Ghiasi SE. Effects of wheat bran replacement with pomegranate seed pulp on rumen fermentation, gas production, methanogen and protozoa populations of camel and goat rumen using competitive PCR technique: An in vitro study. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2901-2911. [PMID: 37864580 PMCID: PMC10650269 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial populations in the rumen play an essential role in the degradation of Cellulosic dietary components and in providing nutrients to the host animal. OBJECTIVE This study aims to detect the effect of pomegranate seed pulp (PSP) on rumen fermentation, digestibility and methanogens and the protozoa population (by competitive polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) of the camel and goat rumen fluid. MATERIALS AND METHODS PSP was added to the experimental treatments and replaced by wheat bran (0%, 5% and 10%). Rumen fluid was collected from three goats and two camels according to the similarity of sex, breed, origin and time and used for three gas production studies. DNA extraction was performed by the RBB + c method, the ImageJ programme calculated band intensities (target and competing DNA), and line gradients were plotted based on the number of copies and intensity. RESULTS Our result showed that diets did not significantly affect the methanogen and protozoa population. Animal species affected microbial populations so that both populations in camels were less than goats. The production of gas and volatile fatty acids was not affected by diets. These two parameters and NH3 concentration and methane production in goats were higher than in camel. The pH of digested dry matter and microbial protein in camels was higher than in goats. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the competitive PCR technique is an effective method for enumerating rumen microbiota. This supplementation can be considered a strategy to achieve performance and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Jaberi Darmiyan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of BirjandBirjandIran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Montazer Torbati
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of BirjandBirjandIran
- Research Group of Environmental Stress in Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of BirjandBirjandIran
| | - Mohammad Ramin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Seyed Ehsan Ghiasi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of BirjandBirjandIran
- Research Group of Environmental Stress in Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of BirjandBirjandIran
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Silvestre T, Martins LF, Cueva SF, Wasson DE, Stepanchenko N, Räisänen SE, Sommai S, Hile ML, Hristov AN. Lactational performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient use efficiency, enteric methane emissions, and manure greenhouse gas-emitting potential in dairy cows fed a blend of essential oils. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:7661-7674. [PMID: 37641269 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of an essential oil (EO) blend on lactational performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization, blood variables, enteric methane emissions and manure greenhouse gas-emitting potential in dairy cows. A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted with 26 primiparous and 22 multiparous Holstein cows. A 2-wk covariate and a 2-wk adaptation periods preceded a 10-wk experimental period used for data and sample collection. Treatments were: (1) basal diet supplemented with placebo (CON); and (2) basal diet supplemented with a blend of EO containing eugenol and geranyl acetate as main compounds. Supplementation with EO did not affect dry matter intake, milk and energy-corrected milk yields, and feed efficiency of cows, compared with CON. Milk fat and lactose concentrations were increased, and milk total solids (TS) concentration and milk fat yield tended to be increased by EO. Multiparous cows supplemented with EO tended to have slightly decreased dry matter and crude protein digestibility compared with CON multiparous cows. There was a tendency for increased ruminal pH by EO, whereas other rumen fermentation variables did not differ between treatments. Daily methane emission was not affected by EO supplementation, but methane emission intensity per kg of milk fat was decreased by 8.5% by EO. Methane emission intensity per kg of milk lactose and milk TS were decreased and methane emission intensity per kg of milk yield tended to be decreased by up to 10% in EO multiparous cows, but not in primiparous cows. The greenhouse gas-emitting potential of manure was not affected by EO supplementation. Compared with CON, fecal nitrogen excretion was increased by EO supplementation in multiparous, but not in primiparous cows, and milk nitrogen secretion (as a % of nitrogen intake) tended to be increased in EO supplemented cows. Blood variables were not affected by EO supplementation in the current study. Overall, dietary supplementation of EO did not affect lactational performance of the cows, although milk fat and lactose concentrations were increased. Most enteric methane emission metrics were not affected, but EO decreased methane intensity per kg of milk fat by 8.5%, compared with the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Silvestre
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - L F Martins
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - S F Cueva
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - D E Wasson
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - N Stepanchenko
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - S E Räisänen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - S Sommai
- Department of Animal Science, Khon Kaen University, Thailand 40002
| | - M L Hile
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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29
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Sirigina DSSS, Goel A, Nazir SM. Process concepts and analysis for co-removing methane and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17290. [PMID: 37828112 PMCID: PMC10570372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44582-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Methane is the second largest contributor to global warming after CO2, and it is hard to abate due to its low concentration in the emission sources and in the atmosphere. However, removing methane from the atmosphere will accelerate achieving net-zero targets, since its global warming potential is 28 over a 100-year period. This work presents first-of-its-kind process concepts for co-removal of methane and CO2 that combines the catalytic conversion of methane step (thermal/photo-catalytic) with CO2 capture. Proposed processes have been analyzed for streams with lean methane concentrations, which are non-fossil emissions originating in the agricultural sector or natural emissions from wetlands. If the proposed processes can overcome challenges in catalyst/material design to convert methane at low concentrations, they have the potential to remove more than 40% of anthropogenic and natural methane emissions from the atmosphere at a lower energy penalty than the state-of-the-art technologies for direct air capture of CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aditya Goel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani - Goa Campus, Sancoale, Goa, 403726, India
| | - Shareq Mohd Nazir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 11428, Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Martins LF, Cueva SF, Lage CFA, Ramin M, Silvestre T, Tricarico J, Hristov AN. A meta-analysis of methane mitigation potential of feed additives evaluated in vitro. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00649-5. [PMID: 37709018 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
