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Shukla M, Duangrat R, Nopparat C, Sotthibundhu A, Govitrapong P. Melatonin Augments the Expression of Core Transcription Factors in Aged and Alzheimer's Patient Skin Fibroblasts. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:698. [PMID: 39336125 PMCID: PMC11428320 DOI: 10.3390/biology13090698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Altered neurogenesis and the appearance of AD pathological hallmarks are fundamental to this disease. SRY-Box transcription factor 2 (Sox2), octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4), and Nanog are a set of core transcription factors that play a very decisive role in the preservation of pluripotency and the self-renewal capacity of embryonic and adult stem cells. These factors are critically involved in AD pathogenesis, senescence, and aging. Skin fibroblasts are emblematic of cellular damage in patients. We, therefore, in the present study, analyzed the basal expression of these factors in young, aged, and AD fibroblasts. AD fibroblasts displayed an altered expression of these factors, differing from aged and young fibroblasts. Since melatonin is well acknowledged for its anti-aging, anti-senescence and anti-AD therapeutic benefits, we further investigated the effects of melatonin treatment on the expression of these factors in fibroblasts, along with precise validation of the observed data in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Our findings reveal that melatonin administration augmented the expression levels of Sox2, Oct4, and Nanog significantly in both cells. Altogether, our study presents the neuroprotective potential and efficacy of melatonin, which might have significant therapeutic benefits for aging and AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Shukla
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Kamphaeng Phet 6, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Raphiporn Duangrat
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Kamphaeng Phet 6, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Chutikorn Nopparat
- Innovative Learning Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Areechun Sotthibundhu
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Kamphaeng Phet 6, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
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Ma X, Gao H, Wu Y, Zhu X, Wu S, Lin L. Investigating Modifiable Risk Factors Across Dementia Subtypes: Insights from the UK Biobank. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1967. [PMID: 39335481 PMCID: PMC11428917 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12091967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between modifiable risk factors and dementia subtypes using data from 460,799 participants in the UK Biobank. Utilizing univariate Cox proportional hazards regression models, we examined the associations between 83 modifiable risk factors and the risks of all-cause dementia (ACD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VD). Composite scores for different domains were generated by aggregating risk factors associated with ACD, AD, and VD, respectively, and their joint associations were assessed in multivariable Cox models. Additionally, population attributable fractions (PAF) were utilized to estimate the potential impact of eliminating adverse characteristics of the risk domains. Our findings revealed that an unfavorable medical history significantly increased the risk of ACD, AD, and VD (hazard ratios (HR) = 1.88, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.74-2.03, p < 0.001; HR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.54-2.10, p < 0.001; HR = 2.39, 95% CI: 2.10-2.71, p < 0.001, respectively). Blood markers (PAF = 12.1%; 17.4%) emerged as the most important risk domain for preventing ACD and VD, while psychiatric factors (PAF = 18.3%) were the most important for preventing AD. This study underscores the potential for preventing dementia and its subtypes through targeted interventions for modifiable risk factors. The distinct insights provided by HR and PAF emphasize the importance of considering both the strength of the associations and the population-level impact of dementia prevention strategies. Our research provides valuable guidance for developing effective public health interventions aimed at reducing the burden of dementia, representing a significant advancement in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.M.); (H.G.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (S.W.)
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Amelimojarad M, Amelimojarad M, Cui X. The emerging role of brain neuroinflammatory responses in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1391517. [PMID: 39021707 PMCID: PMC11253199 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1391517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
As the most common cause of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neurodegeneration and synaptic loss with an increasing prevalence in the elderly. Increased inflammatory responses triggers brain cells to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and accelerates the Aβ accumulation, tau protein hyper-phosphorylation leading to neurodegeneration. Therefore, in this paper, we discuss the current understanding of how inflammation affects brain activity to induce AD pathology, the inflammatory biomarkers and possible therapies that combat inflammation for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaonan Cui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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AmeliMojarad M, AmeliMojarad M. The neuroinflammatory role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease and their associated therapeutic targets. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14856. [PMID: 39031970 PMCID: PMC11259573 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD), the main cause of dementia, is characterized by synaptic loss and neurodegeneration. Amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain are considered to be the initiating factors of AD. However, this hypothesis falls short of explaining many aspects of AD pathogenesis. Recently, there has been mounting evidence that neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of AD and causes neurodegeneration by over-activating microglia and releasing inflammatory mediators. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and MEDLINE were used for searching and summarizing all the recent publications related to inflammation and its association with Alzheimer's disease. RESULTS Our review shows how inflammatory dysregulation influences AD pathology as well as the roles of microglia in neuroinflammation, the possible microglia-associated therapeutic targets, top neuroinflammatory biomarkers, and anti-inflammatory drugs that combat inflammation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, microglial inflammatory reactions are important factors in AD pathogenesis and need to be discussed in more detail for promising therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika AmeliMojarad
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Industrial and Environmental BiotechnologyNational Institute of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTehranIran
| | - Mandana AmeliMojarad
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Industrial and Environmental BiotechnologyNational Institute of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTehranIran
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Fraile-Ramos J, Reig-Vilallonga J, Giménez-Llort L. Glomerular Hypertrophy and Splenic Red Pulp Degeneration Concurrent with Oxidative Stress in 3xTg-AD Mice Model for Alzheimer's Disease and Its Exacerbation with Sex and Social Isolation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6112. [PMID: 38892297 PMCID: PMC11172848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The continuously expanding field of Alzheimer's disease (AD) research is now beginning to defocus the brain to take a more systemic approach to the disease, as alterations in the peripheral organs could be related to disease progression. One emerging hypothesis is organ involvement in the process of Aβ clearance. In the present work, we aimed to examine the status and involvement of the kidney as a key organ for waste elimination and the spleen, which is in charge of filtering the blood and producing lymphocytes, and their influence on AD. The results showed morphological and structural changes due to acute amyloidosis in the kidney (glomeruli area) and spleen (red pulp area and red/white pulp ratio) together with reduced antioxidant defense activity (GPx) in 16-month-old male and female 3xTg-AD mice when compared to their age- and sex-matched non-transgenic (NTg) counterparts. All these alterations correlated with the anxious-like behavioral phenotype of this mouse model. In addition, forced isolation, a cause of psychological stress, had a negative effect by intensifying genotype differences and causing differences to appear in NTg animals. This study further supports the relevance of a more integrative view of the complex interplay between systems in aging, especially at advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fraile-Ramos
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Reig-Vilallonga
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Wang S, Xie S, Zheng Q, Zhang Z, Wang T, Zhang G. Biofluid biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1380237. [PMID: 38659704 PMCID: PMC11039951 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1380237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease, with a complex pathogenesis and an irreversible course. Therefore, the early diagnosis of AD is particularly important for the intervention, prevention, and treatment of the disease. Based on the different pathophysiological mechanisms of AD, the research progress of biofluid biomarkers are classified and reviewed. In the end, the challenges and perspectives of future research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sensen Wang
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Sitan Xie
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qinpin Zheng
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Guirong Zhang
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Macchia E, Torricelli F, Caputo M, Sarcina L, Scandurra C, Bollella P, Catacchio M, Piscitelli M, Di Franco C, Scamarcio G, Torsi L. Point-Of-Care Ultra-Portable Single-Molecule Bioassays for One-Health. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309705. [PMID: 38108547 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Screening asymptomatic organisms (humans, animals, plants) with a high-diagnostic accuracy using point-of-care-testing (POCT) technologies, though still visionary holds great potential. Convenient surveillance requires easy-to-use, cost-effective, ultra-portable but highly reliable, in-vitro-diagnostic devices that are ready for use wherever they are needed. Currently, there are not yet such devices available on the market, but there are a couple more promising technologies developed at readiness-level 5: the Clustered-Regularly-Interspaced-Short-Palindromic-Repeats (CRISPR) lateral-flow-strip tests and the Single-Molecule-with-a-large-Transistor (SiMoT) bioelectronic palmar devices. They both hold key features delineated by the World-Health-Organization for POCT systems and an occurrence of false-positive and false-negative errors <1-5% resulting in diagnostic-selectivity and sensitivity >95-99%, while limit-of-detections are of few markers. CRISPR-strip is a molecular assay that, can detect down to few copies of DNA/RNA markers in blood while SiMoT immunometric and molecular test can detect down to a single oligonucleotide, protein marker, or pathogens in 0.1mL of blood, saliva, and olive-sap. These technologies can prospectively enable the systematic and reliable surveillance of asymptomatic ones prior to worsening/proliferation of illnesses allowing for timely diagnosis and swift prognosis. This could establish a proactive healthcare ecosystem that results in effective treatments for all living organisms generating diffuse and well-being at efficient costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Macchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Mariapia Caputo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
| | - Cecilia Scandurra
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
| | - Michele Catacchio
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
| | - Matteo Piscitelli
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70125, Italy
- CNR IFN, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70125, Italy
- CNR IFN, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
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Jin H, Yang Q, Chen G, Zhang W, Wu Y, Wang R. Effects of Hepatorenal Function on Urinary Alzheimer-Associated Neuronal Thread Protein: A Laboratory-Based Cross-Sectional Study Among the Older Chinese Population. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 100:911-921. [PMID: 38968047 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Urinary Alzheimer-associated neuronal thread protein (AD7c-NTP) is a biomarker for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It remains unclear whether hepatorenal function affects the urinary AD7c-NTP level. Objective To evaluate the effects of hepatorenal function on urinary AD7c-NTP level. Methods We enrolled 453 participants aged 60-100 years. An automated chemistry analyzer was used to determine the indicators of serum hepatorenal function. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the urinary AD7c-NTP level. Results Spearman's correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between urinary AD7c-NTP levels and indicators of hepatorenal function, including albumin (r = -0.181, p < 0.001), albumin/globulin ratio (r = -0.224, p < 0.001), cholinesterase (r = -0.094, p = 0.046), total carbon dioxide (r = -0.102, p = 0.030), and glomerular filtration rate (r = -0.260, p < 0.001), as well as a positive correlation with globulin (r = 0.141, p = 0.003), aspartate transaminase (r = 0.186, p < 0.001), blood urine nitrogen (r = 0.210, p < 0.001), creatinine (r = 0.202, p < 0.001), uric acid (r = 0.229, p < 0.001), and cystatin C (r = 0.265, p < 0.001). The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis and multiple linear regression model analyses showed that the statistically significant hepatorenal indicators for predicting AD7c-NTP were A/G (p = 0.007), AST (p = 0.002), BUN (p = 0.019), and UA (p = 0.003). Conclusions The effects of hepatorenal indicators should be considered when using urinary AD7c-NTP levels in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Jin
