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Javed A, Ajmal M, Hanif NQ, Akram A. Effects of inoculation of corn silage with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on silage fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestibility, mycoflora and aflatoxin production. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:3488-3497. [PMID: 37647099 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2252154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, fresh whole corn plants along with half milk kernels line were treated with live and hydrolysed yeast with different concentrations before ensiling and kept in airtight bags and then into mini silos in order to achieve anaerobic conditions for proper fermentation. The buckets were opened after different time intervals to characterise the material, quick acidification, dry matter recovery, and aerobic stability of silage respectively. Moreover, mycoflora and aflatoxin contamination were also analysed. The overall result reported that the silage quality was improved by the application of live and hydrolysed yeast. The best result was reported by the application of live yeast (T2: 10 g/kg) which significantly improved the fermentative, proximate, and digestibility parameters and reduced the mycoflora and aflatoxin contamination. Our results present promising new options for the use of natural compounds that may help to improve silage quality and reduce aflatoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Javed
- Department of Biology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Ajmal
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi
| | - Nafeesa Qudsia Hanif
- AgriPak Labs, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- University Institute of Biochemistry & Biotechnology (UIBB) - PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Abida Akram
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi
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Golbotteh MM, Malecky M, Aliarabi H, Zamani P. Impact of oil type and savory plant on nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation, milk yield, and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22427. [PMID: 39341950 PMCID: PMC11438970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fat supplements are well known for their multiple beneficial effects on ruminant health, reproduction and productivity, and as a source for certain bioactive compounds in ruminant products. On the other hand, numerous phytochemicals have demonstrated the potential to improve rumen fermentation through modifying the volatile fatty acid (VFA) pattern to favour those with greater energy efficiency, boosting microbial protein synthesis, and decreasing methane emission and ruminal ammonia concentration. Savory is an aromatic plant rich in various phytochemicals (mainly carvacrol and flavonoids) that can alter ruminal metabolism of dietary fatty acids, potentially increasing the production of some bioactive compounds such as conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs). This study aimed to investigate combined effects of oil type (fish oil (FO) versus soybean oil (SO)) and the inclusion of savory (Satureja khuzistanica) plant (SP) in the diet on total tract digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cattle. Eight multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with four diets and four 21-d periods. During each experimental period consisted of 14 days of adaptation and a 7-day sampling period, cows were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments: the diet supplemented with 2% (DM basis) fish oil (FOD) or soybean oil (SOD), the FOD or SOD plus 370 g DM/d/head SP (FODs, SODs, respectively). The experimental diets were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with the fat sources as the first and SP as the second factor. The FO-supplemented diets had lower dry matter intake (DMI) and higher total tract digestibility than SO-supplemented diets (P < 0.05), and including SP in the diet improved total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) (P < 0.05) without negatively affecting DMI. Rumen pH was lower with SO than with FO diets (P < 0.01) and increased with SP inclusion in the diet (P < 0.05). Total protozoa count and ruminal ammonia concentration decreased, and the branched-chain VFA (BCVFA) proportion increased with SP inclusion in the diet (P < 0.05). Milk production, as well as the concentration and yield of milk components (except lactose concentration) were higher with SO than with FO diets (P < 0.05), but these variables remained unaffected by SP. The milk concentrations of both non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) were lower with SO compared to FO diets, and these variables were reduced by SP (P < 0.01). The proportions of both mono- and polyunsaturated FA (MUFA and PUFA, respectively) in milk were higher with FO than with SO diets (P < 0.01), and their proportions increased by SP at the expense of saturated FA (SFA) (P < 0.01). Including SP in the diet increased the proportions of all the milk n-3 FA (C18:3c, C20:5, and C22:6) by 21%, 40%, and 97%, respectively, and those of conjugated linoleic acids (C18:2 (c9,t11-CLA) and C18:2 (t10,c12-CLA)) by 23% and 62%, respectively. There was no interaction between oil type and SP for the assessed variables. Fish oil, despite reducing milk production and milk components, was more effective than soybean oil in enriching milk with healthy FA. These findings also show promise for SP as a feed additive with the potential to improve total tract digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk FA composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mehdipour Golbotteh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - M Malecky
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - H Aliarabi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - P Zamani
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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Zhao X, Zhang Y, Rahman A, Chen M, Li N, Wu T, Qi Y, Zheng N, Zhao S, Wang J. Rumen microbiota succession throughout the perinatal period and its association with postpartum production traits in dairy cows: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 18:17-26. [PMID: 39022774 PMCID: PMC11253274 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The transition period for dairy cows usually refers to the 3 weeks pre-calving to the 3 weeks post-calving. During this period, dairy cows undergo metabolic and physiological adaptations because of their susceptibility to metabolic and infectious diseases. Poor feeding management under these circumstances may adversely affect the health and subsequent production performance of the cows. Owing to long-term adaptation and evolution, the rumen has become a unique ecosystem inhabited by a complex microbial community closely associated with its natural host. Dietary components are metabolized by the rumen microbiota, and volatile fatty acids and microbial protein products can be used as precursor substances for synthesizing meat and milk components. The successful transition of perinatal dairy cows includes changes in diet, physiology, and the rumen microbiota. Rumen microbial profiles have been confirmed to be heritable and repairable; however, adverse circumstances affect rumen microbial composition, host digestion and metabolism, as well as postpartum production traits of dairy cows for a certain period. Preliminary evidence indicates a close relationship between the rumen microbiota and animal performance. Therefore, changes in rumen microbes during the transition period and the intrinsic links between the microbiota and host postpartum phenotypic traits need to be better understood to optimize production performance in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ashikur Rahman
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yunxia Qi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Leal KW, Leal MLR, Breancini M, Signor MH, Vitt MG, Silva LEL, Wagner R, Jung CTK, Kozloski GV, de Araujo RC, Da Silva AS. Essential oils and capsaicin in the diet of Jersey cows at early lactation and their positive impact on anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunological responses. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:247. [PMID: 39215939 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04077-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to determine whether the addition of phytogenic compounds based on essential oils (carvacrol, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde) and resinous pepper oil (capsaicin) to the diet of Jersey cows at the beginning of lactation affects anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory responses, as well as whether there are effects of EO on blood metabolites, ruminal fermentation, digestibility and milk production and composition. Six primiparous cows (370.00 ± 17 kg body weight (BW); 13.02 kg dry matter intake (DMI); 21 days of lactation and average milk production of 20 ± 2 L per day) were allocated to crossed experimental design (2 × 2) with two experimental periods of 28 days and two treatments. Blood, milk and rumen fluid were collected and, at the end of each period, feed and feces samples were collected to evaluate the apparent digestibility of nutrients. The groups were control (CLT) without supplementation and treated (BEO) with the addition of 150 mg/kg of dry matter of the phytogenic to the concentrated portion of the diet. Cows in the BEO group had lower numbers of leukocytes (P ≤ 0.05) and lymphocytes (P ≤ 0.02), but total protein and globulin levels were higher on days 21 and 28 (P ≤ 0.01). In the BEO group, the levels of immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin heavy chain and transferrin were higher (P ≤ 0.05). The levels of ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and C-reactive protein were lower in the BEO group (P ≤ 0.05). Lipid peroxidation levels and protein carbonyl content were lower in the BEO group. The total antioxidant capacity (P ≤ 0.09) and the activity of glutathione S-transferase (P ≤ 0.03) and glutathione peroxidase (P ≤ 0.05) were higher in the BEO group. Cows in the BEO group had lower pH (P ≤ 0.05), acetic acid concentrations (P ≤ 0.01) and higher protozoa counts (P ≤ 0.01). Our results suggest that phytogenic supplementation has positive effects on the health of Jersey cows in early lactation, characterized by immunostimulant, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline W Leal
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (PPGMV), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marta L R Leal
- Department of Large Animal Clinic, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Michel Breancini
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Mateus H Signor
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Maksuel G Vitt
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, UDESC, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Roger Wagner
- Department of Food Sciences, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rafael C de Araujo
- Department of Research and Development - Ruminant Division, GRASP Ind. & Com. LTDA, Curitiba, PR, 81260-000, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S Da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
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de Vitt MG, Signor MH, Corrêa NG, Breancini M, Wolschick GJ, Klein B, Silva LEL, Wagner R, Jung CTK, Kozloski GV, Bajay MM, Schroeder GS, Milarch CF, Da Silva AS. Combination of Phytoactives in the Diet of Lactating Jersey Cows: Effects on Productive Efficiency, Milk Composition and Quality, Ruminal Environment, and Animal Health. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2518. [PMID: 39272304 PMCID: PMC11394032 DOI: 10.3390/ani14172518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This study's objective was to evaluate whether adding a combination of phytoactive (microencapsulated essential oils, minerals, turmeric extract, tannin, prebiotic, and probiotic) to the feed of lactating Jersey cows positively affects the production, composition, and quality of milk, rumen environment, and animal health. Fourteen Jersey cows were divided into two groups (control and phytogenic) for an experiment with two lactation phases of 45 days each (early lactation and mid-lactation). During the experiment, milk production was higher at various times in cows that consumed phytoactive, and these animals had the best feed efficiency. In mid-lactation, phytoactive intake increased nutrient digestibility. The number of lymphocytes in the blood is reduced when cows consume phytoactive substances. Globulin levels increased in these cows fed with the additive, which may be related to a higher concentration of immunoglobulins, especially IgA. Cows fed phytoactives had lower ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin concentrations. Lower serum lipid peroxidation, associated with greater glutathione S-transferase activity, is a good health indicator in cows that consume phytoactive substances. The higher concentration of volatile fatty acids was due to the higher proportion of acetic acid in the ruminal fluid combined with lower butyric acid. Somatic cell counts in milk were lower in cows that consumed phytoactives during mid-lactation, as well as the effect of the treatment on Streptococcus spp. (lower in cows that consumed the additive). We conclude that consuming the additive benefits cows' health modulates rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility, and positively affects milk production and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksuel G de Vitt
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | - Mateus H Signor
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | - Natalia G Corrêa
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | - Michel Breancini
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriel J Wolschick
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruna Klein
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo L Silva
- Department of Food Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Roger Wagner
- Department of Food Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila T K Jung
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilberto V Kozloski
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Miklos M Bajay
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aleksandro S Da Silva
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
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Ike KA, Casper DP, Hansen WP, Scott M, Anele UY. Milk replacer galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) inclusion rates for neonatal calves. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)01075-0. [PMID: 39154729 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) is a prebiotic isolated from whey. This study evaluated the optimal inclusion rate for improving growth and health performance of neonatal calves. Eighty-eight 2-5-d old Holstein bull calves were blocked by initial BW and randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatments using a RCBD. Treatments comprised a 22:20 (CP: fat) amino acid balanced milk replacer (MR) with GOS added at the rate of 0 g/d (Control or GOS0), 2 g/d (GOS2), 4 g/d (GOS4), and 8 g/d (GOS8). Calves received 0.283 kg MR in 1.9 L fed 2 x/d for the first 14 d, then increased to 0.42 kg in 2.84 L fed 2x/d through d 35, followed by 0.42 kg MR in 2.84 L fed 1x/d through d 42, followed by weaning. The GOS inclusion rate remained constant as milk volume increased. Calves fed GOS at 2, 4, and 8 g/d demonstrated similar growth performance compared with calves fed GOS0. Calves fed GOS4 demonstrated a carryover effect into post-weaning resulting in a tendency for increased (P < 0.08) BW (82.5, 83.0, 85.3, and 83.1 kg for GOS0, GOS2, GOS4, and GOS8, respectively), BW gains (37.8, 38.2, 41.3 and 38.6 kg), and ADG (687, 696, 751, and 701 g/d). The ADG was increased by 9.3% when feeding calves GOS4 compared with calves fed GOS0. Calf starter DMI was greater at 7 (1.73,1.86, 1.95, and 1.83 kg/d) and 8 (2.34, 2.50, 2.60, 2.49 kg/d) wk of age for calves fed GOS4 compared with calves fed GOS0 with remaining treatments being intermediate and similar. Feed conversion (0.552, 0.529, 0.563, 0.545 kg/kg) was greater for calves fed GOS0 and GOS4 g/d compared with calves fed GOS2 with calves fed GOS8 being intermediate and similar. Body frame gains were similar for calves fed all GOS inclusion rates. A treatment by week interaction at wk 2 indicated that calves fed GOS2 demonstrated greater fecal score = 0 d than calves fed the remaining treatments, indicating less scours. In conclusion, supplementing GOS to a milk replacer at 4 g/d fed to neonatal calves improved growth performance without compromising health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelechi A Ike
- College of Science and Technology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Greensboro NC 27401, USA
| | - David P Casper
- Casper's Calf Ranch, 4890 West Lily Creek Road, Freeport, IL 61032, USA.; Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Greensboro NC 27401, USA.