A systematic literature review of in vitro studies was performed to identify methane (CH4) mitigation interventions with a potential to reduce CH4 emission in vivo. Data from 277 peer-reviewed studies published between 1979 and 2018 were reviewed. Individual CH4 mitigation interventions were classified into 14 categories of feed additives based on their type, chemical composition, and mode of action. Response variables evaluated were absolute CH4 emission (number of treatment means comparisons = 1,325); total volatile fatty acids (VFA; n = 1,007), acetate (n = 783), propionate (n = 792), and butyrate (n = 776) concentrations; acetate to propionate ratio (A:P; n = 675); digestibility of dry matter (DM; n = 489), organic matter (OM; n = 277), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; n = 177). Total gas production was used as an explanatory variable in the model for CH4 production. Relative mean difference between treatment and control means reported in the studies were calculated and used for statistical analysis. Robust variance estimation method was used to analyze the effects of CH4 mitigation interventions. In vitro CH4 production was decreased by antibodies (-38.9%), chemical inhibitors (-29.2%), electron sinks (-18.9%), essential oils (-18.2%), plant extracts (-14.5%), plants inclusion (-11.7%), saponins (-14.8%), and tannins (-14.5%). Overall effects of direct fed microbials, enzymes, macroalgae, and organic acids supplementation did not affect CH4 production in the current meta-analysis. When considering the effects of individual mitigation interventions containing a minimum number of 4 degrees of freedom within feed additives categories, Enterococcus spp. (i.e., direct fed microbial), nitrophenol (i.e., electron sink), and Leucaena spp. (i.e., tannins) decreased CH4 production by 20.3, 27.1, and 23.5%, respectively, without extensively, or only slightly, affecting ruminal fermentation and digestibility of nutrients. It should be noted, however, that although the total number of publications (n = 277) and treatment means comparisons (n = 1,325 for CH4 production) in the current analysis were high, data for most mitigation interventions were obtained from less than 5 observations (e.g., maximum number of observations was 4, 7, and 22 for nitrophenol, Enterococcus spp., and Leucaena spp., respectively), because of limited data available in the literature. These should be further evaluated in vitro and in vivo to determine their true potential to decrease enteric CH4 production, yield, and intensity. Some mitigation interventions (e.g., magnesium, Heracleum spp., nitroglycerin, β-cyclodextrin, Leptospermum pattersoni, Fructulus Ligustri, Salix caprea, and Sesbania grandiflora) decreased in vitro CH4 production by over 50% but did not have enough observations in the database. These should be more extensively investigated in vitro, and the dose effect must be considered before adoption of mitigation interventions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Martins
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - S F Cueva
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - C F A Lage
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; Cornell Cooperative Extension, Bath, NY, USA 14810
| | - M Ramin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden SE-901 83
| | - T Silvestre
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; Kemin Industries, Singapore, 758200
| | - J Tricarico
- Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy, Rosemont, IL, USA 60018
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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31
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van Gastelen S, Jan van Dooren H, Bannink A. Enteric and manure emissions from Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle fed grass silage-based or corn silage-based diets. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6094-6113. [PMID: 37479574 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate trade-offs between enteric and manure CH4 emissions, and the size of synergistic effects for CH4 and nitrogenous emissions (NH3 and N2O). Sixty-four Holstein-Friesian cows were blocked in groups of 4 based on parity, lactation stage, and milk yield. Cows within a block were randomly allocated to a dietary sequence in a crossover design with a grass silage-based diet (GS) and a corn silage-based diet (CS). The GS diet consisted of 50% grass silage and 50% concentrate, and CS consisted of 10% grass silage, 40% corn silage, and 50% concentrate (dry matter basis). The composition of the concentrate was identical for both diets. Cows were housed in groups of 16 animals, in 4 mechanically ventilated barn units for independent emission measurement. Treatment periods were composed of a 2-wk adaptation period followed by a 5-wk measurement period, 1 wk of which was without cows to allow separation of enteric and manure emissions. In each barn unit, ventilation rates and concentrations of CH4, CO2, NH3, and N2O in incoming and outgoing air were measured. Cow excretion of organic matter was higher for CS compared with GS. Enteric CH4 and cow-associated NH3 and N2O emissions (i.e., manure emissions excluded) were lower for CS compared with GS (-11, -40, and -45%, respectively). The CH4 and N2O emissions from stored manure (i.e., in absence of cows) were not affected by diet, whereas that of NH3 emission tended to be lower for CS compared with GS. In conclusion, there was no trade-off between enteric and manure CH4 emissions, and there were synergistic effects for CH4 and nitrogenous emissions when grass silage was exchanged for corn silage, without balancing the diets for crude protein content, in this short-term study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne van Gastelen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hendrik Jan van Dooren
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - André Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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32
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Nunes HPB, Maduro Dias CSAM, Vouzela CM, Borba AES. Seasonal Effect of Grass Nutritional Value on Enteric Methane Emission in Islands Pasture Systems. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2766. [PMID: 37685031 PMCID: PMC10486569 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying entericCH4 from grazing systems is a challenge for all regions of the world, especially when cattle feed mostly on pasture throughout the year, as pasture quality varies with the seasons. In this study, we examine the influence of seasonality on enteric methane emissions in the Azores, considering the most recent IPCC updates, to minimise errors in estimating enteric methane emissions in this region. For this purpose, samples of corn and grass silage, different types of concentrate, and pasture were collected throughout the year, and their nutritional value and digestibility were determined according to standard conventional methods. The estimation of methane production was conducted using the 2006 IPCC Tier 2 methodology, refined in 2019. The results revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the chemical composition of winter and summer pastures. However, it was in the autumn that these pastures presented the best nutritional quality. We estimated that the total volume of enteric methane produced in the Azores was 20,341 t CH4, with peak enteric methane emissions (5837 t CH4) reached during the summer. Breeding bulls, beef cows, and heifers are the categories that produce the highest amount of methane per animal. However, if we consider the total number of animals existing in the region, pregnant dairy cows are the category of cattle with the highest emissions of CH4. Thus, considering the current system of cattle production in the region, we can infer that the pastures are better managed during the autumn, which translates into lower emissions of enteric methane into the atmosphere during this season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder P. B. Nunes
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of the Azores, Rua Capitão João d’Ávila, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal; (C.S.A.M.M.D.); (C.M.V.); (A.E.S.B.)
