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Monien BH, Bergau N, Gauch F, Weikert C, Abraham K. Internal exposure to heat-induced food contaminants in omnivores, vegans and strict raw food eaters: biomarkers of exposure to acrylamide (hemoglobin adducts, urinary mercapturic acids) and new insights on its endogenous formation. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2889-2905. [PMID: 38819476 PMCID: PMC11324683 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03798-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The urinary mercapturic acids N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA) and N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (GAMA) are short-term biomarkers of exposure from acrylamide and its metabolite glycidamide, respectively. The medium-term exposure to acrylamide and glycidamide is monitored by the adducts N-(2-carbamoylethyl)-Val (AA-Val) and N-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-Val (GA-Val) in hemoglobin (Hb), respectively. Three questions were addressed by application of these biomarkers in two diet studies including 36 omnivores, 36 vegans and 16 strict raw food eaters (abstaining from any warmed or heated food for at least four months): first, what is the internal acrylamide exposure following a vegan or a raw food diet in comparison to that in omnivores? Second, did the exposure change between 2017 and 2021? And third, what is the stability over time of AAMA/GAMA excretion compared to that of AA-Val/GA-Val levels in Hb between both time points? Median urinary AAMA excretion per day in non-smoking omnivores, vegans and raw food eaters were 62.4, 85.4 and 15.4 µg/day, respectively; the corresponding median AA-Val levels were 27.7, 39.7 and 13.3 pmol/g Hb, respectively. Median levels in strict raw food eaters were about 25% (AAMA excretion) and 48% (AA-Val) of those in omnivores. In comparison to 2017, AAMA and GAMA excretion levels were hardly altered in 2021, however, levels of AA-Val and GA-Val in 2021 slightly increased. There was a weak correlation between AAMA excretion levels determined four years apart (rS = 0.30), and a moderate correlation between levels of AA-Val (rS = 0.55) in this timeframe. Our data in strict raw food eaters confirm a significant endogenous formation to acrylamide in a size range, which is-based on the levels of AA-Val-distinctly higher than reported previously based on levels of urinary AAMA excretion. The relatively lower AAMA excretion in raw food eaters likely represents a lower extent of glutathione conjugation due to missing hepatic first-pass metabolism in case of endogenous formation of acrylamide, which leads to a higher systemic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard H Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nick Bergau
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Gauch
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Weikert
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Abraham
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Guadalupe GA, Grandez-Yoplac DE, García L, Doménech E. A Comprehensive Bibliometric Study in the Context of Chemical Hazards in Coffee. TOXICS 2024; 12:526. [PMID: 39058178 PMCID: PMC11281111 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12070526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The research aimed to carefully review the chemical hazards linked to the coffee production chain to analyse the risks and opportunities for consumers and the environment, as well as identify potential knowledge gaps. The Scopus database was consulted from 1949 to April 2024 to conduct a bibliometric analysis. As a result, 680 articles were analysed. Results indicated a significant increase in research activity since 2015. China, Brazil, and the USA were the leading countries in scientific production and collaborations. The most prolific journals in this field were Chemosphere, Science of the Total Environment, Food Chemistry, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, and Journal of Environmental Management, all of which are in the first quartile. The word analysis revealed two main themes: the first focuses on the chemical hazards of coffee and their impact on health, while the second explores the waste generated during coffee production and its potential for reuse. The topics covered in the research include the composition of coffee, associated chemical hazards, possible health risks, and ways to reuse waste for environmental protection. Future research should concentrate on optimising techniques and processes to ensure quality, safety, and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grobert A. Guadalupe
- Instituto de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo para el Sector Agrario y Agroindustrial de la Región Amazonas (IIDAA), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru;
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos Food-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Dorila E. Grandez-Yoplac
- Instituto de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo para el Sector Agrario y Agroindustrial de la Región Amazonas (IIDAA), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru;
| | - Ligia García
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, 342 Higos Urco, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru;
| | - Eva Doménech
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos Food-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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More S, Bampidis V, Benford D, Bragard C, Hernandez‐Jerez A, Bennekou SH, Koutsoumanis K, Lambré C, Machera K, Mennes W, Mullins E, Nielsen SS, Schlatter J, Schrenk D, Turck D, Younes M, Fletcher T, Greiner M, Ntzani E, Pearce N, Vinceti M, Vrijheid M, Georgiadis M, Gervelmeyer A, Halldorsson TI. Scientific Committee guidance on appraising and integrating evidence from epidemiological studies for use in EFSA's scientific assessments. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8866. [PMID: 38974922 PMCID: PMC11224774 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
EFSA requested its Scientific Committee to prepare a guidance document on appraising and integrating evidence from epidemiological studies for use in EFSA's scientific assessments. The guidance document provides an introduction to epidemiological studies and illustrates the typical biases, which may be present in different epidemiological study designs. It then describes key epidemiological concepts relevant for evidence appraisal. This includes brief explanations for measures of association, exposure assessment, statistical inference, systematic error and effect modification. The guidance then describes the concept of external validity and the principles of appraising epidemiological studies. The customisation of the study appraisal process is explained including tailoring of tools for assessing the risk of bias (RoB). Several examples of appraising experimental and observational studies using a RoB tool are annexed to the document to illustrate the application of the approach. The latter part of this guidance focuses on different steps of evidence integration, first within and then across different streams of evidence. With respect to risk characterisation, the guidance considers how evidence from human epidemiological studies can be used in dose-response modelling with several different options being presented. Finally, the guidance addresses the application of uncertainty factors in risk characterisation when using evidence from human epidemiological studies.
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Barregård L, Benford D, Dogliotti E, Francesconi K, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Steinkellner H, Tauriainen T, Schwerdtle T. Risk assessment of small organoarsenic species in food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8844. [PMID: 38957748 PMCID: PMC11217773 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a risk assessment on small organoarsenic species in food. For monomethylarsonic acid MMA(V), decreased body weight resulting from diarrhoea in rats was identified as the critical endpoint and a BMDL10 of 18.2 mg MMA(V)/kg body weight (bw) per day (equivalent to 9.7 mg As/kg bw per day) was calculated as a reference point (RP). For dimethylarsinic acid DMA(V), increased incidence in urinary bladder tumours in rats was identified as the critical endpoint. A BMDL10 of 1.1 mg DMA(V)/kg bw per day (equivalent to 0.6 mg As/kg bw per day) was calculated as an RP. For other small organoarsenic species, the toxicological data are insufficient to identify critical effects and RPs, and they could not be included in the risk assessment. For both MMA(V) and DMA(V), the toxicological database is incomplete and a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied for risk characterisation. The highest chronic dietary exposure to DMA(V) was estimated in 'Toddlers', with rice and fish meat as the main contributors across population groups. For MMA(V), the highest chronic dietary exposures were estimated for high consumers of fish meat and processed/preserved fish in 'Infants' and 'Elderly' age class, respectively. For MMA(V), an MOE of ≥ 500 was identified not to raise a health concern. For MMA(V), all MOEs were well above 500 for average and high consumers and thus do not raise a health concern. For DMA(V), an MOE of 10,000 was identified as of low health concern as it is genotoxic and carcinogenic, although the mechanisms of genotoxicity and its role in carcinogenicity of DMA(V) are not fully elucidated. For DMA(V), MOEs were below 10,000 in many cases across dietary surveys and age groups, in particular for some 95th percentile exposures. The Panel considers that this would raise a health concern.
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Eisenbrand G, Buettner A, Diel P, Epe B, Först P, Grune T, Haller D, Heinz V, Hellwig M, Humpf HU, Jäger H, Kulling S, Lampen A, Leist M, Mally A, Marko D, Nöthlings U, Röhrdanz E, Spranger J, Steinberg P, Vieths S, Wätjen W, Hengstler JG. Commentary of the SKLM to the EFSA opinion on risk assessment of N-nitrosamines in food. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1573-1580. [PMID: 38573336 PMCID: PMC11106120 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Dietary exposure to N-nitrosamines has recently been assessed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to result in margins of exposure that are conceived to indicate concern with respect to human health risk. However, evidence from more than half a century of international research shows that N-nitroso compounds (NOC) can also be formed endogenously. In this commentary of the Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (DFG), the complex metabolic and physiological biokinetics network of nitrate, nitrite and reactive nitrogen species is discussed with emphasis on its influence on endogenous NOC formation. Pioneering approaches to monitor endogenous NOC have been based on steady-state levels of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in human blood and on DNA adduct levels in blood cells. Further NOC have not been considered yet to a comparable extent, although their generation from endogenous or exogenous precursors is to be expected. The evidence available to date indicates that endogenous NDMA exposure could exceed dietary exposure by about 2-3 orders of magnitude. These findings require consolidation by refined toxicokinetics and DNA adduct monitoring data to achieve a credible and comprehensive human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Buettner
- Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 9, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, Staudingerweg, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Först
- Food Process Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Tillman Grune
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Volker Heinz
- DIL German Institute of Food Technology, Professor-von-Klitzing-Strasse 7, 49610, Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Special Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Henry Jäger
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Strasse 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Risk Assessment Strategies, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- Division for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstrasse 10, 78464, Constance, Germany
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Institute for Nutrition Research and Food Science, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Fiedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elke Röhrdanz
- Unit Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-Und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Wim Wätjen
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
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Chen HC, Huang YF, Wu CT. Concentrations, compositional profiles, and health risks of benzophenones among the Taiwanese population based on analysis of 23 daily consumed foods. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134077. [PMID: 38574654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the occurrence and distribution of 11 benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters (BPs) in 893 food samples spanning 7 food categories in Taiwan. We conducted a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks of BPs. The results indicated that cornflakes had the highest mean level of BPs (103 ng/g), followed by bread (101 ng/g) and pastries (59 ng/g). BP was the most prevalent category, followed by 4-methylbenzophenone (4-MBP), 2-hydroxybenzophenone, and benzophenone-3. Estimation of the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) of BP (average life expectancy of 80 years) placed them in the 50th and 97.5th percentiles [P50 (P97.5)] LTCR of 1.9 × 10-7 (5.7 × 10-6), indicating that BP in food poses a low renal hazard to the Taiwanese population. The noncarcinogenic risk of BPs was evaluated using a hazard quotient and combined margin of exposure (MOET), revealing a P50 (P97.5) hazard index of < 1 for BP, 4-MBP, and methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate. Although the P50 MOET values for all age groups were within the moderate range of concern, with a more conservative extreme (P2.5), the MOET values for the 0-3, 3-6, and 6-12 age groups fell below 100, indicating a high concern for renal degeneration and hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fang Huang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Ting Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Science Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Knutsen HK, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Rossi A, Titz A, Fiolet T, Maciuk A. Scientific Opinion on additional scientific data related to the safety of preparations of Rheum palmatum L., Rheum officinale Baill. and their hybrids, Rhamnus purshiana DC., Rhamnus frangula L. and Cassia senna L., submitted pursuant to Article 8(4) of Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8766. [PMID: 38784839 PMCID: PMC11112454 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of plant preparations from the root or rhizome of Rheum palmatum L., Rheum officinale Baill. and their hybrids, from the bark of Rhamnus frangula L. and Rhamnus purshiana DC. and from the leaf or fruit of Cassia senna L., which have been placed under Union scrutiny in Part C of Annex III in accordance with Article 8(4) of Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006. The NDA Panel reviewed the additional scientific data submitted during the period of scrutiny and the public consultation by interested parties. The pertinent scientific data were in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies on the plant preparations under consideration. All the results of the genotoxicity studies on plant preparations were negative. However, the plant preparations that were tested in the submitted studies were not sufficiently characterised with respect to the content of total and individual hydroxyanthracene derivatives (HADs) and components other than HADs. The studies confirmed the presence of ■■■■■, known to be genotoxic in vivo, and ■■■■■, shown to be genotoxic in vitro. In line with the EFSA Scientific Committee statement on genotoxicity assessment of chemical mixtures, considering the presence of an in vivo genotoxic compound, the plant preparations used in these studies have to be considered of concern for genotoxicity. Thus, the safety of preparations containing HADs from the root or rhizome of Rheum palmatum L., Rheum officinale Baill. and their hybrids, from the leaf or fruit of Cassia senna L. and from the bark of Rhamnus frangula L. and Rhamnus purshiana DC. cannot be established based on the submitted studies.