| | - William P Hansen
- Milk Specialties Global, 7500 Flying Cloud Dr Suite 500 Eden Prairie, Minnesota, 55344, USA
| | - Mark Scott
- Milk Specialties Global, 7500 Flying Cloud Dr Suite 500 Eden Prairie, Minnesota, 55344, USA
| | - Uchenna Y Anele
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Greensboro NC 27401, USA
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Al-Hasani F, El-Zaiat HM, Al-Kharousi K, Rahman MS, Al-Khalili M, Al-Habsi N. Assessing the efficacy of date-pits holocellulose as a novel additive candidate for ruminant feeding. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:229. [PMID: 39096346 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Holocellulose (HC) fraction extracted from date-pits was evaluated as a novel feed additive for ruminant feeding. This study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of the HC additive on rumen fermentation, methane (CH4) production, and diet degradability over 24 h of in vitro incubation. Three independent incubation trials were conducted over three consecutive weeks, employing the same in vitro methodology to assess four treatment doses in a completely randomized design. The experimental diet incorporated four increasing doses of HC, containing HC at 0 (HC0), 10 (HC10), 20 (HC20), and 30 (HC30) g/kg dry matter (DM). In vitro gas production (GP) and CH4 production, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentration, protozoa accounts, degraded organic matter (DOM), metabolizable and net energy (ME and NE), and hydrogen (H2) estimates were measured. No significant differences in ruminal pH were observed as the HC doses gradually increased. All incremental doses of HC additive over 24 h resulted in a linear increase in GP (P < 0.001), DOM (P < 0.001), total VFAs (P = 0.011), and propionate (P < 0.001) concentrations, as well as estimated energy (ME and NE) (P < 0.05) and microbial protein (P = 0.017) values. However, the inclusion of increasing doses of HC in the diet displayed linear reductions in the net CH4 production (ml/kg DOM; P = 0.002), protozoa abundance (P = 0.027); acetate (P = 0.029), and butyrate (P < 0.001) concentrations, the acetate-to-propionate ratio (P < 0.001), and the estimated net H2 production concentration (P = 0.049). Thus, the use of date-pits HC additive generated positive ruminal fermentability, including increased total VFAs and a reduction in the acetate-to-propionate ratio, leading to decreased CH4 output over 24 h of in vitro incubation. Hence, HC could be considered a potent feed additive (at up to 30 g/kg DM), demonstrating promising CH4-mitigating competency and thereby enhancing energy-use efficiency in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Al-Hasani
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, P. O. Code,123, P. O. Box 34, Al-Khoud, Muscat, Oman
| | - Hani M El-Zaiat
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P. O. Code 123, P. O. Box 34, Al-Khoud, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Kaadhia Al-Kharousi
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P. O. Code 123, P. O. Box 34, Al-Khoud, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mohammad Shafur Rahman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, P. O. Code,123, P. O. Box 34, Al-Khoud, Muscat, Oman
| | - Maha Al-Khalili
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, P. O. Code,123, P. O. Box 34, Al-Khoud, Muscat, Oman
| | - Nasser Al-Habsi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, P. O. Code,123, P. O. Box 34, Al-Khoud, Muscat, Oman
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Su D, Song L, Dong Q, Zhang A, Zhang L, Wang Y, Feng M, Li X, Li F, Sun X, Gao Y. Effects of herbal formula on growth performance, apparent digestibility, antioxidant capacity, and rumen microbiome in fattening lambs under heat stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:51364-51380. [PMID: 39110285 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34542-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) causes severe economic losses in sheep industry worldwide. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of a herbal formula (HF) supplement on growth, digestibility, antioxidant capacity, and rumen microbes in fattening lambs under HS. The HF composed of four herbs was prepared based on the theory of compatibility of Chinese medicine "Jun-Chen-Zuo-Shi". Two-hundred forty 3-month weaned lambs (initial weight 36.61 ± 0.73 kg) were randomly allocated into four groups, supplemented 0% (Control), 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% HF in diets. All lambs were exposed to HS conditions with 79.7 of average temperature-humidity index throughout an experimental period of 35 days. Growth performance, apparent digestibility, and antioxidant activities, involving antioxidant enzymes and heat shock proteins (HSPs), were measured at the end of trial, as well as microbial communities in bacteria and archaea. Results showed that 0.5% HF increased (P = 0.02) average daily gain by 13.80% and decreased feed-to-gain ratio (P = 0.03) by 14.68%, compared to control. With increasing HF doses, the digestibility of ether extract and acid detergent fiber demonstrated a cubical (P < 0.01) and quadratic (P = 0.03) relation, respectively; moreover, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities demonstrated a quadratic increase (P < 0.01). Serum levels of HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 for 0.5% HF were lower than that in control (P < 0.05). On the other hand, total volatile fatty acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, and isovaleric acid levels exhibited quadratic increases (P ≤ 0.01) with HF doses. From rumen microbes, the abundance and diversity of bacterial community were improved by HF supplements. Particularly for 0.5% HF group, the operational taxonomic units were the greatest among all groups. Compared to control, Prevotella abundance for HF supplements from 0.5 to 1.5% increased by 35.57 to 60.15%, and Succiniclasticum abundance demonstrated a quadratic pattern (P = 0.02) with doses. Additionally, Methanosphaera abundance in archaeal community raised by 0.2 to 3.3-folds when lambs were fed the HF additions of 0.5 to 1.5%. In summary, dietary HF supplements would contribute to alleviating HS in lambs, and our results suggest the optimal dose of 0.5% HF supplement in diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyao Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lianjie Song
- Chengde Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengde, China
| | - Qing Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Chengde Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengde, China
| | - Man Feng
- Chengde Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengde, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Feng Li
- Chengde Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengde, China
| | - Xinsheng Sun
- College of Information Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yuhong Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
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Van den Bossche T, Goossens K, Ampe B, Tamassia LFM, De Boever JL, Vandaele L. Effect of supplementing an α-amylase enzyme or a blend of essential oil components on the performance, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen balance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4509-4523. [PMID: 38369111 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Lowering dietary protein content is a promising strategy to reduce N excretions in cattle but it requires improved N utilization by the animal. Feed enzymes (e.g., exogenous α-amylase) and plant extracts (e.g., essential oils [EO]) are 2 additives that may enhance rumen function and possibly also microbial protein yield. This may increase fat- and protein-corrected milk yield (MY) and milk nitrogen efficiency and thus lower N losses from dairy cows. Both types of additives were studied in an experiment including 39 Holstein cows that had (average ± SD) 40.7 ± 7.95 kg/d MY, 89 ± 43 DIM, 2.7 ± 1.5 lactations, and 677 ± 68.6 kg of BW, consisting of a covariate (4 wk) and treatment period (5 wk). During the whole experiment cows were fed a typical Benelux diet (CTRL), supplemented with concentrates to meet individual requirements for energy and MP, which were fulfilled for 100% and 101%, respectively. The total diet was low in CP (15.5%) and relatively high in starch (22.6% and 6.6% rumen bypass starch). Cows were balanced for parity, DIM, MY, and roughage intake and randomly assigned to one of 3 groups, which received the following treatments in the treatment period: (1) CTRL (n = 13); (2) CTRL + 14 g/cow per day Ronozyme RumiStar α-amylase enzyme (AMEZ, n = 13; DSM); and (3) CTRL + 2.5 g/cow per day Crina Protect, a blend of EO components (ESOL, n = 13; DSM). Animal performance, ruminal pH, and enteric gas emissions were monitored throughout the experiment. During the last week of the covariate and treatment periods, nitrogen balances were conducted, total-tract nutrient digestibility was determined, and urinary allantoin and uric acid were determined as indicators for microbial N production. The statistical model applied to these variables contained group and DIM during treatment period as fixed effects and the values from the covariate period as covariate. Post hoc Dunnet-corrected comparisons between each treatment group and the control group were explored. The α-amylase enzyme tended to increase apparent total-tract starch digestibility and increased milk lactose concentration. The EO blend tended to increase MY and increased milk N output, milk nitrogen efficiency, and feed efficiency. Therefore, when feeding reduced dietary protein levels, EO have potential to improve the N-use efficiency in cattle, whereas the α-amylase enzyme might increase starch digestibility and milk lactose. However, additional research is necessary to substantiate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Van den Bossche
- Flanders Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - K Goossens
- Flanders Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - B Ampe
- Flanders Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | | | - J L De Boever
- Flanders Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - L Vandaele
- Flanders Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9090 Melle, Belgium.
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10
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Imbabi T, Hassan TMM, Osman A, El Aziz AHA, Tantawi AA, Nasr MAF. Impacts of thyme and/or garlic oils on growth, immunity, antioxidant and net farm income in Damascus goats. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13173. [PMID: 38849384 PMCID: PMC11161640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of thyme and/or garlic oil administration on growth performance, immunity, antioxidant, biochemical parameters, and net farm income of Damascus goats. Forty weaned Damascus goats were allocated into four groups. The first group was the control without oral administration, while the 2nd (Th), 3rd (Gr), and 4th (ThGr) groups were orally administrated by (2 ml/goat/day) of thyme oil, garlic oil and their mixture (1:1), respectively during the whole experiment period. The final body weight of goats orally administered oil mixture was the heaviest group, it was 10, 4.5 and 3.5% than the control, Th. and Gr. groups, respectively with better feed conversion ratio and high net farm income. Goats of ThGr. group revealed the best immunity, antioxidant and general health condition than the control group with 50% reduction of MDA. Liver (AST, 33% and ALT, 38%) and kidney (creatinine, 88%) functions improved by oils mixtures orally administration compared with the control group. LDL, triglyceride and cholesterol were reduced by 47, 33 and 21% compared with the control group, respectively. Thus, mixture oil administration (thyme and garlic at the ratio of 1:1, 2 ml/goat/day) improved growth (10%), antioxidant status (MDA 50%), liver (AST, 33% and ALT, 38%), kidney function (creatinine, 88%), the FCR (17.4%) and net farm income (21%), of Damascus goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharwat Imbabi
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha, 13736, Egypt
| | - Tamer M M Hassan
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha, 13736, Egypt
| | - Ali Osman
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ayman H Abd El Aziz
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Abuelkassem A Tantawi
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El-Minya, 61519, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A F Nasr
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt.