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Lileikis T, Nainienė R, Bliznikas S, Uchockis V. Dietary Ruminant Enteric Methane Mitigation Strategies: Current Findings, Potential Risks and Applicability. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2586. [PMID: 37627377 PMCID: PMC10451764 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the current state of knowledge regarding the effectiveness of different dietary ruminant enteric methane mitigation strategies and their modes of action together with the issues discussed regarding the potential harms/risks and applicability of such strategies. By investigating these strategies, we can enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which they influence methane production and identify promising approaches for sustainable mitigation of methane emissions. Out of all nutritional strategies, the use of 3-nitrooxypropanol, red seaweed, tannins, saponins, essential oils, nitrates, and sulfates demonstrates the potential to reduce emissions and receives a lot of attention from the scientific community. The use of certain additives as pure compounds is challenging under certain conditions, such as pasture-based systems, so the potential use of forages with sufficient amounts of plant secondary metabolites is also explored. Additionally, improved forage quality (maturity and nutrient composition) might help to further reduce emissions. Red seaweed, although proven to be very effective in reducing emissions, raises some questions regarding the volatility of the main active compound, bromoform, and challenges regarding the cultivation of the seaweed. Other relatively new methods of mitigation, such as the use of cyanogenic glycosides, are also discussed in this article. Together with nitrates, cyanogenic glycosides pose serious risks to animal health, but research has proven their efficacy and safety when control measures are taken. Furthermore, the risks of nitrate use can be minimized by using probiotics. Some of the discussed strategies, namely monensin or halogenated hydrocarbons (as pure compounds), demonstrate efficacy but are unlikely to be implemented widely because of legal restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Lileikis
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feedstuffs, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania;
| | - Rasa Nainienė
- Department of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania;
| | - Saulius Bliznikas
- Analytical Laboratory, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania;
| | - Virginijus Uchockis
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feedstuffs, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania;
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Gunha T, Kongphitee K, Binsulong B, Sommart K. Net Energy Value of a Cassava Chip Ration for Lactation in Holstein-Friesian Crossbred Dairy Cattle Estimated by Indirect Calorimetry. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2296. [PMID: 37508073 PMCID: PMC10376240 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this research were to (1) determine the feed intake, digestibility, and energy utilization and (2) estimate the net energy value of cassava chips consumed by lactating dairy cows. Four multiparous Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows at 139 ± 33 (mean ± SD) day in milk were assigned according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four periods. The four treatments included a diet substituted with cassava chips on a 0%, 12%, 24%, and 36% dry matter (DM) basis in the basal diet. Indirect calorimetry with a head cage respiration system was used to determine nutrient and energy utilization. Increasing the number of cassava chips in the diet resulted in a linear increase (p < 0.05) in nutrient intake and digestibility but a linear decrease (p < 0.01) in crude protein (CP) and fiber. The enteric methane yield and intensity were not affected (p > 0.05), while energy was lost as feces and urine reduced linearly (p < 0.05). Milk yield and milk composition (protein, fat, lactose) also increased linearly (p < 0.05). The net energy requirement for the maintenance of the lactating cows was estimated as 327 kJ/kg of metabolic body weight, and the efficiency of metabolizable energy used for lactation was 0.66. The estimated net energy value of cassava chips for lactation was 8.03 MJ/kg DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thidarat Gunha
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Kongphitee
- Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering Program, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Bhoowadol Binsulong
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kritapon Sommart
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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35
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Soder KJ, Brito AF. Enteric methane emissions in grazing dairy systems. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:324-328. [PMID: 37521055 PMCID: PMC10382831 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 80% of agricultural CH4 comes from livestock systems, with 90% of that derived from enteric CH4 production by ruminants. Grazing systems are used worldwide to feed dairy cattle. Although quantifying enteric CH4 emissions in grazing systems has unique challenges, emerging technologies have made gaseous data collection more feasible and less laborious. Nevertheless, robust data sets on enteric CH4 emissions under various grazing conditions, as well as effective and economic strategies to mitigate CH4 emissions in grazing dairy cows, are still in high demand because data collection, feeding management, and milk market regulations (e.g., organic certification, grassfed) impose more challenges to grazing than confinement dairy systems. This review will cover management strategies to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions and applicability to pastoral dairy systems. The effects of enteric CH4 in the broader context of whole-system assessments will be discussed, which are key to assess the overall environmental impact of grazing dairies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy J. Soder
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Andre F. Brito
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
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Wasson DE, Stefenoni H, Cueva SF, Lage C, Räisänen SE, Melgar A, Fetter M, Hennessy M, Narayan K, Indugu N, Pitta D, Yarish C, Hristov AN. Screening macroalgae for mitigation of enteric methane in vitro. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9835. [PMID: 37330586 PMCID: PMC10276865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of 67 species of macroalgae on methanogenesis and rumen fermentation in vitro. Specimens were analyzed for their effect on ruminal fermentation and microbial community profiles. Incubations were carried out in an automated gas production system for 24-h and macroalgae were tested at 2% (feed dry matter basis) inclusion rate. Methane yield was decreased 99% by Asparagopsis taxiformis (AT) when compared with the control. Colpomenia peregrina also decreased methane yield 14% compared with control; no other species influenced methane yield. Total gas production was decreased 14 and 10% by AT and Sargassum horneri compared with control, respectively. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was decreased between 5 and 8% by 3 macroalgae, whereas AT reduced it by 10%. Molar proportion of acetate was decreased 9% by AT, along with an increase in propionate by 14%. Asparagopsis taxiformis also increased butyrate and valerate molar proportions by 7 and 24%, respectively, whereas 3 macroalgae species decreased molar proportion of butyrate 3 to 5%. Vertebrata lanosa increased ammonia concentration, whereas 3 other species decreased it. Inclusion of AT decreased relative abundance of Prevotella, Bacteroidales, Firmicutes and Methanobacteriaceae, whereas Clostridium, Anaerovibrio and Methanobrevibacter were increased. Specific gene activities for Methanosphaera stadtmane and Methanobrevibacter ruminantium were decreased by AT inclusion. In this in vitro study, Asparagopsis taxiformis was most effective in decreasing methane concentration and yield, but also decreased total gas production and VFA concentration which indicates overall inhibition of ruminal fermentation. No other macroalgae were identified as potential mitigants of enteric methane.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Wasson