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Brantom P, Chesson A, Schlatter J, Westendorf J, Dirven Y, Manini P, Dusemund B. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of a tincture derived from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (eucalyptus tincture) for all animal species (FEFANA asbl). EFSA J 2024; 22:e8801. [PMID: 38764477 PMCID: PMC11099768 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a tincture from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (eucalyptus tincture) when used as a sensory additive for all animal species. The product is a ■■■■■ solution, with a dry matter content of ~ 1.86%, which contains on average 0.454% phenolic acids and flavonoids (of which 0.280% was gallic acid), 0.0030% 1,8-cineole and 0.00012% methyleugenol. In the absence of analytical data on the occurrence of mono- or diformylated adducts of acylphloroglucinols with terpenes in the tincture and in the absence of toxicity data, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) could not conclude on the use of eucalyptus tincture for long-living and reproductive animals. For short-living animals (species for fattening), the additive was considered of no concern at 4 mg/kg complete feed for chickens for fattening, 5 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 6 mg/kg for piglets and rabbits for meat production, 7 mg/kg for pigs for fattening, 16 mg/kg for veal calves (milk replacer), 14 mg/kg for cattle for fattening, sheep/goats and horses for fattening, and 15 mg/kg for salmonids. These levels were extrapolated to physiologically related minor species. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of eucalyptus tincture up to the levels in feed considered of no concern. Eucalyptus tincture should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes, and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. The use of eucalyptus tincture as a flavour in animal feed was not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since the leaves of E. globulus and their preparations were recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same, no demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Brantom P, Chesson A, Schlatter J, Westendorf J, Dirven Y, Manini P, Dusemund B. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of a tincture derived from the flowers of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry (clove tincture) for all animal species (FEFANA asbl). EFSA J 2024; 22:e8791. [PMID: 38756347 PMCID: PMC11096996 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a tincture from the dried flower bud of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry (clove tincture) when used as a sensory additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The product is a ■■■■■) solution, with a dry matter content of ~ 1.66%. The product contains on average 0.511% phenolic acids (of which 0.0344% were flavonoids), 0.039% eugenol, 0.00019% methyleugenol and 0.00008% estragole. The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the use of clove tincture is very unlikely to be of safety concern for the target species up to the maximum proposed use level of 50 mg clove tincture/kg complete feed for all animal species, except for horses, for which the proposed use level is 200 mg/kg complete feed. The FEEDAP Panel considers that the use in water for drinking alone or in combination with use in feed should not exceed the daily amount that is considered very unlikely to be of safety concern when consumed via feed alone. No safety concern would arise for the consumer and the environment from the use of clove tincture up to the maximum proposed use levels in feed. The additive under assessment should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes, and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. When handling the additive, exposure of unprotected users to methyleugenol and estragole may occur. Therefore, to reduce the risk, the exposure of the users should be minimised. Since the flower buds of S. aromaticum and their preparations were recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same, no demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.
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Samimi P, Aslani R, Molaee-Aghaee E, Sadighara P, Shariatifar N, Jahed Khaniki G, Ozcakmak S, Reshadat Z. Determination and risk assessment of aflatoxin B1 in the kernel of imported raw hazelnuts from Eastern Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6864. [PMID: 38514765 PMCID: PMC10957946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is widespread and seriously threatens public health worldwide. This study aimed to investigate AFB1 in imported hazelnut samples in northwest of Iran (Eastern Azerbaijan Province) using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with a Fluorescent Detector (HPLC-FLD). In all tested samples AFB1 was detected. The mean concentration of AFB1 was 4.20 μg/kg and ranged from 3.145 to 8.13 μg/kg. All samples contained AFB1 levels within the maximum acceptable limit except for one sample. Furthermore, the human health risk assessment of AFB1 from consuming imported hazelnuts by Iranian children and adults was evaluated based on the margin of exposure (MoE) and quantitative liver cancer risk approaches. The MoE mean for children was 2529.76, while for adults, it was 8854.16, indicating a public health concern. The present study found that the risk of developing liver cancer among Iranian children was 0.11100736 per 100,000 people, and in the Iranian adult population was 0.0314496 cancers per 100,000 people. Since environmental conditions potentially affect aflatoxin levels in nuts, countries are advised to monitor aflatoxin contents in imported nuts, especially from countries with a conducive climate for mold growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Samimi
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Aslani
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Molaee-Aghaee
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Jahed Khaniki
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sibel Ozcakmak
- Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Zahra Reshadat
- Department of Food Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Doménech E, Martorell S. Review of the Terminology, Approaches, and Formulations Used in the Guidelines on Quantitative Risk Assessment of Chemical Hazards in Food. Foods 2024; 13:714. [PMID: 38472827 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the published terminology, mathematical models, and the possible approaches used to characterise the risk of foodborne chemical hazards, particularly pesticides, metals, mycotoxins, acrylamide, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results confirmed the wide variability of the nomenclature used, e.g., 28 different ways of referencing exposure, 13 of cancer risk, or 9 of slope factor. On the other hand, a total of 16 equations were identified to formulate all the risk characterisation parameters of interest. Therefore, the present study proposes a terminology and formulation for some risk characterisation parameters based on the guidelines of international organisations and the literature review. The mathematical model used for non-genotoxic hazards is a ratio in all cases. However, the authors used the probability of cancer or different ratios, such as the margin of exposure (MOE) for genotoxic hazards. For each effect studied per hazard, the non-genotoxic effect was mostly studied in pesticides (79.73%), the genotoxic effect was mostly studied in PAHs (71.15%), and both effects were mainly studied in metals (59.4%). The authors of the works reviewed generally opted for a deterministic approach, although most of those who assessed the risk for mycotoxins or the ratio and risk for acrylamide used the probabilistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Doménech
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos Food-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sebastián Martorell
- MEDASEGI Research Group, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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12
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Lu YS, Qiu J, Mu XY, Qian YZ, Chen L. Levels, Toxic Effects, and Risk Assessment of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Foods: A Review. Foods 2024; 13:536. [PMID: 38397512 PMCID: PMC10888194 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are naturally occurring secondary metabolites of plants. To date, more than 660 types of PAs have been identified from an estimated 6000 plants, and approximately 120 of these PAs are hepatotoxic. As a result of PAs being found in spices, herbal teas, honey, and milk, PAs are considered contaminants in foods, posing a potential risk to human health. Here, we summarize the chemical structure, toxic effects, levels, and regulation of PAs in different countries to provide a better understanding of their toxicity and risk assessment. With recent research on the risk assessment of PAs, this review also discusses the challenges facing this field, aiming to provide a scientific basis for PA toxicity research and safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
| | - Xi-Yan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
| | - Yong-Zhong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
| | - Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
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13
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Dogruyol H, Mol S, Ulusoy Ş, Atanasoff A. Evaluation of Health Risks Attributed to Toxic Trace Elements and Selenium in Farmed Mediterranean Mussels from Türkiye and Bulgaria. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04084-w. [PMID: 38296919 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04084-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Farmed mussels accumulate contaminants from their production environment rather than releasing them into water. This study reveals potential health risks associated with selenium, cadmium, mercury, and lead resulting from the consumption of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) cultured along the coasts of Türkiye and Bulgaria. The concentrations of Se and toxic trace metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The detection limits (LOD) were 0.100, 0.015, 0.025, and 0.180 µg/kg for Se, Cd, Hg, and Pb, respectively. The mean Se concentrations were between 1.305 and 1.957 µg/g, and toxic metals were below the maximum limits. Due to Turkish and Bulgarian consumers' limited mollusk consumption, mussels could only provide a maximum of 7.35% of the daily Se need. THQ and TTHQ of Se, Cd, and methyl-Hg were below 1, indicating that farmed mussels were safe for consumption. Percent PTWI values were calculated only for Cd and MeHg, as the PTWI value for Pb was discarded by the authorities and not determined for Se. Accordingly, weekly mussel consumption did not pose any risks. The margin of exposure approach was used to evaluate Pb intake. MOE-SBP and MOE-NE were significantly higher than 10, designating no significant health risks. Long-term consumption of mussels also does not pose a carcinogenic risk regarding the TR index calculated between 10-5 and 10-6 for Pb. Positive HBVSe (10.13-37.27) indicated that Se in mussels overcame Hg-related potential health concerns. Consequently, mussels grown in Türkiye and Bulgaria did not pose a risk for human consumption, based on current risk analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Dogruyol
- Department of Food Safety, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34134, Türkiye.
