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Kolar DR, Monteleone AM, Cascino G, Ertl S, Meule A, Naab S, Voderholzer U. Pathways between Child Maltreatment, Psychological Symptoms, and Life Satisfaction: A Network Analysis in Adolescent Inpatients. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024; 52:969-982. [PMID: 38289540 PMCID: PMC11108895 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Child maltreatment is a risk factor for mental disorders and decreased life satisfaction during adolescence. We investigated whether child maltreatment would link to life satisfaction both directly and through psychological symptoms, whether these relations would change from admission to discharge after treatment, and which types of maltreatment, symptoms and facets of life satisfaction would be most influential in adolescent inpatients with internalizing mental disorders. N = 896 adolescent receiving inpatient psychotherapeutic treatment completed questionnaires on child maltreatment experiences, current psychopathology and subjective life satisfaction at admission and discharge (n = 765). Main diagnoses were affective (n = 322), eating (n = 447), obsessive-compulsive (n = 70) and anxiety disorders (n = 57). Network models of child maltreatment, psychopathology and life satisfaction nodes were estimated at admission and discharge and compared using network comparison tests. Potential causal shortest pathways were investigated using directed acyclic graphs.Network models were stable with no significant differences between admission and discharge. Strongest nodes of each cluster were "emotional abuse" (child maltreatment), "worthlessness", "thinking about dying" and "feeling lonely" (psychopathology) and "satisfied with life" (life satisfaction) at both admission and discharge. Emotional neglect showed direct connections to life satisfaction, indicating its relevance for therapeutic interventions. At both admission and discharge, "sexual abuse" indirectly predicted lower life satisfaction through psychological symptoms. In conclusion, child maltreatment is directly and indirectly connected to life satisfaction in adolescents with mental disorders. Emotional abuse and neglect were especially important in linking child maltreatment to life satisfaction and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Kolar
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology and Psychotherapy Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Sedanstr. 1, 93055, Regensburg, Germany.
| | | | - Giammarco Cascino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Sebastian Ertl
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology and Psychotherapy Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Sedanstr. 1, 93055, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Silke Naab
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
| | - Ulrich Voderholzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Assefa Fentahun B, Belete Mossie T, Damtew Hailu R, Bete T, Moges Demeke S. Adverse childhood experiences among people with schizophrenia at comprehensive specialized hospitals in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia: a comparative study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1387833. [PMID: 38835545 PMCID: PMC11148370 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1387833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background People who have encountered adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are predisposed to developing schizophrenia, experiencing exacerbated symptoms, and facing an elevated risk of disease relapse. It is imperative to evaluate the prevalence of ACEs to comprehend the specific attributes of this condition and enable the implementation of suitable interventions. Aims The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of ACEs and its determinants among people with schizophrenia and the patient attendants in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Method A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out at the Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, from April 26 to June 10, 2023. A total of 291 individuals with schizophrenia and 293 individuals from the patient attendants were selected using a systematic random sampling method. A proportional odds model ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with ACEs. Results The occurrence of at least one ACE among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia was 69.4%, while patient attendants had a 46.8%, as indicated by the Chi-square test, which showed a significant difference at p <0.05. The study findings indicated that individuals with schizophrenia who have encountered four or more ACEs are more inclined to have lower educational attainment (AOR: 4.69 [1.94 - 11.61]), low resilient coping mechanisms (AOR: 2.07 [1.11 - 3.90]), and poor social support (AOR: 3.93 [2.13 - 7.32]). Conversely, factors such as rural residency, illiteracy, and heightened attachment-related anxiety were found to be notably associated with the patient attendants. Conclusion In this study, the substantial prevalence of ACEs emphasized the necessity for ACE screening and the implementation of evidence-based interventions to address and alleviate the overall burden of ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhanu Assefa Fentahun