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - H Stefenoni
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - S F Cueva
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - C Lage
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - S E Räisänen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Melgar
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Agricultural Innovation Institute of Panama (IDIAP), 161 Carlos Lara Street, City of Knowledge, 07144, Panama
| | - M Fetter
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - M Hennessy
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
| | - K Narayan
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
| | - N Indugu
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
| | - D Pitta
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
| | - C Yarish
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Stamford, CT, 06901, USA
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Vazquez-Mendoza OV, Andrade-Yucailla V, Elghandour MMMY, Masaquiza-Moposita DA, Cayetano-De-Jesús JA, Alvarado-Ramírez ER, Adegbeye MJ, Barros-Rodríguez M, Salem AZM. Effect of Dietary Guanidinoacetic Acid Levels on the Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Production and the Rumen Fermentation Profile of Alfalfa-Based Diets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1719. [PMID: 37889628 PMCID: PMC10252124 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different percentages of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay (AH) and doses of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) in the diet on the mitigation of greenhouse gas production, the in vitro rumen fermentation profile and methane (CH4) conversion efficiency. AH percentages were defined for the diets of beef and dairy cattle, as well as under grazing conditions (10 (AH10), 25 (AH25) and 100% (AH100)), while the GAA doses were 0 (control), 0.0005, 0.0010, 0.0015, 0.0020, 0.0025 and 0.0030 g g-1 DM diet. With an increased dose of GAA, the total gas production (GP) and methane (CH4) increased (p = 0.0439) in the AH10 diet, while in AH25 diet, no effect was observed (p = 0.1311), and in AH100, GP and CH4 levels decreased (p = 0.0113). In addition, the increase in GAA decreased (p = 0.0042) the proportion of CH4 in the AH25 diet, with no influence (p = 0.1050) on CH4 in the AH10 and AH100 diet groups. Carbon monoxide production decreased (p = 0.0227) in the AH100 diet with most GAA doses, and the other diets did not show an effect (p = 0.0617) on carbon monoxide, while the production of hydrogen sulfide decreased (p = 0.0441) in the AH10 and AH100 diets with the addition of GAA, with no effect observed in association with the AH25 diet (p = 0.3162). The pH level increased (p < 0.0001) and dry matter degradation (DMD) decreased (p < 0.0001) when AH was increased from 10 to 25%, while 25 to 100% AH contents had the opposite effect. In addition, with an increased GAA dose, only the pH in the AH100 diet increased (p = 0.0142 and p = 0.0023) the DMD in the AH10 diet group. Similarly, GAA influenced (p = 0.0002) SCFA, ME and CH4 conversion efficiency but only in the AH10 diet group. In this diet group, it was observed that with an increased dose of GAA, SCFA and ME increased (p = 0.0002), while CH4 per unit of OM decreased (p = 0.0002) only with doses of 0.0010, 0.0015 and 0.0020 g, with no effect on CH4 per unit of SCFA and ME (p = 0.1790 and p = 0.1343). In conclusion, the positive effects of GAA depend on the percentage of AH, and diets with 25 and 100% AH showed very little improvement with the addition of GAA, while the diet with 10% AH presented the best results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Vicente Vazquez-Mendoza
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50295, Mexico; (O.V.V.-M.); (M.M.M.Y.E.); (J.A.C.-D.-J.)
| | - Veronica Andrade-Yucailla
- Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena, La Libertad 240204, Ecuador;
| | | | | | - Jorge Adalberto Cayetano-De-Jesús
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50295, Mexico; (O.V.V.-M.); (M.M.M.Y.E.); (J.A.C.-D.-J.)
| | | | - Moyosore Joseph Adegbeye
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340110, Nigeria;
| | - Marcos Barros-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Cevallos 1801334, Ecuador;
| | - Abdelfattah Zeidan Mohamed Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50295, Mexico; (O.V.V.-M.); (M.M.M.Y.E.); (J.A.C.-D.-J.)
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38
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Rebelo LR, Eastridge ML, Firkins JL, Lee C. Effects of corn silage and grain expressing α-amylase on ruminal nutrient digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, and enteric methane emissions in lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3932-3946. [PMID: 37225579 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Increasing ruminal starch digestibility has the potential to improve microbial protein synthesis (MPS), milk production, and feed efficiency. Enogen corn (Syngenta Seeds LLC) expresses high α-amylase activity, and we evaluated effects of Enogen corn silage (CS) and grain (CG) on ruminal starch digestibility, MPS, and milk production in lactating dairy cows. Fifteen Holstein cows (6 ruminally cannulated and 9 noncannulated; average ± standard deviation at the beginning of the trial: 170 ± 40 d in milk; milk yield, 37.2 ± 7.73 kg/d; body weight, 714 ± 37 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design (28 d per period) with 3 treatments: a diet containing isoline CS and CG (control, CON); a diet with Enogen CS and isoline CG (ECS); and a diet with Enogen CS and CG (ECSCG). Dry matter (DM; 30%), starch (35% of DM), and particle size distribution of the isoline and Enogen CS were similar. However, the mean particle size of Enogen CG was larger (1.05 vs. 0.65 mm) than that of the isoline CG. Cannulated cows were used for digestibility and nutrient flow measurements, noncannulated cows were used for enteric CH4 measurements, and all cows were used for production evaluation. Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were greater for ECS and ECSCG compared with CON (26.7 and 26.6 vs. 25.1 kg/d and 36.5 and 34.1 vs. 33.1 kg/d, respectively) without a difference between ECS and ECSCG. Milk protein yield was greater (1.27 vs. 1.14 and 1.17 kg/d) for ECS compared with CON and ECSCG. Milk fat content was greater (3.79 vs. 3.32%) for ECSCG compared with ECS. Milk fat yield and energy-corrected milk did not differ among treatments. Ruminal digestibilities of DM, organic matter, starch, and neutral detergent fiber were not different among treatments. However, ruminal digestibility of nonammonia, nonmicrobial N was greater (85 vs. 75%) for ECS compared with ECSCG. Total-tract apparent starch digestibility was lower (97.6 and 97.1 vs. 98.3%) for ECS and ECSCG compared with CON, respectively, and tended to be lower (97.1 vs. 98.3%) for ECSCG compared with ECS. Ruminal outflows of bacterial OM and nonammonia N tended to be greater for ECS than for ECSCG. Efficiency of MPS tended to be greater (34.1 vs. 30.6 g of N/kg of organic matter truly digested) for ECS versus ECSCG. Ruminal pH and total and individual short-chain fatty acid concentrations did not differ among treatments. Concentration of ruminal NH3 for ECS and ECSCG was lower (10.4 and 12.4 vs. 13.4 mmol/L, respectively) compared with CON. Methane per unit of DMI decreased for ECS and ECSCG compared with CON (11.4 and 12.2 vs. 13.5 g/kg of DMI, respectively) without a difference between ECS and ECSCG. In conclusion, ECS and ECSCG did not increase ruminal or total-tract starch digestibility. However, the positive effects of ECS and ECSCG on milk protein yield, milk yield, and CH4 per unit of DMI may show potential benefits of feeding Enogen corn. Effects of ECSCG were not apparent when compared with ECS, partly due to larger particle size of Enogen CG compared with its isoline counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Rebelo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
| | - M L Eastridge
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - C Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691.