| | - Suhendan Mol
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34134, Türkiye
| | - Şafak Ulusoy
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34134, Türkiye
| | - Alexander Atanasoff
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, 6000, Bulgaria
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14
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Barregård L, Benford D, Broberg K, Dogliotti E, Fletcher T, Rylander L, Abrahantes JC, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Steinkellner H, Tauriainen T, Schwerdtle T. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8488. [PMID: 38239496 PMCID: PMC10794945 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2009 risk assessment on arsenic in food carrying out a hazard assessment of inorganic arsenic (iAs) and using the revised exposure assessment issued by EFSA in 2021. Epidemiological studies show that the chronic intake of iAs via diet and/or drinking water is associated with increased risk of several adverse outcomes including cancers of the skin, bladder and lung. The CONTAM Panel used the benchmark dose lower confidence limit based on a benchmark response (BMR) of 5% (relative increase of the background incidence after adjustment for confounders, BMDL05) of 0.06 μg iAs/kg bw per day obtained from a study on skin cancer as a Reference Point (RP). Inorganic As is a genotoxic carcinogen with additional epigenetic effects and the CONTAM Panel applied a margin of exposure (MOE) approach for the risk characterisation. In adults, the MOEs are low (range between 2 and 0.4 for mean consumers and between 0.9 and 0.2 at the 95th percentile exposure, respectively) and as such raise a health concern despite the uncertainties.
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15
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Costamagna D, Gaggiotti M, Smulovitz A, Abdala A, Signorini M. Mycotoxin sequestering agent: Impact on health and performance of dairy cows and efficacy in reducing AFM 1 residues in milk. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 105:104349. [PMID: 38135201 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the exposure to a diet naturally contaminated with mycotoxins on lactation performance, animal health, and the ability to sequester agents (SA) to reduce the human exposure to AFM1. Sixty healthy lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to two groups: naturally contaminated diet without and with the addition of a SA (20 g/cow/d AntitoxCooPil® -60% zeolite-40% cell wall-). Each cow was monitored throughout lactation. The concentration of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in feed and M1 (AFM1) in milk, health status, and productive and reproductive parameters were measured. AFB1 concentration in feed was very low (2.31 μg/kgDM). The addition of SA reduced the milk AFM1 concentrations (0.016 vs. 0.008 μg/kg) and transfer rates (2.19 vs. 0.77%). No differences were observed in health status, production and reproduction performance. The inclusion of SA in the diet of dairy cows reduce the risk in the most susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Costamagna
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Route 34, Km 227, 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M Gaggiotti
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Route 34, Km 227, 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A Smulovitz
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (EEA Rafaela INTA), Route 34 Km 227, 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A Abdala
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Route 34, Km 227, 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M Signorini
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Route 34, Km 227, 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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16
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Jiao W, Zhu L, Li QX, Shi T, Zhang Z, Wu X, Yang T, Hua R, Cao H. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) from Weeds through Weed-Soil-Tea Transfer and Risk Assessment of Tea Intake. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19045-19053. [PMID: 37982559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) have been detected in tea and can threaten human health. However, the specific source of PAs in tea is still unclear. Here, 88 dried tea products collected from six major tea-producing areas in Anhui Province, China, were analyzed. The detection frequency was 76%. The content of total PAs in dried tea was between 1.1 and 90.5 μg/kg, which was all below the MRL recommended by the European Union (150 μg/kg). In the Shexian tea garden, PAs in the weeds and weed rhizospheric soil around tea plants and the fresh tea leaves were analyzed. Intermedine (Im), intermedine-N-oxide (ImNO), and jacobine-N-oxide (JbNO) were transferred through the weed-to-soil-to-tea route into the fresh tea leaves; only Im and ImNO were detected in dried tea samples. Potential risk of the total PAs in the tea infusion was assessed according to the margin of exposure method, and it might be a low concern for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resource & Environment of Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resource & Environment of Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Taozhong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resource & Environment of Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhaoxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resource & Environment of Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resource & Environment of Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Rimao Hua
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resource & Environment of Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Haiqun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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17
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Quentin T, Franke H, Lachenmeier DW. Risk Assessment of Isoeugenol in Food Based on Benchmark Dose-Response Modeling. TOXICS 2023; 11:991. [PMID: 38133392 PMCID: PMC10747431 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Isoeugenol has recently been evaluated as possibly carcinogenic (Group 2B) by the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In light of this evaluation, an updated risk assessment of this common food constituent was conducted using the benchmark dose (BMD) approach as recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for point of departure (POD) determination, as an alternative to the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). This approach was specifically chosen, as for the relevant neoplastic endpoints only lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) values are available. The toxicological endpoint from the animal studies with the most conservative BMD lower confidence limit (BMDL) value was identified. Using the obtained BMDL value of 8 mg/kg body weight/day as POD, an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 16 µg/kg body weight/day was obtained, which-despite being more conservative than previous approaches-is still clearly above the estimated daily exposure level to isoeugenol in the USA and in Europe. These results confirm a low risk of the estimated daily exposure levels of isoeugenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Quentin
- Postgraduate Study of Toxicology and Environmental Protection, Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16–18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (T.Q.); (H.F.)
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Heike Franke
- Postgraduate Study of Toxicology and Environmental Protection, Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16–18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (T.Q.); (H.F.)
| | - Dirk W. Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
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18
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Shi RRS, Shen P, Yu WZ, Cai M, Tay AJ, Lim I, Chin YS, Ang WM, Er JC, Lim GS, Wu Y, Li A, Aung KT, Chan SH. Occurrence and Dietary Exposure of 3-MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters in Domestically and Commercially Prepared Food in Singapore. Foods 2023; 12:4331. [PMID: 38231853 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence and occurrence of 3-monochloropropanediol esters (3-MCPDEs) and glycidyl esters (GEs) in domestically and commercially prepared food in Singapore and assessed the total dietary exposure for the Singaporean population. Minimal impact on the formation of 3-MCPDEs and GEs was observed from the domestic cooking methods commonly practiced in Singapore such as deep frying and stir frying. The estimated total dietary exposure to 3-MCPDEs for the Singaporean population (aged 15 to 92) was 0.982 µg/kg bw/day for general consumers and 2.212 µg/kg bw/day for high consumers (95th percentile), which accounted for 49.1% and 110.6% of the tolerable dietary intake (TDI) at 2 µg/kg bw/day by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The calculated margins of exposure (MOE) for GEs based on the dietary exposure for general consumers at 0.882 µg/kg bw/day and 2.209 µg/kg bw/day for high consumers were below 10,000, indicating a potential health concern. Our study showed that the occurrence of 3-MCPDEs and GEs varied among vegetable oils, and domestic cooking methods did not significantly impact the levels of 3-MCPDEs and GEs in prepared food. The critical factor influencing the prevalence and occurrence of 3-MCPDEs and GEs was the choice of oil used for cooking, which absorbed into the cooked food. It is essential to encourage the food industry to continue its innovation on mitigation measures to control and reduce 3-MCPDEs and GEs in vegetable oil production. Consumers are advised to make informed choices on food consumption and cooking oil for food preparation to reduce their exposure to 3-MCPDEs and GEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Rong Sheng Shi
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Ping Shen
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Wesley Zongrong Yu
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Miaohua Cai
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Ai Jin Tay
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Ignatius Lim
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Yee Soon Chin
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Wei Min Ang
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Jun Cheng Er
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Geraldine Songlen Lim
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Yuansheng Wu
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Angela Li
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Kyaw Thu Aung
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Sheot Harn Chan
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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19
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He Z, Chen Z, Mo Y, Lu X, Luo Y, Lin S, Zhong Y, Deng J, Zheng S, Xia L, Wu H, Routledge MN, Hong Y, Xian X, Yang X, Gong Y. Assessment of the Adverse Health Effects of Aflatoxin Exposure from Unpackaged Peanut Oil in Guangdong, China. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:646. [PMID: 37999509 PMCID: PMC10675126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are liver carcinogens and are common contaminants in unpackaged peanut (UPP) oil. However, the health risks associated with consuming aflatoxins in UPP oil remain unclear. In this study, aflatoxin contamination in 143 UPP oil samples from Guangdong Province were assessed via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We also recruited 168 human subjects, who consumed this oil, to measure their liver functions and lipid metabolism status. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was detected in 79.72% of the UPP oil samples, with levels ranging from 0.02 to 174.13 μg/kg. The average daily human intake of AFB1 from UPP oil was 3.14 ng/kg·bw/day; therefore, the incidence of liver cancer, caused by intake of 1 ng/kg·bw/day AFB1, was estimated to be 5.32 cases out of every 100,000 persons per year. Meanwhile, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and AFB1 exposure exerted a synergistic effect to cause liver dysfunction. In addition, the triglycerides (TG) abnormal rate was statistically significant when using AFB1 to estimate daily intake (EDI) quartile spacing grouping (p = 0.011). In conclusion, high aflatoxin exposure may exacerbate the harmful effects of HBV infection on liver function. Contamination of UPP oil with aflatoxins in Guangdong urgently requires more attention, and public health management of the consumer population is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhini He
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (Y.H.)
| | - Zihui Chen
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yunying Mo
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (Y.H.)
| | - Xiaodan Lu
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (Y.H.)
| | - Yanheng Luo
- Zhaoqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhaoqing 526060, China
| | - Shaoliang Lin
- Zhaoqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhaoqing 526060, China
| | - Yanxu Zhong
- Food Safety Monitoring and Evaluation Department, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530028, China
| | - Junfeng Deng
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (Y.H.)
| | - Shixiong Zheng
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (Y.H.)
| | - Lei Xia
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hang Wu
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael N. Routledge
- Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ye Hong
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (Y.H.)
| | - Xiaoyu Xian
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (Y.H.)