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11
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Benetel G, Fagundes GM, de Méo-Filho P, Silva TDS, Welter KC, Melo FA, Lobo AAG, Frighetto RTS, Berndt A, Muir JP, Bueno ICDS. Essential Oils in Nellore Beef Cattle: In Vivo Impact on Rumen Emissions. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1664. [PMID: 38891711 PMCID: PMC11171147 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs), as rumen additives, decreased CH4 emissions in in vitro trials but results from in vivo studies are still limited. We investigated the effects of Origanum vulgare (OEO) and Thymus vulgaris (TEO) EOs on in vivo methane emissions from Nellore beef cattle. Six adult rumen-cannulated Nellore cattle were used in a double 3 × 3 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of three diets containing either 3 mL OEO per kg of concentrate, 3 mL TEO/kg of concentrate, or no EO addition. The experimental period consisted of three 21 d feeding periods and methane production was measured using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) technique from Day 16 to Day 21 of each feeding period. Intake, total apparent digestibility (dry matter as well as neutral and acid detergent fiber), and rumen parameters (pH, ammoniacal nitrogen concentration, and short-chain fatty acids) were also evaluated. The EOs did not decrease CH4 emissions and had no effect on rumen parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Benetel
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Maria Fagundes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Roraima-UFRR, BR 174, Km 12, Boa Vista 69300-000, RR, Brazil
| | - Paulo de Méo-Filho
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-UC Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thaysa Dos Santos Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Katiéli Caroline Welter
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia Alves Melo
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Annelise Aila Gomes Lobo
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Berndt
- Research and Development, Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rod Washington Luiz, Km 23, São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil
| | - James Pierre Muir
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 1229 North U.S. Hwy 281, Stephenville, TX 76401, USA
| | - Ives Cláudio da Silva Bueno
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
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12
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Panneerselvam S, Palanisamy V, Balasubramaniam M, Palanisamy S, Jaganathan M, Kannan TA. Effect of nonstructural carbohydrates on production performance, rumen metabolism and rumen health in lambs fed with isocaloric and isonitrogenous complete diets. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:181. [PMID: 38822166 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) are readily fermentable in the rumen and, are a critical factor while preparing protracted feed for higher animal performance. Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous complete feeds were prepared for this investigation to contain varying levels of nonstructural carbohydrates viz., 40.13 (NSC1), 45.21 (NSC2), 50.00 (NSC3) and 55.85 (NSC4) per cent, respectively. The four isocaloric and isonitrogenous complete feeds were tested in 32 Mecheri ram lambs (around three months of age) in a completely randomised block design (n = 8), and the lambs were fed their respective feed for six months. The study revealed that the increased NSC level in the complete diet increased the body weight and weight gain linearly (P < 0.05). The dietary NSC level affected the dry matter consumption in a quadratic manner (P < 0.05) and the lambs of the NSC4 group consumed significantly (P < 0.05) less DM compared to other dietary groups. The overall average feed conversion efficiency differed significantly (P < 0.05) among dietary groups. The correlation between dietary NSC level and faecal score was quadratic (r2 = 62.7, P < 0.05). The rumen pH, total nitrogen and NH3-N concentration were linearly decreased (P < 0.05) and the molar proportion of total short-chain fatty acids and propionic acid were increased (P < 0.05). The energy loss expressed as methane production was significantly (P < 0.01) lower for the high NSC diet-fed lambs. The lambs fed on a low NSC diet had significantly (P < 0.05) lower carcass weights, dressing percentage and loin eye area. The per cent share of rumen weight in the total fore stomach and the rumen papillae measurements length, width and surface area were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in high NSC diet-fed lambs. Increased levels of NSC in the diet increased (P < 0.05) fat deposition in the internal organs. The saturated fatty acids content in the meat was significantly (P < 0.05) lowered, whereas, the oleic acid and linoleic acid were increased (P < 0.05) as the NSC level increased in the diet. The study revealed that as the level of NSC increased in the complete diet there was a concomitant improvement in the final body weight, ADG and feed efficiency of post-weaned Mecheri lambs. It can therefore be recommended that the complete feed with 50 per cent NSC levels would be optimum to reap maximum returns from fattening Mecheri lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasan Palanisamy
- Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohan Balasubramaniam
- Controller of Examinations, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Palanisamy
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, India
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13
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Kholif AE, Rahman MA, Abo El-Nor SAH, Morsy TA, Gouda GA, Fahmy M, Chahine M. Efficacy of Salvia officinalis Shrub as a Sustainable Feed Additive for Reducing Ruminal Methane Production and Enhancing Fermentation in Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1648. [PMID: 38891692 PMCID: PMC11171110 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of dried Salvia officinalis (SO) shrub leaves on nutrient degradability, ruminal in vitro fermentation, gas production (GP), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) productions. Dried and ground SO shrub leaves were included at 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% DM of a diet consisting of (per kg DM) 500 g concentrate feed mixture, 400 g berseem hay, and 100 g rice straw. The diet was incubated for 48 h. The asymptotic GP and the rate of GP changed linearly and quadratically (p < 0.01), with the highest GP observed at 1% inclusion of SO and then decreasing thereafter with greater inclusion (i.e., 1.5% and 2%), while CH4 production and its rate decreased linearly (p < 0.01) with all levels of SO inclusion. A linear increase in CO2 production and its rate was also found with an increasing level of SO inclusion in the diet (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the degradability of DM, NDF, and the concentration of total short-chain fatty acids and acetate changed linearly and quadratically, with the greatest being found at 1% SO inclusion and then steadily declining after (p < 0.01) with the 1.5% and 2% inclusion levels. Meanwhile, the propionate, NH3-N, and microbial crude protein levels showed similar trends, with the plateau found at 1% inclusion of SO, where there was no change in butyrate concentration. Moreover, the pH, metabolizable energy, and partitioning factor (PF24) also changed linearly and quadratically (p < 0.05), where the pH and PF24 were considerably reduced and ME increased with a 1% inclusion of SO (p < 0.05). In summary, SO at 1% inclusion in the diet showed the potential to improve gas production kinetics, nutrient degradability, and the ruminal fermentation profile, with a more significant reduction in ruminal CH4 production suggesting that SO at 1% could be included in the ruminant diet to reduce their carbon footprint and increase the production performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E. Kholif
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (S.A.H.A.E.-N.); (T.A.M.); (G.A.G.); (M.F.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 24711, USA
| | - Md Atikur Rahman
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA;
| | - Salah A. H. Abo El-Nor
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (S.A.H.A.E.-N.); (T.A.M.); (G.A.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Tarek A. Morsy
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (S.A.H.A.E.-N.); (T.A.M.); (G.A.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Gouda A. Gouda
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (S.A.H.A.E.-N.); (T.A.M.); (G.A.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Mahmoud Fahmy
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (S.A.H.A.E.-N.); (T.A.M.); (G.A.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Mireille Chahine
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, 315 Falls Ave., Twin Falls, ID 83301, USA
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14
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Tabiś A, Szumny A, Bania J, Pacyga K, Lewandowska K, Kupczyński R. Comparison of the Effects of Essential Oils from Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica on Selected Bacteria, Rumen Fermentation, and Methane Production-In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5861. [PMID: 38892045 PMCID: PMC11172183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of essential oils (EOs) extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and Cannabis indica Lam. on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics, selected rumen microbial populations, and methane production. GC-MS analyses allowed us to identify 89 compounds in both EOs. It was found that E-β-caryophyllene predominated in C. sativa (18.4%) and C. indica (24.1%). An in vitro (Ankom) test was performed to analyse the control and monensin groups, as well as the 50 µL or 100 µL EOs. The samples for volatile fatty acids (VFAs), lactate, and microbiological analysis were taken before incubation and after 6 and 24 h. The application of EOs of C. indica resulted in an increase in the total VFAs of acetate and propionate after 6 h of incubation. The applied EOs had a greater impact on the reduction in methane production after 6 h, but no apparent effect was noted after 24 h. Lower concentrations of C. sativa and C. indica had a more pronounced effect on Lactobacillus spp. and Buryrivibrio spp. than monensin. The presented findings suggest that C. sativa and C. indica supplementation can modify ruminal fermentation, the concentrations of specific volatile fatty acids, and methane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Tabiś
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (A.T.); (J.B.)
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Jacek Bania
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (A.T.); (J.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Pacyga
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (K.P.); (K.L.)
| | - Kamila Lewandowska
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (K.P.); (K.L.)
| | - Robert Kupczyński
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (K.P.); (K.L.)
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15
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Nie D, Liu S, Tang W, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Liu M, Ou N, Shi N, Yang W, Li Y. Effects of castration and eucalyptus oil supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood-immunity indicators of male Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2850-2863. [PMID: 37977444 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of early castration and eucalyptus oil (EUC) supplementation on dry matter intake (DMI), growth performance, and immune response of Holstein calves. Fifty-six male Holstein calves 52 d old and with an initial body weight (BW) of 63.5 ± 5.27 kg were used. The animals were blocked by BW and randomly assigned into 1 of the 4 treatment groups in a randomized complete block design with a 2 (no castration vs. castration) × 2 (without vs. with EUC) factorial arrangement of treatments. The treatments were (1) uncastrated calves fed without EUC, (2) uncastrated calves fed 0.5 g/d EUC (EUC group), (3) castrated calves (steers) fed without EUC (castrated group), and (4) steers fed with 0.5 g/d EUC (castrated + EUC). The experiment was 8 wk long, including pre- and postweaning (weaned at 72 d). The EUC × castrated interactions were not significant for DMI, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and immune response. Castration did not affect the DMI, final BW, average daily gain (ADG), or feed efficiency, except that the ADG was greater for bull calves than for steers at postweaning. Supplementation with EUC increased DMI pre- and postweaning and increased the ADG of weaned calves. Digestibility in the total digestive tract was not affected by castration (except for organic matter digestibility), whereas adding EUC improved the digestibility of dry matter, acid detergent fiber, and crude protein. Blood concentration of IL-6 at d 94 was decreased by feeding EUC. These results indicate that the EUC could be fed to either intact or castrated dairy calves to promote growth and health postweaning; castration before weaning may reduce ADG and cause inflammatory stress without affecting feed intake or feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechao Nie
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shutian Liu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Weixuan Tang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan Li
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Mengzhe Liu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Niantao Ou
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ning Shi
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenzhu Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Yanling Li
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Changping, Beijing 102206, China.
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16
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Foggi G, Terranova M, Daghio M, Amelchanka SL, Conte G, Ineichen S, Agnolucci M, Viti C, Mantino A, Buccioni A, Kreuzer M, Mele M. Evaluation of ruminal methane and ammonia formation and microbiota composition as affected by supplements based on mixtures of tannins and essential oils using Rusitec. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:48. [PMID: 38561832 PMCID: PMC10986001 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplements based on tannin extracts or essential oil compounds (EOC) have been repeatedly reported as a promising feeding strategy to reduce the environmental impact of ruminant husbandry. A previous batch culture screening of various supplements identified selected mixtures with an enhanced potential to mitigate ruminal methane and ammonia formation. Among these, Q-2 (named after quebracho extract and EOC blend 2, composed of carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol) and C-10 (chestnut extract and EOC blend 10, consisting of oregano and thyme essential oils and limonene) have been investigated in detail in the present study with the semi-continuous rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) in three independent runs. For this purpose, Q-2 and C-10, dosed according to the previous study, were compared with a non-supplemented diet (negative control, NC) and with one supplemented with the commercial EOC-based Agolin® Ruminant (positive control, PC). RESULTS From d 5 to 10 of fermentation incubation liquid was collected and analysed for pH, ammonia, protozoa count, and gas composition. Feed residues were collected for the determination of ruminal degradability. On d 10, samples of incubation liquid were also characterised for bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and 26S ribosomal large subunit gene amplicons. Regardless of the duration of the fermentation period, Q-2 and C-10 were similarly efficient as PC in mitigating either ammonia (-37% by Q-2, -34% by PC) or methane formation (-12% by C-10, -12% by PC). The PC was also responsible for lower feed degradability and bacterial and fungal richness, whereas Q-2 and C-10 effects, particularly on microbiome diversities, were limited compared to NC. CONCLUSIONS All additives showed the potential to mitigate methane or ammonia formation, or both, in vitro over a period of 10 d. However, several differences occurred between PC and Q-2/C-10, indicating different mechanisms of action. The pronounced defaunation caused by PC and its suggested consequences apparently determined at least part of the mitigant effects. Although the depressive effect on NDF degradability caused by Q-2 and C-10 might partially explain their mitigation properties, their mechanisms of action remain mostly to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Foggi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Matteo Daghio
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, 50144, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Conte
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Centro Di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali "E. Avanzi", University of Pisa, Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Simon Ineichen
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Monica Agnolucci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Centro Di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali "E. Avanzi", University of Pisa, Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Carlo Viti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, 50144, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantino
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Centro Di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali "E. Avanzi", University of Pisa, Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Arianna Buccioni
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, 50144, Italy
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Mele
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Centro Di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali "E. Avanzi", University of Pisa, Pisa, 56122, Italy
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17
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Ciliberti MG, Albenzio M, Sevi A, Frabboni L, Marino R, Caroprese M. Immunomodulatory Role of Rosmarinus officinalis L., Mentha x piperita L., and Lavandula angustifolia L. Essential Oils in Sheep Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Vet Sci 2024; 11:157. [PMID: 38668424 PMCID: PMC11054635 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the uses of essential oils (EOs) as rumen modifiers, anti-inflammatory agents, and antioxidants were demonstrated in livestock. In the present study, the role of Mentha x piperita L. (MEO), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (REO), and Lavandula angustifolia L. (LEO) EOs in an in vitro sheep model of inflammation was investigated. With this aim, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were treated with incremental concentrations (3, 5, 7, and 10%) of each EO to test their effects on cell viability and proliferation and on interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-8 secretion. The PBMCs were stimulated by Concanavalin A (ConA) alone or in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mitogen. The positive and negative controls were represented by PBMCs in the presence or absence, respectively, of mitogens only. The cell viability and proliferation were determined by XTT and BrdU assays, while the cytokines were analyzed by ELISA. The EO treatments did not affect the viability; on the contrary, the PBMC proliferation increased in presence of all the EOs tested, according to the different percentages and mitogens used. The IL-10 secretion was higher in both the REO and the LEO tested at 3% than in the positive control; furthermore, the IL-8 level was influenced differently by the various EOs. The present data demonstrate that EOs may modulate the immune response activated by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Ciliberti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.A.); (A.S.); (L.F.); (R.M.); (M.C.)
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García-Rodríguez J, Saro C, Mateos I, Carro MD, Ranilla MJ. Effects of Garlic Oil and Cinnamaldehyde on Sheep Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Populations in Rusitec Fermenters in Two Different Sampling Periods. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1067. [PMID: 38612306 PMCID: PMC11011117 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Garlic oil (GO) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN) have shown potential to modify rumen fermentation. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of GO and CIN on rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis (MPS), and microbial populations in Rusitec fermenters fed a mixed diet (50:50 forage/concentrate), as well as whether these effects were maintained over time. Six fermenters were used in two 15-day incubation runs. Within each run, two fermenters received no additive, 180 mg/L of GO, or 180 mg/L of CIN. Rumen fermentation parameters were assessed in two periods (P1 and P2), and microbial populations were studied after each of these periods. Garlic oil reduced the acetate/propionate ratio and methane production (p < 0.001) in P1 and P2 and decreased protozoal DNA concentration and the relative abundance of fungi and archaea after P1 (p < 0.05). Cinnamaldehyde increased bacterial diversity (p < 0.01) and modified the structure of bacterial communities after P1, decreased bacterial DNA concentration after P2 (p < 0.05), and increased MPS (p < 0.001). The results of this study indicate that 180 mg/L of GO and CIN promoted a more efficient rumen fermentation and increased the protein supply to the animal, respectively, although an apparent adaptive response of microbial populations to GO was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo García-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (C.S.); (I.M.)
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC—Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas, s/n, 24346 Grulleros, Spain
| | - Cristina Saro
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (C.S.); (I.M.)
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC—Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas, s/n, 24346 Grulleros, Spain
| | - Iván Mateos
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (C.S.); (I.M.)
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC—Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas, s/n, 24346 Grulleros, Spain
| | - María Dolores Carro
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Agroalimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María José Ranilla
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (C.S.); (I.M.)
