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Fieldman T. Evolutionary principles for modifying pathogen virulence. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:385-396. [PMID: 37146153 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2203766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for combatting infectious diseases are largely limited to the prevention of infection, enhancing host immunity (via vaccination), and administration of small molecules to slow the growth of or kill pathogens (e.g. antimicrobials). Beyond efforts to deter the rise of antimicrobial resistance, little consideration is given to pathogen evolution. Natural selection will favor different levels of virulence under different circumstances. Experimental studies and a wealth of theoretical work have identified many likely evolutionary determinants of virulence. Some of these, such as transmission dynamics, are amenable to modification by clinicians and public health practitioners. In this article, we provide a conceptual overview of virulence, followed by an analysis of modifiable evolutionary determinants of virulence including vaccinations, antibiotics, and transmission dynamics. Finally, we discuss both the importance and limitations of taking an evolutionary approach to reducing pathogen virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Fieldman
- Clinical Microbiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Yin Z, Sun X, Chai X, Zhou X, Wang Y, Liu M, Feng X. The Effects of Dietary Pterostilbene on the Immune Response, Antioxidant Function, and Jejunal Structure of Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1851. [PMID: 38997964 PMCID: PMC11240711 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of pterostilbene (PTE) supplementation in feed on Arbor Acres broilers in terms of serum biochemical parameters, immune and inflammatory responses, antioxidant status, and intestinal morphological structure. For a duration of 42 days, a total of 480 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into four groups. Each group was assigned to receive either the basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg of PTE. Each treatment consisted of eight replicates, with 15 chicks per replicate. In comparison with the control group, three PTE treatments significantly increased the lymphocyte transformation rate in the spleen of broilers. The automated biochemical analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and RT-qPCR analysis kits found that 400 mg/kg of PTE significantly increased the serum levels of complement C3, IL-4, and iNOS; reduced the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and mRNA levels of the genes IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, NLRP3, and IFN-γ; significantly improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes including CAT, GSH-Px, and T-SOD in the jejunum; and significantly reduced the MDA contents in the serum and jejunum of broilers. Nikon microscope observations and ImagePro Plus 6.0 measure results found that 400 mg/kg of PTE supplementation significantly reduced the relative length and weight of the jejunum and improved the jejunal villi structure, resulting in increased intestinal villi, deepened crypt, and an enhanced ratio of villi height to crypt depth (VH/CD). RT-qPCR and Western blot found that dietary PTE also resulted in increased mRNA levels of the genes Claudin-2, Occludin, ZO-1, and Sirt1, and decreased NF-κB protein levels in the jejunum. The results of this study demonstrated that dietary PTE improved the immune function and intestinal health of broilers by reducing inflammation and increasing the antioxidant capacity of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zesheng Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Z.Y.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Xue Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Z.Y.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Xuehong Chai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Z.Y.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Z.Y.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Yingjie Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300222, China;
| | - Mengru Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Z.Y.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Xingjun Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Z.Y.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (M.L.)
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Al Hakeem WG, Cason EE, Adams D, Fathima S, Shanmugasundaram R, Lourenco J, Selvaraj RK. Characterizing the Effect of Campylobacter jejuni Challenge on Growth Performance, Cecal Microbiota, and Cecal Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations in Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:473. [PMID: 38338116 PMCID: PMC10854649 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the effect of C. jejuni challenge on the cecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration to form a better understanding of the host-pathogen interaction. Sixty broilers were randomly allocated into two treatments: control and challenge. Each treatment was replicated in six pens with five birds per pen. On day 21, birds in the challenge group were orally gavaged with 1 × 108C. jejuni/mL, while the control group was mock challenged with PBS. The C. jejuni challenge had no effect on body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. On day 28, the C. jejuni challenge decreased the observed features and Shannon index compared to the control group. On the species level, the C. jejuni challenge decreased (p = 0.02) the relative abundance of Sellimonas intestinalis on day 28 and increased (p = 0.04) the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium sp002160895 on day 35 compared to the control group. The C. jejuni challenge did not change the microbial function and the cecal concentrations of SCFA on days 28 and 35 compared to the control group. In conclusion, C. jejuni might alter the gut microbiota's composition and diversity without significantly compromising broilers' growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid G. Al Hakeem
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060, USA; (W.G.A.H.); (E.E.C.); (D.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Emily E. Cason
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060, USA; (W.G.A.H.); (E.E.C.); (D.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Daniel Adams
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060, USA; (W.G.A.H.); (E.E.C.); (D.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Shahna Fathima
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060, USA; (W.G.A.H.); (E.E.C.); (D.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA;
| | - Jeferson Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060, USA; (W.G.A.H.); (E.E.C.); (D.A.); (S.F.)
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Hamad GM, Gerges M, Mehany T, Hussein SM, Eskander M, Tawfik RG, El-Halmouch Y, Mansour AM, Hafez EE, Esatbeyoglu T, Elghazaly EM. Estimating the Prevalence of Foodborne Pathogen Campylobacter jejuni in Chicken and Its Control via Sorghum Extracts. Pathogens 2023; 12:958. [PMID: 37513805 PMCID: PMC10385792 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a Gram-negative bacterium which is considered as the most reported cause of foodborne infection, especially for poultry species. The object of this work is to evaluate the occurrence of C. jejuni in chicken meat as well its control via three types of sorghum extracts (white sorghum (WS), yellow sorghum (YS), and red sorghum (RS)); antibacterial activity, antioxidant power, and cytotoxicity of sorghum extracts were also assessed. It was found that C. jejuni is very abundant in chicken meat, especially breast and thigh. WS extract showed more effectiveness than both yellow and red ones. Lyophilized WS extract offered high total phenolic compounds (TPCs) and total flavonoid compounds (TFCs) of 64.2 ± 0.8 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE/g) and 33.9 ± 0.4 mg catechol equivalent (CE)/g, respectively. Concerning the antibacterial and antioxidant activities, WS showed high and significant antibacterial activity (p < 0.001); hence, WS displayed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25%, and revealed an inhibition zone of 7.8 ± 0.3 mm; it also showed an IC50 at a concentration of 34.6 μg/mL. In our study, different samples of chicken fillet were collected and inoculated with pathogenic C. jejuni and stored at 4 °C. Inoculated samples were treated with lyophilized WS extract at (2%, 4%, and 6%), the 2% treatment showed a full reduction in C. jejuni on the 10th day, the 4% treatment showed a full reduction in C. jejuni on the 8th day, while the 6% treatment showed a full reduction in C. jejuni on the 6th day. Additionally, 2%, 4%, and 6% WS extracts were applied on un-inoculated grilled chicken fillet, which enhanced its sensory attributes. In sum, WS extract is a promising natural preservative for chicken meat with accepted sensory evaluation results thanks to its high antibacterial and antioxidant potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal M Hamad
- Food Technology Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt
| | - Mariam Gerges
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt
| | - Taha Mehany
- Food Technology Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt
| | - Saleh M Hussein
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Michael Eskander
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt
| | - Rasha G Tawfik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt
| | - Yasser El-Halmouch
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Alaa M Mansour
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt
| | - Elsayed E Hafez
- Department of Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt
| | - Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Department of Food Development and Food Quality, Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Eman M Elghazaly
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Mersa Matruh 51511, Egypt
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Gloanec N, Guyard-Nicodème M, Brunetti R, Quesne S, Keita A, Chemaly M, Dory D. Plasmid DNA Prime/Protein Boost Vaccination against Campylobacter jejuni in Broilers: Impact of Vaccine Candidates on Immune Responses and Gut Microbiota. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051397. [PMID: 37242639 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter infections, traced to poultry products, are major bacterial foodborne zoonoses, and vaccination is a potential solution to reduce these infections. In a previous experimental trial using a plasmid DNA prime/recombinant protein boost vaccine regimen, two vaccine candidates (YP437 and YP9817) induced a partially protective immune response against Campylobacter in broilers, and an impact of the protein batch on vaccine efficacy was suspected. This new study was designed to evaluate different batches of the previously studied recombinant proteins (called YP437A, YP437P and YP9817P) and to enhance the immune responses and gut microbiota studies after a C. jejuni challenge. Throughout the 42-day trial in broilers, caecal Campylobacter load, specific antibodies in serum and bile, the relative expression of cytokines and β-defensins, and caecal microbiota were assessed. Despite there being no significant reduction in Campylobacter in the caecum of vaccinated groups, specific antibodies were detected in serum and bile, particularly for YP437A and YP9817P, whereas the production of cytokines and β-defensins was not significant. The immune responses differed according to the batch. A slight change in microbiota was demonstrated in response to vaccination against Campylobacter. The vaccine composition and/or regimen must be further optimised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Gloanec
- GVB-Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France
- HQPAP-Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France
- UFR of Life Sciences Environment, University of Rennes 1, 35700 Rennes, France
| | - Muriel Guyard-Nicodème
- HQPAP-Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Raphaël Brunetti
- GVB-Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Ségolène Quesne
- HQPAP-Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Alassane Keita
- SELEAC-Avian Breeding and Experimental Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- HQPAP-Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Daniel Dory
- GVB-Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France
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Munoz LR, Bailey MA, Krehling JT, Bourassa DV, Hauck R, Pacheco WJ, Chaves-Cordoba B, Chasteen KS, Talorico AA, Escobar C, Pietruska A, Macklin KS. Effects of dietary yeast cell wall supplementation on growth performance, intestinal Campylobacter jejuni colonization, innate immune response, villus height, crypt depth, and slaughter characteristics of broiler chickens inoculated with Campylobacter jejuni at d 21. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102609. [PMID: 36963334 PMCID: PMC10060741 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to assess the effects of a dietary yeast cell wall (YCW) with and without a Campylobacter jejuni (CJ) challenge. A total of 2,240-day-old Ross 708 males were randomly assigned within 8 treatments with a 4 × 2 factorial design, with 4 diets (negative control, positive control, YCW constant dose (400 g/ton), and YCW step-down dose (800/400/200 g/ton in the starter/grower/finisher diets, respectively) and with and without d 21 CJ oral gavage challenge at 5.2 × 107 CFU/mL. At d 0, 14, 28, and 41 body weights and feed consumption were measured to determine performance. At d 14, 28, and 42, 8 jejunal and ileal histology samples per treatment were collected for villi morphology measurements. At d 22 and 28 (1- and 7-days postinoculation), 24 ileal tissue samples per treatment were collected for relative gene expression analysis. At d 42, 24 cecal content samples per treatment were collected for CJ enumeration. Finally, on d 44, 96 birds per treatment were processed to determine carcass yield and 16 carcass rinses per treatment were collected to determine CJ prevalence after processing. Diet or inoculation did not impact broiler performance (P > 0.05). Limited differences were observed in intestinal morphology, and villus height and crypt depth were different only in the ileum at d 42 (P = 0.0280 and P = 0.0162, respectively). At d 1 postinoculation, differences between treatments inoculated with CJ and PBS were observed in the expression of avian beta defensin 10 (AvBD10), interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) (P < 0.05). At d 7 postinoculation, expression of AvBD10, IL-1ß, and IL-10 was similar among all treatments (P > 0.05). At d 42, all birds, regardless the inoculation, had similar levels of CJ recovered from cecal contents (P > 0.05). After processing, carcass yield and CJ prevalence postchilling was similar in all treatments (P > 0.05). Overall, under the conditions of this study, the addition of YCW during a CJ challenge did not have an impact in growth performance, innate immune response, cecal colonization, carcass yield, or CJ prevalence after processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Munoz
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - James T Krehling
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Dianna V Bourassa
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ruediger Hauck
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Wilmer J Pacheco
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | - Kaicie S Chasteen
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Aidan A Talorico
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Cesar Escobar
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Andrea Pietruska
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ken S Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Ismail H, Ibrahim D, El Sayed S, Wahdan A, El-Tarabili RM, Rizk El-Ghareeb W, Abdullah Alhawas B, Alahmad BAHY, Abdel-Raheem SM, El-Hamid MIA. Prospective Application of Nanoencapsulated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on Broiler Chickens' Performance and Gut Health with Efficacy against Campylobacter jejuni Colonization. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050775. [PMID: 36899631 PMCID: PMC10000182 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics as novel antibiotics' substitutes are verified to provide barriers for hindering the colonization of enteric bacterial pathogens with nutritional benefits. For enhancement of the probiotics' effectiveness, their integration within nanomaterials is a paramount tool to support the progress of new compounds with functional features. Therefore, we addressed the impact of effective delivery of probiotics (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) loaded nanoparticles (BNPs) on performance and Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) shedding and colonization in poultry. Two hundred Ross broiler chickens were divided into four groups fed various BNP levels: BNPs I, BNPs II, BNPs III, and BNPs-free diets for 35 days. Nanoparticles delivery of probiotics within broiler diets improved growth performance as reflected by higher body weight gain and superior feed conversion ratio, especially in BNPs II- and BNPs III-fed groups. In parallel, the mRNA expression levels of digestive enzymes encoding genes (AMY2a, PNLIP, CELA1, and CCK) achieved their peaks in BNPs III-fed group (1.69, 1.49, 1.33, and 1.29-fold change, respectively) versus the control one. Notably, with increasing the levels of BNPs, the abundance of beneficial microbiota, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, was favored over harmful ones, including Clostridium species and Enterobacteriaceae. Birds fed higher levels of BNPs displayed significant improvement in the expression of barrier functions-linked genes including DEFB1, FABP-2, and MUC-2 alongside substantial reduction in cecal colonization and fecal shedding of C. jejuni. From the aforementioned positive effects of BNPs, we concluded their potential roles as growth promoters and effective preventive aids for C. jejuni infection in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Ismail
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Food Hygiene Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.I.); (D.I.)