| | - Xingfen Yang
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (Y.H.)
| | - Yunyun Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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20
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Alamir J, Almaiman L, Alrujib Y, Alhamidi R, Alowais B, Alhussain S, Aldakheelallah A, Alkhalaf M, Bineid M. Aflatoxins in food products consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A preliminary dietary risk assessment. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5948-5958. [PMID: 37823116 PMCID: PMC10563739 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are hepatotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, and immunosuppressive toxins. Several food commodities consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are susceptible to AF contamination because of improper storage practices and the warm and humid climate of the country. Therefore, the occurrence of AFs in 2388 food samples was measured and the estimated daily intake (EDI) of AFs in Saudi adults was assessed. The risks of AFB1 exposure were characterized using the margin of exposure (MoE) approach and by estimating the number of possible hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases in the KSA. The results revealed that 12.1% of the analyzed samples were contaminated with AFs and the highest concentration of total AFs was observed in the nut and seed group. The mean EDI of AFB1 was estimated to be 0.21 and 0.55 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day for the lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) scenarios, respectively. The MoEs were estimated to be 1902.4 and 722.1, while the estimated liver cancer risk ranged from 0.002 to 0.008 cancer cases/year/100,000 persons. Based on the study's findings, contamination with AFs in the KSA is low; however, AFs are considered potent genotoxic contaminants, and therefore, exposure through food should be kept as low as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumanah Alamir
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Lama Almaiman
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Alrujib
- Executive Department of Laboratories, Research and Laboratories SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Rayan Alhamidi
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Alowais
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Saqer Alhussain
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Aldakheelallah
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alkhalaf
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
- National Nutrition CommitteeSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bineid
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
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21
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Minorczyk M, Czaja K, Starski A, Korcz W, Liszewska M, Lewiński R, Robson MG, Postupolski J, Struciński P. Assessment of Furan and Its Derivatives Intake with Home Prepared Meals and Characterization of Associated Risk for Polish Infants and Toddlers. Foods 2023; 12:3618. [PMID: 37835270 PMCID: PMC10572828 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Furan and its derivatives are found in various heat-treated foods. Furan is classified as a possible human carcinogen. The European Union authorities recommend collecting data on the occurrence of these compounds, estimating consumer exposure, and taking measures to protect human health based on a scientific risk assessment. The aim of this study was to estimate the exposure of infants and toddlers to furan and its methyl derivatives-2-methylfuran, 3-methylfuran, and ∑2,5-dimethylfuran/2-ethylfuran-present in home-prepared foods and to characterize the associated health risks. The compounds of interest were determined using the HS-GC/MS. The risk was characterized by the calculation of the margin of exposure (MoE). Levels of furan and its derivatives in analyzed samples were in the range of
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Minorczyk
- Department of Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (K.C.); (W.K.); (M.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Katarzyna Czaja
- Department of Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (K.C.); (W.K.); (M.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Andrzej Starski
- Department of Food Safety, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Wojciech Korcz
- Department of Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (K.C.); (W.K.); (M.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Monika Liszewska
- Department of Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (K.C.); (W.K.); (M.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Radosław Lewiński
- Department of Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (K.C.); (W.K.); (M.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Mark Gregory Robson
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Jacek Postupolski
- Department of Food Safety, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Paweł Struciński
- Department of Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (K.C.); (W.K.); (M.L.); (R.L.)
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22
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Menz J, Götz ME, Gündel U, Gürtler R, Herrmann K, Hessel-Pras S, Kneuer C, Kolrep F, Nitzsche D, Pabel U, Sachse B, Schmeisser S, Schumacher DM, Schwerdtle T, Tralau T, Zellmer S, Schäfer B. Genotoxicity assessment: opportunities, challenges and perspectives for quantitative evaluations of dose-response data. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2303-2328. [PMID: 37402810 PMCID: PMC10404208 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxicity data are mainly interpreted in a qualitative way, which typically results in a binary classification of chemical entities. For more than a decade, there has been a discussion about the need for a paradigm shift in this regard. Here, we review current opportunities, challenges and perspectives for a more quantitative approach to genotoxicity assessment. Currently discussed opportunities mainly include the determination of a reference point (e.g., a benchmark dose) from genetic toxicity dose-response data, followed by calculation of a margin of exposure (MOE) or derivation of a health-based guidance value (HBGV). In addition to new opportunities, major challenges emerge with the quantitative interpretation of genotoxicity data. These are mainly rooted in the limited capability of standard in vivo genotoxicity testing methods to detect different types of genetic damage in multiple target tissues and the unknown quantitative relationships between measurable genotoxic effects and the probability of experiencing an adverse health outcome. In addition, with respect to DNA-reactive mutagens, the question arises whether the widely accepted assumption of a non-threshold dose-response relationship is at all compatible with the derivation of a HBGV. Therefore, at present, any quantitative genotoxicity assessment approach remains to be evaluated case-by-case. The quantitative interpretation of in vivo genotoxicity data for prioritization purposes, e.g., in connection with the MOE approach, could be seen as a promising opportunity for routine application. However, additional research is needed to assess whether it is possible to define a genotoxicity-derived MOE that can be considered indicative of a low level of concern. To further advance quantitative genotoxicity assessment, priority should be given to the development of new experimental methods to provide a deeper mechanistic understanding and a more comprehensive basis for the analysis of dose-response relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Menz
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mario E Götz
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Gündel
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Gürtler
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Herrmann
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hessel-Pras
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Kneuer
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Kolrep
- Department of Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dana Nitzsche
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Pabel
- Department of Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Sachse
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmeisser
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - David M Schumacher
- Department of Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zellmer
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Schäfer
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Massahi T, Kiani A, Sharafi K, Omer AK, Ebrahimzadeh G, Jaafari J, Fattahi N, Parnoon K. A national systematic literature review for aflatoxin M1 in commonly consumed cheese brands in Iran: Human health risk assessment by Monte Carlo simulation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19679. [PMID: 37809415 PMCID: PMC10558958 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cheese is popular in Iran because of its high nutritional value; therefore, it is necessary to control this product regarding health risk factors, particularly aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). This research reviewed AFM1 in various varieties of cheese in Iran to assess the potential health risks associated with consuming these products for different age groups. In this regard, all accessible papers from different databases were screened between June 27, 2000 and October 10, 2022 b y systematic research and then considering the selection criteria of the studies; finally, 22 articles were selected for the current review. The amount and prevalence of AFM1 were calculated and separated based on the cheese variety, and the sampling location; health risk assessment (HRA), statistical, uncertainty, and sensitivity analysis for AFM1 of cheese for different age groups were performed. The study results for 2143 samples showed that the overall average AFM1 for cheese is 160 ± 175 ng/kg, below the European Commission (EC) regulation (250 ng/kg). AFM1 contaminated 72.42% of all cheese samples, and 13% of these contaminated samples had a higher AFM1 than the EC regulation. Cheese varieties were ranked based on average levels of AFM1 as white pasteurized > traditional > creamy > probiotic > Lighvan, and this ranking was obtained based on sampling locations as market > dairy factories > livestock farms. Based on the HRAs, from the perspective of the liver cancer risk (LCR), the margin of exposure (MOE), and the hazard index (HI) approach, it can be concluded that cheese produced in Iran, in terms of AFM1, particularly for children, poses serious health risks. Accordingly, it is imperative to carefully consider implementing suitable management methods to inhibit the growth of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in livestock fodder, and training in sanitary production and processing of dairy products according to world standards is suggested for industrial and traditional cheese producers across Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooraj Massahi
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amir Kiani
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center (RMRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kiomars Sharafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Abdullah Khalid Omer
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Jalil Jaafari
- Research Center of Health and Environment, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Nazir Fattahi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kimya Parnoon
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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24
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Gooderham NJ, Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Rosol TJ, Davidsen JM, Harman CL, Kelly SE, Taylor SV. FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Sage oil, Orris Root Extract and Tagetes Oil and related flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113940. [PMID: 37487858 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) has conducted a program to re-evaluate the safety of natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients. This publication, twelfth in the series, details the re-evaluation of NFCs whose constituent profiles are characterized by alicyclic or linear ketones. In its re-evaluation, the Expert Panel applies a scientific constituent-based procedure for the safety evaluation of NFCs in commerce using a congeneric group approach. Estimated intakes of each congeneric group of the NFC are evaluated using the well-established and conservative Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach. In addition, studies on the toxicity and genotoxicity of members of the congeneric groups and the NFCs under evaluation are reviewed. The scope of the safety evaluation of the NFCs contained herein does not include added use in dietary supplements or any products other than food. Thirteen (13) NFCs derived from the Boronia, Cinnamomum, Thuja, Ruta, Salvia, Tagetes, Hyssopus, Iris, Perilla and Artemisia genera are affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under conditions of their intended use as flavor ingredients based on an evaluation of each NFC and the constituents and congeneric groups therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Metabolism, Digestion, Reproduction, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University f Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3135, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- University of Kaiserslautern, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Tadashi Inagami Professor of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Wallin Professor of Cancer Prevention, Masonic Cancer Center and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St., S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Jeanne M Davidsen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - Shannen E Kelly
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Scientific Secretary to the FEMA Expert Panel, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA.