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC—Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas, s/n, 24346 Grulleros, Spain
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Totakul P, Matra M, Sommai S, Viennasay B, Wanapat M. Combination effects of phytonutrient pellet and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) powder on rumen fermentation efficiency and nutrient degradability using in vitro technique. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:97. [PMID: 38453787 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03936-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Phytonutrients (PTN) namely saponins (SP) and condensed tannins (CT) have been demonstrated to assess the effect of rumen fermentation and methane mitigation. Phytonutrient pellet containing mangosteen, rambutan, and banana flower (MARABAC) and lemongrass including PTN, hence these plant-phytonutrients supplementation could be an alternative plant with a positive effect on rumen fermentation. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of MARABAC and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) powder on in vitro fermentation modulation and the ability to mitigate methane production. The treatments were arranged according to a 3 × 3 Factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. The two experimental factors consisted of MARABAC pellet levels (0%, 1%, and 2% of the total substrate) and lemongrass supplementation levels (0%, 1%, and 2% of the total substrate). The results of this study revealed that supplementation with MARABAC pellet and lemongrass powder significantly improved gas production kinetics (P < 0.01) and rumen fermentation end-products especially the propionate production (P < 0.01). While rumen methane production was subsequently reduced by both factors. Additionally, the in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and organic matter degradability (IVOMD) were greatly improved (P < 0.05) by the respective treatments. MARABAC pellet and lemongrass powder combination showed effective methane mitigation by enhancing rumen fermentation end-products especially the propionate concentration and both the IVDMD and IVOMD, while mitigated methane production. The combined level of both sources at 2% MARABAC pellet and 2% lemongrass powder of total substrates offered the best results. Therefore, MARABAC pellet and lemongrass powder supplementation could be used as an alternative source of phytonutrient in dietary ruminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pajaree Totakul
- Division of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Thanyaburi, 12130, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Maharach Matra
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sukruthai Sommai
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Bounnaxay Viennasay
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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20
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Kim T, Bae M, Lee J, Ghassemi Nejad J, Lee H. Dietary supplementation of phytoncide and soybean oil increases milk conjugated linoleic acid and depresses methane emissions in Holstein dairy cows. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5439. [PMID: 38443469 PMCID: PMC10914803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether adding phytoncide oil (PO) and soybean oil (SBO) to the dairy cow diet could increase milk conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and depress methane (CH4) emissions in Holstein dairy cows. Rumen fermentation was conducted at four levels of SBO (0, 1, 2, and 4%, on DM basis) and two levels of PO (0 and 0.1%, on DM basis) with in vitro experiment. To evaluate blood parameters, fecal microbe population, milk yield and fatty acid compositions, and CH4 production, in vivo experiment was conducted using 38 Holstein dairy cows divided into two groups of control (fed TMR) and treatment (fed TMR with 0.1% PO and 2% SBO as DM basis). In the in vitro study (Experiment 1), PO or SBO did not affect rumen pH. However, SBO tended to decrease ruminal ammonia-N (p = 0.099). Additionally, PO or SBO significantly decreased total gas production (p = 0.041 and p = 0.034, respectively). Both PO and SBO significantly decreased CH4 production (p < 0.05). In addition, PO significantly increased both CLA isomers (c9, t11 and t10, c12 CLA) (p < 0.001). Collectively, 0.1% PO and 2% SBO were selected resulting in most effectively improved CLA and decreased CH4 production. In the in vivo study (Experiment 2), 0.1% PO with 2% SBO (PSO) did not affect complete blood count. However, it decreased blood urea nitrogen and magnesium levels in blood (p = 0.021 and p = 0.01, respectively). PSO treatment decreased pathogenic microbes (p < 0.05). It increased milk yield (p = 0.017) but decreased percentage of milk fat (p = 0.013) and MUN level (p < 0.01). In addition, PSO treatment increased both the concentration of CLA and PUFA in milk fat (p < 0.01). Finally, it decreased CH4 emissions from dairy cows. These results provide compelling evidence that a diet supplemented with PSO can simultaneously increase CLA concentration and decrease CH4 production with no influence on the amount of milk fat (kg/day) in Holstein dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- TaeBin Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - MunHee Bae
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeSung Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jalil Ghassemi Nejad
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - HongGu Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Kosari G, Norouzian MA, Khorrami B, Najafi A. Effects of dietary basil ( Ocimum basilicum) supplementation on reproductive hormones, semen parameters, and testicular development in Zandi male lambs. Vet Anim Sci 2024; 23:100338. [PMID: 38333533 PMCID: PMC10850854 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2024.100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the potential impact of feeding whole plant basil on sperm quality and the concentration of certain reproductive hormones in male lambs. A total of 18 Zandi male lambs with an initial weight of 28.8 ± 2.03 kg were included in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six repetitions. The experimental treatments included: 1) control (basal diet without basil), 2) diet containing 12.5 % basil, and 3) diet containing 25 % basil. The results showed that feeding basil to male lambs significantly increased testosterone concentration and decreased blood cortisol levels (P < 0.05). Additionally, feeding high levels of basil significantly improved sperm concentration, motility, and viability in the experimental samples, while reducing the level of complete abnormalities and malondialdehyde concentration (P < 0.05). The findings suggest that dietary supplementation of 25 % whole plant basil could be a useful strategy to improve sperm quality and increase testosterone secretion while reducing cortisol levels in male lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnor Kosari
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Norouzian
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Khorrami
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abouzar Najafi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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22
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van Gastelen S, Yáñez-Ruiz D, Khelil-Arfa H, Blanchard A, Bannink A. Effect of a blend of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and Capsicum oleoresin on methane emission and lactation performance of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:857-869. [PMID: 37709037 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of administering a standardized blend of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and Capsicum oleoresin (CEC) to lactating dairy cattle for 84 d (i.e., 12 wk) on enteric CH4 emission, feed intake, milk yield and composition, and body weight. The experiment involved 56 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (145 ± 31.1 d in milk at the start of the trial; mean ± standard deviation) in a randomized complete block design. Cows were blocked in pairs according to parity, lactation stage, and current milk yield, and randomly allocated to 1 of the 2 dietary treatments: a diet including 54.5 mg of CEC/kg of DM or a control diet without CEC. Diets were provided as partial mixed rations in feed bins, which automatically recorded individual feed intake. Additional concentrate was fed in the GreenFeed system that was used to measure emissions of CO2, CH4, and H2. Feeding CEC decreased CH4 yield (g/kg DMI) by on average 3.4% over the complete 12-wk period and by on average 3.9% from 6 wk after the start of supplementation onward. Feeding CEC simultaneously increased feed intake and body weight, and tended to increase milk protein content, whereas no negative responses were observed. These results must be further investigated and confirmed in longer-term in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne van Gastelen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | - André Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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23
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Ricci S, Pacífico C, Kreuzer-Redmer S, Castillo-Lopez E, Rivera-Chacon R, Sener-Aydemir A, Rossi G, Galosi L, Biagini L, Schwartz-Zimmermann HE, Berthiller F, Reisinger N, Petri RM, Zebeli Q. Integrated microbiota-host-metabolome approaches reveal adaptive ruminal changes to prolonged high-grain feeding and phytogenic supplementation in cattle. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2024; 100:fiae006. [PMID: 38281064 PMCID: PMC10858391 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Diets rich in readily fermentable carbohydrates primarily impact microbial composition and activity, but can also impair the ruminal epithelium barrier function. By combining microbiota, metabolome, and gene expression analysis, we evaluated the impact of feeding a 65% concentrate diet for 4 weeks, with or without a phytogenic feed additive (PFA), on the rumen ecosystem of cattle. The breaking point for rumen health seemed to be the second week of high grain (HG) diet, with a dysbiosis characterized by reduced alpha diversity. While we did not find changes in histological evaluations, genes related with epithelial proliferation (IGF-1, IGF-1R, EGFR, and TBP) and ZO-1 were affected by the HG feeding. Integrative analyses allowed us to define the main drivers of difference for the rumen ecosystem in response to a HG diet, identified as ZO-1, MyD88, and genus Prevotella 1. PFA supplementation reduced the concentration of potentially harmful compounds in the rumen (e.g. dopamine and 5-aminovaleric acid) and increased the tolerance of the epithelium toward the microbiota by altering the expression of TLR-2, IL-6, and IL-10. The particle-associated rumen liquid microbiota showed a quicker adaptation potential to prolonged HG feeding compared to the other microenvironments investigated, especially by the end of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ricci
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cátia Pacífico
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Kreuzer-Redmer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ezequias Castillo-Lopez
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Raul Rivera-Chacon
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Arife Sener-Aydemir
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Livio Galosi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Lucia Biagini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Heidi E Schwartz-Zimmermann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Nicole Reisinger
- dsm-firmenich,
Animal Health and Nutrition R&D Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Renee M Petri
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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24
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Roshanzamir H, Rouzbehan Y, Aghashahi A, Rezaei J. Effects of feeding different dietary rates of mixed fodder beet tops-wheat straw silage on the performance of Holstein lactating cows. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae179. [PMID: 38943457 PMCID: PMC11247529 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Rations containing different rates of the mixed fodder beet tops-wheat straw silage (BS), instead of corn silage (CS), were given to 30 mid-lactation Holstein cows (all in parity 2) to measure the effects on feed consumption, milk production efficiency, milk chemistry, urinary purine derivatives (PD), blood chemistry, antioxidant levels, and in vitro methane (CH4) emission. The BS was prepared by mixing the fodder beet tops with wheat straw at a ratio of 9:1 based on fresh weight. The experimental design was completely randomized (one 28-d period with 21-d adaptation) using 30 cows (10 animals/treatment) and 3 treatments. The treatments were 1) a diet containing CS only (25 g/100 g DM) (CSD), 2) a diet containing 50% CS (12.5 g/100 g DM) and 50% BS (12.5 g/100 g DM) (CBSD), and 3) diet containing BS only (25 g/100 g DM) (BSD). Each animal (as an experimental unit) was housed individually in the tie stall and had ad libitum access to its diet. Dietary replacing 50% of CS with BS showed no significant differences in milk production, fat-corrected milk, fat and protein yields, feed efficiency, and apparent digestibility, however, these variables were less (P < 0.05) in the cows fed with BSD. Cows fed on BSD had less intakes of DM, organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber but greater oxalic acid intake and blood urea-N, as compared to the other cows. Milk percentages of fat, protein, lactose, urea N, blood serum glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, Ca, and P, as well as in vitro ruminal pH, were not affected by the diets. Saturated fatty acids concentration was less and monounsaturated FA and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) was greater in the milk of cows receiving CBSD, compared to the other groups. The inclusion of both BS rates in the diet decreased the in vitro gas production, protozoa number, and CH4 emission in comparison to the control. Cows fed BSD had decreased levels of urinary allantoin, PD excreted or absorbed, and estimated microbial-N synthesis than the control and CBSD-fed groups. The milk and blood total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the animals fed CBSD was the maximum among the cows. Overall, under the current experimental conditions, replacing 50% of dietary CS with BS did not affect milk production, but increased milk PUFA, as well as blood and milk TAC, and decreased in vitro CH4 emission, so it's feeding to lactating Holstein cows is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibalah Roshanzamir
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Rouzbehan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Aghashahi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Animal Science Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Javad Rezaei
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Martins LF, Cueva SF, Lage CFA, Ramin M, Silvestre T, Tricarico J, Hristov AN. A meta-analysis of methane-mitigation potential of feed additives evaluated in vitro. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:288-300. [PMID: 38353472 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0302(23)00819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
A systematic literature review of in vitro studies was performed to identify methane (CH4) mitigation interventions with a potential to reduce CH4 emission in vivo. Data from 277 peer-reviewed studies published between 1979 and 2018 were reviewed. Individual CH4 mitigation interventions were classified into 14 categories of feed additives based on their type, chemical composition, and mode of action. Response variables evaluated were absolute CH4 emission (number of treatment means comparisons = 1,325); total volatile fatty acids (n = 1,007), acetate (n = 783), propionate (n = 792), and butyrate (n = 776) concentrations; acetate to propionate ratio (n = 675); digestibility of dry matter (n = 489), organic matter (n = 277), and neutral detergent fiber (n = 177). Total gas production was used as an explanatory variable in the model for CH4 production. Relative mean difference between treatment and control means reported in the studies was calculated and used for statistical analysis. The robust variance estimation method was used to analyze the effects of CH4 mitigation interventions. In vitro CH4 production was decreased by antibodies (-38.9%), chemical inhibitors (-29.2%), electron sinks (-18.9%), essential oils (-18.2%), plant extracts (-14.5%), plant inclusion (-11.7%), saponins (-14.8%), and tannins (-14.5%). Overall effects of direct-fed microbials, enzymes, macroalgae, and organic acids supplementation did not affect CH4 production in the current meta-analysis. When considering the effects of individual mitigation interventions containing a minimum number of 4 degrees of freedom within feed additives categories, Enterococcus spp. (i.e., direct-fed microbial), nitrophenol (i.e., electron sink), and Leucaena spp. (i.e., tannins) decreased CH4 production by 20.3%, 27.1%, and 23.5%, respectively, without extensively, or only slightly, affecting ruminal fermentation and digestibility of nutrients. It should be noted, however, that although the total number of publications (n = 277) and treatment means comparisons (n = 1,325 for CH4 production) in the current analysis were high, data for most mitigation interventions were obtained from less than 5 observations (e.g., maximum number of observations was 4, 7, and 22 for nitrophenol, Enterococcus spp., and Leucaena spp., respectively), because of limited data available in the literature. These should be further evaluated in vitro and in vivo to determine their true potential to decrease enteric CH4 production, yield, and intensity. Some mitigation interventions (e.g., magnesium, Heracleum spp., nitroglycerin, β-cyclodextrin, Leptospermum pattersoni, Fructulus Ligustri, Salix caprea, and Sesbania grandiflora) decreased in vitro CH4 production by over 50% but did not have enough observations in the database. These should be more extensively investigated in vitro, and the dose effect must be considered before adoption of mitigation interventions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Martins
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - S F Cueva
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - C F A Lage
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; Cornell Cooperative Extension, Bath, NY 14810