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.I.); (D.I.)
| | - Shorouk El Sayed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ali Wahdan
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Reham M. El-Tarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Waleed Rizk El-Ghareeb
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Bassam Abdullah Alhawas
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Abdul-Hakim Y. Alahmad
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherief M. Abdel-Raheem
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Gloanec N, Dory D, Quesne S, Béven V, Poezevara T, Keita A, Chemaly M, Guyard-Nicodème M. Impact of DNA Prime/Protein Boost Vaccination against Campylobacter jejuni on Immune Responses and Gut Microbiota in Chickens. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060981. [PMID: 35746589 PMCID: PMC9231206 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is reported to be the leading zoonosis in Europe, and poultry is the main reservoir of Campylobacter. Despite all the efforts made, there is still no efficient vaccine to fight this bacterium directly in poultry. Recent studies have reported interactions between the chicken immune system and gut microbiota in response to Campylobacter colonisation. The present study was designed to analyse in more depth the immune responses and caecal microbiota following vaccination with a DNA prime/protein boost flagellin-based vaccine that induces some protection in specific-pathogen-free White Leghorn chickens, as shown previously. These data may help to improve future vaccination protocols against Campylobacter in poultry. Here a vaccinated and a placebo group were challenged by C. jejuni at the age of 19 days. A partial reduction in Campylobacter loads was observed in the vaccinated group. This was accompanied by the production of specific systemic and mucosal antibodies. Transient relatively higher levels of Interleukin-10 and antimicrobial peptide avian β-defensin 10 gene expressions were observed in the vaccinated and placebo groups respectively. The analysis of caecal microbiota revealed the vaccination's impact on its structure and composition. Specifically, levels of operational taxonomic units classified as Ruminococcaceae and Bacillaceae increased on day 40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Gloanec
- GVB–Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (N.G.); (V.B.)
- HQPAP–Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (M.G.-N.)
- UFR of Life Sciences Environment, University of Rennes 1, 35700 Rennes, France
| | - Daniel Dory
- GVB–Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (N.G.); (V.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)2-96-31-64-42
| | - Ségolène Quesne
- HQPAP–Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (M.G.-N.)
| | - Véronique Béven
- GVB–Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (N.G.); (V.B.)
| | - Typhaine Poezevara
- HQPAP–Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (M.G.-N.)
| | - Alassane Keita
- SELEAC–Avian Breeding and Experimental Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France;
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- HQPAP–Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (M.G.-N.)
| | - Muriel Guyard-Nicodème
- HQPAP–Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (M.G.-N.)
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Lou H, Li X, Sheng X, Fang S, Wan S, Sun A, Chen H. Development of a Trivalent Construct Omp18/AhpC/FlgH Multi Epitope Peptide Vaccine Against Campylobacter jejuni. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:773697. [PMID: 35095793 PMCID: PMC8793626 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.773697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is one of the major pathogens contributing to the enteritis in humans. Infection can lead to numerous complications, including but not limited to Guillain-Barre syndrome, reactive arthritis, and Reiter’s syndrome. Over the past two decades, joint efforts have been made toward developing a proper strategy of limiting the transmission of C. jejuni to humans. Nevertheless, except for biosecurity measures, no available vaccine has been developed so far. Judging from the research findings, Omp18, AhpC outer membrane protein, and FlgH flagellin subunits of C. jejuni could be adopted as surface protein antigens of C. jejuni for screening dominant epitope thanks to their strong antigenicity, expression of varying strains, and conservative sequence. In this study, bioinformatics technology was adopted to analyze the T-B antigenic epitopes of Omp18, AhpC, and FlgH in C. jejuni strain NCTC11168. Both ELISA and Western Blot methods were adopted to screen the dominant T-B combined epitope. GGS (GGCGGTAGC) sequence was adopted to connect the dominant T-B combined epitope peptides and to construct the prokaryotic expression system of tandem repeats of antigenic epitope peptides. The mouse infection model was adopted to assess the immunoprotective effect imposed by the trivalent T-B combined with antigen epitope peptide based on Omp18/AhpC/FlgH. In this study, a tandem epitope AhpC-2/Omp18-1/FlgH-1 was developed, which was composed of three epitopes and could effectively enhance the stability and antigenicity of the epitope while preserving its structure. The immunization of BALB/c mice with a tandem epitope could induce protective immunity accompanied by the generation of IgG2a antibody response through the in vitro synthesis of IFN-γ cytokines. Judging from the results of immune protection experiments, the colonization of C. jejuni declined to a significant extent, and it was expected that AhpC-2/Omp18-1/FlgH-1 could be adopted as a candidate antigen for genetic engineering vaccine of C. jejuni MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Lou
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Xusheng Li
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiusheng Sheng
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Shuiqin Fang
- Shanghai Prajna Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoye Wan
- Shanghai Prajna Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Aihua Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haohao Chen
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
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10
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Di Marcantonio L, Marotta F, Vulpiani MP, Sonntag Q, Iannetti L, Janowicz A, Serafino GD, Di Giannatale E, Garofolo G. Investigating the cecal microbiota in broiler poultry farms and its potential relationships with animal welfare. Res Vet Sci 2022; 144:115-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Wyszyńska AK, Godlewska R. Lactic Acid Bacteria - A Promising Tool for Controlling Chicken Campylobacter Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:703441. [PMID: 34650524 PMCID: PMC8506037 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.703441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2005, campylobacteriosis has been the most common zoonotic disease in Europe. The main reservoir of pathogenic Campylobacter strains is broilers, which makes raw and undercooked poultry meat two major sources of disease. Infection in chicken flocks is most often asymptomatic, despite a high level of colonization reaching 106-109cfu/g in animal ceca. It is widely believed that controlling the level of colonization of the birds' digestive tract by pathogenic strains is a good way to increase food safety. Many treatments have been proposed to combat or at least reduce the level of colonization in animals reservoirs: probiotics, bacteriophages, vaccines, and anti-Campylobacter bacteriocins. This review focuses on the effects of Campylobacter infection on the chicken microbiome and colonization control strategies using probiotics (mostly lactic acid bacteria, LAB), which are live microorganisms included in the diet of animals as feed additives or supplements. Probiotics are not only an alternative to antibiotics, which were used for years as animal growth promoters, but they also constitute an effective protective barrier against excessive colonization of the digestive system by pathogenic bacteria, including Campylobacter. Moreover, one of the many beneficial functions of probiotics is the ability to manipulate the host's microbiota. Recently, there have also been some promising attempts to use lactic acid bacteria as a delivery system of oral vaccine against Campylobacter. Recombinant LAB strains induce primarily a mucosal immune response against foreign antigens, accompanied by at most a low-level immune response against carrier strains. Since the main barrier against the invasion of pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract is the intestinal mucosal membrane, the development of effective oral vaccines to protect animals against enteric infection is very reasonable.