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Andersen TO, Altshuler I, Vera-Ponce de León A, Walter JM, McGovern E, Keogh K, Martin C, Bernard L, Morgavi DP, Park T, Li Z, Jiang Y, Firkins JL, Yu Z, Hvidsten TR, Waters SM, Popova M, Arntzen MØ, Hagen LH, Pope PB. Metabolic influence of core ciliates within the rumen microbiome. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023:10.1038/s41396-023-01407-y. [PMID: 37169869 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Protozoa comprise a major fraction of the microbial biomass in the rumen microbiome, of which the entodiniomorphs (order: Entodiniomorphida) and holotrichs (order: Vestibuliferida) are consistently observed to be dominant across a diverse genetic and geographical range of ruminant hosts. Despite the apparent core role that protozoal species exert, their major biological and metabolic contributions to rumen function remain largely undescribed in vivo. Here, we have leveraged (meta)genome-centric metaproteomes from rumen fluid samples originating from both cattle and goats fed diets with varying inclusion levels of lipids and starch, to detail the specific metabolic niches that protozoa occupy in the context of their microbial co-habitants. Initial proteome estimations via total protein counts and label-free quantification highlight that entodiniomorph species Entodinium and Epidinium as well as the holotrichs Dasytricha and Isotricha comprise an extensive fraction of the total rumen metaproteome. Proteomic detection of protozoal metabolism such as hydrogenases (Dasytricha, Isotricha, Epidinium, Enoploplastron), carbohydrate-active enzymes (Epidinium, Diplodinium, Enoploplastron, Polyplastron), microbial predation (Entodinium) and volatile fatty acid production (Entodinium and Epidinium) was observed at increased levels in high methane-emitting animals. Despite certain protozoal species having well-established reputations for digesting starch, they were unexpectedly less detectable in low methane emitting-animals fed high starch diets, which were instead dominated by propionate/succinate-producing bacterial populations suspected of being resistant to predation irrespective of host. Finally, we reaffirmed our abovementioned observations in geographically independent datasets, thus illuminating the substantial metabolic influence that under-explored eukaryotic populations have in the rumen, with greater implications for both digestion and methane metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea O Andersen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ianina Altshuler
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Arturo Vera-Ponce de León
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Juline M Walter
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Emily McGovern
- Teagasc, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, County, Meath, Ireland
| | - Kate Keogh
- Teagasc, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, County, Meath, Ireland
| | - Cécile Martin
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, Université Clermont Auvergne, Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France
| | - Laurence Bernard
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, Université Clermont Auvergne, Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France
| | - Diego P Morgavi
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, Université Clermont Auvergne, Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France
| | - Tansol Park
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zongjun Li
- Center for Ruminant Genetics and Evolution, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Center for Ruminant Genetics and Evolution, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China
| | - Jeffrey L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zhongtang Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Torgeir R Hvidsten
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Sinead M Waters
- Teagasc, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, County, Meath, Ireland
| | - Milka Popova
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, Université Clermont Auvergne, Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France
| | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Live H Hagen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Phillip B Pope
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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Zanon T, Fichter G, Mittermair P, Nocker L, Gauly M, Peratoner G. Quantifying methane emissions under field conditions under 2 different dairy production scenarios: Low-input versus high-input milk production. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00232-1. [PMID: 37173254 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Livestock production systems with ruminants play a relevant role in the emission of the greenhouse gas CH4, which is known to significantly contribute to global warming. Consequently, it is a major societal concern to develop strategies in mitigating such emissions. In addition to breeding toward low-emitting cows, management strategies could also help in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from dairy farms. However, information is required for appropriate decision making. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that considers different, already available equations to estimate CH4 emissions of small-scale dairy farms in the mountain region, which largely differ from large dairy farms in the lowlands concerning management and production. For this study, 2 different production systems, both typical for small-scale dairy farming in mountain regions, were simultaneously run over 3 yr at an experimental farm as follows: (1) a high-input production system, characterized by intensive feeding with high amounts of external concentrates and maize silage, year-round housing, and high yielding Simmental cattle breed, and (2) a low-input production system, characterized by prevailing hay and pasture feeding and silage ban, thus covering most of the energy requirements by forage harvested on-farm and the use of the local Tyrolean Grey cattle breed. Results reveal that feeding management has a significant effect on the amount of CH4 emissions. The low-input production system produced less CH4 per cow and per day compared with the high-input production system. However, if calculated per kilogram of milk, the high-input scenario produced proportionally less CH4 than the low-input one. Findings of this study highlight the potential to assess in a fast and cost-effective way the CH4 emission in different dairy production systems. This information contributes to the debate about the future of sustainable milk production in mountain regions, where the production of feed resources is climatically constrained, and could be useful for breeding purposes toward lower CH4-emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zanon
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Greta Fichter
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Paul Mittermair
- Department of Mountain Agriculture, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten-Vadena, 39040 Auer-Ora, Italy
| | - Laura Nocker
- Department of Mountain Agriculture, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten-Vadena, 39040 Auer-Ora, Italy
| | - Matthias Gauly
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Peratoner
- Department of Mountain Agriculture, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten-Vadena, 39040 Auer-Ora, Italy