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Qiu Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Guodong Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchuan Wu
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
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Sheykhhasan M, Heidari F, Farsani ME, Azimzadeh M, Kalhor N, Ababzadeh S, Seyedebrahimi R. Dual Role of Exosome in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review Study. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:852-864. [PMID: 37496136 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230726161035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are one of the crucial means of intercellular communication, which takes many different forms. They are heterogeneous, secreted by a range of cell types, and can be generally classified into microvesicles and exosomes depending on their location and function. Exosomes are small EVs with diameters of about 30-150 nm and diverse cell sources. METHODS The MEDLINE/PubMed database was reviewed for papers written in English and publication dates of recent years, using the search string "Exosome" and "Neurodegenerative diseases." RESULTS The exosomes have attracted interest as a significant biomarker for a better understanding of disease development, gene silencing delivery, and alternatives to stem cell-based therapy because of their low-invasive therapeutic approach, repeatable distribution in the central nervous system (CNS), and high efficiency. Also, they are nanovesicles that carry various substances, which can have an impact on neural plasticity and cognitive functioning in both healthy and pathological circumstances. Therefore, exosomes are conceived as nanovesicles containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. However, their composition varies considerably depending on the cells from which they are produced. CONCLUSION In the present review, we discuss several techniques for the isolation of exosomes from different cell sources. Furthermore, reviewing research on exosomes' possible functions as carriers of bioactive substances implicated in the etiology of neurodegenerative illnesses, we further examine them. We also analyze the preclinical and clinical research that shows exosomes to have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Sheykhhasan
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Qom, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Heidari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Mohsen Eslami Farsani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Maryam Azimzadeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Naser Kalhor
- Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Qom, Iran
| | - Shima Ababzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Seyedebrahimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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Wu CY, Ho CY, Yang YH. Developing Biomarkers for the Skin: Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Prediction of Treatment Outcomes of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108478. [PMID: 37239825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory decline and cognitive impairment. Research on biomarkers can aid in early diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, evaluating treatment efficacy, and advancing fundamental research. We conducted a cross-sectional longitudinal study to see if there is an association between AD patients and age-matched healthy controls for their physiologic skin characteristics, such as pH, hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), elasticity, microcirculation, and ApoE genotyping. The study used the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of the Boxes (CDR-SB) scales as references to quantify the presence of disease, if any. Our findings demonstrate that AD patients have a dominantly neutral pH, greater skin hydration, and less elasticity compared to the control subjects. At baseline, the tortuous capillary percentage negatively correlated with MMSE scores in AD patients. However, AD patients who carry the ApoE E4 allele and exhibit a high percentage of tortuous capillaries and capillary tortuous numbers have shown better treatment outcomes at six months. Therefore, we believe that physiologic skin testing is a rapid and effective way to screen, monitor progression, and ultimately guide the most appropriate treatment for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ying Wu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine and Post Baccalaureat Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yi Ho
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine and Post Baccalaureat Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Han Yang
- Department of Neurology, College of Post Baccalaureat Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Dong R, Denier-Fields DN, Van Hulle CA, Kollmorgen G, Suridjan I, Wild N, Lu Q, Anderson RM, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Carlsson CM, Johnson SC, Engelman CD. Identification of plasma metabolites associated with modifiable risk factors and endophenotypes reflecting Alzheimer's disease pathology. Eur J Epidemiol 2023; 38:559-571. [PMID: 36964431 PMCID: PMC11070200 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-023-00988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Modifiable factors can influence the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and serve as targets for intervention; however, the biological mechanisms linking these factors to AD are unknown. This study aims to identify plasma metabolites associated with modifiable factors for AD, including MIND diet, physical activity, smoking, and caffeine intake, and test their association with AD endophenotypes to identify their potential roles in pathophysiological mechanisms. The association between each of the 757 plasma metabolites and four modifiable factors was tested in the wisconsin registry for Alzheimer's prevention cohort of initially cognitively unimpaired, asymptomatic middle-aged adults. After Bonferroni correction, the significant plasma metabolites were tested for association with each of the AD endophenotypes, including twelve cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, reflecting key pathophysiologies for AD, and four cognitive composite scores. Finally, causal mediation analyses were conducted to evaluate possible mediation effects. Analyses were performed using linear mixed-effects regression. A total of 27, 3, 23, and 24 metabolites were associated with MIND diet, physical activity, smoking, and caffeine intake, respectively. Potential mediation effects include beta-cryptoxanthin in the association between MIND diet and preclinical Alzheimer cognitive composite score, hippurate between MIND diet and immediate learning, glutamate between physical activity and CSF neurofilament light, and beta-cryptoxanthin between smoking and immediate learning. Our study identified several plasma metabolites that are associated with modifiable factors. These metabolites can be employed as biomarkers for tracking these factors, and they provide a potential biological pathway of how modifiable factors influence the human body and AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruocheng Dong
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Diandra N Denier-Fields
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Department of Nutrition Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Carol A Van Hulle
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | | | | | - Norbert Wild
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Rozalyn M Anderson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, S-43180, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-43180, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1H 0AL, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, S-43180, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-43180, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Cynthia M Carlsson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Sterling C Johnson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Corinne D Engelman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, USA.
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53719, USA.
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12
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Parra MA, Orellana P, Leon T, Victoria CG, Henriquez F, Gomez R, Avalos C, Damian A, Slachevsky A, Ibañez A, Zetterberg H, Tijms BM, Yokoyama JS, Piña-Escudero SD, Cochran JN, Matallana DL, Acosta D, Allegri R, Arias-Suárez BP, Barra B, Behrens MI, Brucki SMD, Busatto G, Caramelli P, Castro-Suarez S, Contreras V, Custodio N, Dansilio S, De la Cruz-Puebla M, de Souza LC, Diaz MM, Duque L, Farías GA, Ferreira ST, Guimet NM, Kmaid A, Lira D, Lopera F, Meza BM, Miotto EC, Nitrini R, Nuñez A, O'neill S, Ochoa J, Pintado-Caipa M, de Paula França Resende E, Risacher S, Rojas LA, Sabaj V, Schilling L, Sellek AF, Sosa A, Takada LT, Teixeira AL, Unaucho-Pilalumbo M, Duran-Aniotz C. Biomarkers for dementia in Latin American countries: Gaps and opportunities. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:721-735. [PMID: 36098676 PMCID: PMC10906502 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Limited knowledge on dementia biomarkers in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries remains a serious barrier. Here, we reported a survey to explore the ongoing work, needs, interests, potential barriers, and opportunities for future studies related to biomarkers. The results show that neuroimaging is the most used biomarker (73%), followed by genetic studies (40%), peripheral fluids biomarkers (31%), and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (29%). Regarding barriers in LAC, lack of funding appears to undermine the implementation of biomarkers in clinical or research settings, followed by insufficient infrastructure and training. The survey revealed that despite the above barriers, the region holds a great potential to advance dementia biomarkers research. Considering the unique contributions that LAC could make to this growing field, we highlight the urgent need to expand biomarker research. These insights allowed us to propose an action plan that addresses the recommendations for a biomarker framework recently proposed by regional experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A. Parra
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde. Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina Orellana
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomas Leon
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College. Dublin, Ireland
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Clinic (CMYN) Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Cabello G. Victoria
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology Department - Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
- Unit of Brain Health, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Henriquez
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology Department - Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO). Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory for Cognitive and Evolutionary Neuroscience (LaNCE), Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Gomez
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Clinic (CMYN) Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
- Graduate School, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Mayor, Chile - Centro de Apoyo Comunitario a personas con Demencia Kintun. Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Avalos
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
| | - Andres Damian
- Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular (CUDIM) - Centro de Medicina Nuclear e Imagenología Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República. Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrea Slachevsky
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Clinic (CMYN) Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology Department - Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO). Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neurology and Psyquiatry, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo. Santiago, Chile
| | - Agustin Ibañez
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College. Dublin, Ireland
- Global Brain Health Institute and the Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). San Francisco, USA
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, & National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg. Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital. Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology. Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL. London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Betty M. Tijms
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience. Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer S. Yokoyama
- Global Brain Health Institute and the Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). San Francisco, USA
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF. San Francisco, USA
| | - Stefanie D. Piña-Escudero
- Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain Health at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco. San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Diana L Matallana
- Medical School, Aging Institute and Psychiatry Department, Neuroscience PhD Program, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá,Colombia
- Memory and Cognition Center, Intellectus, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. Bogotá, Colombia
- Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitario Santa Fe de Bogotá. Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daisy Acosta
- Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriquez Urena (UNPHU). Santo Domingo, República Dominicana
| | - Ricardo Allegri