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12
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Stamps BW, Kuroiwa J, Isidean SD, Schilling MA, Harro C, Talaat KR, Sack DA, Tribble DR, Maue AC, Rimmer JE, Laird RM, Porter CK, Goodson MS, Poly F. Exploring Changes in the Host Gut Microbiota During a Controlled Human Infection Model for Campylobacter jejuni. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:702047. [PMID: 34532299 PMCID: PMC8439579 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.702047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni infection is a leading cause of foodborne disease, common to children, adult travelers, and military populations in low- to middle-income countries. In the absence of a licensed vaccine, efforts to evaluate prophylactic agents are underway. The prophylactic efficacy of a twice-daily, 550 mg dose of the antibiotic rifaximin demonstrated no efficacy against campylobacteriosis in a controlled human infection model (CHIM); however, samples from the CHIM study were utilized to assess how the human gut microbiome responds to C. jejuni infection, and if a ‘protective’ microbiota exists in study participants not developing campylobacteriosis. Statistically significant, but minor, differences in study participant beta diversity were identified during the challenge period (p = 0.002, R2 = 0.042), but no significant differences were otherwise observed. Pre-challenge alpha diversity was elevated in study participants who did not develop campylobacteriosis compared to those who did (p < 0.001), but alpha diversity declined in all study participants from the pre-challenge period to post-discharge. Our work provides insight into gut microbiome shifts observed during a C. jejuni CHIM and following antibiotic treatment. This study utilized a high dose of 1.7 x 105 colony-forming units of C. jejuni; future work could include CHIM studies performed with inocula more closely mimicking natural exposure as well as field studies involving naturally-occurring enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake W Stamps
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States.,Integrative Health and Performance Sciences Division, UES, Inc., Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Janelle Kuroiwa
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sandra D Isidean
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Megan A Schilling
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Clayton Harro
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kawsar R Talaat
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David A Sack
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David R Tribble
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alexander C Maue
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joanna E Rimmer
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Medical Directorate, Joint Medical Command, Information and Communications Technology Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Renee M Laird
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chad K Porter
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Michael S Goodson
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Frédéric Poly
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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13
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Cayrou C, Barratt NA, Ketley JM, Bayliss CD. Phase Variation During Host Colonization and Invasion by Campylobacter jejuni and Other Campylobacter Species. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:705139. [PMID: 34394054 PMCID: PMC8355987 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.705139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase variation (PV) is a phenomenon common to a variety of bacterial species for niche adaption and survival in challenging environments. Among Campylobacter species, PV depends on the presence of intergenic and intragenic hypermutable G/C homopolymeric tracts. The presence of phase-variable genes is of especial interest for species that cause foodborne or zoonotic infections in humans. PV influences the formation and the structure of the lipooligosaccharide, flagella, and capsule in Campylobacter species. PV of components of these molecules is potentially important during invasion of host tissues, spread within hosts and transmission between hosts. Motility is a critical phenotype that is potentially modulated by PV. Variation in the status of the phase-variable genes has been observed to occur during colonization in chickens and mouse infection models. Interestingly, PV is also involved in bacterial survival of attack by bacteriophages even during chicken colonization. This review aims to explore and discuss observations of PV during model and natural infections by Campylobacter species and how PV may affect strategies for fighting infections by this foodborne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cayrou
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie A Barratt
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Julian M Ketley
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D Bayliss
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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14
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Feeding Malic Acid to Chickens at Slaughter Age Improves Microbial Safety with Regard to Campylobacter. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071999. [PMID: 34359127 PMCID: PMC8300160 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chicken meat has become a popular food that is consumed worldwide. However, chicken flocks suffer from Campylobacter infection during their rearing period. Campylobacter is the most serious pathogen colonizing chicken flocks which could be transmitted through the food chain and threaten public health. The traditional strategy of using antibiotics to inhibit pathogens in chicken flocks is no longer acceptable due to the increasing risk of antibiotic resistance. Thus, finding alternative antimicrobial agents has become a priority in recent years. In this study, malic acid was supplied to flocks in order to find an effective means of reducing the contamination of Campylobacter and to evaluate its potential effects on poultry production. By using malic acid-supplemented drinking water for 5 days before slaughtering, the Campylobacter carriage was significantly decreased in the treated group compared to the control group. Malic acid has no adverse effects on chickens, though it could change the composition of chicken meat by increasing the moisture content and decreasing the fat content and it could be applied as a potential antimicrobial agent in poultry production. Abstract This study supplied malic acid-supplemented drinking water to flocks that were naturally Campylobacter-positive and assessed the effect of feeding malic acid to chickens on Campylobacter reduction and poultry production. In Experiment 1, chickens were provided with malic acid-supplemented drinking water for three weeks. The contamination loads of Campylobacter were decreased by 0.91–0.98 log after the first week of use (p < 0.05). However, this effect did not persist over time and significant decontamination could not be found in the second and third weeks of application. Thus, in Experiment 2 malic acid-supplemented drinking water was given to chickens for a period of five days at slaughter age. The Campylobacter carriage was found to be effectively decreased by 1.05–1.55 log (p < 0.05). Malic acid had no adverse effects on chicken body weight, weight gain, intestinal indices, or the microbiota. In addition, it could change the composition of chicken meat since the moisture content was increased by 5.12–5.92% (p < 0.05) and the fat content was decreased by 1.60% (p < 0.05). Our study provides an effective means for reducing the contamination of Campylobacter during the chicken rearing period and this method can be applied to promote the safe development of poultry farming and its products.
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15
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Asakura H, Nakayama T, Yamamoto S, Izawa K, Kawase J, Torii Y, Murakami S. Long-Term Grow-Out Affects Campylobacter jejuni Colonization Fitness in Coincidence With Altered Microbiota and Lipid Composition in the Cecum of Laying Hens. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:675570. [PMID: 34222400 PMCID: PMC8249580 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.675570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of gastrointestinal illness worldwide and is mainly transmitted from chicken through the food chain. Previous studies have provided increasing evidence that this pathogen can colonize and replicate in broiler chicken during its breeding; however, its temporal kinetics in laying hen are poorly understood. Considering the possible interaction between C. jejuni and gut microbiota, the current study was conducted to address the temporal dynamics of C. jejuni in the cecum of laying hen over 40 weeks, with possible alteration of the gut microbiota and fatty acid (FA) components. Following oral infection with C. jejuni 81-176, inocula were stably recovered from ceca for up to 8 weeks post-infection (p.i.). From 16 weeks p.i., most birds became negative for C. jejuni and remained negative up to 40 weeks p.i. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses revealed that most of the altered relative rRNA gene abundances occurred in the order Clostridiales, in which increased relative rRNA gene abundances were observed at >16 weeks p.i. in the families Clostridiaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Peptococcaceae. Lipidome analyses revealed increased levels of sterols associated with bile acid metabolisms in the cecum at 16 and/or 24 weeks p.i. compared with those detected at 8 weeks p.i., suggesting that altered microbiota and bile acid metabolism might underlie the decreased colonization fitness of C. jejuni in the gut of laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Asakura
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nakayama
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shiori Yamamoto
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Izawa
- Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, Japan
| | - Jun Kawase
- Department of Bacteriology, Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Matsue City, Japan
| | - Yasushi Torii
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi City, Japan
| | - Satoshi Murakami
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi City, Japan
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16
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Elmi A, Nasher F, Dorrell N, Wren B, Gundogdu O. Revisiting Campylobacter jejuni Virulence and Fitness Factors: Role in Sensing, Adapting, and Competing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:607704. [PMID: 33614526 PMCID: PMC7887314 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.607704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis world wide and represents a major public health concern. Over the past two decades, significant progress in functional genomics, proteomics, enzymatic-based virulence profiling (EBVP), and the cellular biology of C. jejuni have improved our basic understanding of this important pathogen. We review key advances in our understanding of the multitude of emerging virulence factors that influence the outcome of C. jejuni–mediated infections. We highlight, the spatial and temporal dynamics of factors that promote C. jejuni to sense, adapt and survive in multiple hosts. Finally, we propose cohesive research directions to obtain a comprehensive understanding of C. jejuni virulence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdi Elmi
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fauzy Nasher
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Dorrell
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan Wren
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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17
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The Probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum Biocenol CCM 7514 Moderates Campylobacter jejuni-Induced Body Weight Impairment by Improving Gut Morphometry and Regulating Cecal Cytokine Abundance in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010235. [PMID: 33477806 PMCID: PMC7832853 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary High consumption of chicken meat and derived products has been associated with Campylobacter jejuni infections in humans. Probiotics have been exploited successfully with the aim of preventing colonization by unwanted microorganisms in birds. In this research, we investigated the effects of Lactobacillus fermentum Biocenol CCM 7514 supplementation on body weight, morphometry of the intestine and the cecal cytokine response. Probiotic-treated chickens showed higher body weight values than those exposed to C. jejuni or reared under control conditions. These differences in body weight were correlated to the overall characteristics of the small intestine, with larger villi and deeper crypts, observed in chickens administered with L. fermentum; such conditions are known to favor nutrient absorption. Likewise, body weight proved to be correlated to transcript abundance of IL-1β and IL-13. In probiotic-treated birds, such factors were upregulated in comparison to what was detected in C. jejuni-infected chickens; these interleukins are considered crucial in the response to invading pathogens. Clearly, these results show that administration of this probiotic strain lessens the negative effects elicited by C. jejuni and ultimately improves chicken body weight. Abstract This research was conducted to investigate if the administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum could influence body weight, intestinal morphometry and the cecal cytokine response in Campylobacter jejuni-infected chickens. Seventy-two 1-day old COBB 500 male chicks were allocated randomly into four experimental groups. (I) Control group (C), in which chicks were left untreated. (II) LB group, treated with L. fermentum. (III) Cj group, infected with C. jejuni and (IV) coexposure group in which both bacteria were administered. Body weight was registered and then all birds were slaughtered; samples from the small intestine and caecum were collected at 4- and 7-days post infection. The experiment lasted eleven days. Villi height and crypt depth ratios of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were evaluated using appropriate software, while reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was utilized for assessing transcript levels of key cecal inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18, IL-17, IL-15, IL13 and IL-4). Campylobacter-infected birds showed lower body weight values than those supplemented with the probiotic; these birds, in turn, proved to be heavier than those reared under control conditions. L. fermentum administration improved morphometrical parameters of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum; in general, villi were larger and crypts deeper than those identified in control conditions. Moreover, the negative effects elicited by C. jejuni were not observed in chickens exposed to the probiotic. Significant differences were also determined with regards to transcript abundance of all evaluated cytokines in the caecum. C. jejuni induced a downregulation of the studied interleukins; however, such a response was heightened by administration of L. fermentum, with an increase rate of transcription that promoted a more effective response to a C. jejuni infection. The effects of experimental treatments proved to vary between sampling points. Conclusively, these results demonstrate that L. fermentum lessens the negative effects elicited by C. jejuni on body weight by alleviating the impact on intestinal morphometry and cecal cytokine response, which ultimately improve chicken growth performance.
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18
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Watari T, Tachibana T, Okada A, Nishikawa K, Otsuki K, Nagai N, Abe H, Nakano Y, Takagi S, Amano Y. A review of food poisoning caused by local food in Japan. J Gen Fam Med 2021; 22:15-23. [PMID: 33457151 PMCID: PMC7796784 DOI: 10.1002/jgf2.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly popular worldwide, Japanese cuisine includes several raw preparations such as sashimi and sushi; however, limited information on food poisoning from Japanese local food is available in English literature. Without appropriate knowledge, physicians may underdiagnose traveler's diarrhea among people returning from Japan. To provide accurate information to primary care physicians worldwide, we conducted a narrative review on food poisoning research published in Japanese and English over the past four years, considering the frequency and clinical importance of various presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Watari
- Postgraduate Clinical Training CenterShimane University HospitalShimaneJapan
| | | | - Azusa Okada
- Faculty of MedicineShimane UniversityShimaneJapan
| | | | | | | | - Haruki Abe
- Faculty of MedicineShimane UniversityShimaneJapan
| | | | - Soshi Takagi
- Faculty of MedicineShimane UniversityShimaneJapan
| | - Yu Amano
- Faculty of MedicineShimane UniversityShimaneJapan
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19
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Mousavi S, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Murine Models for the Investigation of Colonization Resistance and Innate Immune Responses in Campylobacter Jejuni Infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 431:233-263. [PMID: 33620654 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human infections with the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni are progressively increasing worldwide and constitute a significant socioeconomic burden to mankind. Intestinal campylobacteriosis in humans is characterized by bloody diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, and severe malaise. Some individuals develop chronic post-infectious sequelae including neurological and autoimmune diseases such as reactive arthritis and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Studies unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying campylobacteriosis and post-infectious sequelae have been hampered by the scarcity of appropriate experimental in vivo models. Particularly, conventional laboratory mice are protected from C. jejuni infection due to the physiological colonization resistance exerted by the murine gut microbiota composition. Additionally, as compared to humans, mice are up to 10,000 times more resistant to C. jejuni lipooligosaccharide (LOS) constituting a major pathogenicity factor responsible for the immunopathological host responses during campylobacteriosis. In this chapter, we summarize the recent progress that has been made in overcoming these fundamental obstacles in Campylobacter research in mice. Modification of the murine host-specific gut microbiota composition and sensitization of the mice to C. jejuni LOS by deletion of genes encoding interleukin-10 or a single IL-1 receptor-related molecule as well as by dietary zinc depletion have yielded reliable murine infection models resembling key features of human campylobacteriosis. These substantial improvements pave the way for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogen-host interactions. The ongoing validation and standardization of these novel murine infection models will provide the basis for the development of innovative treatment and prevention strategies to combat human campylobacteriosis and collateral damages of C. jejuni infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Pumtang-On P, Mahony TJ, Hill RA, Pavic A, Vanniasinkam T. Investigation of Campylobacter colonization in three Australian commercial free-range broiler farms. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100891. [PMID: 33516467 PMCID: PMC7936128 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. contaminated poultry products are strongly associated with foodborne illnesses worldwide. Development of effective management strategies to reduce contamination by Campylobacter spp. requires an improved understanding of the numerous factors that drive these contamination processes. Currently, chicken farms are using more free-range chicken meat production systems in response to consumer preferences. However, Campylobacter spp. colonization has rarely been investigated on free-range broiler farms. The present study investigated the temporal and environmental factors influencing Campylobacter spp. colonization of free-range broilers as well as potential sources and genetic diversity of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and Campylobacter coli (C. coli) in commercial free-range broiler farms. Genetic linkages among the isolates were analyzed using flaA amplicon analysis. Campylobacter coli was first detected in fecal samples of a commercial free-range broiler flock on day 10 of rearing. Multiple genotypes of C. jejuni and C. coli were identified in this study. The farm environment was identified as a potential source of C. jejuni and C. coli colonization of free-range broilers. The dominant Campylobacter genotype varied between free-range broiler farms over time, with C. jejuni being the most frequently isolated species. These findings enhance the understanding of C. jejuni and C. coli colonization in free-range broiler farms and could inform the development of more effective intervention strategies to help control this important foodborne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongthorn Pumtang-On
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga 2650, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy J Mahony
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rodney A Hill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga 2650, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony Pavic
- Birling Avian Laboratories, Bringelly 2556, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thiru Vanniasinkam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga 2650, New South Wales, Australia.