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da Cunha LL, Bremm C, Savian JV, Zubieta ÁS, Rossetto J, de Faccio Carvalho PC. Relevance of sward structure and forage nutrient contents in explaining methane emissions from grazing beef cattle and sheep. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161695. [PMID: 36693572 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Forage nutrient contents are an important factor explaining the dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and methane emissions (CH4) of ruminants fed indoors. However, for grazing animals, the forage nutrient contents might be limited in explaining such response variables. We aimed to verify the explanatory power of forage nutrient contents and sward structure on daily intake, performance, and CH4 emissions by sheep and beef cattle grazing different grassland types in southern Brazil. We analyzed data from five grazing trials using sheep and beef cattle grazing on Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), mixed Italian ryegrass and black oat (Lolium multiflorum + Avena strigosa), pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum), and multispecies native grassland. We used mixed models, including the forage nutrient contents [crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF)], sward structure (sward height and herbage mass) and their interactions, as fixed effects and trial, season, methodologies, animal species, grassland type, and paddock, as random effects. The model for DMI (kg DM/LW0.75) had an adjusted coefficient of determination (R2adj) of 71.6 %, where 11.3, 23.1, and 37.2 % of the R2adj were explained by the forage nutrient contents, sward structure, and their interaction, respectively. The ADG (kg/LW0.75) model presented an R2adj of 74.2 %, with 12.5 % explained by forage nutrient contents, 29.3 % by sward structure, and 32.4 % by their interaction. The daily CH4 emission (g/LW0.75) model had a lower adjusted coefficient of determination (R2adj = 47.6 %), with 16.8 % explained by forage nutrient contents and 30.8 % explained by sward structure, but no effect of the interaction. Our results show that in grazing ecosystems, the forage nutrient contents explain a small fraction, and the greater explanatory power for DMI, ADG, and CH4 emissions models is related to sward structure descriptors, such as sward height and herbage mass. Moreover, the interaction between these variables explains most of the variation. In conclusion, forage nutrient contents and sward structure have different influences on DMI, ADG, and CH4 emissions by grazing ruminants. Because of its relevance to daily CH4 emissions, offering an optimal sward structure to grazing animals is a major climate-smart strategy to improve animal production and mitigate CH4 emissions in pastoral ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Leal da Cunha
- Grazing Ecology Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Bremm
- State Foundation of Agricultural Research, Rua Gonçalves Dias, 570, Bairro Menino Deus, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean Victor Savian
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Programa Pasturas y Forrajes, Estación Experimental INIA Treinta y Tres, Ruta 8 km 281, Treinta y Tres, Uruguay
| | - Ángel Sanchez Zubieta
- Grazing Ecology Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jusiane Rossetto
- Grazing Ecology Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Furtado AJ, Abdalla Filho AL, Bruno JF, Neto RP, Lobo AAG, da Silva GV, Junior FP, Alves TC, Berndt A, de Faria Pedroso A, de Medeiros SR, Oliveira PPA, Rodrigues PHM. Pigeon Pea Intercropped with Tropical Pasture as a Mitigation Strategy for Enteric Methane Emissions of Nellore Steers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081323. [PMID: 37106886 PMCID: PMC10135237 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluate the effects of intercropping pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) with tropical pastures for feeding Nellore cattle and compared animal performance and enteric CH4 emissions with other pasture-based systems during the dry and rainy seasons of 2021. Thirty-six Nellore steers (with a body weight of 221 ± 7 kg and an age of 15-16 months) were randomly distributed in three treatments with three replicates (in paddocks of 1.5 hectares each): (1) a degraded pasture of Urochloa spp. (DEG); (2) a recovered and fertilized pasture of Urochloa spp. (REC); and (3) pigeon pea intercropped with Urochloa spp. (MIX). Enteric CH4 emissions were estimated using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique, and dry matter intake (DMI) was determined using internal (iNDF) and external (TiO2) markers. Forages were collected by hand plucking after observations of ingestive behavior, and feces was collected after voluntary defecation. The proportion of grass and legume intake was estimated by C stable isotopes, and the forage nutritional quality was determined, while animal performance was monitored monthly, and the stocking rate was adjusted by the "put and take" technique. The results indicated that intercropping pigeon pea with tropical grasses is an interesting strategy for sustainable livestock production based on pastures. The MIX treatment was able to meet the nutritional requirements of the animals, which presented higher performance. In addition, there was a reduction in CH4 emissions up to 70% when expressed per average daily weight gain in comparison to the DEG treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Althieres José Furtado
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias North Ave., Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, km 234 Washington Luiz Highway, 'Fazenda Canchim', São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Adibe Luiz Abdalla Filho
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias North Ave., Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, km 234 Washington Luiz Highway, 'Fazenda Canchim', São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Fernandes Bruno
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias North Ave., Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, km 234 Washington Luiz Highway, 'Fazenda Canchim', São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Rolando Pasquini Neto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias North Ave., Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, km 234 Washington Luiz Highway, 'Fazenda Canchim', São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Annelise Aila Gomes Lobo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias North Ave., Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, km 234 Washington Luiz Highway, 'Fazenda Canchim', São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Voltareli da Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias North Ave., Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, km 234 Washington Luiz Highway, 'Fazenda Canchim', São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavio Perna Junior
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias North Ave., Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Teresa Cristina Alves
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, km 234 Washington Luiz Highway, 'Fazenda Canchim', São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Berndt
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, km 234 Washington Luiz Highway, 'Fazenda Canchim', São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil
| | - André de Faria Pedroso
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, km 234 Washington Luiz Highway, 'Fazenda Canchim', São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Raposo de Medeiros
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, km 234 Washington Luiz Highway, 'Fazenda Canchim', São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Henrique Mazza Rodrigues
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias North Ave., Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
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Forage based diet as an alternative to a high concentrate diet for finishing young bulls - Effects on growth performance, greenhouse gas emissions and meat quality. Meat Sci 2023; 198:109098. [PMID: 36681060 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Two groups of 8 individually housed young crossbred-bulls, in the finishing period, were used to test the effect of a Total Mixed Ration diet with high forage content (54% DM), low starch content (14% DM), supplemented with sunflower seeds (10% DM) (HFS) on growth performance, carcass and meat quality, fatty acid profile and carbon footprint, with reference to a conventional concentrate-based (90% DM) (Control) diet. The experiment lasted 64 days before slaughter. During the experiment, feed intake was monitored daily and live weight every 14 days. Individual CH4 emissions were assessed at 16-days intervals, using a GreenFeed for Large Animal unit. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio were higher for HFS diet, but average daily weight gain and feeding costs were similar for the two diets. Dressing percentage was reduced with HFS diet. The HFS increased redness, yellowness and Chroma of subcutaneous fat, but did not compromise commercial value of the carcasses. Meat colour, shear force, or sensory parameters were not affected by diet. The HFS diet allowed a healthier FA profile, due to the higher proportions of 18:3n-3, t11-18:1 and c9,t11-18:2 and the lower proportion of t10-18:1. The HFS diet did not reduce the carbon footprint in the finishing period of young bulls, due to increased digestive CH4 emissions. The results of this experiment showed that the HFS diet can be an alternative to the conventional diets used in finishing young-bulls. Although it may result in a slight reduction in animal performance, it has a strong impact on reducing dependence on inputs from outside the farm.