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology, Instituto Neurológico Fleni. Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Neurosciences, Universidad de la Costa. Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Bianca P. Arias-Suárez
- Faculty of Human Medicine, Postgraduate Section, National University of San Marcos. Lima, Perú
| | - Bernardo Barra
- Mental Health Service, Clínica Universidad de los Andes. Santiago, Chile
- Department of Psychiatry, Medicine School, Andrés Bello University of Santiago (UNAB). Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Isabel Behrens
- Department of Neurology and Psyquiatry, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo. Santiago, Chile
- Center for Advanced Clinical Research (CICA). Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neurocience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Sonia M. D. Brucki
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo. São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Busatto
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo HCFMUSP. São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Caramelli
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sheila Castro-Suarez
- Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain Health at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco. San Francisco, USA
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima, Perú
| | | | - Nilton Custodio
- Unit of diagnosis of cognitive impairment and dementia prevention, Instituto Peruano de Neurociencias.Lima, Perú
| | - Sergio Dansilio
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institut of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine,Universidad de la República. Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Myriam De la Cruz-Puebla
- Global Brain Health Institute and the Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). San Francisco, USA
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute. Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona. Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Technical University of Ambato. Tungurahua, Ecuador
| | - Leonardo Cruz de Souza
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo HCFMUSP. São Paulo, Brazil
- Neurology Service, School of Medicine, Pontifical University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Monica M. Diaz
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. North Carolina, USA
- School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Lima, Peru
| | - Lissette Duque
- Unit of Cognitive diseases, Neuromedicenter. Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gonzalo A. Farías
- Center for Advanced Clinical Research (CICA). Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio T. Ferreira
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nahuel Magrath Guimet
- Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain Health at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco. San Francisco, USA
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology, Instituto Neurológico Fleni. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Kmaid
- Unit of Cognitive evaluation. Department of Geriatry ang Gerentology. Hospital de Clínicas. Faculty of Medicine. Universidad de la República. Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - David Lira
- Unit of diagnosis of cognitive impairment and dementia prevention, Instituto Peruano de Neurociencias.Lima, Perú
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, School of Medicine. Medellín, Colombia
| | - Beatriz Mar Meza
- Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain Health at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco. San Francisco, USA
- Department of Geriatry ang Gerentology, Hospital Central de la Fuerza Aérea del Perú. Lima, Perú
| | - Eliane C Miotto
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo. São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo. São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Nuñez
- Unit of Cognitive diseases, Neuromedicenter. Quito, Ecuador
| | - Santiago O'neill
- Neurosciences Institute, Favaloro Foundation University Hospital. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - John Ochoa
- Group of Neuropsychology and behavior, Universidad de Antioquia, School of Medicine. Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maritza Pintado-Caipa
- Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain Health at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco. San Francisco, USA
- Unit of diagnosis of cognitive impairment and dementia prevention, Instituto Peruano de Neurociencias.Lima, Perú
| | - Elisa de Paula França Resende
- Global Brain Health Institute and the Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). San Francisco, USA
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Neurology Service, School of Medicine, Pontifical University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Shannon Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine. Indianapolis, USA
| | - Luz Angela Rojas
- Research Group, MI Dneuropsy, Universidad Surcolombiana. Neiva, Colombia
| | - Valentina Sabaj
- Unit of Neuropsychogeriatry, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría. Santiago, Chile
| | - Lucas Schilling
- Neurology Service, School of Medicine, Pontifical University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Sosa
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Manuel Velasco Suarez. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Leonel T. Takada
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo. São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio L. Teixeira
- Faculdade Santa Casa BH. Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Neuropsychiatry Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Houston, USA
| | - Martha Unaucho-Pilalumbo
- Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain Health at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco. San Francisco, USA
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja. Loja, Ecuador
| | - Claudia Duran-Aniotz
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
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13
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He XY, Kuo K, Yang L, Zhang YR, Wu BS, Chen SD, Cheng W, Feng JF, Yu JT. Serum clinical laboratory tests and risk of incident dementia: a prospective cohort study of 407,190 individuals. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:312. [PMID: 35927253 PMCID: PMC9352702 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of dementia is a public health priority, and the identification of potential biomarkers may provide benefits for early detection and prevention. This study investigates the association of common serum laboratory tests with the risk of incident dementia. Among 407,190 participants from the UK Biobank (median follow-up of 9.19 years), we investigated the linear and nonlinear effects of 30 laboratory measures on the risk of all-cause dementia using Cox models and restricted cubic spline models. We found that dementia incidence was associated with low vitamin D concentration (hazard ratio 0.994, 95% confidence interval 0.993-0.996), indicators of endocrine disorders: IGF-1 level (P for non-linearity = 1.1E-05), testosterone level (P for non-linearity = 0.006); high sex-hormone-binding globulin level (HR 1.004, 95% CI: 1.003-1.006); reduced liver function: lower alanine aminotransferase (HR 0.990, 95% CI: 0.986-0.995); renal dysfunction: cystatin C level (P for non-linearity = 0.028); oxidative stress: lower urate level (HR 0.998, 95% CI: 0.998-0.999); lipids dysregulation: lower LDL (HR 0.918, 95% CI: 0.872-0.965) and triglycerides (HR 0.924, 95% CI: 0.882-0.967) concentrations; insulin resistance: high glucose (HR 1.093, 95% CI: 1.045-1.143) and HbA1c (HR 1.017, 95% CI: 1.009-1.025) levels; immune dysbiosis: C-reactive protein (P for non-linearity = 5.5E-09). In conclusion, markers of vitamin D deficiency, GH-IGF-1 axis disorders, bioactive sex hormone deficiency, reduced liver function, renal abnormalities, oxidation, insulin resistance, immune dysbiosis, and lipids dysregulation were associated with incident dementia. Our results support a contributory role of systemic disorders and diverse biological processes to onset of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu He
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kevin Kuo
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Ru Zhang
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bang-Sheng Wu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Dong Chen
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- The Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Feng Feng
- The Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Lopez-Toledo G, Silva-Lucero MDC, Herrera-Díaz J, García DE, Arias-Montaño JA, Cardenas-Aguayo MDC. Patient-Derived Fibroblasts With Presenilin-1 Mutations, That Model Aspects of Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology, Constitute a Potential Object for Early Diagnosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:921573. [PMID: 35847683 PMCID: PMC9283986 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.921573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder that can occur in middle or old age, is characterized by memory loss, a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that affect the ability of an individual to function independently. It is divided into sporadic and familial subtypes. Early-onset familial AD (FAD) is linked to mutations in genes coding for the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), presenilin 1 (PS1), and presenilin 2 (PS2), which lead to alterations in AβPP processing, generation of the Amyloid-β peptide and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. Identification of early biomarkers for AD diagnosis represents a challenge, and it has been suggested that molecular changes in neurodegenerative pathways identified in the brain of AD patients can be detected in peripheral non-neural cells derived from familial or sporadic AD patients. In the present study, we determined the protein expression, the proteomic and in silico characterization of skin fibroblasts from FAD patients with PS1 mutations (M146L or A246E) or from healthy individuals. Our results shown that fibroblasts from AD patients had increased expression of the autophagy markers LC3II, LAMP2 and Cathepsin D, a significant increase in total GSK3, phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) and phosphorylated tau (Thr231, Ser396, and Ser404), but no difference in the phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) or the α (Ser21) and β (Ser9) GSK3 isoforms, highlighting the relevant role of abnormal protein post-translational modifications in age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. Both 2-DE gels and mass spectrometry showed significant differences in the expression of the signaling pathways associated with protein folding and the autophagic pathway mediated by chaperones with the expression of HSPA5, HSPE1, HSPD1, HSP90AA1, and HSPE1 and reticular stress in the FAD samples. Furthermore, expression of the heat shock proteins HSP90 and HSP70 was significantly higher in the cells from AD patients as confirmed by Western blot. Taken together our results indicate that fibroblasts from patients with FAD-PS1 present alterations in signaling pathways related to cellular stress, autophagy, lysosomes, and tau phosphorylation. Fibroblasts can therefore be useful in modeling pathways related to neurodegeneration, as well as for the identification of early AD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Lopez-Toledo
- Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria-del-Carmen Silva-Lucero
- Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Herrera-Díaz
- Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo a la Investigación y a la Industria, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David-Erasmo García
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José-Antonio Arias-Montaño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria-del-Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo
- Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Maria-del-Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo,
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15
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Antioxidants in Alzheimer's Disease: Current Therapeutic Significance and Future Prospects. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020212. [PMID: 35205079 PMCID: PMC8869589 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) rate is accelerating with the increasing aging of the world's population. The World Health Organization (WHO) stated AD as a global health priority. According to the WHO report, around 82 million people in 2030 and 152 million in 2050 will develop dementia (AD contributes 60% to 70% of cases), considering the current scenario. AD is the most common neurodegenerative disease, intensifying impairments in cognition, behavior, and memory. Histopathological AD variations include extracellular senile plaques' formation, tangling of intracellular neurofibrils, and synaptic and neuronal loss in the brain. Multiple evidence directly indicates that oxidative stress participates in an early phase of AD before cytopathology. Moreover, oxidative stress is induced by almost all misfolded protein lumps like α-synuclein, amyloid-β, and others. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in activating and causing various cell signaling pathways that result in lesion formations of toxic substances, which foster the development of the disease. Antioxidants are widely preferred to combat oxidative stress, and those derived from natural sources, which are often incorporated into dietary habits, can play an important role in delaying the onset as well as reducing the progression of AD. However, this approach has not been extensively explored yet. Moreover, there has been growing evidence that a combination of antioxidants in conjugation with a nutrient-rich diet might be more effective in tackling AD pathogenesis. Thus, considering the above-stated fact, this comprehensive review aims to elaborate the basics of AD and antioxidants, including the vitality of antioxidants in AD. Moreover, this review may help researchers to develop effectively and potentially improved antioxidant therapeutic strategies for this disease as it also deals with the clinical trials in the stated field.