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25
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Akuamoa F, Mulder PPJ, Bovee TFH, Rietjens IMCM, Hoogenboom RLAP. Occurrence and associated health risks of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in supplements marketed in Ghana for improved sexual performance. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:301-309. [PMID: 37448098 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2227961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are noted for their hepatotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects in animals and humans following metabolic activation in the liver. In this study, herbal supplements sold in Ghana for sexual improvement were analysed for the presence of 64 PAs using LC-MS/MS analysis. Up to 17 different PAs were identified in 19 out of the 37 samples analysed. The sum of PAs in samples ranged from 5 to 3204 μg kg-1. Since the PA content in the herbal medicinal preparations was generally lower than in honey samples, their presence was mainly attributed to cross-contamination. The observed levels would result in estimated daily intakes from 0.01 to 12 μg per day or 0.0002 to 0.2 μg kg-1 bw day-1 for a person weighing 70 kg. The margins of exposure ranged from 1200 to 1,400,000 with eight samples showing values below 10,000, thus indicating a health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Akuamoa
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Applied Radiation Biology Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Toine F H Bovee
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Wang Z, Qu P, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Lyu B, Miao H. A Nationwide Survey and Risk Assessment of Ethyl Carbamate Exposure Due to Daily Intake of Alcoholic Beverages in the Chinese General Population. Foods 2023; 12:3129. [PMID: 37628128 PMCID: PMC10453565 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC) is carcinogenic, and, in China, oral intake of EC mainly occurs as a result of the consumption of alcoholic beverages. To obtain the latest EC intake and risk analysis results for the general population in China, the China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA) conducted the sixth total diet study (TDS) as a platform to analyze EC contents and exposure due to the intake of alcoholic beverages. A total of 100 sites in 24 provinces were involved in the collection and preparation of alcohol mixture samples for the sixth TDS. There were 261 different types of alcohol collected across the country, based on local dietary menus and consumption survey results. Ultimately, each province prepared a mixed sample by mixing their respective samples according to the percentage of local consumption. The EC levels of these twenty-four mixed samples were determined using our well-validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The values ranged from 1.0 μg/kg to 33.8 μg/kg, with 10.1 μg/kg being the mean. China's EC daily intake ranged from 0.001 ng/kg bw/d to 24.56 ng/kg bw/d, with a mean of 3.23 ng/kg bw/d. According to the margin of exposure (MOE), virtually safe dose (VSD), and T25 risk assessments of the carcinogenicity of EC, the mean lifetime cancer risk for the Chinese population was 9.8 × 104, 1.5 × 10-7, and 8.6 × 10-8, respectively. These data show that the carcinogenicity of EC in the general Chinese population due to alcoholic intake is essentially minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hongjian Miao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), Beijing 100021, China; (Z.W.); (P.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (B.L.)
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27
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Roila R, Piersanti A, Valiani A, Ranucci D, Tavoloni T, Stramenga A, Griffoni F, Pittura L, Gorbi S, Franceschini R, Agnetti F, Palma G, Branciari R. Carassius auratus as a bioindicator of the health status of Lake Trasimeno and risk assessment for consumers. Ital J Food Saf 2023; 12:11137. [PMID: 37680319 PMCID: PMC10480937 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.11137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish are good bio-indicators of the health status of the aquatic environment and can be used as biomarkers to assess the aquatic behavior of environmental pollutants, the exposure of aquatic organisms, and the health risk for consumers. Goldfish are a significant bioindicator in the Lake Trasimeno aquatic system (Umbria, Italy). This study aimed to characterize the health status and the chemical and biotic contamination of Lake Trasimeno to define its anthropogenic and natural pressures and the risk associated with consuming its fishery products. 114 determinations were performed on Carassius auratus samples from 2018 to 2020, and the occurrence of brominated flame retardants, non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, heavy metals, and microplastics was analytically investigated. Dietary exposure assessment, risk characterization, and benefit-risk evaluation were performed for schoolchildren from 3 to 10 years old. Flame-retardants registered high levels of non-detects (99% for polybrominated diphenyl ether and 76% for hexabromocyclododecanes), while polychlorinated biphenyls were found in all samples with a maximum level of 56.3 ng/g. Traces of at least one heavy metal were found in all samples, though always below the regulatory limit. Microplastics were found with a 75% frequency of fish ingesting at least one particle. Dietary exposure and risk characterization reveal negligible contributions to the reference values of all contaminants, except for mercury, which reached up to 25% of admissible daily intake. The benefit- risk assessment highlighted that the benefits of freshwater fish intake outweigh the associated risks. The examination of goldfish as indicator fish reveals the quality of Lake Trasimeno's aquatic environment and the safety of its products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Roila
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia
| | - Arianna Piersanti
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Umbria and Marche Togo Rosati, Perugia
| | - Andrea Valiani
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Umbria and Marche Togo Rosati, Perugia
| | - David Ranucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia
| | - Tamara Tavoloni
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Umbria and Marche Togo Rosati, Perugia
| | - Arianna Stramenga
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Umbria and Marche Togo Rosati, Perugia
| | - Francesco Griffoni
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Umbria and Marche Togo Rosati, Perugia
| | - Lucia Pittura
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona
| | - Stefania Gorbi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona
| | | | - Francesco Agnetti
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Umbria and Marche Togo Rosati, Perugia
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28
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Tabarani A, Zinedine A, Rocha JM, Sanaa M, Abdennebi EH. Comparative Study of Ochratoxin A Exposure through the Intake of Cereal Products in Two Climatic Moroccan Regions. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:452. [PMID: 37505721 PMCID: PMC10467127 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to compare ochratoxin A (OTA) exposure through the intake of three cereal derivative products (bread, pasta and semolina) in two different Moroccan climatic regions (littoral and continental). OTA weekly intakes from cereal products were calculated using a deterministic approach for each region. Results showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) of OTA exposure between the two regions. Indeed, the median OTA exposure was estimated at 48.97 ng/kg b.w./week in the littoral region, while it was estimated at 6.36 ng/kg b.w./week in the continental region. The probabilistic approach showed that, due to uncertainties, the 95th percentile of weekly OTA exposure associated with the three cereal products ranged from 66.18 to 137.79 (95% CI) with a median of 97.44 ng/kg body weight (b.w.)/week. Compared to the threshold of 100 ng/kg b.w./week, 95% of the cumulative distributions predicted an exceedance frequency between 0.42 and 17.30% (95% CI), with an exceedance frequency median of 4.43%. Results showed that cereal derivatives constitute an important vector of OTA exposure and cause a significant exceedance of toxicological reference value among large consumers in the littoral region, which suggests the urgency of reconsidering the maximum regulatory limit (MRL) set for OTA (3 µg/kg) in cereal derivatives by Moroccan authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tabarani
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (IAV), Rabat P.O. Box 6202, Morocco; (A.T.); (E.H.A.)
| | - Abdellah Zinedine
- BIOMARE Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida 24000, Morocco;
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Moez Sanaa
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - El Hassane Abdennebi
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (IAV), Rabat P.O. Box 6202, Morocco; (A.T.); (E.H.A.)
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29
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Belasli A, Herrera M, Ariño A, Djenane D. Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Major Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs from Algeria. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:449. [PMID: 37505718 PMCID: PMC10467145 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal-based products, nuts and dried fruits are staple foods for the Algerian population. However, these foodstuffs may be sources of harmful mycotoxins, with negative impacts on human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrences and levels of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) in 198 samples of nuts, dried fruits and cereal products commercialized in Algeria, as well as to calculate the estimated daily intakes (EDIs). Aflatoxins were found in 26.2% of the nut samples (in peanuts and almonds, but not in walnuts), 38.7% of the dried fruit samples (in dried figs, dates and bradj pastries) and 47.9% of the cereal-based products (in rechta noodles and metlou bread, but not in couscous), with mean concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 0.49 μg/kg. OTA occurred in 16.9% of the cereal-based samples, averaging 0.15 μg/kg, but it was not detected in nuts or dried fruits. The incidence of DON in the cereal-based products was 85.9% on average, with a mean concentration from 90 to 123 μg/kg. ZEA mycotoxin was not detected in any samples. Four peanut samples exceeded the EU maximum level for aflatoxin B1 set at 2 μg/kg, while three of them surpassed the maximum level for the sum of aflatoxins (4 μg/kg). Traditional foods such as bradj, rechta and metlou were significant sources of aflatoxins, with MOE (margin of exposure) values ranging from 648 to 9333, indicating a potential risk for the Algerian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azem Belasli
- Food Quality and Safety Research Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences, Mouloud Mammeri University, P.O. Box 17, Tizi-Ouzou 15000, Algeria;
| | - Marta Herrera
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Agustín Ariño
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Djamel Djenane
- Food Quality and Safety Research Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences, Mouloud Mammeri University, P.O. Box 17, Tizi-Ouzou 15000, Algeria;
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Brantom P, Chesson A, Schlatter J, Westendorf J, Dirven Y, Manini P, Dusemund B. Safety and efficacy of feed additives consisting of essential oils derived from the flower buds or the leaves of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry (clove bud oil and clove leaf oils) for all animal species (FEFANA asbl). EFSA J 2023; 21:e08183. [PMID: 37522096 PMCID: PMC10375362 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of essential oils from the flower buds or the leaves of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry: clove bud oil, clove leaf oil and a β-caryophyllene-rich fraction of clove leaf oil (CCL oil), when used as sensory additives in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. Clove oils contain methyleugenol (up to 0.13%). The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the use of clove oils was of low concern for long-living and reproductive animals and of no concern for target species for fattening at the following concentrations in complete feed: 25-50 mg/kg for clove bud oil, 28-100 mg/kg for clove leaf oil and 20 mg/kg for CCL oil. The FEEDAP Panel considered that the use in water for drinking alone or in conjunction with use in feed should not exceed the daily amount that is considered of low or no concern when consumed via feed alone. No concerns for consumers were identified following the use of clove oils up to the highest safe level in feed. The additives under assessment should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes and the respiratory tract and as skin sensitisers. When handling the essential oils, exposure of unprotected users to methyleugenol may occur. Therefore, to reduce the risk, the exposure of the users should be minimised. The use of clove oils at the proposed use level in feed was not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since clove bud oil and clove leaf oil are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same, no demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.