| | - M Ramin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden SE-901 83
| | - T Silvestre
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; Kemin Industries, Singapore, 758200
| | - J Tricarico
- Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy, Rosemont, IL 60018
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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Martins LF, Cueva SF, Silvestre T, Stepanchenko N, Wasson DE, Wall E, Hristov AN. Lactational performance, enteric methane emission, and nutrient utilization of dairy cows supplemented with botanicals. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:242-257. [PMID: 38220436 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate lactational performance, enteric gas emissions, ruminal fermentation, nutrient use efficiency, milk fatty acid profile, and energy and inflammatory markers in blood of peak-lactation dairy cows fed diets supplemented with Capsicum oleoresin or a combination of Capsicum oleoresin and clove oil. A 10-wk randomized complete block design experiment was conducted with 18 primiparous and 30 multiparous Holstein cows. Cows were blocked based on parity, days in milk, and milk yield (MY), and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (16 cows/treatment): (1) basal diet (CON); (2) basal diet supplemented with 300 mg/cow per day of Capsicum oleoresin (CAP); and (3) basal diet supplemented with 300 mg/cow per day of a combination of Capsicum oleoresin and clove oil (CAPCO). Premixes containing ground corn (CON), CAP, or CAPCO were mixed daily with the basal diet at 0.8% of dry matter intake (DMI). Supplementation of the diet with CAP or CAPCO did not affect DMI, MY, milk components, and feed efficiency of the cows. Body weight (BW) was increased during the last 2 wk of the experiment by CAP and CAPCO, compared with CON. The botanicals improved BW gain (0.85 and 0.66 kg/d for CAP and CAPCO, respectively, compared with -0.01 kg/d for CON) and CAP enhanced the efficiency of energy utilization, compared with CON (94.5% vs. 78.4%, respectively). Daily CH4 emission was not affected by treatments, but CH4 emission yield (per kg of DMI) and intensity (per kg of MY) were decreased by up to 11% by CAPCO supplementation, compared with CON and CAP. A treatment × parity interaction indicated that the CH4 mitigation effect was pronounced in primiparous but not in multiparous cows. Ruminal molar proportion of propionate was decreased by botanicals, compared with CON. Concentrations of trans-10 C18:1 and total trans fatty acids in milk fat were decreased by CAP and tended to be decreased by CAPCO, compared with CON. Total-tract apparent digestibility of nutrients was not affected by treatments, except for a tendency for decreased starch digestibility in cows supplemented with botanicals. Blood concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate, total fatty acids, and insulin were not affected by botanicals. Blood haptoglobin concentration was increased by CAP in multiparous but not in primiparous cows. Lactational performance of peak-lactation dairy cows was not affected by the botanicals in this study, but they appeared to improve efficiency of energy utilization and partitioned energy toward BW gain. In addition, CH4 yield and intensity were decreased in primiparous cows fed CAPCO, suggesting a potential positive environmental effect of the combination of Capsicum oleoresin and clove oil supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Martins
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - S F Cueva
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - T Silvestre
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - N Stepanchenko
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - D E Wasson
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - E Wall
- AVT Natural North America, Santa Clara, CA 95054
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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Silvestre AM, Souza JM, Millen DD. Adoption of adaptation protocols and feed additives to improve performance of feedlot cattle. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2023.2191679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M. Silvestre
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Johnny M. Souza
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo D. Millen
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sarmikasoglou E, Sumadong P, Roesch LF, Halima S, Hikita C, Watanabe T, Faciola A. Effects of monensin and cashew nut-shell extract on bacterial community composition in a dual-flow continuous culture system. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 8:txad148. [PMID: 38221956 PMCID: PMC10787353 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of including monensin and two doses of CNSE in a high producing dairy cow diet on ruminal bacterial communities. A dual-flow continuous culture system was used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square design. A basal diet was formulated to meet the requirements of a cow producing 45 kg of milk per d (17% crude protein and 27% starch). There were four experimental treatments: the basal diet without any feed additive (CON), 2.5 μM monensin (MON), 100 ppm CNSE granule (CNSE100), and 200 ppm CNSE granule (CNSE200). Samples were collected from the fluid and solid effluents at 3, 6, and 9 h after feeding; a composite of all time points was made for each fermenter within their respective fractions. Bacterial community composition was analyzed by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Treatment responses for bacterial community structure were analyzed with the PERMANOVA test run with the R Vegan package. Treatment responses for correlations were analyzed with the CORR procedure of SAS. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test the effects of (1) ADD (CON vs. MON, CNSE100, and CNSE200); (2) MCN (MON vs. CNSE100 and CNSE200); and (3) DOSE (CNSE100 vs. CNSE200). Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05. We observed that the relative abundance of Sharpea (P < 0.01), Mailhella (P = 0.05), Ruminococcus (P = 0.03), Eubacterium (P = 0.01), and Coprococcus (P < 0.01) from the liquid fraction and the relative abundance of Ruminococcus (P = 0.03) and Catonella (P = 0.02) from the solid fraction decreased, while the relative abundance of Syntrophococcus (P = 0.02) increased in response to MON when compared to CNSE treatments. Our results demonstrate that CNSE and monensin have similar effects on the major ruminal bacterial genera, while some differences were observed in some minor genera. Overall, the tested additives would affect the ruminal fermentation in a similar pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Sarmikasoglou
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611 FL, USA
| | - Phussorn Sumadong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611 FL, USA
- Department of Animal Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Luiz Fernando Roesch
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32603 FL, USA
| | - Sultana Halima
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611 FL, USA
| | - Chie Hikita
- Product Development Department, SDS Biotech K.K., Tokyo 101-0022, Japan
| | - Tomonori Watanabe
- Product Development Department, SDS Biotech K.K., Tokyo 101-0022, Japan
| | - Antonio P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611 FL, USA
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Sarmikasoglou E, Johnson ML, Vinyard JR, Sumadong P, Lobo RR, Arce-Cordero JA, Bahman A, Ravelo A, Halima S, Salas-Solis GK, Hikita C, Watanabe T, Faciola AP. Effects of cashew nutshell extract and monensin on microbial fermentation in a dual-flow continuous culture. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8746-8757. [PMID: 37678783 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare cashew nutshell extract (CNSE) to monensin and evaluate changes in in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and microbial nitrogen outflow. Treatments were randomly assigned to 8 fermenters in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 experimental periods of 10 d (7 d for diet adaptation and 3 d for sample collection). Basal diets contained 43.5:56.5 forage: concentrate ratio and each fermenter was fed 106 g of DM/d divided equally between 2 feeding times. Treatments were control (CON, basal diet without additives), 2.5 μM monensin (MON), 0.1 mg CNSE granule/g DM (CNSE100), and 0.2 mg CNSE granule/g DM (CNSE200). On d 8 to10, samples were collected for pH, lactate, NH3-N, volatile fatty acids (VFA), mixed protozoa counts, organic matter (OM), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test the effects of (1) ADD (CON vs. MON, CNSE100, and CNSE200); (2) MCN (MON vs. CNSE100 and CNSE200); and (3) DOSE (CNSE100 vs. CNSE200). We observed that butyrate concentration in all treatments was lower compared with CON and the concentration for MON was lower compared with CNSE treatments. Protozoal population in all treatments was lower compared with CON. No effects were observed for pH, lactate, NH3-N, total VFA, OM, or N utilization. Within the 24-h pool, protozoal generation time, tended to be lower, while NDF digestibility tended to be greater in response to all additives. Furthermore, the microbial N flow, and the efficiency of N use tended to be lower for the monensin treatment compared with CNSE treatments. Overall, our results showed that both monensin and CNSE decreased butyrate synthesis and protozoal populations, while not affecting OM digestibility and tended to increase NDF digestibility; however, such effects are greater with monensin than CNSE nutshell.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sarmikasoglou
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - M L Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - J R Vinyard
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - P Sumadong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Department of Animal Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - R R Lobo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - J A Arce-Cordero
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Escuela de Zootecnia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - A Bahman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - A Ravelo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - S Halima
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - G K Salas-Solis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - C Hikita
- SDS Biotech K.K., Tokyo, Japan 101-0022
| | | | - A P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.
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El-Nile AE, Morsy AS, El-Zaiat HM, Fahmy WG, El-Komy AE, Sallam SMA. Can a blend of integrated feed additives modulate ruminal fermentation patterns and performance of growing lambs? In vitro and in vivo assessments. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:935-946. [PMID: 34775928 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.2003806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Two in vitro and in vivo experiments were accomplished to investigate the impacts of integrated feed additives (IFA, combination of protected fat, lysine, and methionine plus yucca extract, eucalyptus essential oil, and direct-fed microbial) on gas production (GP), ruminal fermentation and degradability parameters and lamb performance, digestibility, and nitrogen balance. In the in vitro experiment, responses of graded doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 g IFA/kg DM) were evaluated. In the in vivo experiment, 15 Barki male lambs (30.43 ± 0.74 kg BW ± SE) were individually allotted in complete randomized design into three treatments (five animal/treatment) as control (basal diet without additive), low dose (50 g/kg DM) and high dose (100 g/kg DM) for 120 days. In vitro results showed that both doses (100 and 125 g/kg DM) quadratically decreased (p < 0.001) GP and ammonia nitrogen (NH-3N) concentration. In vivo experiment revealed that dry matter intake was increased (p = 0.016) with low dose compared to high dose. Inclusion of high dose decreased blood serum glucose concentrations (p > 0.05) and ruminal protozoal populations (p = 0.094) compared with low dose and control diet. Both doses of IFA increased (p < 0.05) serum urea, creatinine, and triglyceride concentrations, while decreased (p < 0.001) ruminal NH3-N concentrations. These results suggested that, although IFA was effective to modify in vitro ruminal fermentation process and feed degradability, such aspects did not improve in vivo performance of growing lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr E El-Nile
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amr S Morsy
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hani M El-Zaiat
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, Oman
| | - Wael G Fahmy
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Alaa E El-Komy
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sobhy M A Sallam
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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31
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Linde DA, Schokker D, du Toit CJL, Ramkilawon GD, van Marle-Köster E. The Effect of a Bacillus Probiotic and Essential Oils Compared to an Ionophore on the Rumen Microbiome Composition of Feedlot Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2927. [PMID: 37760327 PMCID: PMC10525249 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising concern of antibiotic growth promoter use in livestock has necessitated the investigation into alternative feed additives. The effect of a probiotic and essential oils to an ionophore on the rumen microbiome composition of Bonsmara bulls raised under feedlot conditions was compared. Forty-eight Bonsmara weaners were allocated to four groups: a group with basal diet (CON) and three groups supplemented with monensin (MON), probiotic (PRO), and essential oils (EO). During the 120 days feeding period, rumen content was collected from four animals per group within each phase via a stomach tube for 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing as well as volatile fatty acid analysis. In the starter phase, MON had a significantly lower acetate to propionate ratio and a higher Succinivibrionaceae abundance. The abundance of Lachnospiraceae was significantly higher in EO compared to MON. In the finisher phase, PRO had a significantly higher bacterial diversity. The alpha diversity did not differ between the fungal populations of the groups. The abundance of Proteobacteria was the lowest in PRO compared to the other groups. Limited variation was observed between the rumen microbiome composition of monensin compared to the other treatment groups, indicating that these alternatives can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A. Linde
- Department of Animal Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0043, South Africa
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
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32
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Martins LF, Cueva SF, Lage CFA, Ramin M, Silvestre T, Tricarico J, Hristov AN. A meta-analysis of methane mitigation potential of feed additives evaluated in vitro. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00649-5. [PMID: 37709018 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
A systematic literature review of in vitro studies was performed to identify methane (CH4) mitigation interventions with a potential to reduce CH4 emission in vivo. Data from 277 peer-reviewed studies published between 1979 and 2018 were reviewed. Individual CH4 mitigation interventions were classified into 14 categories of feed additives based on their type, chemical composition, and mode of action. Response variables evaluated were absolute CH4 emission (number of treatment means comparisons = 1,325); total volatile fatty acids (VFA; n = 1,007), acetate (n = 783), propionate (n = 792), and butyrate (n = 776) concentrations; acetate to propionate ratio (A:P; n = 675); digestibility of dry matter (DM; n = 489), organic matter (OM; n = 277), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; n = 177). Total gas production was used as an explanatory variable in the model for CH4 production. Relative mean difference between treatment and control means reported in the studies were calculated and used for statistical analysis. Robust variance estimation method was used to analyze the effects of CH4 mitigation interventions. In vitro CH4 production was decreased by antibodies (-38.9%), chemical inhibitors (-29.2%), electron sinks (-18.9%), essential oils (-18.2%), plant extracts (-14.5%), plants inclusion (-11.7%), saponins (-14.8%), and tannins (-14.5%). Overall effects of direct fed microbials, enzymes, macroalgae, and organic acids supplementation did not affect CH4 production in the current meta-analysis. When considering the effects of individual mitigation interventions containing a minimum number of 4 degrees of freedom within feed additives categories, Enterococcus spp. (i.e., direct fed microbial), nitrophenol (i.e., electron sink), and Leucaena spp. (i.e., tannins) decreased CH4 production by 20.3, 27.1, and 23.5%, respectively, without extensively, or only slightly, affecting ruminal fermentation and digestibility of nutrients. It should be noted, however, that although the total number of publications (n = 277) and treatment means comparisons (n = 1,325 for CH4 production) in the current analysis were high, data for most mitigation interventions were obtained from less than 5 observations (e.g., maximum number of observations was 4, 7, and 22 for nitrophenol, Enterococcus spp., and Leucaena spp., respectively), because of limited data available in the literature. These should be further evaluated in vitro and in vivo to determine their true potential to decrease enteric CH4 production, yield, and intensity. Some mitigation interventions (e.g., magnesium, Heracleum spp., nitroglycerin, β-cyclodextrin, Leptospermum pattersoni, Fructulus Ligustri, Salix caprea, and Sesbania grandiflora) decreased in vitro CH4 production by over 50% but did not have enough observations in the database. These should be more extensively investigated in vitro, and the dose effect must be considered before adoption of mitigation interventions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Martins
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - S F Cueva
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - C F A Lage
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; Cornell Cooperative Extension, Bath, NY, USA 14810
| | - M Ramin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden SE-901 83
| | - T Silvestre