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21
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Zarzecka U, Grinzato A, Kandiah E, Cysewski D, Berto P, Skorko-Glonek J, Zanotti G, Backert S. Functional analysis and cryo-electron microscopy of Campylobacterjejuni serine protease HtrA. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1-16. [PMID: 32960677 PMCID: PMC7524362 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1810532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a predominant zoonotic pathogen causing gastroenteritis and other diseases in humans. An important bacterial virulence factor is the secreted serine protease HtrA (HtrA Cj ), which targets tight and adherens junctional proteins in the gut epithelium. Here we have investigated the function and structure of HtrA Cj using biochemical assays and cryo-electron microscopy. Mass spectrometry analysis identified differences and similarities in the cleavage site specificity for HtrA Cj by comparison to the HtrA counterparts from Helicobacter pylori and Escherichia coli. We defined the architecture of HtrA Cj at 5.8 Å resolution as a dodecamer, built of four trimers. The contacts between the trimers are quite loose, a fact that explains the flexibility and mobility of the dodecameric assembly. This flexibility has also been studied through molecular dynamics simulation, which revealed opening of the dodecamer to expose the proteolytically active site of the protease. Moreover, we examined the rearrangements at the level of oligomerization in the presence or absence of substrate using size exclusion chromatography, which revealed hexamers, dodecamers and larger oligomeric forms, as well as remarkable stability of higher oligomeric forms (> 12-mers) compared to previously tested homologs from other bacteria. Extremely dynamic decay of the higher oligomeric forms into lower forms was observed after full cleavage of the substrate by the proteolytically active variant of HtrA Cj . Together, this is the first report on the in-depth functional and structural analysis of HtrA Cj , which may allow the construction of therapeutically relevant HtrA Cj inhibitors in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Zarzecka
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany,Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Dominik Cysewski
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paola Berto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Zanotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy,Giuseppe Zanotti Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany,CONTACT Steffen Backert Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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22
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Samarth DP, Kwon YM. Horizontal genetic exchange of chromosomally encoded markers between Campylobacter jejuni cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241058. [PMID: 33104745 PMCID: PMC7588059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies provide us with the evidence of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) contributing to the bacterial genomic diversity that benefits the bacterial populations with increased ability to adapt to the dynamic environments. Campylobacter jejuni, a major cause of acute enteritis in the U.S., often linked with severe post-infection neuropathies, has been reported to exhibit a non-clonal population structure and comparatively higher strain-level genetic variation. In this study, we provide evidence of the HGT of chromosomally encoded genetic markers between C. jejuni cells in the biphasic MH medium. We used two C. jejuni NCTC-11168 mutants harbouring distinct antibiotic-resistance genes [chloramphenicol (Cm) and kanamycin (Km)] present at two different neutral genomic loci. Cultures of both marker strains were mixed together and incubated for 5 hrs, then plated on MH agar plates supplemented with both antibiotics. The recombinant cells with double antibiotic markers were generated at the frequency of 0.02811 ± 0.0035% of the parental strains. PCR assays using locus-specific primers confirmed that transfer of the antibiotic-resistance genes was through homologous recombination. Also, the addition of chicken cecal content increased the recombination efficiency approximately up to 10-fold as compared to the biphasic MH medium (control) at P < 0.05. Furthermore, treating the co-culture with DNase I decreased the available DNA, which in turn significantly reduced recombination efficiency by 99.92% (P < 0.05). We used the cell-free supernatant of 16 hrs-culture of Wild-type C. jejuni as a template for PCR and found DNA sequences from six different genomic regions were easily amplified, indicating the presence of released chromosomal DNA in the culture supernatant. Our findings suggest that HGT in C. jejuni is facilitated in the chicken gut environment contributing to in vivo genomic diversity. Additionally, C. jejuni might have an active mechanism to release its chromosomal DNA into the extracellular environment, further expediting HGT in C. jejuni populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Pranay Samarth
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States of America
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States of America
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23
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McKenna A, Ijaz UZ, Kelly C, Linton M, Sloan WT, Green BD, Lavery U, Dorrell N, Wren BW, Richmond A, Corcionivoschi N, Gundogdu O. Impact of industrial production system parameters on chicken microbiomes: mechanisms to improve performance and reduce Campylobacter. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:128. [PMID: 32907634 PMCID: PMC7488076 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The factors affecting host-pathogen ecology in terms of the microbiome remain poorly studied. Chickens are a key source of protein with gut health heavily dependent on the complex microbiome which has key roles in nutrient assimilation and vitamin and amino acid biosynthesis. The chicken gut microbiome may be influenced by extrinsic production system parameters such as Placement Birds/m2 (stocking density), feed type and additives. Such parameters, in addition to on-farm biosecurity may influence performance and also pathogenic bacterial numbers such as Campylobacter. In this study, three different production systems 'Normal' (N), 'Higher Welfare' (HW) and 'Omega-3 Higher Welfare' (O) were investigated in an industrial farm environment at day 7 and day 30 with a range of extrinsic parameters correlating performance with microbial dynamics and Campylobacter presence. RESULTS Our data identified production system N as significantly dissimilar from production systems HW and O when comparing the prevalence of genera. An increase in Placement Birds/m2 density led to a decrease in environmental pressure influencing the microbial community structure. Prevalence of genera, such as Eisenbergiella within HW and O, and likewise Alistipes within N were representative. These genera have roles directly relating to energy metabolism, amino acid, nucleotide and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) utilisation. Thus, an association exists between consistent and differentiating parameters of the production systems that affect feed utilisation, leading to competitive exclusion of genera based on competition for nutrients and other factors. Campylobacter was identified within specific production system and presence was linked with the increased diversity and increased environmental pressure on microbial community structure. Addition of Omega-3 though did alter prevalence of specific genera, in our analysis did not differentiate itself from HW production system. However, Omega-3 was linked with a positive impact on weight gain. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results show that microbial communities in different industrial production systems are deterministic in elucidating the underlying biological confounders, and these recommendations are transferable to farm practices and diet manipulation leading to improved performance and better intervention strategies against Campylobacter within the food chain. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron McKenna
- Moy Park, 39 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Portadown, Craigavon, Co. Armagh, BT63 5QE, UK
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Biological Sciences Building, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Carmel Kelly
- Food Microbiology Unit, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK
| | - Mark Linton
- Food Microbiology Unit, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK
| | - William T Sloan
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Brian D Green
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Biological Sciences Building, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland
| | - Ursula Lavery
- Moy Park, 39 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Portadown, Craigavon, Co. Armagh, BT63 5QE, UK
| | - Nick Dorrell
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Anne Richmond
- Moy Park, 39 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Portadown, Craigavon, Co. Armagh, BT63 5QE, UK
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Food Microbiology Unit, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK.
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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24
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Šefcová M, Larrea-Álvarez M, Larrea-Álvarez C, Revajová V, Karaffová V, Koščová J, Nemcová R, Ortega-Paredes D, Vinueza-Burgos C, Levkut M, Herich R. Effects of Lactobacillus Fermentum Supplementation on Body Weight and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Campylobacter Jejuni-Challenged Chickens. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030121. [PMID: 32872452 PMCID: PMC7557755 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the interest in using probiotic bacteria in poultry production, this research was focused on evaluating the effects of Lactobacillus fermentum Biocenol CCM 7514 administration on body weight gain and cytokine gene expression in chickens challenged with Campylobacter jejuni. One-hundred and eight 1-day old COBB 500 broiler chickens were equally assigned to four experimental groups at random. In the control group (C) chicks were left untreated, whereas in groups LB and LBCj a suspension of L. fermentum was administered. A suspension of C. jejuni was subsequently applied to groups Cj and LBCj. Body weight was registered, and the individuals were later slaughtered; cecum samples were collected at 12, 36 and 48 h post-infection (hpi). The entire experiment lasted seven days. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to determine expression levels of IL-1β, IL-15, IL-17, and IL-18 at each time point. Pathogen-infected individuals were observed to weigh significantly less than those fed with the probiotic. Significant differences were also found in transcript abundance; expression of IL-15 was downregulated by the probiotic and upregulated by C. jejuni. The effects of bacterial treatments were time-dependent, as the expression profiles differed at later stages. The present outcomes demonstrate that L. fermentum both reduces the impact of C. jejuni infection on chicken body weight and regulates positively pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, which ultimately increase bird well-being and improves production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Šefcová
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (V.R.); (V.K.); (M.L.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-907468978
| | - Marco Larrea-Álvarez
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay-Tech University Hacienda San José, Imbabura, Urcuquí 100650, Ecuador;
| | - César Larrea-Álvarez
- Research Unit, Life Science Initiative (LSI), lsi-ec.com, Quito 170102, Ecuador; (C.L.-Á.); (D.O.-P.)
| | - Viera Revajová
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (V.R.); (V.K.); (M.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Viera Karaffová
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (V.R.); (V.K.); (M.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Jana Koščová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (J.K.); (R.N.)
| | - Radomíra Nemcová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (J.K.); (R.N.)
| | - David Ortega-Paredes
- Research Unit, Life Science Initiative (LSI), lsi-ec.com, Quito 170102, Ecuador; (C.L.-Á.); (D.O.-P.)