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16
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Tang Z, Motoyoshi K, Honda T, Nakamura H, Murayama T. Amyloid Beta-Peptide 25-35 (Aβ 25-35) Induces Cytotoxicity via Multiple Mechanisms: Roles of the Inhibition of Glucosylceramide Synthase by Aβ 25-35 and Its Protection by D609. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1419-1426. [PMID: 34602551 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs), such as ceramide, glucosylceramide (GlcCer), and sphingomyelin, play important roles in the normal development/functions of the brain and peripheral tissues. Disruption of SL homeostasis in cells/organelles, specifically up-regulation of ceramide, is involved in multiple diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). One of the pathological features of AD is aggregates of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides, and SLs regulate both the formation/aggregation of Aβ and Aβ-induced cellular responses. Up-regulation of ceramide levels via de novo and salvage synthesis pathways is reported in Aβ-treated cells and brains with AD; however, the effects of Aβ on ceramide decomposition pathways have not been elucidated. Thus, we investigated the effects of the 25-35-amino acid Aβ peptide (Aβ25-35), the fundamental cytotoxic domain of Aβ, on SL metabolism in cells treated with the fluorescent nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-labeled C6-ceramide (NBD-ceramide). Aβ25-35 treatment reduced the formation of NBD-GlcCer mediated by GlcCer synthase (GCS) without affecting the formation of NBD-sphingomyelin or NBD-ceramide-1-phosphate, and reduced cell viability. Aβ25-35-induced responses decreased in cells treated with D609, a putative inhibitor of sphingomyelin synthases. Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity significantly increased in GCS-knockout cells and pharmacological inhibition of GCS alone demonstrated cytotoxicity. Our study revealed that Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity is at least partially mediated by the inhibition of GCS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Tang
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Kaisei Motoyoshi
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Takuya Honda
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Toshihiko Murayama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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17
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Chiang TI, Yu YH, Lin CH, Lane HY. Novel Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: Based Upon N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Hypoactivation and Oxidative Stress. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 19:423-433. [PMID: 34294612 PMCID: PMC8316669 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.3.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Early detection and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is important. The current treatment for early AD is acetylcholine esterase inhibitors (AChEIs); however, the efficacy is poor. Besides, AChEI did not show efficacy in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposits have been regarded to be highly related to the pathogenesis of AD. However, many clinical trials aiming at the clearance of Aβ deposits failed to improve the cognitive decline of AD, even at its early phase. There should be other important mechanisms unproven in the course of AD and MCI. Feasible biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment response of AD are lacking to date. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation plays an important role in learning and memory. On the other hand, oxidative stress has been regarded to contribute to aging with the assumption that free radicals damage cell constituents and connective tissues. Our recent study found that an NMDAR enhancer, sodium benzoate (the pivotal inhibitor of D-amino acid oxidase [DAAO]), improved the cognitive and global function of patients with early-phase AD. Further, we found that peripheral DAAO levels were higher in patients with MCI and AD than healthy controls. We also found that sodium benzoate was able to change the activity of antioxidant. These pieces of evidence suggest that the NMDAR function is associated with anti-oxidation, and have potential to be biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment response of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-I Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry and Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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18
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Al-Nuaimi AH, Blūma M, Al-Juboori SS, Eke CS, Jammeh E, Sun L, Ifeachor E. Robust EEG Based Biomarkers to Detect Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1026. [PMID: 34439645 PMCID: PMC8394244 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers to detect Alzheimer's disease (AD) would enable patients to gain access to appropriate services and may facilitate the development of new therapies. Given the large numbers of people affected by AD, there is a need for a low-cost, easy to use method to detect AD patients. Potentially, the electroencephalogram (EEG) can play a valuable role in this, but at present no single EEG biomarker is robust enough for use in practice. This study aims to provide a methodological framework for the development of robust EEG biomarkers to detect AD with a clinically acceptable performance by exploiting the combined strengths of key biomarkers. A large number of existing and novel EEG biomarkers associated with slowing of EEG, reduction in EEG complexity and decrease in EEG connectivity were investigated. Support vector machine and linear discriminate analysis methods were used to find the best combination of the EEG biomarkers to detect AD with significant performance. A total of 325,567 EEG biomarkers were investigated, and a panel of six biomarkers was identified and used to create a diagnostic model with high performance (≥85% for sensitivity and 100% for specificity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H. Al-Nuaimi
- School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; (S.S.A.-J.); (C.S.E.); (E.J.); (L.S.); (E.I.)
- College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad, Al Adhamiya, Baghdad 10053, Iraq
| | - Marina Blūma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Shaymaa S. Al-Juboori
- School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; (S.S.A.-J.); (C.S.E.); (E.J.); (L.S.); (E.I.)
- College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad, Al Adhamiya, Baghdad 10053, Iraq
| | - Chima S. Eke
- School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; (S.S.A.-J.); (C.S.E.); (E.J.); (L.S.); (E.I.)
| | - Emmanuel Jammeh
- School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; (S.S.A.-J.); (C.S.E.); (E.J.); (L.S.); (E.I.)
| | - Lingfen Sun
- School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; (S.S.A.-J.); (C.S.E.); (E.J.); (L.S.); (E.I.)
| | - Emmanuel Ifeachor
- School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; (S.S.A.-J.); (C.S.E.); (E.J.); (L.S.); (E.I.)
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19
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Kim KY, Shin KY, Chang KA. Brain-Derived Exosomal Proteins as Effective Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070980. [PMID: 34356604 PMCID: PMC8301985 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease, affects approximately 50 million people worldwide, which warrants the search for reliable new biomarkers for early diagnosis of AD. Brain-derived exosomal (BDE) proteins, which are extracellular nanovesicles released by all cell lineages of the central nervous system, have been focused as biomarkers for diagnosis, screening, prognosis prediction, and monitoring in AD. This review focused on the possibility of BDE proteins as AD biomarkers. The articles published prior to 26 January 2021 were searched in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library to identify all relevant studies that reported exosome biomarkers in blood samples of patients with AD. From 342 articles, 20 studies were selected for analysis. We conducted a meta-analysis of six BDE proteins and found that levels of amyloid-β42 (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 1.534, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.595-2.474), total-tau (SMD = 1.224, 95% CI: 0.534-1.915), tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (SMD = 4.038, 95% CI: 2.312-5.764), and tau phosphorylated at serine 396 (SMD = 2.511, 95% CI: 0.795-4.227) were significantly different in patients with AD compared to those in control. Whereas, those of p-tyrosine-insulin receptor substrate-1 and heat shock protein 70 did not show significant differences. This review suggested that Aβ42, t-tau, p-T181-tau, and p-S396-tau could be effective in diagnosing AD as blood biomarkers, despite the limitation in the meta-analysis based on the availability of data. Therefore, certain BDE proteins could be used as effective biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Young Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
| | - Ki Young Shin
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.Y.S.); (K.-AC.); Tel.: +82-2-880-1737 (K.Y.S.); +82-32-899-6411 (K.-AC.)
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Neuroscience of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.Y.S.); (K.-AC.); Tel.: +82-2-880-1737 (K.Y.S.); +82-32-899-6411 (K.-AC.)
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20
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Effect of Chronic Stress Present in Fibroblasts Derived from Patients with a Sporadic Form of AD on Mitochondrial Function and Mitochondrial Turnover. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060938. [PMID: 34200581 PMCID: PMC8229029 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the sporadic form of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the prevalent form, the cellular events underlying the disease pathogenesis have not been fully characterized. Accumulating evidence points to mitochondrial dysfunction as one of the events responsible for AD progression. We investigated mitochondrial function in fibroblasts collected from patients diagnosed with the sporadic form of AD (sAD), placing a particular focus on mitochondrial turnover. We measured mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagic clearance, and evaluated the presence of bioenergetic stress in sAD cells. The mitochondrial turnover was clearly lower in the fibroblasts from sAD patients than in the fibroblasts from the control subjects, and the levels of many proteins regulating mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy and mitophagy were decreased in patient cells. Additionally, the sAD fibroblasts had slightly higher mitochondrial superoxide levels and impaired antioxidant defense. Mitochondrial turnover undergoes feedback regulation through mitochondrial retrograde signaling, which is responsible for the maintenance of optimal mitochondrial functioning, and mitochondria-derived ROS participate as signaling molecules in this process. Our results showed that in sAD patients cells, there is a shift in the balance of mitochondrial function, possibly in response to the presence of cellular stress related to disease development.
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21
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CRISPR-activated patient fibroblasts for modeling of familial Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Res 2021; 172:7-12. [PMID: 33819561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Analyzing an appropriate disease model system is important to conduct disease research. Analyzing cells obtained from patient tissues could not only help elucidate the pathological mechanisms and to develop novel therapy but also lead to personalized medicine in the future. However, it is generally difficult to collect and culture neuronal cells from patients suffering from neurodegenerative disorders. Skin fibroblasts are easier to collect than neurons but may not show the expected pathology when disease-relevant genes are not sufficiently expressed. In this article, I describe an in vitro model system that enables the facile analysis of neurological disease mechanisms in patient fibroblast cultures by CRISPR transcriptional activation of endogenous disease-relevant genes. This system introduces an additional platform to analyze neurodegenerative disorders.
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22
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Angrist M, Yang A, Kantor B, Chiba-Falek O. Good problems to have? Policy and societal implications of a disease-modifying therapy for presymptomatic late-onset Alzheimer's disease. LIFE SCIENCES, SOCIETY AND POLICY 2020; 16:11. [PMID: 33043412 PMCID: PMC7548124 DOI: 10.1186/s40504-020-00106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the United States alone, the prevalence of AD is expected to more than double from six million people in 2019 to nearly 14 million people in 2050. Meanwhile, the track record for developing treatments for AD has been marked by decades of failure. But recent progress in genetics, neuroscience and gene editing suggest that effective treatments could be on the horizon. The arrival of such treatments would have profound implications for the way we diagnose, triage, study, and allocate resources to Alzheimer's patients. Because the disease is not rare and because it strikes late in life, the development of therapies that are expensive and efficacious but less than cures, will pose particular challenges to healthcare infrastructure. We have a window of time during which we can begin to anticipate just, equitable and salutary ways to accommodate a disease-modifying therapy Alzheimer's disease. Here we consider the implications for caregivers, clinicians, researchers, and the US healthcare system of the availability of an expensive, presymptomatic treatment for a common late-onset neurodegenerative disease for which diagnosis can be difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha Angrist
- Initiative for Science and Society and Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0222 USA
| | | | - Boris Kantor
- Duke University Department of Neurobiology, Durham, North Carolina 27710-3209 USA
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Duke University Department of Neurology, 311 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710-2900 USA
- Duke Center For Genomic And Computational Biology, Durham, USA
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23
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Siddiqui MS, Francois M, Rainey-Smith S, Martins R, Masters CL, Ames D, Rowe CC, Macaulay LS, Fenech MF, Leifert WR. Evaluation of GammaH2AX in Buccal Cells as a Molecular Biomarker of DNA Damage in Alzheimer's Disease in the AIBL Study of Ageing. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E141. [PMID: 32781776 PMCID: PMC7459751 DOI: 10.3390/life10080141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to double-stranded breaks (DSBs) in chromosomal DNA, H2AX (a member of histone H2A family) becomes phosphorylated to form γH2AX. Although increased levels of γH2AX have been reported in the neuronal nuclei of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, the understanding of γH2AX responses in buccal nuclei of individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD remain unexplored. In the current study, endogenous γH2AX was measured in buccal cell nuclei from MCI (n = 18) or AD (n = 16) patients and in healthy controls (n = 17) using laser scanning cytometry (LSC). The γH2AX level was significantly elevated in nuclei of the AD group compared to the MCI and control group, and there was a concomitant increase in P-trend for γH2AX from the control group through MCI to the AD group. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were carried out for different γH2AX parameters; γH2AX in nuclei resulted in the greatest area under the curve value of 0.7794 (p = 0.0062) with 75% sensitivity and 70% specificity for the identification of AD patients from control. In addition, nuclear circularity (a measure of irregular nuclear shape) was significantly higher in the buccal cell nuclei from the AD group compared with the MCI and control groups. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between the nuclear circularity and γH2AX signals. The results indicated that increased DNA damage is associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sabbir Siddiqui
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Molecular Diagnostic Solutions, Adelaide SA5005, Australia; (M.S.S.); (M.F.); (L.S.M.); (M.F.F.)