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; Kemin Industries, Singapore, 758200
| | - J Tricarico
- Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy, Rosemont, IL, USA 60018
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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Lileikis T, Nainienė R, Bliznikas S, Uchockis V. Dietary Ruminant Enteric Methane Mitigation Strategies: Current Findings, Potential Risks and Applicability. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2586. [PMID: 37627377 PMCID: PMC10451764 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the current state of knowledge regarding the effectiveness of different dietary ruminant enteric methane mitigation strategies and their modes of action together with the issues discussed regarding the potential harms/risks and applicability of such strategies. By investigating these strategies, we can enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which they influence methane production and identify promising approaches for sustainable mitigation of methane emissions. Out of all nutritional strategies, the use of 3-nitrooxypropanol, red seaweed, tannins, saponins, essential oils, nitrates, and sulfates demonstrates the potential to reduce emissions and receives a lot of attention from the scientific community. The use of certain additives as pure compounds is challenging under certain conditions, such as pasture-based systems, so the potential use of forages with sufficient amounts of plant secondary metabolites is also explored. Additionally, improved forage quality (maturity and nutrient composition) might help to further reduce emissions. Red seaweed, although proven to be very effective in reducing emissions, raises some questions regarding the volatility of the main active compound, bromoform, and challenges regarding the cultivation of the seaweed. Other relatively new methods of mitigation, such as the use of cyanogenic glycosides, are also discussed in this article. Together with nitrates, cyanogenic glycosides pose serious risks to animal health, but research has proven their efficacy and safety when control measures are taken. Furthermore, the risks of nitrate use can be minimized by using probiotics. Some of the discussed strategies, namely monensin or halogenated hydrocarbons (as pure compounds), demonstrate efficacy but are unlikely to be implemented widely because of legal restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Lileikis
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feedstuffs, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania;
| | - Rasa Nainienė
- Department of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania;
| | - Saulius Bliznikas
- Analytical Laboratory, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania;
| | - Virginijus Uchockis
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feedstuffs, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania;
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Cui X, Wang Z, Yan T, Chang S, Hou F. Modulation of feed digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, energy utilisation and serum biochemical indices by dietary Ligularia virgaurea supplementation in Tibetan sheep. Animal 2023; 17:100910. [PMID: 37544052 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligularia virgaurea is the most widely functional native herbage in the alpine meadow pastures of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) and has multiple pharmacological and biological activities. The effect of L. virgaurea as a dietary component on the digestion and metabolism of sheep was evaluated by conducting feeding trials in metabolic cages. Thirty-two Tibetan yearling rams (29 ± 1.56 kg BW) were randomly allotted to four groups included in a completely randomised design with eight animals per treatment. Sheep were fed a basal diet (freshly native pasture) without the addition of L. virgaurea (control) or with the addition of L. virgaurea (100, 200, or 300 mg/kg BW per day) for 45 days. Addition of L. virgaurea to the diet of Tibetan sheep was found to influence the average daily gain (quadratic [Q], P < 0.001), feed conversion ratio (Q, P = 0.002), CH4 emissions (linear [L], P = 0.029), DM (Q, P = 0.012), neutral detergent fibre (Q, P = 0.017), acid detergent fibre (ADF) (Q, P = 0.027), and ether extract (EE) intake (Q, P = 0.026). Apparently, different levels of L. virgaurea affected the digestibility coefficients of DM, ADF, and EE (L, P > 0.05; Q, P < 0.05). The nitrogen (N) intake (Q, P = 0.001), retained nitrogen (Q, P < 0.001), and N utilisation efficiency (L, P > 0.05; Q, P ≤ 0.001) were also affected by the dietary inclusion of L. virgaurea. Effects of L. virgaurea feeding were also witnessed on methane energy (CH4-E) (L, P = 0.029), gross energy (GE) (Q, P = 0.013), digestible energy (DE) (Q, P = 0.015), and metabolisable energy (ME) intake (Q, P = 0.015). Energy utilisation efficiency expressed as a proportion of GE intake (DE/GE intake, ME/GE intake, ME/DE intake, FE/GE intake, and CH4-E/GE intake) manifested quadratic changes (P < 0.05) with the increase in the L. virgaurea supplementation level. The addition of L. virgaurea increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (Q, P = 0.026) and glutathione peroxidase activity (Q, P = 0.039) in the serum. Overall, the greatest improvement of feed digestibility, N retention, energy utilisation, and antioxidant capacity of Tibetan sheep was yielded by the inclusion of 200 mg/kg BW per day of L. virgaurea. Therefore, the addition of an appropriate amount of L. virgaurea to the diet of Tibetan sheep is safe and natural, and may enhance the sustainability of small ruminant production systems in QTP areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongxiong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Zhaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Tianhai Yan
- Livestock Production Science Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, County Down BT26 6DR, United Kingdom
| | - Shenghua Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China.
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Su M, She Y, Deng M, Guo Y, Li Y, Liu G, Zhang H, Sun B, Liu D. The Effect of Capsaicin on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity and Gut Micro-Organisms of Calves. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2309. [PMID: 37508086 PMCID: PMC10376287 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin is the active ingredient of the red pepper plant of the genus Capsicum. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different doses of capsaicin on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity, fecal fermentation parameters and gut microbial composition in nursing calves. Twenty-four newborn Holstein calves were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, which each consisted of eight calves. The milk replacer was supplemented with 0, 0.15 or 0.3 mL/d of capsaicin in each of the three treatment groups. During the 4-week experiment, intake was recorded daily, body weight and body size parameters were measured at the beginning and end of the trial and serum samples and rectal fecal samples were collected at the end of the trial to determine serum parameters, fecal fermentation parameters and fecal microbiome compartments. The results showed that both doses of capsaicin had no negative effect on the growth performance or the fecal fermentation parameters of calves, and the higher dose (0.3 mL/d) of capsaicin significantly improved the antioxidant capacity and immunity of calves. The calves in the high-dose capsaicin-treated group had lower fecal scores than those recorded in the control group. High doses of capsaicin increased glutathione antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M and interleukin-10 levels and decreased malondialdehyde and bound bead protein levels. In addition, capsaicin regulated the gut microbiota, reducing the abundance of diarrhea-associated bacteria, such as Eggerthella, Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Enterobacteriaceae, in the gut of calves in the treated group. Therefore, high doses of capsaicin can improve the antioxidant and immune capacity of calves without affecting growth performance, as well as improve the gut microbiological environment, which enables the healthy growth of calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqiang Su
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuanhang She
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming Deng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongqing Guo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaokun Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guangbin Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Healthy Sheep Breeding and Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Baoli Sun
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dewu Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Healthy Sheep Breeding and Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
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Miller GA, Bowen JM, Dewhurst RJ, Zweifel B, Spengler K, Duthie CA. Enteric Methane Emissions from Dairy-Beef Steers Supplemented with the Essential Oil Blend Agolin Ruminant. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1826. [PMID: 37889714 PMCID: PMC10252001 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Agriculture is the largest source of methane globally, and enteric methane accounts for 32% of methane emissions globally. Dairy-beef is an increasingly important contributor to the beef industry. The objective of this study was to investigate if supplementation with a blend of essential oils (Agolin Ruminant) reduced enteric methane emissions from dairy-bred steers. Methane was measured from thirty-six Holstein Friesian steers (18 control and 18 treatment) in open-circuit respiration chambers, at three time-points relative to the introduction of Agolin Ruminant: (i) -3 (pre-additive introduction co-variate), (ii) 46 days after introduction, and (iii) 116 days after introduction. A significantly lower methane yield was observed in treated animals compared to control animals at both 46 days (p < 0.05) and 116 days (p < 0.01) after the introduction of Agolin Ruminant, although there was no difference in methane production (g/day). Control animals appeared to be more affected by isolation in respiration chambers than animals receiving Agolin Ruminant, as indicated by a significant reduction in dry matter intake by control animals in respiration chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma A. Miller
- Beef and Sheep Research Centre, Scotland’s Rural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Jenna M. Bowen
- Beef and Sheep Research Centre, Scotland’s Rural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Richard J. Dewhurst
- Dairy Research and Innovation Centre, Scotland’s Rural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | | | | | - Carol-Anne Duthie
- Beef and Sheep Research Centre, Scotland’s Rural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
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Varga-Visi É, Nagy G, Csivincsik Á, Tóth T. Evaluation of a Phytogenic Feed Supplement Containing Carvacrol and Limonene on Sheep Performance and Parasitological Status on a Hungarian Milking Sheep Farm. Vet Sci 2023; 10:369. [PMID: 37368755 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is currently worldwide interest in phytogenic feed supplements (PFSs) because they can lead to improved animal production. The scope of the present study was to observe the impact of a feed supplement containing carvacrol (CAR) and limonene (LIM) on the performance and parasitological status of sheep. The feed supplement decreased the plasma levels of β-hydroxybutyrate (p < 0.001), triglycerides (p = 0.014), nonesterified fatty acids (p = 0.021), and fructosamine (p = 0.002) in lactating ewes after 42 days of supplementation, while the average live weight (p = 0.002) and average daily weight gain (p = 0.001) of their twin suckling lambs increased significantly by the end of the study. In another experiment, fattening lambs fed the same supplement showed a decrease in fecal egg number of gastrointestinal nematodes (p = 0.02) but no differences in live weight, average daily gain, or mean number of Haemonchus contortus nematodes in the abomasum. The results highlighted that the inclusion of carvacrol and limonene in the feed of lactating ewes effectively increased the weight gain of the suckling lambs, presumably due to the ewes' improved energy, but further studies are needed to elucidate the effects of carvacrol and limonene against gastrointestinal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Varga-Visi
- Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy
- Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Csivincsik
- Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
- One Health Working Group, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
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Belanche A, Arturo-Schaan M, Leboeuf L, Yáñez-Ruiz D, Martín-García I. Early life supplementation with a natural blend containing turmeric, thymol, and yeast cell wall components to optimize rumen anatomical and microbiological development and productivity in dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00267-9. [PMID: 37225586 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants are born with an anatomically, microbiologically, and metabolically immature rumen. Optimizing the rearing of young ruminants represent an important challenge in intensive dairy farms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of young ruminants with a plant extract blend containing turmeric, thymol, and yeast cell wall components such as mannan oligosaccharides and β-glucans. One hundred newborn female goat kids were randomly allocated to 2 experimental treatments, which were unsupplemented (CTL) or supplemented with the blend containing plant extracts and yeast cell wall components (PEY). All animas were fed with milk replacer, concentrate feed, and oat hay, and were weaned at 8 wk of age. Dietary treatments lasted from wk 1 to 22 and 10 animals from each treatment were randomly selected to monitor feed intake, digestibility, and health-related indicators. These latter animals were euthanized at wk 22 of age to study the rumen anatomical, papillary, and microbiological development, whereas the remaining animals were monitored for reproductive performance and milk yield during the first lactation. Results indicated that PEY supplementation did not lead to feed intake or health issues because PEY animals tended to have a higher concentrate intake and lower diarrheal incidence than CTL animals. No differences between treatments were noted in terms of feed digestibility, rumen microbial protein synthesis, health-related metabolites, or blood cell counts. Supplementation with PEY promoted a higher rumen empty weight, and rumen relative proportion to the total digestive tract weight, than CTL animals. This was accompanied with a higher rumen papillary development in terms of papillae length and surface area in the cranial ventral and caudal ventral sacs, respectively. The PEY animals also had higher expression of the MCT1 gene, which is related to volatile fatty acid absorption by the rumen epithelium, than CTL animals. The antimicrobial effects of the turmeric and thymol could explain the decreased the rumen absolute abundance of protozoa and anaerobic fungi. This antimicrobial modulation led to a change in the bacterial community structure, a decrease in the bacteria richness, and to the disappearance (i.e., Prevotellaceae_UCG-004, Bacteroidetes_BD2-2, Papillibacter, Schwartzia, and Absconditabacteriales_SR1) or decline of certain bacterial taxa (i.e., Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, and Clostridia_UCG-014). Supplementation with PEY also decreased the relative abundance of fibrolytic (i.e., Fibrobacter succinogenes and Eubacterium ruminantium) and increased amylolytic bacteria (Selenomonas ruminantium). Although these microbial changes were not accompanied with significant differences in the rumen fermentation, this supplementation led to increased body weight gain during the preweaning period, higher body weight during the postweaning period, and higher fertility rate during the first gestation. On the contrary, no residual effects of this nutritional intervention were noted on the milk yield and milk components during the first lactation. In conclusion, supplementation with this blend of plant extracts and yeast cell wall component in early life could be considered as a sustainable nutritional strategy to increase body weight gain and optimize the rumen anatomical and microbiological development in young ruminants, despite having minor productive implications later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Belanche
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Prof. Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain; Department of Animal Production and Food Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | | - Lara Leboeuf
- CCPA group, ZA Bois de Teillay, 35150, Janzé, France
| | - David Yáñez-Ruiz
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Prof. Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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Choi Y, Lee SJ, Kim HS, Eom JS, Jo SU, Guan LL, Seo J, Park T, Lee Y, Lee SS, Lee SS. Oral administration of Pinus koraiensis cone essential oil reduces rumen methane emission by altering the rumen microbial composition and functions in Korean native goat ( Capra hircus coreanae). Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1168237. [PMID: 37275608 PMCID: PMC10234127 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1168237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate Pinus koraiensis cone essential oil (PEO) as a methane (CH4) inhibitor and determine its impact on the taxonomic and functional characteristics of the rumen microbiota in goats. A total of 10 growing Korean native goats (Capra hircus coreanae, 29.9 ± 1.58 kg, male) were assigned to different dietary treatments: control (CON; basal diet without additive) and PEO (basal diet +1 g/d of PEO) by a 2 × 2 crossover design. Methane measurements were conducted every 4 consecutive days for 17-20 days using a laser CH4 detector. Samples of rumen fluid and feces were collected during each experimental period to evaluate the biological effects and dry matter (DM) digestibility after PEO oral administration. The rumen microbiota was analyzed via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The PEO oral administration resulted in reduced CH4 emission (eructation CH4/body weight0.75, p = 0.079) without affecting DM intake; however, it lowered the total volatile fatty acids (p = 0.041), molar proportion of propionate (p = 0.075), and ammonia nitrogen (p = 0.087) in the rumen. Blood metabolites (i.e., albumin, alanine transaminase/serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase, creatinine, and triglyceride) were significantly affected (p < 0.05) by PEO oral administration. The absolute fungal abundance (p = 0.009) was reduced by PEO oral administration, whereas ciliate protozoa, total bacteria, and methanogen abundance were not affected. The composition of rumen prokaryotic microbiota was altered by PEO oral administration with lower evenness (p = 0.054) observed for the PEO group than the CON group. Moreover, PICRUSt2 analysis revealed that the metabolic pathways of prokaryotic bacteria, such as pyruvate metabolism, were enriched in the PEO group. We also identified the Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group as the taxa potentially contributing to the enriched KEGG modules for histidine biosynthesis and pyruvate oxidation in the rumen of the PEO group using the FishTaco analysis. The entire co-occurrence networks showed that more nodes and edges were detected in the PEO group. Overall, these findings provide an understanding of how PEO oral administration affects CH4 emission and rumen prokaryotic microbiota composition and function. This study may help develop potential manipulation strategies to find new essential oils to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions from ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyoung Choi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Ja Lee