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170129, Ecuador;
| | - Christian Vinueza-Burgos
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170129, Ecuador;
| | - Mikuláš Levkut
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (V.R.); (V.K.); (M.L.); (R.H.)
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Science, Dúbravská cesta 5779/9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Róbert Herich
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (V.R.); (V.K.); (M.L.); (R.H.)
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25
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Man L, Dale AL, Klare WP, Cain JA, Sumer-Bayraktar Z, Niewold P, Solis N, Cordwell SJ. Proteomics of Campylobacter jejuni Growth in Deoxycholate Reveals Cj0025c as a Cystine Transport Protein Required for Wild-type Human Infection Phenotypes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1263-1280. [PMID: 32376616 PMCID: PMC8015009 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of food-borne gastroenteritis. Proteomics by label-based two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified proteins associated with growth in 0.1% sodium deoxycholate (DOC, a component of gut bile salts), and system-wide validation was performed by data-independent acquisition (DIA-SWATH-MS). LC-MS/MS quantified 1326 proteins (∼82% of the predicted C. jejuni proteome), of which 1104 were validated in additional biological replicates by DIA-SWATH-MS. DOC resulted in a profound proteome shift with 512 proteins showing significantly altered abundance. Induced proteins were associated with flagellar motility and antibiotic resistance; and these correlated with increased DOC motility and resistance to polymyxin B and ciprofloxacin. DOC also increased human Caco-2 cell adherence and invasion. Abundances of proteins involved in nutrient transport were altered by DOC and aligned with intracellular changes to their respective carbon sources. DOC increased intracellular levels of sulfur-containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine) and the dipeptide cystine (Cys-Cys), which also correlated with reduced resistance to oxidative stress. A DOC induced transport protein was Cj0025c, which has sequence similarity to bacterial Cys-Cys transporters. Deletion of cj0025c (Δcj0025c) resulted in proteome changes consistent with sulfur starvation, as well as attenuated invasion, reduced motility, atypical morphology, increased antimicrobial susceptibility and poor biofilm formation. Targeted metabolomics showed Δcj0025c could use known C. jejuni amino and organic acid substrates commensurate with wild-type. Medium Cys-Cys levels however, were maintained in Δcj0025c relative to wild-type. A toxic Cys-Cys mimic (selenocystine) inhibited wild-type growth, but not Δcj0025c Provision of an alternate sulfur source (2 mm thiosulfate) restored Δcj0025c motility. Our data confirm that Cj0025c is a Cys-Cys transporter that we have named TcyP consistent with the nomenclature of homologous proteins in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Man
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashleigh L Dale
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - William P Klare
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Joel A Cain
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Zeynep Sumer-Bayraktar
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Paula Niewold
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Nestor Solis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cordwell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Sydney Mass Spectrometry, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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26
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Szott V, Reichelt B, Alter T, Friese A, Roesler U. In vivo efficacy of carvacrol on Campylobacter jejuni prevalence in broiler chickens during an entire fattening period. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2020; 10:131-138. [PMID: 32750025 PMCID: PMC7592510 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2020.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol, a primary constituent of plant essential oils (EOs), and its antimicrobial activity have been the subject of many in vitro studies. Due to an increasing demand for alternative antimicrobials and an emerging number of antibiotic resistant bacteria, the use of essential oils has played a major role in many recent approaches to reduce Campylobacter colonization in poultry before slaughter age. For that purpose, the reducing effect of carvacrol on Campylobacter jejuni prevalence in broilers was determined in vivo in an experimental broiler chicken model during an entire fattening period. Carvacrol was added to the feed in a concentration of 120 mg/kg feed four days post hatch until the end of the trial. In this study, we demonstrated a statistically significant decrease of C. jejuni counts by 1.17 decadic logarithm (log10) most probable number (MPN)/g in cloacal swabs during starter and grower periods (corresponding to a broilers age between 1 and 28 days). Similar results were observed for colon enumeration at the end of the trial where C. jejuni counts were significantly reduced by 1.25 log10 MPN/g. However, carvacrol did not successfully reduce Campylobacter cecal colonization in 33-day-old broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Szott
- 1Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Reichelt
- 1Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - T Alter
- 2Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Friese
- 1Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - U Roesler
- 1Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Mortada M, Cosby D, Shanmugasundaram R, Selvaraj R. In vivo and in vitro assessment of commercial probiotic and organic acid feed additives in broilers challenged with Campylobacter coli. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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28
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Konkel ME, Talukdar PK, Negretti NM, Klappenbach CM. Taking Control: Campylobacter jejuni Binding to Fibronectin Sets the Stage for Cellular Adherence and Invasion. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:564. [PMID: 32328046 PMCID: PMC7161372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni, a foodborne pathogen, is one of the most common bacterial causes of gastroenteritis in the world. Undercooked poultry, raw (unpasteurized) dairy products, untreated water, and contaminated produce are the most common sources associated with infection. C. jejuni establishes a niche in the gut by adhering to and invading epithelial cells, which results in diarrhea with blood and mucus in the stool. The process of colonization is mediated, in part, by surface-exposed molecules (adhesins) that bind directly to host cell ligands or the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding cells. In this review, we introduce the known and putative adhesins of the foodborne pathogen C. jejuni. We then focus our discussion on two C. jejuni Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecule(s) (MSCRAMMs), termed CadF and FlpA, which have been demonstrated to contribute to C. jejuni colonization and pathogenesis. In vitro studies have determined that these two surface-exposed proteins bind to the ECM glycoprotein fibronectin (FN). In vivo studies have shown that cadF and flpA mutants exhibit impaired colonization of chickens compared to the wild-type strain. Additional studies have revealed that CadF and FlpA stimulate epithelial cell signaling pathways necessary for cell invasion. Interestingly, CadF and FlpA have distinct FN-binding domains, suggesting that the functions of these proteins are non-redundant. In summary, the binding of FN by C. jejuni CadF and FlpA adhesins has been demonstrated to contribute to adherence, invasion, and cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Konkel
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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29
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Simson D, Boehm M, Backert S. HtrA-dependent adherence and invasion of Campylobacter jejuni in human vs avian cells. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 70:326-330. [PMID: 31981418 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether HtrA is responsible for differences in adherence and invasion of Campylobacter jejuni towards human and chicken cell lines. Gentamicin protection assays were performed with either human Caco-2 or chicken 2G4 cells using C. jejuni strain NCTC11168 to compare the adhesion and invasion rates towards these two cell types. The results revealed significant differences in the adhesion and invasion rates between the human and avian cells. Deletion of the Campylobacter htrA gene, coding for the dual function of serine protease and chaperonin with a role in pathogenesis, led to a reduction of the rates in both cell lines. Using a single-amino acid substitution mutant (ΔhtrA/htrAS197A ) that lacked protease activity, but retained chaperonin activity, we show that the first is involved in the invasion of human Caco-2 and chicken 2G4 cells, whereas the latter mutant invaded at lower levels. Adherence towards the chicken cells is higher than towards Caco-2 cells and this is also dependent on HtrA. Together, these data suggest that the proteolytic activity of HtrA is involved in the difference in host response of C. jejuni towards human and chicken-derived cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Campylobacter jejuni is the main cause for bacterial foodborne enterocolitis worldwide. While colonization of the human intestine can lead to severe problems, avian hosts - as the major source of infection - remain unaffected by the bacteria. We showed that the bacterial serine protease and chaperonin HtrA are involved in adhesion and invasion in both species and not responsible for the discrepancy of virulence between the different hosts. In future, HtrA might act as a target for inhibitors to avoid or eradicate colonization in chickens as a less problematic alternative to antibiotics in commercial livestock breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Simson
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen/Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Boehm
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen/Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen/Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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30
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Liaw J, Hong G, Davies C, Elmi A, Sima F, Stratakos A, Stef L, Pet I, Hachani A, Corcionivoschi N, Wren BW, Gundogdu O, Dorrell N. The Campylobacter jejuni Type VI Secretion System Enhances the Oxidative Stress Response and Host Colonization. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2864. [PMID: 31921044 PMCID: PMC6927950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the Type VI secretion system (T6SS) in Campylobacter jejuni is poorly understood despite an increasing prevalence of the T6SS in recent C. jejuni isolates in humans and chickens. The T6SS is a contractile secretion machinery capable of delivering effectors that can play a role in host colonization and niche establishment. During host colonization, C. jejuni is exposed to oxidative stress in the host gastrointestinal tract, and in other bacteria the T6SS has been linked with the oxidative stress response. In this study, comparisons of whole genome sequences of a novel human isolate 488 with previously sequenced strains revealed a single highly conserved T6SS cluster shared between strains isolated from humans and chickens. The presence of a functional T6SS in the 488 wild-type strain is indicated by expression of T6SS genes and secretion of the effector TssD. Increased expression of oxidative stress response genes katA, sodB, and ahpC, and increased oxidative stress resistance in 488 wild-type strain suggest T6SS is associated with oxidative stress response. The role of the T6SS in interactions with host cells is explored using in vitro and in vivo models, and the presence of the T6SS is shown to increase C. jejuni cytotoxicity in the Galleria mellonella infection model. In biologically relevant models, the T6SS enhances C. jejuni interactions with and invasion of chicken primary intestinal cells and enhances the ability of C. jejuni to colonize chickens. This study demonstrates that the C. jejuni T6SS provides defense against oxidative stress and enhances host colonization, and highlights the importance of the T6SS during in vivo survival of T6SS-positive C. jejuni strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janie Liaw
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geunhye Hong
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cadi Davies
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdi Elmi
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Filip Sima
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandros Stratakos
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lavinia Stef
- Bioengineering of Animal Science Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine - King Michael the I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Pet
- Bioengineering of Animal Science Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine - King Michael the I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Abderrahman Hachani
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Bioengineering of Animal Science Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine - King Michael the I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Dorrell
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Adhesion and invasion of Campylobacter jejuni in chickens with a modified gut microbiota due to antibiotic treatment. Vet Microbiol 2019; 240:108504. [PMID: 31902497 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is a predominant cause of foodborne illness in humans, while its colonization in chickens is usually asymptomatic. Antibiotics are not routinely used to treat chickens against C. jejuni, but in the face of other bacterial diseases, C. jejuni may be exposed to antibiotics. In this study, chickens were treated with antibiotics (AT) to modify the gut microbiota composition and compared with untreated chickens (Conv) with respect to changes in C. jejuni-colonization and bacterial-intestine interaction. Groups of AT and Conv chickens were inoculated after an antibiotic-withdrawal time of eight days with one of three different C. jejuni isolates to identify possible strain variations. Significantly higher numbers of colony forming units of C. jejuni were detected in the cecal content of AT birds, with higher colonization rates in the spleen and liver compared to Conv birds independent of the inoculated strain (p < 0.05). Clinical signs and histopathological lesions were only observed in C. jejuni-inoculated AT birds. For the first time we demonstrated C. jejuni invasion of the cecal mucosa in AT chickens and its inter- and intracellular localization by using antigen-straining, and electronic microscopy. This study provides the first circumstantial evidence that antibiotic treatment with lasting modification of the microbiota may provide a suitable environment for C. jejuni invasion also in chickens which may subsequently increase the risk of C. jejuni-introduction into the food chain.