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, the University of Adelaide, Urrbrae 5064, Australia
| | - Maxime Francois
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Molecular Diagnostic Solutions, Adelaide SA5005, Australia; (M.S.S.); (M.F.); (L.S.M.); (M.F.F.)
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Stephanie Rainey-Smith
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research & Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia; (S.R.-S.); (R.M.)
| | - Ralph Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research & Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia; (S.R.-S.); (R.M.)
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), Nedlands 6009, Australia
| | - Colin L. Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia;
| | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Australia;
| | - Christopher C. Rowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg 3084, Australia;
| | - Lance S. Macaulay
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Molecular Diagnostic Solutions, Adelaide SA5005, Australia; (M.S.S.); (M.F.); (L.S.M.); (M.F.F.)
| | - Michael F. Fenech
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Molecular Diagnostic Solutions, Adelaide SA5005, Australia; (M.S.S.); (M.F.); (L.S.M.); (M.F.F.)
| | - Wayne R. Leifert
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Molecular Diagnostic Solutions, Adelaide SA5005, Australia; (M.S.S.); (M.F.); (L.S.M.); (M.F.F.)
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
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24
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Lee D, Choi YH, Seo J, Kim JK, Lee SB. Discovery of new epigenomics-based biomarkers and the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 61:101069. [PMID: 32416267 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Treatment options for many neurodegenerative diseases are limited due to the lack of early diagnostic procedures that allow timely delivery of therapeutic agents to affected neurons prior to cell death. While notable advances have been made in neurodegenerative disease biomarkers, whether or not the biomarkers discovered to date are useful for early diagnosis remains an open question. Additionally, the reliability of these biomarkers has been disappointing, due in part to the large dissimilarities between the tissues traditionally used to source biomarkers and primarily diseased neurons. In this article, we review the potential viability of atypical epigenetic and/or consequent transcriptional alterations (ETAs) as biomarkers of early-stage neurodegenerative disease, and present our perspectives on the discovery and practical use of such biomarkers in patient-derived neural samples using single-cell level analyses, thereby greatly enhancing the reliability of biomarker application.
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25
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Jayaraj RL, Azimullah S, Beiram R. Diabetes as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease in the Middle East and its shared pathological mediators. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:736-750. [PMID: 32210695 PMCID: PMC6997863 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has risen exponentially worldwide over the past decade. A growing body of research indicates that AD is linked to diabetes mellitus (DM) and suggests that impaired insulin signaling acts as a crucial risk factor in determining the progression of this devastating disease. Many studies suggest people with diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, are at higher risk of eventually developing Alzheimer's dementia or other dementias. Despite nationwide efforts to increase awareness, the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has risen significantly in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region which might be due to rapid urbanization, lifestyle changes, lack of physical activity and rise in obesity. Growing body of evidence indicates that DM and AD are linked because both conditions involve impaired glucose homeostasis and altered brain function. Current theories and hypothesis clearly implicate that defective insulin signaling in the brain contributes to synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits in AD. In the periphery, low-grade chronic inflammation leads to insulin resistance followed by tissue deterioration. Thus insulin resistance acts as a bridge between DM and AD. There is pressing need to understand on how DM increases the risk of AD as well as the underlying mechanisms, due to the projected increase in age related disorders. Here we aim to review the incidence of AD and DM in the Middle East and the possible link between insulin signaling and ApoE carrier status on Aβ aggregation, tau hyperphosphorylation, inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in AD. We also critically reviewed mutation studies in Arab population which might influence DM induced AD. In addition, recent clinical trials and animal studies conducted to evaluate the efficiency of anti-diabetic drugs have been reviewed.
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Key Words
- AAV, Adeno-associated virus
- ABCA1, ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- ADAMTS9, ADAM Metallopeptidase With Thrombospondin Type 1 Motif 9
- AGPAT1, 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase alpha
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Anti-diabetic drugs
- ApoE, Apolipoprotein E
- Arab population
- Aβ, Amyloid-beta
- BACE1, Beta-secretase 1
- BBB, Blood-Brain Barrier
- BMI, Body mass index
- CALR, calreticulin gene
- CIP2A, Cancerous Inhibitor Of Protein Phosphatase 2A
- COX-2, Cyclooxygenase 2
- CSF, Cerebrospinal fluid
- DM, Diabetes mellitus
- DUSP9, Dual Specificity Phosphatase 9
- Diabetes mellitus
- ECE-1, Endotherin converting enzyme 1
- FDG-PET, Fluorodeoxyglucose- positron emission tomography
- FRMD4A, FERM Domain Containing 4A
- FTO, Fat Mass and Obesity Associated Gene
- GLP-1, Glucagon like peptide
- GNPDA2, Glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 2
- GSK-3β, Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- IDE, Insulin degrading enzyme
- IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor 1
- IR, Insulin receptor
- IR, Insulin resistance
- Insulin signaling
- LPA, Lipophosphatidic acid
- MC4R, Melanocortin 4 receptor
- MCI, Myocardial infarction
- MENA, Middle East North African
- MG-H1, Methylglyoxal-hydroimidazolone isomer trifluoroactic acid salt
- MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging
- NDUFS3, NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Core Subunit S3
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NFT, Neurofibrillary tangles
- NOTCH4, Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 4
- PI3K, Phosphoinositide-3
- PP2A, Protein phosphatase 2
- PPAR-γ2, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2
- Pit-PET, Pittsburgh compound B- positron emission tomography
- RAB1A, Ras-related protein 1A
- SORT, Sortilin
- STZ, Streptozotocin
- T1DM, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- T2DM, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- TCF7L2, Transcription Factor 7 Like 2
- TFAP2B, Transcription Factor AP-2 Beta
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Parra MA, Butler S, McGeown WJ, Brown Nicholls LA, Robertson DJ. Globalising strategies to meet global challenges: the case of ageing and dementia. J Glob Health 2019; 9:020310. [PMID: 31777656 PMCID: PMC6858988 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.09.020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Parra
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Alzheimer’s Scotland Dementia Research Centre, Edinburgh University, UK
- Autonomous University of the Caribbean, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Stephen Butler
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Equal contribution, sorted alphabetically by surname
| | - William J. McGeown
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Equal contribution, sorted alphabetically by surname
| | - Louise A Brown Nicholls
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Equal contribution, sorted alphabetically by surname
| | - David J Robertson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Equal contribution, sorted alphabetically by surname
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27
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Trushina E. Alzheimer's disease mechanisms in peripheral cells: Promises and challenges. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2019; 5:652-660. [PMID: 31720366 PMCID: PMC6838468 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Development of efficacious therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is hampered by the lack of understanding early disease mechanisms, biomarkers, and models that mimic complex pathophysiology of human disease. Methods This article aims to assess to what extent peripheral cells recapitulate molecular mechanisms altered in the brain and could be used as translational models for the development of individualized medicine for AD. Results Multiple studies suggest that AD is a systemic disorder with an active crosstalk between brain and periphery where multiple pathways altered in the brain cells are also affected in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and other peripheral cells of AD patients. Discussion Additional studies to validate molecular mechanisms in peripheral cells using advanced system biology techniques and well-characterized cohorts of AD patients together with the development of standardized protocols should be considered to support the application of peripheral cells in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Trushina
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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28
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Fertan E, Rodrigues GJ, Wheeler RV, Goguen D, Wong AA, James H, Stadnyk A, Brown RE, Weaver IC. Cognitive Decline, Cerebral-Spleen Tryptophan Metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Cytokine Production, and Regulation of the Txnip Gene in a Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1435-1450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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Lin SY, Lin CP, Hsieh TJ, Lin CF, Chen SH, Chao YP, Chen YS, Hsu CC, Kuo LW. Multiparametric graph theoretical analysis reveals altered structural and functional network topology in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 22:101680. [PMID: 30710870 PMCID: PMC6357901 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), an irreversible neurodegenerative disease, is the most common type of dementia in elderly people. This present study incorporated multiple structural and functional connectivity metrics into a graph theoretical analysis framework and investigated alterations in brain network topology in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. By using this multiparametric analysis, we expected different connectivity metrics may reflect additional or complementary information regarding the topological changes in brain networks in MCI or AD. In our study, a total of 73 subjects participated in this study and underwent the magnetic resonance imaging scans. For the structural network, we compared commonly used connectivity metrics, including fractional anisotropy and normalized streamline count, with multiple diffusivity-based metrics. We compared Pearson correlation and covariance by investigating their sensitivities to functional network topology. Significant disruption of structural network topology in MCI and AD was found predominantly in regions within the limbic system, prefrontal and occipital regions, in addition to widespread alterations of local efficiency. At a global scale, our results showed that the disruption of the structural network was consistent across different edge definitions and global network metrics from the MCI to AD stages. Significant changes in connectivity and tract-specific diffusivity were also found in several limbic connections. Our findings suggest that tract-specific metrics (e.g., fractional anisotropy and diffusivity) provide more sensitive and interpretable measurements than does metrics based on streamline count. Besides, the use of inversed radial diffusivity provided additional information for understanding alterations in network topology caused by AD progression and its possible origins. Use of this proposed multiparametric network analysis framework may facilitate early MCI diagnosis and AD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Pei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jen Hsieh
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Fen Lin
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Huei Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Chao
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Sheng Chen
- Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Hsu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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30
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Chornenkyy Y, Wang W, Wei A, Nelson PT. Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus are distinct diseases with potential overlapping metabolic dysfunction upstream of observed cognitive decline. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:3-17. [PMID: 30106209 PMCID: PMC6427919 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are highly prevalent aging-related diseases associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Some findings in human and animal models have linked T2DM to AD-type dementia. Despite epidemiological associations between the T2DM and cognitive impairment, the interrelational mechanisms are unclear. The preponderance of evidence in longitudinal studies with autopsy confirmation have indicated that vascular mechanisms, rather than classic AD-type pathologies, underlie the cognitive decline often seen in self-reported T2DM. T2DM is associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and is associated with increased risk of infarcts and small vessel disease in the brain and other organs. Neuropathological examinations of post-mortem brains demonstrated evidence of cerebrovascular disease and little to no correlation between T2DM and β-amyloid deposits or neurofibrillary tangles. Nevertheless, the mechanisms upstream of early AD-specific pathology remain obscure. In this regard, there may indeed be overlap between the pathologic mechanisms of T2DM/"metabolic syndrome," and AD. More specifically, cerebral insulin processing, glucose metabolism, mitochondrial function, and/or lipid metabolism could be altered in patients in early AD and directly influence symptomatology and/or neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wang‐Xia Wang
- University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKY
- Sanders‐Brown Center on Aging, Department of PathologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
| | - Angela Wei
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
| | - Peter T. Nelson
- University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKY