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science and University-Centered Labs, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sang Kim
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Sik Eom
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Uk Jo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jakyeom Seo
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Tansol Park
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yookyung Lee
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Suk Lee
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Sill Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science and University-Centered Labs, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Wang W, Wang Y, Guo T, Gao C, Yang Y, Yang L, Cui Z, Mao J, Liu N, An X, Qi J. Blend of Cinnamaldehyde, Eugenol, and Capsicum Oleoresin Improved Rumen Health of Lambs Fed High-Concentrate Diet as Revealed by Fermentation Characteristics, Epithelial Gene Expression, and Bacterial Community. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101663. [PMID: 37238093 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of CEC on the fermentation characteristics, epithelial gene expression, and bacterial community in the rumen of lambs fed a high-concentrate diet. Twenty-four 3-month-old female crossbred lambs with an initial body weight of 30.37 ± 0.57 kg were randomly allocated to consume a diet supplemented with 80 mg/kg CEC (CEC) or not (CON). The experiment consisted of a 14 d adaptation period and a 60 d data collection period. Compared with the CON group, the CEC group had higher ADG, epithelial cell thickness, ruminal butyrate proportion, and lower ammonia nitrogen concentration. Increases in the mRNA expression of Occludin and Claudin-4, as well as decreases in the mRNA expression of apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1), cytochrome c (Cyt-C), Caspase-8, Caspase-9, Caspase-3, Caspase-7, and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), were observed in the CEC group. Moreover, CEC treatment also decreased the concentration of IL-1β, IL-12, and TNF-α. Supplementation with CEC altered the structure and composition of the rumen bacterial community, which was indicated by the increased relative abundances of Firmicutes, Synergistota, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Olsenella, Schwartzia, Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-002, Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, Acetitomaculum, [Eubacterium]_ruminantium_group, Prevotellaceae_UCG-004, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Sphaerochaeta, Pyramidobacter, and [Eubacterium]_eligens_group, and the decreased relative abundances of Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadota, and MND1. Furthermore, Spearman correlation analysis revealed that the altered rumen bacteria were closely correlated with rumen health-related indices. Dietary CEC supplementation improved growth performance, reduced inflammation and apoptosis, protected barrier function, and modulated the bacterial community of lambs fed a high-concentrate diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Herbivorous Livestock Feed Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Husbandry at Universities of Inner Mongolia Automomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Herbivorous Livestock Feed Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Husbandry at Universities of Inner Mongolia Automomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Tao Guo
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Herbivorous Livestock Feed Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Husbandry at Universities of Inner Mongolia Automomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Chang Gao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Herbivorous Livestock Feed Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Husbandry at Universities of Inner Mongolia Automomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Herbivorous Livestock Feed Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Husbandry at Universities of Inner Mongolia Automomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Herbivorous Livestock Feed Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Husbandry at Universities of Inner Mongolia Automomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Zhiwei Cui
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Herbivorous Livestock Feed Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Husbandry at Universities of Inner Mongolia Automomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Jinju Mao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Herbivorous Livestock Feed Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Husbandry at Universities of Inner Mongolia Automomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Na Liu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Herbivorous Livestock Feed Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Husbandry at Universities of Inner Mongolia Automomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xiaoping An
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Herbivorous Livestock Feed Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Husbandry at Universities of Inner Mongolia Automomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Jingwei Qi
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Herbivorous Livestock Feed Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Husbandry at Universities of Inner Mongolia Automomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China
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Mwangi F, Dallasheh A, Kalyesubula M, Reicher N, Sabastian C, Mabjeesh SJ. Diet Preference, Feed Efficiency and Expression of the Sodium-Dependent Glucose Transporter Isoform 1 and Sweet Taste Receptors in the Jejunum of Lambs Supplemented with Different Flavours. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081417. [PMID: 37106980 PMCID: PMC10135306 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of dietary flavour supplements on the preference, feed efficiency and expression of the sweet taste receptor family 1 members 2 and 3 (T1R2 + T1R3), and sodium-glucose linked transporter 1 (SGLT1) genes in the lambs' small intestines. Eight, five-month-old, Israeli crossbred Assaf lambs were offered 16 different non-nutritive commercial flavours in rolled barley and ground corn. Capsicum and sucram were the most preferred non-aroma flavours (p = 0.020), while milky (p < 0.001) was the most preferred powder-aroma flavour. For the metabolic and relative gene expression study, eight lambs were randomly assigned to either sucram, capsicum, a mix containing sucram and capsicum at 1:1 ratio or no flavour for control in a 4 × 2 cross-over design. The total collection of urine (females only), faeces and refusals was carried out, and T1R2, T1R3 and SGLT1 relative gene expression evaluated from the proximal jejunum biopsies. Flavour had no significant effect on the feed intake (p = 0.934), but capsicum increased the average daily weight gain per metabolic body weight (p = 0.049). The T1R3 gene was expressed highest in the mix treatment (1.7; p = 0.005). Collectively, our findings indicate that flavours can be used to motivate feed acceptance and improve the weight gain in lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felista Mwangi
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 760001, Israel
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Sciences Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Areen Dallasheh
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 760001, Israel
| | - Mugagga Kalyesubula
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 760001, Israel
| | - Naama Reicher
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 760001, Israel
| | - Chris Sabastian
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 760001, Israel
| | - Sameer J Mabjeesh
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 760001, Israel
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Ritt L, Modesto E, Guimarães J, Heisler G, Oliveira A, Fischer V. Oregano extract fed to pre-weaned dairy calves. Part 2: Effect on ruminal and intestinal morphology of pre-weaned calves. Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Becker F, Spengler K, Reinicke F, Heider-van Diepen C. Impact of essential oils on methane emissions, milk yield, and feed efficiency and resulting influence on the carbon footprint of dairy production systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:48824-48836. [PMID: 36881240 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Reducing CO2 emissions is one of the highest priorities in animal production. Regarding methane reduction, feed additives are of growing importance. As shown in a meta-analysis, the use of the essential oil (EO) blend Agolin Ruminant affects methane production per day (- 8.8%), milk yield (+ 4.1%), and feed efficiency (+ 4.4%). Building on these results, the present study investigated the effect of varying individual parameters on the carbon footprint of milk. The environmental and operational management system REPRO was applied to calculate the CO2 emissions. Calculation of CO2 emissions include enteric and storage-related CH4, storage-, and pasture-related N2O as well as direct and indirect energy expenditures. Three feed rations were created, differing in their basic feed components such as grass silage, corn silage, and pasture. Each feed ration was differentiated into three variants: variant 1 CON (no additive), variant 2 EO, and variant 3 (15% reduction of enteric methane compared to CON). Due to the reducing effect of EO on enteric methane production, a reduction potential of up to 6% could be calculated for all rations. Considering other variable parameters, such as the positive effects on ECM yield and feed efficiency, a GHG reduction potential of up to 10% can be achieved for the silage rations and almost 9% for the pasture ration. Modeling showed that indirect methane reduction strategies are important contributors to environmental impacts. Reduction of enteric methane emissions is fundamental, as they account for the largest share of GHG emissions from dairy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Becker
- INL GmbH - Privates Institut für Nachhaltige Landbewirtschaftung, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | | | - Frank Reinicke
- INL GmbH - Privates Institut für Nachhaltige Landbewirtschaftung, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Clara Heider-van Diepen
- INL GmbH - Privates Institut für Nachhaltige Landbewirtschaftung, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Teobaldo RW, Granja-Salcedo YT, Cardoso ADS, Constancio MTL, Brito TR, Romanzini EP, Reis RA. The Impact of Mineral and Energy Supplementation and Phytogenic Compounds on Rumen Microbial Diversity and Nitrogen Utilization in Grazing Beef Cattle. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030810. [PMID: 36985382 PMCID: PMC10051884 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of a phytogenic compound blend (PHA) containing hydrolyzable tannins, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde oil to mineral salt or energy supplementation on the rumen microbiota and nitrogen metabolism of grazing Nellore cattle. Eight castrated Nellore steers were distributed in a double-Latin-square 4 × 4 design, with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (two types of supplements with or without the addition of the PHA), as follows: energy supplement without the PHA addition (EW); energy supplement with the PHA addition (EPHA); mineral supplement without the addition of the PHA (MW); mineral supplement with the PHA addition (MPHA). Steers that received supplements with the PHA have a lower ruminal proportion of valerate (with the PHA, 1.06%; without the PHA, 1.15%), a lower ruminal abundance of Verrucomicrobia, and a tendency for lower DM digestibility (with the PHA, 62.8%; without the PHA, 64.8%). Energy supplements allowed for higher ammonia concentrations (+2.28 mg of NH3-N/dL), increased the propionate proportion (+0.29% of total VFA), and had a higher ruminal abundance of Proteobacteria and Spirochaetae phyla in the rumen. The PHA addition in the supplement did not improve nitrogen retention, reduced the ruminal proportion of valerate, and had a negative impact on both the total dry-matter digestibility and the abundance of several ruminal bacterial groups belonging to the Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronyatta Weich Teobaldo
- Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14887-900, Brazil
| | - Yury Tatiana Granja-Salcedo
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Centro de Investigación El Nus, San Roque 053030, Colombia
| | | | | | - Thais Ribeiro Brito
- Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14887-900, Brazil
| | - Eliéder Prates Romanzini
- Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14887-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Andrade Reis
- Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14887-900, Brazil
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45
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Giacomelli CM, Marchiori MS, do Nascimento AL, de Vitt MG, Molosse VL, de Oliveira FDC, Wagner R, Milarch CF, Vedovatto M, da Silva AS. Encapsulated pepper blend in the diet of confined Holstein bullocks: effect on ruminal volatile fatty acid profiles, growth performance, and animal health. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:114. [PMID: 36928365 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Dairy bulls in feedlots have been a viable alternative for dairy producers to reinforce the family's income. Aspects such as balanced diets and proper management are essential for these animals to develop and allow an economic return fully. Plant extracts are performance enhancers and ruminal and intestinal health promoters. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate whether the addition of encapsulated pepper (EP) blend (Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, and Capsicum chinense - rich in capsaicin) interferes with the volatile fatty acid profile in the rumen and enhances the growth performance of Holstein bullocks in a feedlot. For the experiment, 24 whole bullocks were used, distributed into three treatments, with eight replicates per treatment (one animal as an experimental unit, kept in an individual stall): groups T0, T200, and T400, receiving 0 mg, 200 mg, and 400 mg EP/kg of concentrate, respectively. Knowing the intake of concentrate and the average body weight during the experiment, we calculated the dose in mg/kg/day of the EP; that is, the T200 animals consumed 2.45 mg EP/kg (body weight -BW)/day; and T400 consumed 4.9 mg EP/kg BW/day. The animals from T400 presented a more significant weight gain between days 15 and 45 of confinement compared to T0 (P=0.05). This same treatment (T400) had a trend of lower weight gain between days 46 and 90 (P=0.09). Likewise, the T400 group had higher feed efficiency than T0 between days 15 and 45. Furthermore, the treatments affected the white blood cell count, with the T400 bullocks showing a higher number of neutrophils and lymphocytes. Higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in the serum of steers from both groups that consumed pepper (P<0.01). Interaction between treatment × day was observed for the activity of glutathione enzymes (GST and GPx) and levels of lipoperoxidation (LPO) (characterized by antioxidant stimulation) associated with the reduction in serum LPO; similar antioxidant enzymes behavior was observed in the liver. In the small intestine (jejunum), the activities of antioxidant enzymes (GST and GPx) were lower in the two groups of cattle that consumed EP, and LPO was lower. The treatments affected the concentration of acetic acid in the rumen fluid, presenting lower levels in T400 compared to T200 and similar T0 (P≤0.05). There was an interaction of day vs. treatment for propionic acid, presenting a higher concentration on day 45 at T400 than T0. These results, therefore, allow us to conclude that adding 400 mg of pepper extract can be an excellent additive for weight gain at the beginning of the experiment; however, over time, this dose of additive negatively affects weight gain. Both EP doses stimulated serum and tissue antioxidant responses, reducing lipoperoxidation. However, the 400 mg EP/kg concentrate suggests a pro-inflammatory response (leukocytosis and elevated CRP), s probably related to the high dose (i.e., between 1.7 and 2.4 g/animal/day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Marcon Giacomelli
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Maiara Sulzbach Marchiori
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | | | - Maksuel Gatto de Vitt
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Vitor Luiz Molosse
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | | | - Roger Wagner
- Graduate Program in Food Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Chapecó, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aleksandro Schafer da Silva
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Science, UDESC, Chapecó, Brazil.