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Udovicki B, Keskic T, Aleksic B, Smigic N, Rajkovic A. Second order probabilistic assessment of chronic dietary exposure to aflatoxin M1 in Serbia. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113906. [PMID: 37343714 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Considering the genotoxic and cancerogenic nature of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), its presence in milk and dairy products may pose health risks for consumers. The chronic exposure was calculated using a two-dimensional (second order) Monte Carlo model. Results of 13 722 milk and dairy product samples analysed in the 2015-2022 period were used. Milk and dairy products intake information was collected with a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) validated by a 24-h recall-based method. Risk characterization was done by calculation of the Margin of Exposure (MOE) and by calculation of AFM1 induced number of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases. Mean AFM1 Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) was highest in children at 0.336 (CI: 0.294-0.385) ng kg-1 bw day-1, followed by adolescents with 0.183 (CI: 0.164-0.204), then adult females with 0.161 (CI: 0.146-0.179) and finally adult males with lowest EDI of 0.126 (CI: 0.115-0.139) ng kg-1 bw day-1. MOE values based on mean EDI for all population groups were above risk associated threshold and the number of possible HCC cases was in the range of 0.0002-0.0021 cases per year for 105 individuals. The results suggest low health risks due to AFM1 exposure for the whole population. Still, this risk is not non-existent, especially for children as they have a higher ratio of the population exposed to risk associated AFM1 levels, with MOE values below risk indicating threshold starting at 77.5th percentile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozidar Udovicki
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Tanja Keskic
- Institute for Animal Husbandry, Autoput 16. 11 080, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Nada Smigic
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Zhao B, Xu Y, Song Y, Zhang Y, Lin L. Food aflatoxin exposure assessment in Sichuan Province, China. Mycotoxin Res 2023:10.1007/s12550-023-00488-0. [PMID: 37322297 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are frequent contaminants in crops worldwide and can cause adverse health effects in exposed humans. Since foods AFs (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2) contamination in Sichuan Province are unexplored, we conducted a study to assess AFs exposure in the population. In total, 318 samples, including grains, red chilli, red chilli powder, and vegetable protein beverages, were collected from 13 cities of Sichuan Province, China, in 2022. AFs were detected in all types of foods except for wheat flour, the highest incidence was found in red chilli powder (75.0%). The concentrations of AFtot (the total aflatoxins) ranged between ND (not detected) and 54.20 μg kg-1. It was observed that the AFs profile was dominated by AFB1. The AFB1 content ranged from ND to 52.60 μg kg-1 across food types. According to EU maximum limits (ML) of AFs, 2.8% of samples exceeded the AFtot limits. For AFB1, 0.4% and 4.3% of samples exceeded the China and EU limits, respectively. In this study, packaging types and sampling sites were selected as parameters influence food aflatoxin contamination. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference between different samples. According to exposure assessment and risk characterization, AFtot daily exposure was shown to be 0.263 and 283.936 ng kg-1 bw for the lower and upper exposure. The MOE value derived from consumption grains and red chilli pepper products were generally bellow 10 000, and liver cancer cases based on these two foods consumption could range from < 0.001 to 0.16 cases per year/10 000 persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Zhao
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yang Song
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Lin
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China.
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Varrà MO, Husáková L, Patočka J, Ianieri A, Ghidini S, Zanardi E. Cadmium, lead, and mercury in two commercial squid species from the north Adriatic Sea (central Mediterranean): contamination levels and health risk assessment. Ital J Food Saf 2023; 12:11037. [PMID: 37405142 PMCID: PMC10316270 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.11037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and total mercury (Hg) concentrations in European squids (Loligo vulgaris) and flying squids (Todarodes sagittatus) from the northern Adriatic Sea (Italy) were analyzed. The risk of the Italian population being exposed to potentially hazardous metal concentrations through the consumption of these products was also assessed. Compared to European squids, flying squids showed three times higher total Hg concentrations and one hundred times higher Cd concentrations to the point that more than 6 and 25% of the samples exceeded the maximum Hg and Cd limits established by the current legislation. From the evaluation of dietary exposure levels, it emerged that the consumption of flying squids was associated with the highest Pb intake by children and, consequently, with the lower margin of exposure values in relation to the risk of neurotoxicity (margin of exposure=33). Consumption of flying squids, especially by children, was also associated with higher intakes of Cd, inorganic, and methyl-Hg, which, respectively, accounted for 156, 113, and 23% of the tolerable weekly intakes established for these contaminants at European level. The obtained results raise concern and it may be necessary to provide specific dietary advice on the moderate dietary consumption of some cephalopod species, especially to the youngest and most vulnerable segment of the population. However, besides the highly conservative deterministic method adopted in this study, a refined consumer exposure assessment should be performed through the probabilistic methodology, which is more suitable to represent the real exposure scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lenka Husáková
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Patočka
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Silva LJG, Pereira AMPT, Duarte S, Pedro I, Perdigão C, Silva A, Lino CM, Almeida A, Pena A. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040291. [PMID: 37104229 PMCID: PMC10140980 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice is the second most important cereal crop and is vital for the diet of billions of people. However, its consumption can increase human exposure to chemical contaminants, namely mycotoxins and metalloids. Our goal was to evaluate the occurrence and human exposure of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), and inorganic arsenic (InAs) in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal and evaluate their correlation. The analysis of mycotoxins involved ELISA, with limits of detection (LODs) of 0.8, 1 and 1.75 μg kg-1 for OTA, AFB1, and ZEN, respectively. InAs analysis was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; LOD = 3.3 μg kg-1). No sample showed contamination by OTA. AFB1 was present in 2 (4.8%) samples (1.96 and 2.20 μg kg-1), doubling the European maximum permitted level (MPL). Concerning ZEN, 88.89% of the rice samples presented levels above the LOD up to 14.25 µg kg-1 (average of 2.75 µg kg-1). Regarding InAs, every sample presented concentration values above the LOD up to 100.0 µg kg-1 (average of 35.3 µg kg-1), although none surpassed the MPL (200 µg kg-1). No correlation was observed between mycotoxins and InAs contamination. As for human exposure, only AFB1 surpassed the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake. Children were recognized as the most susceptible group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana J G Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - André M P T Pereira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Duarte
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama Research Center, Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Pedro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Perdigão
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Celeste M Lino
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anabela Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama Research Center, Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBIT-Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Angelina Pena
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Brantom P, Chesson A, Westendorf J, Manini P, Pizzo F, Dusemund B. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of a tincture derived from the fruit of Pimpinella anisum L. (anise tincture) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl). EFSA J 2023; 21:e07962. [PMID: 37077302 PMCID: PMC10107385 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a tincture from the fruit of Pimpinella anisum L. (anise tincture) when used as a sensory additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The product is a ■■■■■ solution, with a dry matter content of approximately 1.6%. The product contained on average 0.0414% polyphenols (of which 0.0144% were flavonoids), 0.0009% anisaldehyde, 0.0003% anethole. Estragole (≤ 1.2 mg/kg) was detected in the additive. The estimated maximum content of furocoumarins was 8.2 mg/kg. The use of the anise tincture in feed was not expected to increase the exposure to furocoumarins of those target species that are already fed citrus by-products to a relevant extent (< 10%). For dogs, cats and ornamental fish not normally exposed to citrus by-products, no conclusion could be drawn. The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the anise tincture was safe at the maximum proposed use levels in complete feed of 200 mg/kg for horses and 50 mg/kg for poultry, pigs, ruminants, rabbits and salmonids and other fin fish. Anise tincture should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes, and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. Since anise tincture may contain furocoumarins, they may cause phototoxicity. When handling the additive, exposure of unprotected users to estragole may occur. Therefore, to reduce the risk, the exposure of the users should be minimised. The use of the anise tincture as a flavour in animal feed was not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since the fruit of P. anisum and its preparations were recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be the same, no demonstration of efficacy was necessary.
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FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Allspice, anise, fennel-derived and related flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113643. [PMID: 36739890 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The FEMA Expert Panel program to re-evaluate the safety of natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavoring ingredients in food has resulted in the publication of an updated constituent-based procedure as well as publications on the safety evaluation of many botanical-derived NFCs. This publication, ninth in the series and related to the ninth publication, describes the affirmation of the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status for NFCs with propenylhydroxybenzene and allylalkoxybenzene constituents under their conditions of intended use as flavoring ingredients added to food. The Panel's procedure applies the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept and evaluates relevant data on absorption, metabolism, genotoxic potential and toxicology for the NFCs themselves and their respective constituent congeneric groups. For NFCs containing allylalkoxybenzene constituent(s) with suspected genotoxic potential, the estimated intake of the individual constituent is compared to the TTC for compounds with structural alerts for genotoxicity and if exceeded, a margin of exposure is calculated using BMDL10 values derived from benchmark dose analyses using Bayesian model averaging, as presented in the tenth article of the series. Safety evaluations for NFCs derived from allspice, anise seed, star anise, sweet fennel seed and pimento leaves were conducted and their GRAS status was affirmed for use as flavoring ingredients. The scope of the safety evaluation contained herein does not include added use in dietary supplements or any products other than food.
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37
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Phan LTK, De Saeger S, Eeckhout M, Jacxsens L. Public health risk due to aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in rice in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-023-00104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMycotoxin contamination in rice can lead to a health risk for consumers. In this study, the health risk among different age groups of Vietnamese population in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam was evaluated through rice consumption. Total aflatoxins (AFs) and fumonisins (FBs) in raw rice samples (n = 50) were analyzed using an ELISA method. A survey (n = 155) was used to collect data on rice consumption and consumer practices for the evaluation of mycotoxin exposure. Results showed that the frequency of AFs and FBs contamination was 60 and 74% with the average concentrations in raw rice ranging from 1.88–4.00 ng/g and 227–290 ng/g from the lower bound (LB) to the upper bound (UB), respectively. The average AFs exposure due to rice consumption was estimated from 0.81 to 2.44 ng/kg bw/day at scenarios LB – UB with the medium bound (MB) of 2.10, 1.60, 1.92 and 1.23 ng/kg bw/day for children, adolescents, adults and elderly, respectively. These values ranged from 343 to 724 ng/kg bw/day with respect to FBs (scenarios LB - UB), which are below the provisional maximum tolerable daily intakes (PMTDI) value (2000 ng/kg bw/day). The margin of exposure (MoE) to AFs ranged from 160 to 1585,179-2669,149–2175 and 206–3480 for children, adolescent, adults and elderly, respectively from UB - LB, indicating a high health risk for this carcinogenic hazard since the values are so lower than 10,000 (safe limit). However, for FBs, MoE value ranged from 105 to 575 (UB-LB) for all groups, which are higher compared to 100 (safe limit), indicating no risk for public health. The mean cancer risk due to estimated AFs exposure at LB - UB was 0.05–0.13 cases/year/100,000 individuals with MB of 0.08–0.13 cases/year/100,000 people for all four age groups. This study provides new insights into probabilistic risk assessment and potential health impact of mycotoxins in rice in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam.