- Sanders‐Brown Center on Aging, Department of PathologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
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31
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Jin H, Guan S, Wang R, Fang X, Liu H, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Liu C. The Distribution of Urinary Alzheimer-Associated Neuronal Thread Protein and Its Association with Common Chronic Diseases in the General Population. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 65:433-442. [PMID: 30040733 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He Jin
- Central Laboratory, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shaochen Guan
- Evidence-based Medical Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Central Laboratory, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghua Fang
- Evidence-based Medical Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Liu
- Evidence-based Medical Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchuan Wu
- Central Laboratory, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlei Zhang
- Evidence-based Medical Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Evidence-based Medical Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
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32
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Oxidant/Antioxidant Imbalance in Alzheimer's Disease: Therapeutic and Diagnostic Prospects. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6435861. [PMID: 29636850 PMCID: PMC5831771 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6435861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and a great socioeconomic burden in the aging society. Compelling evidence demonstrates that molecular change characteristics for AD, such as oxidative stress and amyloid β (Aβ) oligomerization, precede by decades the onset of clinical dementia and that the disease represents a biological and clinical continuum of stages, from asymptomatic to severely impaired. Nevertheless, the sequence of the early molecular alterations and the interplay between them are incompletely understood. This review presents current knowledge about the oxidative stress-induced impairments and compromised oxidative stress defense mechanisms in AD brain and the cross-talk between various pathophysiological insults, with the focus on excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and Aβ overproduction at the early stages of the disease. Prospects for AD therapies targeting oxidant/antioxidant imbalance are being discussed, as well as for the development of novel oxidative stress-related, blood-based biomarkers for early, noninvasive AD diagnostics.
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33
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, incurable, progressive neurodegenerative illness, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years. The research of validated biomarkers for AD is essential to improve diagnosis and accelerate the development of new therapies. Biochemical markers including neuroimaging could facilitate diagnosis, predict AD progression from a pre-AD state of mild cognitive impairment, and be used to detect the efficacies of disease-modifying therapies. Established biomarkers of AD from cerebrospinal fluid and neuroimaging are highly accurate, but barriers to clinical implementation exist. The focus on blood-based AD biomarkers has grown exponentially during the past few decades. An ideal diagnostic test for AD should be noninvasive and easily applicable. Clinical cost-effectiveness also needs to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zvěřová
- Department of Psychiatry, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic, .,First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic,
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34
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Daveckaite A, Grusauskiene E, Petrikonis K, Vaitkus A, Siaudvytyte L, Januleviciene I. Cognitive functions and normal tension glaucoma. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017; 65:974-978. [PMID: 29044063 PMCID: PMC5678334 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_756_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Only a few studies have analyzed the potential link between glaucoma and cognitive function impairment. They have found controversial results. This study aims to perform quick cognitive function assessment with clock drawing test (CDT) using two different scoring systems and compare between normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and cataract patients. Methods: Totally, 30 NTG and 30 patients with cataracts were included in a prospective, pilot study. The predrawn circle was given, and patients were asked to draw the clock showing a time of 11:10. The test was evaluated using two methods – Freund method using a 7-point scoring scale (optimal cutoff ≤4) and Rakusa using a 4-point scoring scale (optimal cutoff ≤3). The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: CDT result was significantly better in cataract group than in NTG group: 3.5 (2) versus 2 (2) by Freund, (P = 0.003) and 6.5 (1) versus 4.5 (2.75) by Rakusa, respectively (P = 0.004). Sixty percent (n = 18) of NTG group and 10% (n = 3) of cataract group patients completed the CDT in the specific picture manner (the short hand on 11 and the long hand between 11 and 12), (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Lower CDT results were seen in NTG patients according to two different scoring systems. NTG patients showed a specific manner of drawing. Further prospective studies are needed to investigate the CDT reliability as fast screening test of cognitive function impairment in glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akvile Daveckaite
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas 50009, Lithuania
| | - Evelina Grusauskiene
- Department of Neurology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas 50009, Lithuania
| | - Kestutis Petrikonis
- Department of Neurology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas 50009, Lithuania
| | - Antanas Vaitkus
- Department of Neurology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas 50009, Lithuania
| | - Lina Siaudvytyte
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas 50009, Lithuania
| | - Ingrida Januleviciene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas 50009, Lithuania
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35
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Pérez MJ, Ponce DP, Osorio-Fuentealba C, Behrens MI, Quintanilla RA. Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Is Altered in Fibroblasts from Patients with Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:553. [PMID: 29056898 PMCID: PMC5635042 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of an early biomarker to diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a challenge. Neuropathological studies in animal and AD patients have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of the development of the disease. Current studies suggest the use of peripheral tissues, like skin fibroblasts as a possibility to detect the early pathological alterations present in the AD brain. In this context, we studied mitochondrial function properties (bioenergetics and morphology) in cultured fibroblasts obtained from AD, aged-match and young healthy patients. We observed that AD fibroblasts presented a significant reduction in mitochondrial length with important changes in the expression of proteins that control mitochondrial fusion. Moreover, AD fibroblasts showed a distinct alteration in proteolytic processing of OPA1, a master regulator of mitochondrial fusion, compared to control fibroblasts. Complementary to these changes AD fibroblasts showed a dysfunctional mitochondrial bioenergetics profile that differentiates these cells from aged-matched and young patient fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that the human skin fibroblasts obtained from AD patients could replicate mitochondrial impairment observed in the AD brain. These promising observations suggest that the analysis of mitochondrial bioenergetics could represent a promising strategy to develop new diagnostic methods in peripheral tissues of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Pérez
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela P Ponce
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cesar Osorio-Fuentealba
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento Kinesiología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Maria I Behrens
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes, Santiago, Chile
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36
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Salech F, Ponce DP, SanMartín CD, Rogers NK, Chacón C, Henríquez M, Behrens MI. PARP-1 and p53 Regulate the Increased Susceptibility to Oxidative Death of Lymphocytes from MCI and AD Patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:310. [PMID: 29051731 PMCID: PMC5633596 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinically detectable initial stage of cognitive deterioration with a high conversion rate to dementia. There is increasing evidence that some of the cerebral alterations present in Alzheimer type dementia can be found in peripheral tissues. We have previously shown that lymphocytes from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients have increased susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced death that depends on dementia severity. We here investigated whether lymphocytes from MCI patients show increased vulnerability to death, and explored the involvement of Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP-1) and p53 in the regulation of this process. Lymphocytes from 16 MCI and 10 AD patients, and 15 healthy controls (HCs) were submitted to increasing concentrations of H2O2 for 20 h. Cell death was determined by flow cytometry, in the presence or absence of PARP-1 inhibitors (3-aminobenzamide (3-ABA) or Nicotinamide (NAM)), or the p53 inhibitor (nutlin-3) or stabilizer (pifithrin-α). PARP-1 and p53 mRNA levels were determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Lymphocytes from MCI patients showed increased susceptibility to death, attaining intermediate values between AD and controls. PARP inhibitors -3-ABA and NAM- markedly protected from H2O2-induced death, making the difference between MCI and controls disappear, but not the difference between AD and controls. PARP-1 mRNA expression was increased in MCI lymphocytes. Modulation of p53 with Nutlin-3 or pifithrin-α did not modify the H2O2-induced death of lymphocytes from MCI or AD patients, but augmented the death in control lymphocytes attaining levels similar to MCI and AD. Accordingly, p53 mRNA expression was increased in AD and MCI lymphocytes compared to controls. In all, these results show that increased oxidative death is present in lymphocytes at the MCI stage. PARP-1 has a preponderant role, with complete death protection achieved with PARP inhibition in MCI lymphocytes, but not in AD, suggesting that PARP-1 might have a protective role. In addition, deregulations of the p53 pathway seem to contribute to the H2O2-induced death in MCI and AD lymphocytes, which show increased p53 expression. The results showing a prominent protective role of PARP inhibitors opens the door to study the use of these agents to prevent oxidative death in MCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Salech
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación Clínica Avanzada (CICA), Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela P Ponce
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación Clínica Avanzada (CICA), Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carol D SanMartín
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole K Rogers
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Chacón
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Henríquez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria I Behrens
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación Clínica Avanzada (CICA), Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
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37
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Wojsiat J, Laskowska-Kaszub K, Mietelska-Porowska A, Wojda U. Search for Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in blood cells: hypotheses-driven approach. Biomark Med 2017; 11:917-931. [PMID: 28976776 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnostics is based on cognitive testing, and detecting amyloid Aβ and τ pathology by brain imaging and assays of cerebrospinal fluid. However, biomarkers identifying complex pathways contributing to pathology are lacking, especially for early AD. Preferably, such biomarkers should be more cost-effective and present in easily available diagnostic tissues, such as blood. Here, we summarize the recent findings of potential early AD molecular diagnostic biomarkers in blood platelets, lymphocytes and erythrocytes. We review molecular alterations which refer to such main hypotheses of AD pathogenesis as amyloid cascade, oxidative and mitochondrial stress, inflammation and alterations in cell cycle regulatory molecules. The major advantage of such biomarkers is the potential ability to indicate individualized therapies in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wojsiat
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Pasteur 3 St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Laskowska-Kaszub
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Pasteur 3 St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Mietelska-Porowska
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Pasteur 3 St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Wojda
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Pasteur 3 St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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38
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Morena F, Argentati C, Trotta R, Crispoltoni L, Stabile A, Pistilli A, di Baldassarre A, Calafiore R, Montanucci P, Basta G, Pedrinolla A, Smania N, Venturelli M, Schena F, Naro F, Emiliani C, Rende M, Martino S. A Comparison of Lysosomal Enzymes Expression Levels in Peripheral Blood of Mild- and Severe-Alzheimer's Disease and MCI Patients: Implications for Regenerative Medicine Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081806. [PMID: 28825628 PMCID: PMC5578193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of lysosomal dysfunction and neurodegeneration has been documented in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Herein, we investigate the association of lysosomal enzymes with AD at different stages of progression of the disease (mild and severe) or with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We conducted a screening of two classes of lysosomal enzymes: glycohydrolases (β-Hexosaminidase, β-Galctosidase, β-Galactosylcerebrosidase, β-Glucuronidase) and proteases (Cathepsins S, D, B, L) in peripheral blood samples (blood plasma and PBMCs) from mild AD, severe AD, MCI and healthy control subjects. We confirmed the lysosomal dysfunction in severe AD patients and added new findings enhancing the association of abnormal levels of specific lysosomal enzymes with the mild AD or severe AD, and highlighting the difference of AD from MCI. Herein, we showed for the first time the specific alteration of β-Galctosidase (Gal), β-Galactosylcerebrosidase (GALC) in MCI patients. It is notable that in above peripheral biological samples the lysosomes are more sensitive to AD cellular metabolic alteration when compared to levels of Aβ-peptide or Tau proteins, similar in both AD groups analyzed. Collectively, our findings support the role of lysosomal enzymes as potential peripheral molecules that vary with the progression of AD, and make them useful for monitoring regenerative medicine approaches for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