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Campylobacter infections in poultry: update on challenges and potential immune interventions. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933916000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Effects of antibiotic resistance (AR) and microbiota shifts on Campylobacter jejuni-mediated diseases. Anim Health Res Rev 2019; 18:99-111. [PMID: 29665882 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252318000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is an important zoonotic pathogen recently designated a serious antimicrobial resistant (AR) threat. While most patients with C. jejuni experience hemorrhagic colitis, serious autoimmune conditions can follow including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the acute neuropathy Guillain Barré Syndrome (GBS). This review examines inter-relationships among factors mediating C. jejuni diarrheal versus autoimmune disease especially AR C. jejuni and microbiome shifts. Because both susceptible and AR C. jejuni are acquired from animals or their products, we consider their role in harboring strains. Inter-relationships among factors mediating C. jejuni colonization, diarrheal and autoimmune disease include C. jejuni virulence factors and AR, the enteric microbiome, and host responses. Because AR C. jejuni have been suggested to affect the severity of disease, length of infections and propensity to develop GBS, it is important to understand how these interactions occur when strains are under selection by antimicrobials. More work is needed to elucidate host-pathogen interactions of AR C. jejuni compared with susceptible strains and how AR C. jejuni are maintained and evolve in animal reservoirs and the extent of transmission to humans. These knowledge gaps impair the development of effective strategies to prevent the emergence of AR C. jejuni in reservoir species and human populations.
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Gilbert MJ, Duim B, Zomer AL, Wagenaar JA. Living in Cold Blood: Arcobacter, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter in Reptiles. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1086. [PMID: 31191467 PMCID: PMC6530492 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of the Epsilonproteobacteria genera Arcobacter, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter are commonly associated with vertebrate hosts and some are considered significant pathogens. Vertebrate-associated Epsilonproteobacteria are often considered to be largely confined to endothermic mammals and birds. Recent studies have shown that ectothermic reptiles display a distinct and largely unique Epsilonproteobacteria community, including taxa which can cause disease in humans. Several Arcobacter taxa are widespread amongst reptiles and often show a broad host range. Reptiles carry a large diversity of unique and novel Helicobacter taxa, which apparently evolved in an ectothermic host. Some species, such as Campylobacter fetus, display a distinct intraspecies host dichotomy, with genetically divergent lineages occurring either in mammals or reptiles. These taxa can provide valuable insights in host adaptation and co-evolution between symbiont and host. Here, we present an overview of the biodiversity, ecology, epidemiology, and evolution of reptile-associated Epsilonproteobacteria from a broader vertebrate host perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten J Gilbert
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Reptile, Amphibian and Fish Conservation Netherlands, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aldert L Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
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Micciche A, Rothrock MJ, Yang Y, Ricke SC. Essential Oils as an Intervention Strategy to Reduce Campylobacter in Poultry Production: A Review. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1058. [PMID: 31139172 PMCID: PMC6527745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen and can be acquired through consumption of poultry products. With 1.3 million United States cases a year, the high prevalence of Campylobacter within the poultry gastrointestinal tract is a public health concern and thus a target for the development of intervention strategies. Increasing demand for antibiotic-free products has led to the promotion of various alternative pathogen control measures both at the farm and processing level. One such measure includes utilizing essential oils in both pre- and post-harvest settings. Essential oils are derived from plant-based extracts, and there are currently over 300 commercially available compounds. They have been proposed to control Campylobacter in the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. When used in concentrations low enough to not influence sensory characteristics, essential oils have also been proposed to decrease bacterial contamination of the poultry product during processing. This review explores the use of essential oils, particularly thymol, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde, and their role in reducing Campylobacter concentrations both pre- and post-harvest. This review also details the suggested mechanisms of action of essential oils on Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Micciche
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Michael J. Rothrock
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yichao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Baxter MFA, Latorre JD, Dridi S, Merino-Guzman R, Hernandez-Velasco X, Hargis BM, Tellez-Isaias G. Identification of Serum Biomarkers for Intestinal Integrity in a Broiler Chicken Malabsorption Model. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:144. [PMID: 31143767 PMCID: PMC6520665 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal health is essential for feed efficiency and growth in animal agriculture and is dependent on barrier function, inflammation and dysbiosis. Our laboratory has published a nutritional model to induce gut inflammation using rye as a source of energy in poultry. More recently, we have used this model as an assessment of a nutritional rehabilitation model for better understanding of childhood undernutrition. The objective of this brief research report was to use a well-establish malabsorption model in broiler chickens using corn and rye as an energy source to identify several intestinal health biomarkers in the serum. To screen for inflammatory biomarkers, seven commercially available tests were used including Griess, superoxide dismutase, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, Total antioxidant capacity, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, Citrulline, and Interferon-ɤ; total IgA from cloacal swab was also measured. In the present study, chickens fed rye had a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in body weight and body weight gain at 10 day when compared with chickens that received the corn diet. In the second phase of the experiment, chickens that remain with the corn diet had significant differences in body weight and body weight gain. No significant differences were observed for any of the four antioxidant biomarkers evaluated in the sera (P > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed in serum citrulline and IFN-ɤ, as well as in cloacal IgA, in broiler chickens fed with rye, suggesting their potential use as biomarkers to study intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikayla F A Baxter
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Juan D Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sami Dridi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Ruben Merino-Guzman
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Billy M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of mucosal delivery of recombinant hcp of Campylobacter jejuni Type VI secretion system (T6SS) in chickens. Mol Immunol 2019; 111:182-197. [PMID: 31078054 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) has recently emerged as a new pattern of protein secretions in Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni). Within the T6SS cluster, hemolysin co-regulated protein (hcp) is considered as a hallmark of functional T6SS and holds key role in bacterial virulence. As poultry is the primary reservoir of C. jejuni and the major sources for human infection, we evaluated the capacity of recombinant hcp (rhcp) immunization in blocking C. jejuni colonization in chickens with an aim to control bacterial transmission to humans via poultry food chain. Considering the mucosal route is the primary portal for C. jejuni entry and gut mucosa offers the apposite site for C. jejuni adherence, we investigated the immune-protective potential of intra-gastric administration of rhcp using chitosan-based nanoparticles. To achieve this goal, full length coding sequence of hcp gene from C. jejuni was cloned and expressed in E. coli. Purified rhcp was entrapped in chitosan-Sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (CS-TPP NPs) and orally gavaged in chickens. Our results suggest that intra-gastric immunization of CS-TPP-rhcp induces consistent and steady increase in intestinal (sIgA) and systemic antibody (IgY) response against rhcp with significant reduction in cecal load of C. jejuni. The protection afforded by rhcp associated cellular responses with Th1 and Th17 profile in terms of increased expression of NFkB, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-17 A genes. Though systemic immunization of rhcp with IFA resulting in a robust systemic (IgY) and local (sIgA) antibody response, mucosal administration of rhcp loaded CS-TPP NPs was found to be superior in terms of bacterial clearance. Altogether, present study suggests that chitosan based intra-gastric delivery of rhcp have several advantages over the injectable composition and could be a promising vaccine approach to effectively control C. jejuni colonization in chickens.
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Hernandez-Patlan D, Solís-Cruz B, Patrin Pontin K, Latorre JD, Baxter MFA, Hernandez-Velasco X, Merino-Guzman R, Méndez-Albores A, Hargis BM, Lopez-Arellano R, Tellez-Isaias G. Evaluation of the Dietary Supplementation of a Formulation Containing Ascorbic Acid and a Solid Dispersion of Curcumin with Boric Acid against Salmonella Enteritidis and Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E184. [PMID: 31013587 PMCID: PMC6524164 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the prophylactic or therapeutic administration of a 0.1% mixture containing ascorbic acid and a solid dispersion of curcumin with polyvinylpyrrolidone and boric acid (AA-CUR/PVP-BA) against Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) in broiler chickens. A third experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of the dietary administration of 0.1% AA-CUR/PVP-BA in a necrotic enteritis (NE) model in broiler chickens. The prophylactic administration of 0.1% AA-CUR/PVP-BA significantly decreased S. Enteritidis colonization in cecal tonsils (CT) when compared to the positive control group (PC, p < 0.05). The therapeutic administration of 0.1% AA-CUR/PVP-BA significantly reduced the concentration of S. Enteritidis by 2.05 and 2.71 log in crop and CT, respectively, when compared with the PC on day 10 post-S. Enteritidis challenge. Furthermore, the serum FITC-d concentration and total intestinal IgA levels were also significantly lower in chickens that received 0.1% AA-CUR/PVP-BA. Contrary, the PC group showed significantly higher total intestinal IgA levels compared to the negative control or AA-CUR/PVP-BA groups in the NE model. However, 0.1% AA-CUR/PVP-BA showed a better effect in reducing the concentration of S. Enteritidis when compared to the NE model. Further studies with higher concentration of AA-CUR/PVP-BA into the feed to extend these preliminary results are currently being evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hernandez-Patlan
- Laboratorio 5: LEDEFAR, Unidad de Investigacion Multidisciplinaria, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlan, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico.
| | - Bruno Solís-Cruz
- Laboratorio 5: LEDEFAR, Unidad de Investigacion Multidisciplinaria, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlan, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico.
| | - Karine Patrin Pontin
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Juan D Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
| | - Mikayla F A Baxter
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Ruben Merino-Guzman
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Abraham Méndez-Albores
- Laboratorio 14: Alimentos, Micotoxinas y Micotoxicosis, Unidad de Investigacion Multidisciplinaria, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlan, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico.
| | - Billy M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
| | - Raquel Lopez-Arellano
- Laboratorio 5: LEDEFAR, Unidad de Investigacion Multidisciplinaria, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlan, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico.