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Becker F, Spengler K, Reinicke F, Heider-van Diepen C. Impact of essential oils on methane emissions, milk yield, and feed efficiency and resulting influence on the carbon footprint of dairy production systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:48824-48836. [PMID: 36881240 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Reducing CO2 emissions is one of the highest priorities in animal production. Regarding methane reduction, feed additives are of growing importance. As shown in a meta-analysis, the use of the essential oil (EO) blend Agolin Ruminant affects methane production per day (- 8.8%), milk yield (+ 4.1%), and feed efficiency (+ 4.4%). Building on these results, the present study investigated the effect of varying individual parameters on the carbon footprint of milk. The environmental and operational management system REPRO was applied to calculate the CO2 emissions. Calculation of CO2 emissions include enteric and storage-related CH4, storage-, and pasture-related N2O as well as direct and indirect energy expenditures. Three feed rations were created, differing in their basic feed components such as grass silage, corn silage, and pasture. Each feed ration was differentiated into three variants: variant 1 CON (no additive), variant 2 EO, and variant 3 (15% reduction of enteric methane compared to CON). Due to the reducing effect of EO on enteric methane production, a reduction potential of up to 6% could be calculated for all rations. Considering other variable parameters, such as the positive effects on ECM yield and feed efficiency, a GHG reduction potential of up to 10% can be achieved for the silage rations and almost 9% for the pasture ration. Modeling showed that indirect methane reduction strategies are important contributors to environmental impacts. Reduction of enteric methane emissions is fundamental, as they account for the largest share of GHG emissions from dairy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Becker
- INL GmbH - Privates Institut für Nachhaltige Landbewirtschaftung, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | | | - Frank Reinicke
- INL GmbH - Privates Institut für Nachhaltige Landbewirtschaftung, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Clara Heider-van Diepen
- INL GmbH - Privates Institut für Nachhaltige Landbewirtschaftung, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Firkins JL, Mitchell KE. Invited review: Rumen modifiers in today's dairy rations. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3053-3071. [PMID: 36935236 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to review feed additives that have a potential ruminal mechanism of action when fed to dairy cattle. We discuss how additives can influence ruminal fermentation stoichiometry through electron transfer mechanisms, particularly the production and usage of dihydrogen. Lactate accumulation should be avoided, especially when acidogenic conditions suppress ruminal neutral detergent fiber digestibility or lead to subclinical acidosis. Yeast products and other probiotics are purported to influence lactate uptake, but growing evidence also supports that yeast products influence expression of gut epithelial genes promoting barrier function and resulting inflammatory responses by the host to various stresses. We also have summarized methane-suppressing additives for potential usage in dairy rations. We focused on those with potential to decrease methane production without decreasing fiber digestibility or milk production. We identified some mitigating factors that need to be addressed more fully in future research. Growth factors such as branched-chain volatile fatty acids also are part of crucial cross-feeding among groups of microbes, particularly to optimize fiber digestibility in the rumen. Our developments of mechanisms of action for various rumen-active modifiers should help nutrition advisors anticipate when a benefit in field conditions is more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
| | - K E Mitchell
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Belay Mekonnen G. Technology for Carbon Neutral Animal Breeding. Vet Med Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.110383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal breeding techniques are to genetically select highly productive animals with less GHG emission intensity, thereby reducing the number of animals required to produce the same amount of food. Shotgun metagenomics provides a platform to identify rumen microbial communities and genetic markers associated with CH4 emissions, allowing the selection of cattle with less CH4 emissions. Moreover, breeding is a viable option to make real progress towards carbon neutrality with a very high rate of return on investment and a very modest cost per tonne of CO2 equivalents saved regardless of the accounting method. Other high technologies include the use of cloned livestock animals and the manipulation of traits by controlling target genes with improved productivity.
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Alvarado-Ramírez ER, Maggiolino A, Elghandour MMMY, Rivas-Jacobo MA, Ballesteros-Rodea G, Palo PD, Salem AZM. Impact of Co-Ensiling of Maize with Moringa oleifera on the Production of Greenhouse Gases and the Characteristics of Fermentation in Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040764. [PMID: 36830550 PMCID: PMC9952511 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of maize co-ensiling with increasing percentages of MOL forage on the kinetics of biogas, methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production, as well as the characteristics of ruminal fermentation and CH4 conversion efficiency, using steers (STI) and sheep (SHI) as inoculum sources. With the STI, the inclusion of MOL reduced (linear: p ≤ 0.0199; quadratic: p ≤ 0.0267) biogas production (mL g-1 DM incubated and degraded), CH4 (mL g-1 DM degraded), CO (mL g-1 DM degraded), and H2S (mL g-1 DM incubated and degraded), without affecting (p > 0.05) the parameters (b = asymptotic gas, c = rate of gas production and Lag = initial delay time before gas production) of CH4 and H2S, and the proportion and production of CH4 per kg of dry matter (DM). In addition, with this inoculum, pH, and dry matter degradation (DMD) increased (linear: p ≤ 0.0060), and although short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and metabolizable energy (ME) decreased (linear: p < 0.0001; quadratic: p ≤ 0.0015), this did not affect (p > 0.05) the CH4 conversion efficiency. Meanwhile, with the SHI, the inclusion of MOL only decreased (linear: p ≤ 0.0206; quadratic: p ≤ 0.0003) biogas per dry matter (DM) degraded and increased (linear: p ≤ 0.0293; quadratic: p ≤ 0.0325) biogas per DM incubated, as well as the production (mL g-1 DM incubated and degraded and g-1 kg DM) and proportion of CH4, and CO per DM incubated and degraded. In addition, it did not impact (p > 0.05) on the CH4 and H2S parameters, and in the H2S by DM incubated and degraded, and although it increased (linear: p ≤ 0.0292; quadratic: p ≤ 0.0325) the DMD, SCFA, and ME, it was inefficient (quadratic: p ≤ 0.0041) in CH4 conversion. It is concluded that regardless of the percentage of MOL, the STI presented the highest values in the production of biogas, CH4, H2S, DMD, SCFA, and ME, and the lowest pH, so it turned out to be the most efficient in CH4 conversion, while with the SHI only the highest production of CO and pH was obtained, and the lowest DMD, SCFA, and ME, so it was less efficient compared to STI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aristide Maggiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (A.Z.M.S.)
| | - Mona M. M. Y. Elghandour
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 50000 Toluca, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Rivas-Jacobo
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, 78321 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Ballesteros-Rodea
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, 78321 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Pasquale De Palo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Abdelfattah Z. M. Salem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 50000 Toluca, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (A.Z.M.S.)