| | - Chiara Argentati
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
| | - Rosa Trotta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
| | - Lucia Crispoltoni
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Anna Stabile
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pistilli
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Angela di Baldassarre
- Department of Aging Medical Science, University of G. d'Annunzio, Chieti e Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Calafiore
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular, Endocrine and Metabolic Clinical Physiology and Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplants and Bio-hybrid Organs, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Pia Montanucci
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular, Endocrine and Metabolic Clinical Physiology and Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplants and Bio-hybrid Organs, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Basta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular, Endocrine and Metabolic Clinical Physiology and Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplants and Bio-hybrid Organs, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Anna Pedrinolla
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Nicola Smania
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Fabio Naro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, Roma 06100, Italy.
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
| | - Mario Rende
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
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39
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Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Selvakumar GP, Zaheer S, Ahmed ME, Raikwar SP, Zahoor H, Saeed D, Natteru PA, Iyer S, Zaheer A. Brain and Peripheral Atypical Inflammatory Mediators Potentiate Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:216. [PMID: 28790893 PMCID: PMC5522882 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory response is primarily a protective mechanism in the brain. However, excessive and chronic inflammatory responses can lead to deleterious effects involving immune cells, brain cells and signaling molecules. Neuroinflammation induces and accelerates pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuroinflammatory pathways are indicated as novel therapeutic targets for these diseases. Mast cells are immune cells of hematopoietic origin that regulate inflammation and upon activation release many proinflammatory mediators in systemic and central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory conditions. In addition, inflammatory mediators released from activated glial cells induce neurodegeneration in the brain. Systemic inflammation-derived proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and other factors cause a breach in the blood brain-barrier (BBB) thereby allowing for the entry of immune/inflammatory cells including mast cell progenitors, mast cells and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines into the brain. These peripheral-derived factors and intrinsically generated cytokines/chemokines, α-synuclein, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), substance P (SP), beta amyloid 1–42 (Aβ1–42) peptide and amyloid precursor proteins can activate glial cells, T-cells and mast cells in the brain can induce additional release of inflammatory and neurotoxic molecules contributing to chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal death. The glia maturation factor (GMF), a proinflammatory protein discovered in our laboratory released from glia, activates mast cells to release inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Chronic increase in the proinflammatory mediators induces neurotoxic Aβ and plaque formation in AD brains and neurodegeneration in PD brains. Glial cells, mast cells and T-cells can reactivate each other in neuroinflammatory conditions in the brain and augment neuroinflammation. Further, inflammatory mediators from the brain can also enter into the peripheral system through defective BBB, recruit immune cells into the brain, and exacerbate neuroinflammation. We suggest that mast cell-associated inflammatory mediators from systemic inflammation and brain could augment neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the brain. This review article addresses the role of some atypical inflammatory mediators that are associated with mast cell inflammation and their activation of glial cells to induce neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Govindhasamy P Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Mohammad E Ahmed
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Haris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Prashant A Natteru
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Shankar Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
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40
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Yu S, Liu YP, Liu HL, Li J, Xiang Y, Liu YH, Jiao SS, Liu L, Wang Y, Fu W. Serum Protein-Based Profiles as Novel Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3999-4008. [PMID: 28567666 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As a multi-stage disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is quickly becoming one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. Thus, a non-invasive, serum-based diagnostic platform is eagerly awaited. The goal of this study was to identify a serum-based biomarker panel using a predictive protein-based algorithm that is able to confidently distinguish AD patients from control subjects. One hundred and fifty-six patients with AD and the same number of gender- and age-matched control participants with standardized clinical assessments and neuroimaging measures were evaluated. Serum proteins of interest were quantified using a magnetic bead-based immunofluorescent assay, and a total of 33 analytes were examined. All of the subjects were then randomized into a training set containing 70% of the total samples and a validation set containing 30%, with each containing an equal number of AD and normal samples. Logistic regression and random forest analyses were then applied to develop a desirable algorithm for AD detection. The random forest method was found to generate a more robust predictive model than the logistic regression analysis. Furthermore, an eight-protein-based algorithm was found to be the most robust with a sensitivity of 97.7%, specificity of 88.6%, and AUC of 99%. Our study developed a novel eight-protein biomarker panel that can be used to distinguish AD and control multi-source candidates regardless of age. It is hoped that these results provide further insight into the applicability of serum-based screening methods and contribute to the development of lower-cost, less invasive methods for diagnosing AD and monitoring progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710000, China
| | - Yue-Ping Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, 477th Hospital of PLA, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, 400013, China
| | - Hai-Liang Liu
- CapitalBio Genomics Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong Province, 523808, China
| | - Jie Li
- CapitalBio Genomics Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong Province, 523808, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 100053, China
| | - Yu-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 100053, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Jiao
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 100053, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yajiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 100053, China.
| | - Weiling Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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41
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Mueller SM, Hogg S, Mueller JM, McKie S, Itin P, Reinhardt J, Griffiths CE, Kleyn CE. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in dermatology: The skin, the brain and the invisible. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:845-853. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon M. Mueller
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Basel; Basel Switzerland
- Dermatology Centre; The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Samuel Hogg
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Jannis M. Mueller
- Department of Neurology; Kantonsspital Muensterlingen; Muensterlingen Switzerland
| | - Shane McKie
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit; The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Peter Itin
- Dermatology Centre; The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Julia Reinhardt
- Division of Diagnostic & Interventional Neuroradiology; University Hospital Basel; Basel Switzerland
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42
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Uflacker A, Doraiswamy PM. Alzheimer's Disease: An Overview of Recent Developments and a Look to the Future. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2017; 15:13-17. [PMID: 31975835 PMCID: PMC6519622 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20160029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a major public health concern, affecting an estimated 40 million people worldwide. Over the past few years, several new diagnostic tests and new diagnostic nomenclatures have emerged, and more than 70 disease-modifying agents are in clinical trials. Naturalistic studies that include biomarkers-such as genomics, metabolomics, and imaging-have yielded additional insights into disease mechanisms and timelines of preclinical disease onset. This article reviews recent developments in epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, and diagnostic tests; provides updates on symptomatic therapies, ongoing prevention trials, and neuropsychiatric symptom treatment options; and ends with a discussion on prospects for a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Uflacker
- Dr. Uflacker and Dr. Doraiswamy are with the Department of Psychiatry, Duke University, and the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Durham, North Carolina (e-mail: )
| | - P Murali Doraiswamy
- Dr. Uflacker and Dr. Doraiswamy are with the Department of Psychiatry, Duke University, and the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Durham, North Carolina (e-mail: )
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43
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van Wijngaarden P, Hadoux X, Alwan M, Keel S, Dirani M. Emerging ocular biomarkers of Alzheimer disease. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 45:54-61. [PMID: 28147442 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interest in reliable biomarkers of Alzheimer disease, the leading cause of dementia, has been fuelled by challenges in diagnosing the disease and monitoring disease progression as well as the response to therapy. A range of ocular manifestations of Alzheimer disease, including retinal and lens amyloid-beta accumulation, retinal nerve fiber layer loss, and retinal vascular changes, have been proposed as potential biomarkers of the disease. Herein, we examine the evidence regarding the potential value of these ocular biomarkers of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Wijngaarden
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Australia.,Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Australia
| | - Xavier Hadoux
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Australia.,Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Australia
| | - Mostafa Alwan
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Australia.,Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Australia
| | - Stuart Keel
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Australia.,Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Australia
| | - Mohamed Dirani
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Australia.,Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Australia
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44
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Zhan X, Stamova B, Jin LW, DeCarli C, Phinney B, Sharp FR. Gram-negative bacterial molecules associate with Alzheimer disease pathology. Neurology 2016; 87:2324-2332. [PMID: 27784770 PMCID: PMC5135029 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We determined whether Gram-negative bacterial molecules are associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology given that previous studies demonstrate Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria can form extracellular amyloid and Gram-negative bacteria have been reported as the predominant bacteria found in normal human brains. Methods: Brain samples from gray and white matter were studied from patients with AD (n = 24) and age-matched controls (n = 18). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and E coli K99 pili protein were evaluated by Western blots and immunocytochemistry. Human brain samples were assessed for E coli DNA followed by DNA sequencing. Results: LPS and E coli K99 were detected immunocytochemically in brain parenchyma and vessels in all AD and control brains. K99 levels measured using Western blots were greater in AD compared to control brains (p < 0.01) and K99 was localized to neuron-like cells in AD but not control brains. LPS levels were also greater in AD compared to control brain. LPS colocalized with Aβ1-40/42 in amyloid plaques and with Aβ1-40/42 around vessels in AD brains. DNA sequencing confirmed E coli DNA in human control and AD brains. Conclusions: E coli K99 and LPS levels were greater in AD compared to control brains. LPS colocalized with Aβ1-40/42 in amyloid plaques and around vessels in AD brain. The data show that Gram-negative bacterial molecules are associated with AD neuropathology. They are consistent with our LPS-ischemia-hypoxia rat model that produces myelin aggregates that colocalize with Aβ and resemble amyloid-like plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhan
- From the Department of Neurology (X.Z., B.S., C.D., F.R.S.), MIND Institute (X.Z., B.S., F.R.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.-W.J., C.D.), Department of Pathology (L.-W.J.), and Proteomics Core Facility, Genome Center (B.P.), University of California at Davis, Sacramento.