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Sylte MJ, Johnson TA, Meyer EL, Inbody MH, Trachsel J, Looft T, Susta L, Wu Z, Zhang Q. Intestinal colonization and acute immune response in commercial turkeys following inoculation with Campylobacter jejuni constructs encoding antibiotic-resistance markers. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 210:6-14. [PMID: 30947981 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of contaminated poultry products is one of the main sources of human campylobacteriosis, of which Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni (C. jejuni) is responsible for approximately 90% of the cases. At slaughter, the ceca of commercial chickens and turkeys are the main anatomical site where C. jejuni asymptomatically colonizes. We have previously colonized commercial turkey poults with different isolates of C. jejuni and evaluated different media to best enumerate Campylobacter from intestinal samples, but the host-response is unknown in turkeys. Enumeration of Campylobacter (colony forming units (cfu)/gram of intestinal contents) can be challenging, and can be confounded if animals are colonized with multiple species of Campylobacter. In order to precisely enumerate the C. jejuni isolate used to experimentally colonize turkeys, constructs of C. jejuni (NCTC 11,168) were tagged with different antibiotic resistance markers at the CmeF locus (chloramphenicol (CjCm) or kanamycin (CjK)). We sought to examine the kinetics of intestinal colonization using the antibiotic resistant constructs, and characterize the immune response in cecal tissue of turkeys. In vitro analysis of the tagged antibiotic-resistant constructs demonstrated no changes in motility, morphology, or adherence and invasion of INT-407 cells compared to the parent isolate NCTC 11,168. Two animal experiments were completed to evaluate intestinal colonization by the constructs. In experiment 1, three-week old poults were colonized after oral gavage for 14 days, and CjCm and CjK cfu were recovered from cecal, but not ileal contents. In experiment 2, nine-week old poults were orally inoculated with CjCm, and the abundance of CjCm cfu/g of cecal contents significantly decreased beyond 14 days after inoculation. Significant lesions were detected in CjCm colonized poults at day 2 post-colonization. Using immunohistochemistry, Campylobacter antigen was detected in between cecal villi by day 7 of CjCm colonized poults. Quantitative RT-PCR of CjCm-colonized cecal tissue demonstrated significant down-regulation of IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-13 mRNA, and significant up-regulation of IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 A, IL-22 and IFNγ mRNA on day 2, and for some on day 7 post-colonization. All differentially expressed genes were similar to mock-infected poults by day 14. These data suggest that C. jejuni induced a brief inflammatory response in the cecum of poults that quickly resolved. Results from this study provide valuable insight into host-response and persistent colonization of the turkey cecum. These findings will help to develop and test strategies to promote food safety in commercial turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sylte
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Timothy A Johnson
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ella L Meyer
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Matt H Inbody
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Julian Trachsel
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Torey Looft
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Zuowei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Qijing Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Ren F, Li X, Tang H, Jiang Q, Yun X, Fang L, Huang P, Tang Y, Li Q, Huang J, Jiao XA. Insights into the impact of flhF inactivation on Campylobacter jejuni colonization of chick and mice gut. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:149. [PMID: 30348090 PMCID: PMC6196472 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is a leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. This bacterium lacks many of the classical virulence factors, and flagellum-associated persistent colonization has been shown to be crucial for its pathogenesis. The flagellum plays a multifunctional role in C. jejuni pathogenesis, and different flagellar elements make diverse contributions. The flhF gene encodes the flagellar biosynthesis regulator, which is important for flagellar biosynthesis. In this study, the influence of flhF on C. jejuni colonization was systematically studied, and the possible mechanisms were also analyzed. Results The flhF gene has a significant influence on C. jejuni colonization, and its inactivation resulted in severe defects in the commensal colonization of chicks, with approximately 104- to 107-fold reductions (for NCTC 11168 and a C. jejuni isolate respectively) observed in the bacterial caecal loads. Similar effects were observed in mice where the flhF mutant strain completely lost the ability to continuously colonize mice, which cleared the isolate at 7 days post inoculation. Characterization of the phenotypic properties of C. jejuni that influence colonization showed that the adhesion and invasion abilities of the C. jejuni flhF mutant were reduced to approximately 52 and 27% of that of the wild-type strain, respectively. The autoagglutination and biofilm-formation abilities of the flhF mutant strain were also significantly decreased. Further genetic investigation revealed that flhF is continuously upregulated during the infection process, which indicates a close association of this gene with C. jejuni pathogenesis. The transcription of some other infection-related genes that are not directly involved in flagellar assembly were also influenced by its inactivation, with the flagellar coexpressed determinants (Feds) being apparently affected. Conclusions Inactivation of flhF has a significant influence on C. jejuni colonization in both birds and mammals. This defect may be caused by the decreased adhesion, invasion, autoagglutination and biofilm-formation abilities of the flhF mutant strain, as well as the influence on the transcription of other infection related genes, which provides insights into this virulence factor and the flagellum mediated co-regulation of C. jejuni pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1318-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhe Ren
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiyan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qidong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Yun
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pingyu Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyue Tang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuchun Li
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinlin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xin-An Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Ijaz UZ, Sivaloganathan L, McKenna A, Richmond A, Kelly C, Linton M, Stratakos AC, Lavery U, Elmi A, Wren BW, Dorrell N, Corcionivoschi N, Gundogdu O. Comprehensive Longitudinal Microbiome Analysis of the Chicken Cecum Reveals a Shift From Competitive to Environmental Drivers and a Window of Opportunity for Campylobacter. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2452. [PMID: 30374341 PMCID: PMC6196313 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chickens are a key food source for humans yet their microbiome contains bacteria that can be pathogenic to humans, and indeed potentially to chickens themselves. Campylobacter is present within the chicken gut and is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis within humans worldwide. Infection can lead to secondary sequelae such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and stunted growth in children from low-resource areas. Despite the global health impact and economic burden of Campylobacter, how and when Campylobacter appears within chickens remains unclear. The lack of day to day microbiome data with replicates, relevant metadata, and a lack of natural infection studies have delayed our understanding of the chicken gut microbiome and Campylobacter. Here, we performed a comprehensive day to day microbiome analysis of the chicken cecum from day 3 to 35 (12 replicates each day; final n = 379). We combined metadata such as chicken weight and feed conversion rates to investigate what the driving forces are for the microbial changes within the chicken gut over time, and how this relates to Campylobacter appearance within a natural habitat setting. We found a rapidly increasing microbial diversity up to day 12 with variation observed both in terms of genera and abundance, before a stabilization of the microbial diversity after day 20. In particular, we identified a shift from competitive to environmental drivers of microbial community from days 12 to 20 creating a window of opportunity whereby Campylobacter can appear. Campylobacter was identified at day 16 which was 1 day after the most substantial changes in metabolic profiles observed. In addition, microbial variation over time is most likely influenced by the diet of the chickens whereby significant shifts in OTU abundances and beta dispersion of samples often corresponded with changes in feed. This study is unique in comparison to the most recent studies as neither sampling was sporadic nor Campylobacter was artificially introduced, thus the experiments were performed in a natural setting. We believe that our findings can be useful for future intervention strategies and help reduce the burden of Campylobacter within the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Zeeshan Ijaz
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lojika Sivaloganathan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Carmel Kelly
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Food Microbiology, Newforge Lane, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Linton
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Food Microbiology, Newforge Lane, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Abdi Elmi
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan W. Wren
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Dorrell
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Food Microbiology, Newforge Lane, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Visscher C, Klingenberg L, Hankel J, Brehm R, Langeheine M, Helmbrecht A. Feed Choice Led to Higher Protein Intake in Broiler Chickens Experimentally Infected With Campylobacter jejuni. Front Nutr 2018; 5:79. [PMID: 30234123 PMCID: PMC6134014 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, Campylobacter was the most commonly reported gastrointestinal bacterial pathogen in humans in the European Union with 246,307 reported cases. Of these cases, 83.6% were Campylobacter jejuni. The objective of the present study was to investigate to what extent an infection with C. jejuni alters the feed intake behavior of broiler chicks in terms of protein intake. This was done to see if, conversely, measures of control could be derived. In total, 300 commercial broilers of the Ross 308 line were allocated to four different groups, including five replications of 15 chickens each. In two groups, a conventional diet [216 g CP/kg dry matter (DM)] and in the two choice diet groups, diets with different levels of crude protein (286 and 109 g CP/kg DM, respectively) were fed between day 14 and day 42. An intake of both choice diets at a ratio of 3:2 resulted in a composition of consumed feed identical to that of the control concerning composition, energy and nutrient content. One group of each feeding concept was infected artificially with C. jejuni at day 21 by applying an oral C. jejuni-suspension containing 5.26 ± 0.08 log10 colony forming units of C. jejuni to three out of 15 chickens. No significant differences concerning C. jejuni prevalence and excretion could be seen. Broilers infected with C. jejuni chose a higher amount of the high protein choice diet in comparison to C. jejuni negative broilers. This resulted in a significantly (p < 0.0001) higher content of crude protein in the consumed diet (198 ± 3.09 g CP/kg DM and 208 ± 8.57 g CP/kg DM, respectively). Due to C. jejuni infection, a significant increase in crude mucin in excreta at day 42 was seen in experimentally infected groups (62.6 ± 4.62 g/kg DM vs. 59.6 ± 6.21 g/kg DM, respectively; p = 0.0396). There were significantly deeper crypts in infected birds (256 ± 71.6 vs. 234 ± 61.3 μm). In summary, C. jejuni infections significantly alter the feed intake behavior of broiler chickens regarding higher protein intake. Therefore, targeted manipulation of protein supply could be tested for limiting the spread of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Linus Klingenberg
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Hankel
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralph Brehm
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marion Langeheine
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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43
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Abstract
Chickens are recognized as an imperative source of thermophilic Campylobacter spp., carrying this microorganism in high numbers in their intestinal tract. For a long time, Campylobacter jejuni has been considered as a commensal microorganism which colonizes its primary host rather than infecting it, in the absence of any obvious clinical signs. However, recent studies question this and argue for a deeper understanding of the host-bacteria interaction. Following oral uptake, it was demonstrated that C. jejuni interacts intimately with the gut epithelium and influences cellular functions of the host, with consequences on nutrient absorption. The immune reaction of the host which was revealed in some studies confirmed the infectious nature of C. jejuni. In agreement with this, an increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes was noticed. The ability to induce intestinal damage and to modulate the barrier function of the intestinal epithelia has further consequences on gut integrity, as it facilitates the paracellular passage of C. jejuni into the underlying tissues and it supports the translocation of luminal bacteria such as Escherichia coli to internal organs. This is associated with an alteration of the gut microbiota as infected birds have a significantly lower abundance of E. coli in different parts of the intestine. Some studies found that the gut microbiota influences the infection and translocation of C. jejuni in chickens in various ways. The effects of C. jejuni on the intestinal function of chickens already indicate a possible interference with bird performance and welfare, which was confirmed in some experimental studies. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that a Campylobacter infection has an influence on the movement pattern of broiler flocks, supporting experimental studies. The intense interaction of C. jejuni with the chicken supports its role as an infectious agent instead of simply colonizing the gut. Most of the findings about the impact of Campylobacter on chickens are derived from studies using different Campylobacter isolates, a specific type of bird and varying experimental design. However, experimental studies demonstrate an influence of the aforementioned parameters on the outcome of a certain trial, arguing for improved standardization. This review summarizes the actual knowledge of the host-pathogen interaction of C. jejuni in chickens, emphasizing that there are still major gaps despite recently gained knowledge. Resolving the cascade from oral uptake to dissemination in the organism is crucial to fully elucidating the interaction of C. jejuni with the chicken host and to assess the clinical and economic implications with possible consequences on preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wageha A Awad
- a Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria.,b Department of Animal Hygiene, Poultry and Environment, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , South Valley University , Qena , Egypt
| | - Claudia Hess
- a Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- a Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria
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Connerton PL, Richards PJ, Lafontaine GM, O'Kane PM, Ghaffar N, Cummings NJ, Smith DL, Fish NM, Connerton IF. The effect of the timing of exposure to Campylobacter jejuni on the gut microbiome and inflammatory responses of broiler chickens. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:88. [PMID: 29753324 PMCID: PMC5948730 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacters are an unwelcome member of the poultry gut microbiota in terms of food safety. The objective of this study was to compare the microbiota, inflammatory responses, and zootechnical parameters of broiler chickens not exposed to Campylobacter jejuni with those exposed either early at 6 days old or at the age commercial broiler chicken flocks are frequently observed to become colonized at 20 days old. RESULTS Birds infected with Campylobacter at 20 days became cecal colonized within 2 days of exposure, whereas birds infected at 6 days of age did not show complete colonization of the sample cohort until 9 days post-infection. All birds sampled thereafter were colonized until the end of the study at 35 days (mean 6.1 log10 CFU per g of cecal contents). The cecal microbiota of birds infected with Campylobacter were significantly different to age-matched non-infected controls at 2 days post-infection, but generally, the composition of the cecal microbiota were more affected by bird age as the time post infection increased. The effects of Campylobacter colonization on the cecal microbiota were associated with reductions in the relative abundance of OTUs within the taxonomic family Lactobacillaceae and the Clostridium cluster XIVa. Specific members of the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families exhibit transient shifts in microbial community populations dependent upon the age at which the birds become colonized by C. jejuni. Analysis of ileal and cecal chemokine/cytokine gene expression revealed increases in IL-6, IL-17A, and Il-17F consistent with a Th17 response, but the persistence of the response was dependent on the stage/time of C. jejuni colonization that coincide with significant reductions in the abundance of Clostridium cluster XIVa. CONCLUSIONS This study combines microbiome data, cytokine/chemokine gene expression with intestinal villus, and crypt measurements to compare chickens colonized early or late in the rearing cycle to provide insights into the process and outcomes of Campylobacter colonization. Early colonization results in a transient growth rate reduction and pro-inflammatory response but persistent modification of the cecal microbiota. Late colonization produces pro-inflammatory responses with changes in the cecal microbiota that will endure in market-ready chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillippa L Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Philip J Richards
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Geraldine M Lafontaine
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter M O'Kane
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Nacheervan Ghaffar
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Nicola J Cummings
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Darren L Smith
- Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nothumbria, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Neville M Fish
- Dairy Crest Ltd, Claygate House, Littleworth Road, Esher, Surrey, KT10 9PN, UK
| | - Ian F Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK.