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Zhang Y, Kuang F, Liu C, Ma K, Liu T, Zhao M, Lv G, Huang H. Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Multiple Mycotoxins in Edible and Medicinal Plants. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030209. [PMID: 36977100 PMCID: PMC10056361 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible and medicinal plants (EMPs) are widely used but are easily infected by harmful fungi which produce mycotoxins. Herein, 127 samples from 11 provinces were collected to investigate 15 mycotoxins based on geographic, demographic, processing, and risk characteristics. A total of 13 mycotoxins were detected, and aflatoxin B1 (0.56~97.00 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol (9.41~1570.35 μg/kg), fumonisin B1 (8.25~1875.77 μg/kg), fumonisin B2 (2.74~543.01 μg/kg), ochratoxin A (0.62~19.30 μg/kg), and zearalenone (1.64~2376.58 μg/kg) occurred more frequently. Mycotoxin levels and species were significantly different by region, types of EMPs, and method of processing. The margin of exposure (MOE) values was well below the safe MOE (10,000). AFB1 exposure from Coix seed and malt consumption in China was of high health concern. The hazard Index (HI) method showed the range of 113.15~130.73% for malt, indicating a public health concern. In conclusion, EMPs should be concerned because of the cumulative effects of co-occurred mycotoxins, and safety management strategies should be developed in follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyue Zhang
- School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fengyan Kuang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chunyao Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kai Ma
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Meijuan Zhao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guangping Lv
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (H.H.)
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (H.H.)
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Musto G, Schiano E, Iannuzzo F, Tenore GC, Novellino E, Stornaiuolo M. Genotoxicity Assessment of Nutraceuticals Extracted from Thinned Nectarine (Prunus persica L.) and Grape Seed (Vitis Vinifera L.) Waste Biomass. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061171. [PMID: 36981098 PMCID: PMC10048668 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Agri-food by-products represent a considerable portion of the waste produced in the world and especially when incorrectly disposed of, contribute to air, soil, and water pollution. Recently, recycling of food waste has proven to be an attractive area of research for pharmaceutical companies, that use agri-food by-products (leaves, bark, roots, seeds, second-best vegetables) as alternative raw material for the extraction of bioactive compounds. Developers and producers are however, advised to assess the safety of nutraceuticals obtained from biowaste that, in virtue of its chemical complexity, could undermine the overall safety of the final products. Here, in compliance with EFSA regulations, we use the Ames test (OECD 471) and the micronucleus test (OECD 487) to assess the mutagenicity of two nutraceuticals obtained from food waste. The first consists of grape seeds (Vitis vinifera L.) that have undergone a process of food-grade depolymerization of proanthocyanidins to release more bioavailable flavan-3-ols. The second nutraceutical product consists of thinned nectarines (Prunus persica L. var nucipersica) containing abscisic acid and polyphenols. The results presented here show that these products are, before as well as after metabolization, non-mutagenic, up to the doses of 5 mg and 100 μg per plate for the Ames and micronucleus test, respectively, and can be thus considered genotoxically safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Musto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Schiano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fortuna Iannuzzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariano Stornaiuolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Szternfeld P, Montalvo D, Broos J, Cheyns K, Joly L, Vanhee C. Pesticides, trace elements and pharmaceuticals in tea samples available in Belgian retail shops and the risk associated upon acute and chronic exposure. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:58-68. [PMID: 36537161 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2145617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the consumption of tea and herbal tea has gained more and more popularity across the globe, but the potential presence of chemical contaminants (e.g. pesticides, trace elements, synthetic drugs) may raise health concerns. This study analysed selected teas available in Belgian retail stores and performed a risk assessment for these samples. No chemical adulteration could be detected in dry tea material. More than 38% of the dry leaves samples contained at least one pesticide exceeding the maximal residue level (MRL) set by the EU. However, further risk assessment, based on the values of pesticide residues and the toxic trace elements encountered in the brew, demonstrate that the consumption of these teas will not give rise to health concerns. Nonetheless, attention should be given to the leaching potential of nickel from teas and the presence of arsenic in brews from algae containing teas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Szternfeld
- Department of Chemical & Physical Health Risks, Chemical & Physical Health Risks department, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Daniela Montalvo
- Department of Chemical and physical health risks, Laboratory of trace elements and nanomaterials, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Julie Broos
- Department of Chemical & Physical Health Risks, Chemical & Physical Health Risks department, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Karlien Cheyns
- Department of Chemical and physical health risks, Laboratory of trace elements and nanomaterials, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Laure Joly
- Department of Chemical & Physical Health Risks, Chemical & Physical Health Risks department, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Celine Vanhee
- Department of Chemical and physical health risks, Laboratory of medicines and health products, Brussels, Belgium
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Ogallo IO, Kaindi DWM, Abong GO, Mwangi AM. Dietary aflatoxin exposure of lactating mothers of children 0-6 months in Makueni County, Kenya. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2023:e13493. [PMID: 36814005 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The southeastern region of Kenya is prone to aflatoxin outbreaks, yet maternal and infant aflatoxin intake levels remain unclear. We determined dietary aflatoxin exposure of 170 lactating mothers breastfeeding children aged 6 months and below in a descriptive cross-sectional study involving aflatoxin analysis of maize-based cooked food samples (n = 48). Their socioeconomic characteristics, food consumption patterns and postharvest handling of maize were determined. Aflatoxins were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package Software for Social Sciences (SPSS version 27) and Palisade's @Risk software. About 46% of the mothers were from low-income households, and 48.2% had not attained the basic level of education. A generally low dietary diversity was reported among 54.1% of lactating mothers. Food consumption pattern was skewed towards starchy staples. Approximately 50% never treated their maize, and at least 20% stored their maize in containers that promote aflatoxin contamination. Aflatoxin was detected in 85.4% of food samples. The mean of total aflatoxin was 97.8 μg/kg (standard deviation [SD], 57.7), while aflatoxin B1 was 9.0 μg/kg (SD, 7.7). The mean dietary intake of total aflatoxin and aflatoxin B1 was 7.6 μg/kg/b.w.t/day (SD, 7.5) and 0.6 (SD, 0.6), respectively. Dietary aflatoxin exposure of lactating mothers was high (margin of exposure < 10,000). Sociodemographic characteristics, food consumption patterns and postharvest handling of maize variably influenced dietary aflatoxin exposure of the mothers. The high prevalence and presence of aflatoxin in foods of lactating mothers are a public health concern and calls for the need to devise easy-to-use household food safety and monitoring measures in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac O Ogallo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food, Science, Nutrition & Technology, Applied Human Nutrition Program, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of International Agricultural Development, Graduate School of International Food and Agricultural Studies, Tropical Crop Science, Master Program, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dasel W M Kaindi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food, Science, Nutrition & Technology, Applied Human Nutrition Program, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George O Abong
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food, Science, Nutrition & Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alice M Mwangi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food, Science, Nutrition & Technology, Applied Human Nutrition Program, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Udugu, Ufanisi Ustawi wa Jamii (3UJ) Development Limited, Nairobi, Kenya
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42
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Davidsen JM, Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Rosol TJ, Harman CL, Taylor SV. FEMA GRAS assessment of derivatives of basil, nutmeg, parsley, tarragon and related allylalkoxybenzene-containing natural flavor complexes. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113646. [PMID: 36804339 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a program for the re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavoring ingredients in food. In this publication, tenth in the series, NFCs containing a high percentage of at least one naturally occurring allylalkoxybenzene constituent with a suspected concern for genotoxicity and/or carcinogenicity are evaluated. In a related paper, ninth in the series, NFCs containing anethole and/or eugenol and relatively low percentages of these allylalkoxybenzenes are evaluated. The Panel applies the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept and evaluates relevant toxicology data on the NFCs and their respective constituent congeneric groups. For NFCs containing allylalkoxybenzene constituent(s), the estimated intake of the constituent is compared to the TTC for compounds with structural alerts for genotoxicity and when exceeded, a margin of exposure (MOE) is calculated. BMDL10 values are derived from benchmark dose analyses using Bayesian model averaging for safrole, estragole and methyl eugenol using EPA's BMDS software version 3.2. BMDL10 values for myristicin, elemicin and parsley apiole were estimated by read-across using relative potency factors. Margins of safety for each constituent congeneric group and MOEs for each allylalkoxybenzene constituent for each NFC were determined that indicate no safety concern. The scope of the safety evaluation contained herein does not include added use in dietary supplements or any products other than food. Ten NFCs, derived from basil, estragon (tarragon), mace, nutmeg, parsley and Canadian snakeroot were determined or affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients based on an evaluation of each NFC and the constituents and congeneric groups therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Davidsen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C, 20036, USA
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3135, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- University of Kaiserslautern, Germany (Retired), Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Metabolism, Digestion, Reproduction, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St, S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C, 20036, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Scientific Secretary to the FEMA Expert Panel, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C, 20036, USA.
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Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M 1 in Raw Milk and Cottage Cheese in Adults in Ethiopia. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040817. [PMID: 36832891 PMCID: PMC9957127 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (milk toxin) found in milk is formed from the hepatic biotransformation of AFB1 (aflatoxin B1) and poses a risk to human health when consumed. The risk assessment of AFM1 exposure due to milk consumption is a valuable way to assess health risk. The objective of the present work was to determine an exposure and risk assessment of AFM1 in raw milk and cheese, and it is the first of its kind in Ethiopia. Determination of AFM1 was conducted using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results indicated that AFM1 was positive in all samples of milk products. The risk assessment was determined using margin of exposure (MOE), estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard index (HI), and cancer risk. The mean EDIs for raw milk and cheese consumers were 0.70 and 0.16 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. Our results showed that almost all mean MOE values were <10,000, which suggests a potential health issue. The mean HI values obtained were 3.50 and 0.79 for raw milk and cheese consumers, respectively, which indicates adverse health effects for large consumers of raw milk. For milk and cheese consumers, the mean cancer risk was 1.29 × 10-6 and 2.9 × 10-6 cases/100,000 person/year, respectively, which indicates a low risk for cancer. Therefore, a risk assessment of AFM1 in children should be investigated further as they consume more milk than adults.