| | - Boryana Stamova
- From the Department of Neurology (X.Z., B.S., C.D., F.R.S.), MIND Institute (X.Z., B.S., F.R.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.-W.J., C.D.), Department of Pathology (L.-W.J.), and Proteomics Core Facility, Genome Center (B.P.), University of California at Davis, Sacramento
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- From the Department of Neurology (X.Z., B.S., C.D., F.R.S.), MIND Institute (X.Z., B.S., F.R.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.-W.J., C.D.), Department of Pathology (L.-W.J.), and Proteomics Core Facility, Genome Center (B.P.), University of California at Davis, Sacramento
| | - Charles DeCarli
- From the Department of Neurology (X.Z., B.S., C.D., F.R.S.), MIND Institute (X.Z., B.S., F.R.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.-W.J., C.D.), Department of Pathology (L.-W.J.), and Proteomics Core Facility, Genome Center (B.P.), University of California at Davis, Sacramento
| | - Brett Phinney
- From the Department of Neurology (X.Z., B.S., C.D., F.R.S.), MIND Institute (X.Z., B.S., F.R.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.-W.J., C.D.), Department of Pathology (L.-W.J.), and Proteomics Core Facility, Genome Center (B.P.), University of California at Davis, Sacramento
| | - Frank R Sharp
- From the Department of Neurology (X.Z., B.S., C.D., F.R.S.), MIND Institute (X.Z., B.S., F.R.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.-W.J., C.D.), Department of Pathology (L.-W.J.), and Proteomics Core Facility, Genome Center (B.P.), University of California at Davis, Sacramento
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45
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Khan TK, Alkon DL. Alzheimer's Disease Cerebrospinal Fluid and Neuroimaging Biomarkers: Diagnostic Accuracy and Relationship to Drug Efficacy. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:817-36. [PMID: 26402622 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Widely researched Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers include in vivo brain imaging with PET and MRI, imaging of amyloid plaques, and biochemical assays of Aβ 1 - 42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau (p-tau-181) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In this review, we critically evaluate these biomarkers and discuss their clinical utility for the differential diagnosis of AD. Current AD biomarker tests are either highly invasive (requiring CSF collection) or expensive and labor-intensive (neuroimaging), making them unsuitable for use in the primary care, clinical office-based setting, or to assess drug efficacy in clinical trials. In addition, CSF and neuroimaging biomarkers continue to face challenges in achieving required sensitivity and specificity and minimizing center-to-center variability (for CSF-Aβ 1 - 42 biomarkers CV = 26.5% ; http://www.alzforum.org/news/conference-coverage/paris-standardization-hurdle-spinal-fluid-imaging-markers). Although potentially useful for selecting patient populations for inclusion in AD clinical trials, the utility of CSF biomarkers and neuroimaging techniques as surrogate endpoints of drug efficacy needs to be validated. Recent trials of β- and γ-secretase inhibitors and Aβ immunization-based therapies in AD showed no significant cognitive improvements, despite changes in CSF and neuroimaging biomarkers. As we learn more about the dysfunctional cellular and molecular signaling processes that occur in AD, and how these processes are manifested in tissues outside of the brain, new peripheral biomarkers may also be validated as non-invasive tests to diagnose preclinical and clinical AD.
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46
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Groblewska M, Muszyński P, Wojtulewska-Supron A, Kulczyńska-Przybik A, Mroczko B. The Role of Visinin-Like Protein-1 in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:17-32. [PMID: 26402751 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ions are crucial in the process of information transmission and integration in the central nervous system (CNS). These ions participate not only in intracellular mechanisms but also in intercellular processes. The changes in the concentration of Ca2 + ions modulate synaptic transmission, whereas neuronal activity induces calcium ion waves. Disturbed calcium homeostasis is thought to be one of the main features in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and AD pathogenesis is closely connected to Ca2 + signaling pathways. The effects of changes in neuronal Ca2 + are mediated by neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) proteins. It has been revealed that NCS proteins, with special attention to visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1), might have a connection to the etiology of AD. In the CNS, VILIP-1 influences the intracellular neuronal signaling pathways involved in synaptic plasticity, such as cyclic nucleotide cascades and nicotinergic signaling. This particular protein is implicated in calcium-mediated neuronal injury as well. VILIP-1 also participates in the pathological mechanisms of altered Ca2 + homeostasis, leading to neuronal loss. These findings confirm the utility of VILIP-1 as a useful biomarker of neuronal injury. Moreover, VILIP-1 plays a vital role in linking calcium-mediated neurotoxicity and AD-type pathological changes. The disruption of Ca2 + homeostasis caused by AD-type neurodegeneration may result in the damage of VILIP-1-containing neurons in the brain, leading to increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of VILIP-1. Thus, the aim of this overview is to describe the relationships of the NCS protein VILIP-1 with the pathogenetic factors of AD and neurodegenerative processes, as well as its potential clinical usefulness as a biomarker of AD. Moreover, we describe the current and probable therapeutic strategies for AD, targeting calcium-signaling pathways and VILIP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paweł Muszyński
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
| | | | | | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, Poland.,Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
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47
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Clark LF, Kodadek T. The Immune System and Neuroinflammation as Potential Sources of Blood-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Huntington's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:520-7. [PMID: 27046268 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a loss of neurons that leads to cognitive and behavioral dysfunction. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions of people in the United States and worldwide, followed by Parkinson's disease (PD). While some early onset forms of AD and PD are hereditary, the sporadic or late-onset cases are believed to result from lifestyle and environmental factors. On the contrary, Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease solely caused by mutations in the gene for huntingtin protein. The disease mechanisms at play for all three disorders remain elusive, hampering efforts to develop effective therapeutic interventions. In light of this, the discovery of robust biomarkers is crucial in order to identify people at risk for AD and PD, preferably before symptoms arise. For all three diseases, the identification of biomarkers would not only allow development of treatments but also evaluation and adjustment of these with disease progression. It is now understood that neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases, along with subsequent immune activation. Therefore, research is actively ongoing to discover and evaluate inflammatory and immune-related biomarkers. Recent progress in this area for AD, PD, and HD is presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine F. Clark
- Departments
of Chemistry
and Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Thomas Kodadek
- Departments
of Chemistry
and Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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48
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Chang KA, Shin KY, Nam E, Lee YB, Moon C, Suh YH, Lee SH. Plasma soluble neuregulin-1 as a diagnostic biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2016; 97:1-7. [PMID: 27133777 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To identify some apparent biomarker candidates for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, we investigated whether there would be a significant difference between the levels of the plasma proteins of AD patients and healthy people. A total of 115 subjects were enrolled, 60 individuals with AD and 55 healthy controls. There was a statistical difference in the mini-mental status exam (MMSE) scores and the clinical dementia rating (CDR) scores between the two groups. We used the immunoblotting assay to analyze several plasma proteins in the subjects. Amyloid-β (Aβ), S100a9, and soluble neuregulin-1 (sNRG-1), including α-synuclein (α-Syn) as a detection control were detected in the plasma samples. Unlike Aβ, S100a9 and α-Syn, the level of sNRG-1 of the AD patients was significantly higher than that of the healthy control subjects. The AD patients were divided into mild and moderate groups according to their MMSE and CDR scores. We found a significant correlation between the level of sNRG-1 and MMSE scores. The sNRG-1 level was significantly higher in mild AD patients as well as in moderate AD patients compared with that of the control subjects. These new findings indicate that increased plasma sNRG-1 levels might be a novel and reliable biological marker for the early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun-A Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 406-799, South Korea
| | - Ki Young Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, 330-714, South Korea
| | - Eunjoo Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 406-799, South Korea
| | - Yeong-Bae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, 405-760, South Korea
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain Science, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 711-873, South Korea
| | - Yoo-Hun Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 406-799, South Korea.
| | - Sang Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
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49
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Zheng C, Zhou XW, Wang JZ. The dual roles of cytokines in Alzheimer's disease: update on interleukins, TNF-α, TGF-β and IFN-γ. Transl Neurodegener 2016; 5:7. [PMID: 27054030 PMCID: PMC4822284 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-016-0054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders in the elderly. Although the mechanisms underlying AD neurodegeneration are not fully understood, it is well recognized that inflammation plays a crucial role in the initiation and/or deterioration of AD neurodegeneration. Increasing evidence suggests that different cytokines, including interleukins, TNF-α, TGF-β and IFN-γ, are actively participated in AD pathogenesis and may serve as diagnostic or therapeutic targets for AD neurodegeneration. Here, we review the progress in understanding the important role that these cytokines or neuroinflammation has played in AD etiology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xin-Wen Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China ; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, 226000 China
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