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Influence of the Gut Microbiota Composition on Campylobacter jejuni Colonization in Chickens. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00380-17. [PMID: 28808158 PMCID: PMC5649013 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00380-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Campylobacter jejuni-host interaction may be affected by the host's gut microbiota through competitive exclusion, metabolites, or modification of the immune response. To understand this interaction, C. jejuni colonization and local immune responses were compared in chickens with different gut microbiota compositions. Birds were treated with an antibiotic cocktail (AT) (experiments 1 and 2) or raised under germfree (GF) conditions (experiment 3). At 18 days posthatch (dph), they were orally inoculated either with 104 CFU of C. jejuni or with diluent. Cecal as well as systemic C. jejuni colonization, T- and B-cell numbers in the gut, and gut-associated tissue were compared between the different groups. Significantly higher numbers of CFU of C. jejuni were detected in the cecal contents of AT and GF birds, with higher colonization rates in spleen, liver, and ileum, than in birds with a conventional gut microbiota (P < 0.05). Significant upregulation of T and B lymphocyte numbers was detected in cecum, cecal tonsils, and bursa of Fabricius of AT or GF birds after C. jejuni inoculation compared to the respective controls (P < 0.05). This difference was less clear in birds with a conventional gut microbiota. Histopathological gut lesions were observed only in C. jejuni-inoculated AT and GF birds but not in microbiota-colonized C. jejuni-inoculated hatchmates. These results demonstrate that the gut microbiota may contribute to the control of C. jejuni colonization and prevent lesion development. Further studies are needed to identify key players of the gut microbiota and the mechanisms behind their protective role.
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46
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Sweeney T, Meredith H, Vigors S, McDonnell MJ, Ryan M, Thornton K, O’Doherty JV. Extracts of laminarin and laminarin/fucoidan from the marine macroalgal species Laminaria digitata improved growth rate and intestinal structure in young chicks, but does not influence Campylobacter jejuni colonisation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lacharme-Lora L, Chaloner G, Gilroy R, Humphrey S, Gibbs K, Jopson S, Wright E, Reid W, Ketley J, Humphrey T, Williams N, Rushton S, Wigley P. B lymphocytes play a limited role in clearance of Campylobacter jejuni from the chicken intestinal tract. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45090. [PMID: 28332622 PMCID: PMC5362810 DOI: 10.1038/srep45090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis with contaminated poultry meat its main source. Control of C. jejuni is a priority for the poultry industry but no vaccines are available and their development hampered by poor understanding of the immunobiology of C. jejuni infection. Here we show the functional role of B lymphocytes in response to C. jejuni in the chicken through depletion of the B lymphocyte population (bursectomy) followed by challenge. B lymphocyte depletion has little effect on bacterial numbers in the ceca, the main site of colonisation, where C. jejuni persist to beyond commercial slaughter age, but reduces clearance from the small intestine. In longer-term experiments we show antibody leads to reduction in C. jeuni numbers in the ceca by nine weeks post infection. Whilst we did not examine any protective role to re-challenge, it illustrates the difficulty in producing a vaccine in a young, immunologically naïve host. We believe this is first study of functional immunity to C. jejuni in chicken and shows antibody is ineffective in clearing C. jejuni from the ceca within the production lifetime of chickens, although is involved in clearance from the small intestine and longer-term clearance from the ceca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth Lacharme-Lora
- Institute for Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool. Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Gemma Chaloner
- Institute for Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool. Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Rachel Gilroy
- Institute for Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool. Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Suzanne Humphrey
- Institute for Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool. Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Kirsty Gibbs
- Institute for Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool. Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Sue Jopson
- Institute for Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool. Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Elli Wright
- Institute for Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool. Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - William Reid
- Institute for Research on the Environment and Sustainability, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Julian Ketley
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Tom Humphrey
- Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute for Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool. Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Steven Rushton
- Institute for Research on the Environment and Sustainability, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Paul Wigley
- Institute for Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool. Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
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48
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Han Z, Willer T, Pielsticker C, Gerzova L, Rychlik I, Rautenschlein S. Differences in host breed and diet influence colonization by Campylobacter jejuni and induction of local immune responses in chicken. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:56. [PMID: 27843492 PMCID: PMC5105272 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chickens are regarded as the main reservoir for human campylobacteriosis. Little is known about the interaction between Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and chickens. This interaction may be influenced by the stage of maturation of the immune system, developing gut microbiota composition and other factors including breed and diet. Our aim was to investigate the impact of breed, and diet on C. jejuni colonization and host immune responses in chickens. Birds were inoculated with 104 colony forming units (CFU) of C. jejuni or diluent at one (Exp. 1) or 22 (Exp. 2) days post hatch. We compared local immune cell subpopulations, cytokine expression levels, and gut microbiota composition between broiler-type (BT) and layer-type (LT) birds fed with either commercial broiler feed (bf) or layer feed (lf). RESULTS Lower colonization rates were observed in the older age group independent of breed and diet. Independent of breed, birds fed with bf showed higher CFU of C. jejuni compared to lf-fed groups. Campylobacter jejuni-inoculation had a significant effect on lymphocyte numbers and cytokine expression levels in BT birds independent of feeding strategy (p < 0.05). These effects were not detected in LT birds, only LT birds fed with bf showed a significant increase in IL-8-expression at 7 days post C. jejuni inoculation compared to LT-control birds (p < 0.05). Diet influenced gut microbiota composition in a comparable manner between BT and LT birds, but changes in microbiota composition associated with C. jejuni inoculation varied between breeds. CONCLUSIONS Diet and breed influenced C. jejuni colonization, immune responses and microbiota composition to a different extent comparing between LT and BT birds. The mechanisms behind these differences have to be elucidated further. Our results suggest that selection for more resistant breeds in combination with adapted feeding strategies may help to reduce Campylobacter colonization levels in commercial poultry in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Han
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Willer
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Colin Pielsticker
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lenka Gerzova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Rychlik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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49
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Vaezirad MM, Keestra-Gounder AM, de Zoete MR, Koene MG, Wagenaar JA, van Putten JPM. Invasive behavior of Campylobacter jejuni in immunosuppressed chicken. Virulence 2016; 8:248-260. [PMID: 27574876 PMCID: PMC5411237 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1221559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a predominant cause of gastroenteritis in humans but rather harmless in chickens. The basis of this difference is unknown. We investigated the effect of the chicken immune defense on the behavior of C. jejuni using glucocorticoid (GC)-treated and mock-treated 17-day old Ross 308 chicken bearing in mind that GCs have immunosuppressive effects and dampen the innate immune response. The effect of GC administration on the behavior of C. jejuni was compared with that on infection with Salmonella Enteritidis to address possible microbe-associated differences. Our results revealed that GC treatment fastened the intestinal colonization of C. jejuni (p < 0.001) and enhanced its dissemination to the liver (p = 0.007). The effect of GC on intestinal colonization of S. Enteritidis was less pronounced (p = 0.033) but GC did speed up the spread of this pathogen to the liver (p < 0.001). Cytokine transcript analysis showed an up to 30-fold reduction in baseline levels of IL-8 mRNA in the cecal (but not spleen) tissue at Day 1 after GC treatment (p < 0.005). Challenge with C. jejuni strongly increased intestinal IL-8, IL-6, and iNOS transcript levels in the non-GC treated animals but not in the GC-treated birds (P < 0.005). In vitro assays with chicken macrophages showed that GC dampened the TLR agonist- and C. jejuni induced-inflammatory gene transcription and production of nitric oxide (P < 0.005). Together, the results support the hypothesis that C. jejuni has the intrinsic ability to invade chicken tissue and that an effective innate immune response may limit its invasive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi M Vaezirad
- a Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology , Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands.,b University of Birjand , Birjand , Iran
| | | | - Marcel R de Zoete
- a Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology , Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Miriam G Koene
- c Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR , Lelystad , the Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- a Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology , Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands.,c Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR , Lelystad , the Netherlands
| | - Jos P M van Putten
- a Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology , Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
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50
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Reid WDK, Close AJ, Humphrey S, Chaloner G, Lacharme-Lora L, Rothwell L, Kaiser P, Williams NJ, Humphrey TJ, Wigley P, Rushton SP. Cytokine responses in birds challenged with the human food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni implies a Th17 response. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:150541. [PMID: 27069644 PMCID: PMC4821255 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Development of process orientated understanding of cytokine interactions within the gastrointestinal tract during an immune response to pathogens requires experimentation and statistical modelling. The immune response against pathogen challenge depends on the specific threat to the host. Here, we show that broiler chickens mount a breed-dependent immune response to Campylobacter jejuni infection in the caeca by analysing experimental data using frequentist and Bayesian structural equation models (SEM). SEM provides a framework by which cytokine interdependencies, based on prior knowledge, can be tested. In both breeds important cytokines including pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β, , IL-4, IL-17A, interferon (IFN)-γ and anti-inflammatory IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β4 were expressed post-challenge. The SEM revealed a putative regulatory pathway illustrating a T helper (Th)17 response and regulation of IL-10, which is breed-dependent. The prominence of the Th17 pathway indicates the cytokine response aims to limit the invasion or colonization of an extracellular bacterial pathogen but the time-dependent nature of the response differs between breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. K. Reid
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Andrew J. Close
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Suzanne Humphrey
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Chester CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Gemma Chaloner
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Chester CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Lizeth Lacharme-Lora
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Chester CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Lisa Rothwell
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Science, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Science, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Nicola J. Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Chester CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Tom J. Humphrey
- College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Paul Wigley
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Chester CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Stephen P. Rushton
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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