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Palmont P, Membré JM, Rivière G, Bemrah N. Risk ranking of chemical hazards in foods: comparison of aggregating methods using infant formula as an example. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:193-201. [PMID: 36602446 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2163302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to rank several chemical hazards present in one food item, namely infant formula. We first identified the substances potentially present in infant foods according to the results of the French infant Total Diet Study and to the available scientific literature. Second, we built three criteria to rank the hazards: severity, contribution to the total exposure, and risk characterisation. Each criterion was scored using quantitative or semi-quantitative scales. Third, in order to rank the chemical hazards, two approaches of aggregation of the three criteria were deployed. On the one hand, a multi-criteria decision analysis outranking method and on the other hand a semi-quantitative risk-matrix type method. We then tested these approaches on follow-on formulae for the 7-12 months population, for which contamination data from the French infant Total Diet study were available. The results of both methods showed that the six prioritised substances are the same even if not in the exact same order (acrylamide, inorganic arsenic, furan, chromium VI, lead and PCDD/Fs) demonstrating the robustness of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Palmont
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Gilles Rivière
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nawel Bemrah
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
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Multi-mycotoxin detection and human exposure risk assessment in medicinal foods. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112456. [PMID: 36738010 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination in medicinal foods has attracted increasing global attention. In this study, a simple and sensitive ultrasonication assisted one-step extraction based ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) method was developed for simultaneous detection of multi-mycotoxins in five kinds of medicinal foods rich in starch. Under optimal conditions, the developed technique displayed excellent analytical performances. Limits of detection and quantitation for the six mycotoxins were 0.04-0.25 ng/mL and 0.10-0.67 ng/mL, respectively. Average recoveries at three fortified levels ranged from 75.33 % to 118.0 %. Real-world application in 103 batches of medicinal foods displayed that 58 samples were positive with one or more mycotoxins at an occurrence rate of 56.31 % (58/103). Coix seed gave the highest positive rate of 96.15 %, followed by Lily (90 %), Chinese yam (50 %), Lotus seed (34.04 %) and Malt (30 %). Zearalenone had the highest positive rate of 28.16 % with contents in 5 Coix seeds exceeding the maximum residue limit (MRL), followed by aflatoxin B1 of 27.18 % (28/103) with contents in 7 Coix seed and 10 Lotus seeds over its MRL, and ochratoxin A (OTA) of 11.65 % with contents in 1 Lotus seed and 5 Lily samples greater than its MRL. Exposure risk assessment indicated that Coix seed and Lotus seeds that were susceptible to aflatoxins posed great threats to human health. Long-term consumption of Lily that was easily contaminated with OTA were also harmful. This work provides a robust platform for multi-mycotoxin monitoring in medicinal foods to protect the consumers from potential health risks.
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Kim MK, Kang JS, Kundu A, Kim HS, Lee BM. Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction of Ptaquiloside in Bracken Fern. TOXICS 2023; 11:115. [PMID: 36850990 PMCID: PMC9959108 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the optimal boiling time to reduce ptaquiloside (PTA) and to carry out a risk assessment for PTA, a representative toxic substance found in bracken fern (BF; Pteridium aquilinum), which is frequently consumed as food in East Asian countries. High-performance liquid chromatography showed that the concentration of PTA in BF was reduced by up to 99% after boiling for 20 min. Risk assessment results showed that the cancer margin of exposure (MOE; ≥ 25,000 = safe) to PTA for an average daily exposure scenario after boiling BF for 20 min was considered safe. In addition, the non-cancer MOE (≥ 300 = safe) to PTA under an average daily exposure scenario after BF boiling for 20 min was considered safe. However, human exposure to PTA was considered unsafe under the non-boiled BF exposure and maximum daily exposure scenarios. Therefore, boiling BF for at least 20 min is recommended before consumption, to reduce exposure to PTA as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kook Kim
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Soo Kang
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Amit Kundu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
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Cheng M, Tan Z, Zeng X, Liu Z, Liu P, Ali A, Qiu H, Jiang W, Qin H. Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seasoning Flour Products in Hunan, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:963. [PMID: 36673717 PMCID: PMC9859540 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20020963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants with carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects. Dietary intake is one of the significant exposure pathways of PAHs. In this study, gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was used to detect 16 priority PAHs listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in seasoning flour products distributed in Hunan Province. The consumption of seasoning flour products by the Hunan population was investigated by questionnaire. The results showed that the detection rate of PAHs in seasoning flour products in Hunan Province was 92.41%. Among them, benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), phenanthrene (PHE), fluoranthene (FLA), and chrysene (CHR) were dominant. The total PAHs and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) contents of soggy seasoning flour product samples were higher than those of crisp samples and chewy samples. The total amount of PAHs in rod-shaped and flaky samples were higher than that in filamentous and granular samples. The margin of exposure (MOE) values of various seasoning flour products and all age groups (children, adolescents, and adults) was much more significant than 10,000. Moreover, the incremental lifetime of cancer risk (ILCR) values of all age groups were below 1 × 10-5. The above results indicate that PAHs in seasoning flour products have a relatively low health risk for the Hunan population. Still, it is recommended that susceptible populations (children, adolescents, etc.) should control their intake of flour products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Cheng
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Changsha County Comprehensive Testing Center, Changsha 410100, China
| | - Xiwen Zeng
- Changsha County Comprehensive Testing Center, Changsha 410100, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Pingyu Liu
- Changsha County Comprehensive Testing Center, Changsha 410100, China
| | - Anwar Ali
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Huali Qiu
- Changsha County Comprehensive Testing Center, Changsha 410100, China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- Changsha County Comprehensive Testing Center, Changsha 410100, China
| | - Hong Qin
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
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48
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Li AP, Shi YP. Effect of Adulteration on Quality and Preliminary Risk Assessment of the Decoction Pieces of Farfarae Flos Based on the Determination of Hepatotoxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids by UHPLC-MS/MS. J AOAC Int 2022; 106:192-204. [PMID: 35866688 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farfarae Flos (FF) is a frequently used traditional herbal medicine with outstanding antitussive actions. The adulteration of FF decoction pieces is common. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to study the effect of adulteration on the safety and quality of FF decoction pieces. METHODS The proportion of impurities was conducted by cone quartering method. A simple and accurate ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was established to simultaneous determinate three pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) as endogenous toxic compounds in FF. The traditional medicinal parts (flower bud), impurities (pedicel and rhizome) and unselected samples were determined respectively. The values of estimated daily intake (EDI) and margin of exposure (MOE) were used for risk assessment. RESULTS Twenty batches of samples were collected from different habitats, and the proportion of impurities ranged from 17.51% to 41.27%. Pedicel and rhizome were the main impurities, accounting for more than 87.40% of the total impurities. The content of PAs in impurities was significantly higher. The EDI value range was 5.34 to 16.59 μg/kg bw/day, which was much higher than the standard safety value of 7.00 × 10-3 μg/kg bw/day. The MOE values ranges for life long time and shorter exposure were 14.29 to 44.37 and 371.53 to 1153.63, respectively, indicating that at least 80% of the samples had safety risks. Correlation analysis showed that the proportion of adulterated impurities had significant correlation with the values of EDI and MOE. CONCLUSIONS Adulteration of non medicinal parts may significantly increase the risk of medications of FF decoction pieces. HIGHLIGHTS This study provides an efficient methodology reference for the control of PAs and a basis for adulteration to affect the safety and quality of FF decoction pieces.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ping Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 18 Tianshui Middle Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.,Gansu Institute for Drug Control, Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Decoction Pieces, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), Lanzhou 730000, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yan-Ping Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 18 Tianshui Middle Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin Contamination, Impact on Health and Food Security, and Management Strategies in Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120845. [PMID: 36548742 PMCID: PMC9781569 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most important toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic fungal toxins that routinely contaminate food and feed. While more than 20 AFs have been identified to date, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), G2 (AFG2), and M1 (AFM1) are the most common. Over 25 species of Aspergillus have been shown to produce AFs, with Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomius being the most important and well-known AF-producing fungi. These ubiquitous molds can propagate on agricultural commodities to produce AFs in fields and during harvesting, processing, transportation, and storage. Countries with warmer climates and that produce foods susceptible to AF contamination shoulder a substantial portion of the global AF burden. Pakistan's warm climate promotes the growth of toxigenic fungi, resulting in frequent AF contamination of human foods and animal feeds. The potential for contamination in Pakistan is exacerbated by improper storage conditions and a lack of regulatory limits and enforcement mechanisms. High levels of AFs in common commodities produced in Pakistan are a major food safety problem, posing serious health risks to the population. Furthermore, aflatoxin contamination contributes to economic losses by limiting exports of these commodities. In this review, recent information regarding the fungal producers of AFs, prevalence of AF contamination of foods and feed, current regulations, and AF prevention and removal strategies are summarized, with a major focus on Pakistan.
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Fašmon Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Brantom P, Chesson A, Westendorf J, Manini P, Pizzo F, Dusemund B. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of a tincture derived from the fruit of Illicium verum Hook f. (star anise tincture) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl). EFSA J 2022; 20:e07695. [PMID: 36540777 PMCID: PMC9752817 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a tincture from the fruit (pericarps and seeds) of Illicium verum Hook f. (star anise tincture) when used as a sensory feed additive for all animal species. The product is a ■■■■■ solution, with a dry matter content of approximately 1.86%. The product contained on average 0.2588% polyphenols (of which 0.0229% were flavonoids, including 0.0036% rutin), anethole (0.018%) and estragole (0.00039%). The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the star anise tincture is safe at the maximum proposed use levels of 200 mg/kg complete feed for horses and 50 mg/kg complete feed for all other animal species. The FEEDAP Panel considered that the use in water for drinking is safe provided that the total daily intake of the additive does not exceed the daily amount which is considered safe when consumed via feed. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of star anise tincture up to the maximum proposed use levels in feed. Star anise tincture should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes, and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. When handling the tincture, exposure of unprotected users to estragole cannot be excluded. Therefore, to reduce the risk, the exposure of the users should be minimised. The use of star anise tincture as a flavour in animal feed was not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since the fruit of I. verum and its preparations are recognised to provide flavour in food and their function in feed would be essentially the same, no demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.
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