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Galyean ML, Hales KE. Feeding Management Strategies to Mitigate Methane and Improve Production Efficiency in Feedlot Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040758. [PMID: 36830545 PMCID: PMC9952615 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitigation of greenhouse gases and decreasing nutrient excretion have become increasingly important goals for the beef cattle industry. Because feed intake is a major driver of enteric CH4 production and nutrient excretion, feeding management systems could be important mitigation tools. Programmed feeding uses net energy equations to determine the feed required to yield a specific rate of gain, whereas restricted feeding typically involves decreasing intake relative to the expected or observed ad libitum intake. In the context of growing/finishing systems typical of those in the United States and Western Canada, experimental results with programmed and restricted feeding have often shown decreased overall feed intake and increased gain efficiency relative to ad libitum feeding, but too much restriction can negatively affect harvest weight and associated carcass quality. Slick feed bunk management is a time-based restriction that limits day-to-day variation in feed deliveries, but the effects on intake and performance are not well defined. Simulations to estimate enteric CH4 emission and nitrogen excretion indicated that programmed feeding of a high-grain diet could appreciably decrease CH4 emissions and nitrogen excretion compared with traditional growing programs based on high-forage diets. For feedlot finishing, programming gain for a portion of the feeding period will decrease CH4 emission and N excretion only if cattle perform better than expected during the programmed phase or if compensatory growth occurs when cattle are transitioned to ad libitum feeding. Optimal approaches to implement programmed or restricted feeding that will yield increased efficiency should be the subject of future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Galyean
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Kristin E. Hales
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Kebreab E, Bannink A, Pressman EM, Walker N, Karagiannis A, van Gastelen S, Dijkstra J. A meta-analysis of effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol on methane production, yield, and intensity in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:927-936. [PMID: 36494226 PMCID: PMC9868067 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ruminants, particularly dairy and beef cattle, contribute to climate change through mostly enteric methane emissions. Several mitigating options have been proposed, including the feed additive 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP). The objectives of this study were to explain the variability in the mitigating effect of 3-NOP and to investigate the interaction between diet composition and 3-NOP dose, using meta-analytical approaches. Data from 13 articles (14 experiments) met the selection criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis, and 48 treatment means were used for the analysis. Mean differences were calculated as 3-NOP treatment mean minus control treatment mean and then expressed as a percentage of the control mean. Three types of models were developed: (1) one including 3-NOP dose, overall mean, and individual covariate; (2) a combination of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 3-NOP dose, and overall mean; and (3) one selected model from all combinations of up to 5 covariates, which were compared using a leave-one-out cross validation method. Models including only 3-NOP dose resulted in a significant reduction of 32.7%, 30.9%, and 32.6% for CH4 production (g/d), yield (g/kg dry matter intake), and intensity (g/kg energy-corrected milk), respectively, at an average 3-NOP dose of 70.5 mg/kg dry matter (DM). The greater the NDF content in the diet, the lower the reduction efficiency for a given 3-NOP dose. For 10 g/kg DM increase in NDF content from its mean (329 g of NDF/kg of DM) the 3-NOP effect on CH4 production was impaired by 0.633%, the 3-NOP effect on CH4 yield by 0.647%, and the 3-NOP effect on CH4 intensity by 0.723%. The analysis based on leave-one-out cross validation showed an increase in NDF and crude fat content reduces efficacy of 3-NOP and an increase in 3-NOP dose increases efficacy. A 1% (10 g/kg) DM decrease in dietary NDF content from its mean may increase the efficacy of 3-NOP in reducing CH4 production by 0.915%. A 1% (10 g/kg DM) decrease in dietary crude fat content from its mean enhances the efficacy of 3-NOP on CH4 production by 3.080% at a given dose and NDF level. For CH4 yield, next to 3-NOP dose, dietary NDF content and dietary crude fat content were included in the selected model, but also dietary starch content with an opposite direction to NDF and crude fat. The effect of 3-NOP dose on CH4 intensity was similar to its effect on CH4 production, whereas the effect of dietary NDF content was slightly lower. Expanding the previously published models with the newly available data published from trials since then improved model performance, hence demonstrating the value of regularly updating meta-analyses if a wider range of data becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermias Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616,Corresponding author:
| | - André Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Nicola Walker
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition & Health, PO Box 2676, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexios Karagiannis
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition & Health, PO Box 2676, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sanne van Gastelen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Li Y, Mei J, Wang J, Liu H. Effects of dandelion (Taraxacum sp.,) supplements on lactation performance, antioxidative activity, and plasma metabolome in primiparous dairy cows. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:229-237. [PMID: 36108692 PMCID: PMC9834724 DOI: 10.5713/ab.22.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effects of dandelion supplements on lactation performance, circulating antioxidative activity and plasma metabolomics in primiparous dairy cows. METHODS A total of 60 mid-lactation dairy cows (milk yield = 34.29±0.34 kg/d; days in milk = 151.72±2.36 days) were divided into 4 treatment groups randomly, comprising the addition of dandelion at 0, 100, 200, 400 g/d per head. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks with an extra 10 days' pre-feeding period. Milk and blood samples were collected, and plasma samples were selected to perform metabolomics analysis. RESULTS Supplementing 200 g/d of dandelion increased the yield of milk and lactose (p≤ 0.05). The milk somatic cell counts (p≤0.05) were lower in all dandelion groups than those in the control group. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (p≤0.05) and superoxide dismutase (p≤0.05) were increased and plasma malondialdehyde (p = 0.01) was decreased when cows were fed 200 g/d dandelion. Plasma metabolomics analysis showed that 23 hub differential metabolites were identified in the 200 g/d dandelion group. These metabolites such as ribose, glutamic acid, valine, and phenylalanine were enriched in D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism (p = 0.06, impact value = 1), phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis (p = 0.05, impact value = 0.5), and starch and sucrose metabolism (p = 0.21, impact value = 0.13). Moreover, correlation analysis showed that circulating ribose, mannose, and glutamic acid were positively related to milk yield. CONCLUSION Dandelion supplementation could improve lactation performance and elevate the plasma carbohydrate and amino acids metabolism and antioxidative activity. Supplementation of 200 g/d dandelion is recommended for lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China
| | - Jie Mei
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China,Corresponding Author: Hongyun Liu, Tel: +86-571-8898-2965, Fax: +86-571-8898-2930, E-mail:
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