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Tilahun Belete Mossie
- Department of Psychiatry, College Medical and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Rekik Damtew Hailu
- Department of Psychiatry, College Medical and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tilahun Bete
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Junger N, Hirsch O. Ethics of Nudging in the COVID-19 Crisis and the Necessary Return to the Principles of Shared Decision Making: A Critical Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e57960. [PMID: 38601812 PMCID: PMC11005480 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nudging, a controversial technique for modifying people's behavior in a predictable way, is claimed to preserve freedom of choice while simultaneously influencing it. Nudging had been largely confined to situations such as promoting healthy eating choices but has been employed in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis in a shift towards measures that involve significantly less choice, such as shoves and behavioral prods. Shared decision making (SDM), a method for direct involvement and autonomy, is an alternative approach to communicate risk. Predominantly peer-reviewed scientific publications from standard literature databases like PubMed, PsycInfo, and Psyndex were evaluated in a narrative review. The so-called fear nudges, as well as the dissemination of strongly emotionalizing or moralizing messages can lead to intense psycho-physical stress. The use of these nudges by specialized units during the COVID-19 pandemic generated a societal atmosphere of fear that precipitated a deterioration of the mental and physical health of the population. Major recommendations of the German COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO) study, which are based on elements of nudging and coercive measures, do not comply with ethical principles, basic psychological principles, or evidence-based data. SDM was misused in the COVID-19 crisis, which helped to achieve one-sided goals of governments. The emphasis on utilitarian thinking is criticized and the unethical behavior of decision makers is explained by both using the concept of moral disengagement and the maturity level of coping strategies. There should be a return to an open-ended, democratic, and pluralistic scientific debate without using nudges. It is therefore necessary to return to the origins of SDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Junger
- Psychology, Independent Researcher, Tübingen, DEU
| | - Oliver Hirsch
- Psychology, FOM University of Applied Sciences, Siegen, DEU
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Wang X, Jiang L, Barry L, Zhang X, Vasilenko SA, Heath RD. A Scoping Review on Adverse Childhood Experiences Studies Using Latent Class Analysis: Strengths and Challenges. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1695-1708. [PMID: 37594222 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231192922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) studies reveal the profound impacts of experiencing trauma and hardships in childhood. However, the cumulative risk approach of treating ACEs obscures the heterogeneity of ACEs and their consequences, making actionable interventions impossible. latent class analysis (LCA) has increasingly been used to address these concerns by identifying underlying subgroups of people who experience distinctive patterns of co-occurring ACEs. Though LCA has its strengths, the existing research produces few comparable findings because LCA results are dependent on ACEs measures and indicators, which vary widely by study. Therefore, a scoping review of ACEs studies using LCA that focuses on ACEs measures, indicators, and findings is needed to inform the field. Following Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage scoping review methodological framework, we first identified 211 articles from databases of EBSCOhost, PubMed, and Scopus using "adverse childhood experiences" for title search and "latent class analysis" for abstract search. Based on the inclusion criteria of peer-reviewed articles written in English published from 2012 to 2022 and the exclusion criteria of nonempirical studies and the LCA not analyzing ACEs, we finally selected 58 articles in this scoping review. Results showed LCA has been increasingly endorsed in the ACEs research community to examine the associations between ACEs and human health and well-being across culturally diverse populations. LCA overcame the limitations of the traditional methods by revealing specific ACEs clusters that exert potent effects on certain outcomes. However, the arbitrary nature of selecting ACEs indicators, measures, and the limited use of theory impedes the field from moving forward.