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46
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Effects of Thymbra capitata essential oil on in vitro fermentation end-products and ruminal bacterial communities. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4153. [PMID: 36914736 PMCID: PMC10011596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An in vitro trial was carried out to investigate the effects of natural Thymbra capitata essential oil (NEO) and its main compounds [including carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene given alone or in a synthetic combination (SEO)] on ruminal fermentation and the bacterial community using batch cultures inoculated with ruminal digesta and incubating two different basal diets [high-forage (F) and high-concentrate (C) diet]. After 24 h of incubation, primary fermentation end-products [gas, methane, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia] and rumen microbial diversity were determined. NEO reduced the total VFA concentration (P < 0.05) only in the C diet. In contrast, SEO and carvacrol decreased the total VFA concentration (P < 0.05) only in the F diet. Methane production was not affected (P > 0.05) by any of the experimental treatments or diets evaluated. Microbial diversity analysis showed only a moderate effect of carvacrol and SEO on 13 genera, including, mainly, Atopobium and Blautia (involved in subacute ruminal acidosis) or Candidatus Saccharimonas (related to laminitis). In conclusion, T. capitata EO has a limited potential to attain nutritional or environmental benefits, but further research should be carried out to clarify its effects on animal health and microbial food safety.
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Ott D, Manneck D, Schrapers KT, Rosendahl J, Aschenbach JR. Blood calcium concentration and performance in periparturient and early lactating dairy cows is influenced by plant bioactive lipid compounds. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3706-3718. [PMID: 36907757 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies ex vivo suggested that plant bioactive lipid compounds (PBLC) can increase ruminal calcium absorption. Therefore, we hypothesized that PBLC feeding around calving may potentially counteract hypocalcemia and support performance in postpartum dairy cows. The corresponding aim of the study was to investigate the effect of PBLC feeding on blood minerals in Brown Swiss (BS) and hypocalcemia-susceptible Holstein Friesian (HF) cows during the period from d -2 to 28 relative to calving and on milk performance until d 80 of lactation. A total of 29 BS cows and 41 HF cows were divided each into a control (CON) and PBLC treatment group. The latter was supplemented with 1.7 g/d menthol-rich PBLC from 8 d before expected calving to 80 d postpartum. Milk yield and composition, body condition score and blood minerals were measured. Feeding PBLC induced a significant breed × treatment interaction for iCa, supporting that PBLC increased iCa exclusively in HF cows; the increase was 0.03 mM over the whole period and 0.05 mM from d 1 to 3 after calving. Subclinical hypocalcemia was seen in one BS-CON and 8 HF-CON cows and 2 BS-PBLC and 4 HF-PBLC cows. Clinical milk fever was detected only in HF cows (2 HF-CON and one HF-PBLC). Other tested blood minerals, such as sodium, chloride, and potassium, as well as blood glucose, were neither affected by PBLC feeding nor breed, nor were their 2-way interactions, except for higher sodium levels in PBLC cows on d 21. Body condition score showed no effect of treatment, except for a lower body condition score in BS-PBLC compared with BS-CON at d 14. Dietary PBLC increased milk yield, milk fat yield, and milk protein yield at 2 consecutive dairy herd improvement test days. As indicated by treatment × day interactions, energy-corrected milk yield and milk lactose yield were increased by PBLC on the first test day only, and milk protein concentration decreased from test d 1 to test d 2 in CON only. The concentrations of fat, lactose, and urea, as well as somatic cell count, were not affected by treatment. The weekly milk yield over the first 11 wk of lactation was 29.5 kg/wk higher for PBLC versus CON across breeds. It is concluded that the applied PBLC induced a small but measurable improvement of calcium status in HF cows in the study period and had additional positive effects on milk performance in both breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ott
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14163 Berlin, Germany; PerformaNat GmbH, D-14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Manneck
- PerformaNat GmbH, D-14163 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - J R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14163 Berlin, Germany.
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Martins LF, Oh J, Melgar A, Harper M, Wall EW, Hristov AN. Effects of phytonutrients and yeast culture supplementation on lactational performance and nutrient use efficiency in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1746-1756. [PMID: 36586803 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Yeast culture and phytonutrients are dietary supplements with distinct modes of action, and they may have additive effects on the performance of dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a preparation of phytonutrients and a yeast culture from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on lactational performance, total-tract digestibility of nutrients, urinary nitrogen losses, energy metabolism markers, and blood cells in dairy cows. Thirty-six mid-lactation Holstein cows (10 primiparous and 26 multiparous) were used in an 8-wk randomized complete block design experiment with a 2-wk covariate period, 2 wk for adaptation to the diets, and a 4-wk experimental period for data and samples collection. Following a 2-wk covariate period, cows were blocked by days in milk, parity, and milk yield and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (12 cows per treatment): basal diet supplemented with 14 g/cow per day yeast culture (YC; S. cerevisiae), basal diet supplemented with 1.0 g/cow per day phytonutrients (PN; 5.5% cinnamaldehyde, 9.5% eugenol, and 3.5% capsicum oleoresin), or basal diet supplemented with a combination of YC and PN (YCPN). Treatments were top-dressed once daily on the total mixed ration at time of feeding. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and feed efficiency were not affected by treatments. Milk composition and energy-corrected milk yield were also not affected by supplementation of YC, PN, and YCPN. There were no differences in intake or total-tract digestibility of dietary nutrients among treatments. Compared with YC, the PN and YCPN treatments tended to decrease the proportion of short-chain fatty acids in milk fat. There was an additive effect of YC and PN supplementation on urinary urea nitrogen (UUN) excretion relative to total nitrogen intake. Cows fed a diet supplemented with YCPN had lower UUN excretion than cows in YC and tended to have lower UUN excretion compared with PN. Blood monocytes count and percentage were decreased in cows fed PN and YCPN diets compared with YC. Treatments did not affect concentrations of blood β-hydroxybutyrate and total fatty acids. Overall, lactational performance, digestibility of nutrients, energy metabolism markers, and blood cells were not affected by YC, PN, or YCPN supplementation. A combination of PN and YC had an additive effect on nitrogen excretion in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Martins
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - J Oh
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - A Melgar
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - M Harper
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - E W Wall
- Pancosma, Geneva, Switzerland CH-1218
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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49
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Campolina JP, Coelho SG, Belli AL, Neves LFM, Machado FS, Pereira LGR, Tomich TR, Carvalho WA, Daibert RMP, Reis DRL, Costa SF, Voorsluys AL, Jacob DV, Campos MM. Potential benefits of a blend of essential oils on metabolism, digestibility, organ development and gene expression of dairy calves. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3378. [PMID: 36854876 PMCID: PMC9974966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate blood cells and metabolites, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), digestibility, internal organs weight and histology, gene expression, and spleen cell proliferation of pre-weaned bull calves supplemented with a blend of essential oils in milk replacer (MR). Sixteen newborn Holstein × Gyr crossbred dairy bull calves, with body weight at birth of 33.3 ± 3.7 kg, were housed in individual sand bedded pens, blocked by genetic composition, and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments in a randomized complete block design: Control (CON, n = 8) and blend of essential oils supplementation (BEO, n = 8, 1 g/day/calf, Apex Calf, Adisseo, China). The commercial blend was composed by plant extracts derived from anise, cinnamon, garlic, rosemary, and thyme. Animals were fed 5 L of MR/day reconstituted at 15% (dry matter basis), divided into two equal meals. Water and starter were provided ad libitum. ß-hydroxybutyrate, urea, and glucose were evaluated weekly, IGF-1 was evaluated biweekly, and total blood cell count was performed every four weeks until the end of the trial at eight weeks of age. Feed samples were collected three times a week and polled for weekly analysis. Apparent total nutrient digestibility was determined from d 56 to 60 of age. On d 60 ± 1, animals were euthanized for organ weight, histology, spleen cell proliferation, and intestinal gene expression analysis. Data were analyzed independently using linear mixed models using the REML method in the nlme package in R for continuous outcomes. A non-parametric test was used for ordered categorical outcomes using the Artools package in R. There were no differences between groups for blood evaluations, digestibility, gene expression, and a spleen cell proliferation assay. However, BEO calves presented a heavier pancreas, heavier intestines, bigger ileum villi, and higher cecum butyrate levels (P < 0.05), demonstrating that the EO supplementation helped intestinal development and symbiotic bacteria. It was also observed in CON animals' heavier respiratory tract and a higher eosinophil count (P < 0.05). Therefore, the organs where eosinophils are more active had a better response for BEO animals. No differences were found in the intestinal gene expression in the immune context. These results demonstrate that supplementing essential oils in MR could contribute to gut development and immune function. However, more research is needed to understand its impact on body development and define the best dosage and route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana P. Campolina
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30161-970 Brazil
| | - Sandra Gesteira Coelho
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30161-970 Brazil
| | - Anna Luiza Belli
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30161-970 Brazil
| | - Luiz F. Martins Neves
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30161-970 Brazil
| | - Fernanda S. Machado
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XEmbrapa Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330 Brazil
| | - Luiz G. R. Pereira
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XEmbrapa Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330 Brazil
| | - Thierry R. Tomich
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XEmbrapa Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330 Brazil
| | - Wanessa A. Carvalho
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XEmbrapa Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330 Brazil
| | - Raquel M. P. Daibert
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XEmbrapa Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330 Brazil
| | - Daniele R. L. Reis
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XEmbrapa Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330 Brazil
| | - Suely F. Costa
- grid.411269.90000 0000 8816 9513Departmento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana M. Campos
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XEmbrapa Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330 Brazil
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50
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Dietary biochar as a feed additive for increasing livestock performance: A meta-analysis of in vitro and in vivo experiment. CZECH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.17221/124/2022-cjas] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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