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Braunheim L, Heller A, Helmert C, Kasinger C, Beutel ME, Brähler E. Early Childhood Care in the Former East Germany and Mental Stress in Adulthood. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 121:182-187. [PMID: 38231727 PMCID: PMC11079801 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is still debated in Germany whether early childhood care outside the family might cause mental stress in adulthood. In the German Democratic Republic (GDR-the former East Germany before unification), children were often cared for outside the family from a very early age. METHODS To determine the relation between early childhood care outside the family and mental stress in adulthood, we carried out a survey among 1575 persons who were born and socialized in the GDR. They were classified into four care groups according to the age at which they were first cared for outside the family. Associations with depressiveness, somatization disorders, and anxiety disorders in adulthood were tested with logistic regression analysis. Care group-specific prevalences of experiences of abuse and neglect in childhood were estimated with analysis of variance. RESULTS Comparisons of persons cared for outside the family before the age of three, or from the age of three onward, with persons cared for within the family in their preschool years did not reveal any difference with respect to depressiveness (odds ratio [OR] = 0.95; 95% confidence interval [0.58; 1.55]; OR = 1.05 [0.63; 1.74]), somatization disorders (OR = 1.11 [0.74; 1.67]; OR = 1.09 [0.71; 1.66]), or anxiety disorders (OR = 0.87 [0.46; 1.64]; OR = 1.12 [0.59; 2.10]). Nor were there any intergroup differences with respect to experiences of abuse and neglect. Certain features of the very small group of children who had long-term care outside the family are discussed in the article. CONCLUSION No relation was found between earlychildhood care in day-care centers in the GDR and mental stress in adulthood. The data were too sparse for any conclusions about specific aspects of care outside the home (e.g., quality or child-rearing norms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Braunheim
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
| | - Ayline Heller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- GESIS Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Survey Design and Methodology
| | - Claudia Helmert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Leipzig und Medizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig
| | - Christoph Kasinger
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
| | - Manfred E. Beutel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Leipzig und Medizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig
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Nkrumah RO, von Schröder C, Demirakca T, Schmahl C, Ende G. Cortical volume alteration in the superior parietal region mediates the relationship between childhood abuse and PTSD avoidance symptoms: A complementary multimodal neuroimaging study. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 28:100586. [PMID: 38045556 PMCID: PMC10689271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACE), which can be separated into abuse and neglect, contribute to the development of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). However, which brain structures are mainly affected by ACE as well as the mediating role these brain structures play in ACE and PTSS relationship are still being investigated. The current study tested the effect of ACE on brain structure and investigated the latter's mediating role in ACE-PTSS relationship. Methods A total of 78 adults with self-reported ACE were included in this study. Participants completed the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) and a Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) to ascertain ACE history and PTSS, respectively. T1w images and diffusion MRI scans were then acquired to assess cortical morphometry and white matter (WM) integrity in fibre tracts connecting key areas where ACE-related cortical volume alterations were observed. Results The combined effect of ACE was negatively associated with total grey matter volume and local cortical area in the right superior parietal region (rSP). Childhood abuse was negatively related to right superior parietal volume after controlling for neglect and overall psychological burden. The right superior parietal volume significantly mediated the relationship between childhood abuse and avoidance-related PTSS. Post-hoc analyses showed that the indirect relation was subsequently moderated by dissociative symptoms. Lastly, a complementary examination of the WM tracts connected to abuse-associated cortical GM regions shows that abuse was negatively related to the normalised fibre density of WM tracts connected to the right superior parietal region. Conclusion We provide multimodal structural evidence that ACE in the first years of life is related to alterations in the right superior brain region, which plays a crucial role in spatial processing and attentional functioning. Additionally, we highlight that the cortical volume alteration in this region may play a role in explaining the relationship between childhood abuse and avoidance symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Okyere Nkrumah
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Claudius von Schröder
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine & Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Traute Demirakca
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine & Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gabriele Ende
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
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Pollmann A, Fritz J, Barker E, Fuhrmann D. Networks of Adversity in Childhood and Adolescence and Their Relationship to Adult Mental Health. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:1769-1784. [PMID: 36331717 PMCID: PMC10661796 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00976-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Adverse experiences before the age of eighteen are common and include diverse events ranging from sexual abuse to parental divorce. These stressful experiences have been linked to physical and mental health issues. Previous research has focused mainly on childhood adversity, such as experiences in the family environment. Little consideration has been given to adversities that may be particularly harmful in adolescence. To understand adolescents' adverse experiences, this project used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC, total N = 14,901, N ≈ 1,200 - 10,000 per measure). We modelled interrelations of adversities in childhood (1-11 years) and adolescence (11-23 years) and examined adversity clusters using network analysis. We found two similar clusters in the childhood and adolescence networks: (1) direct abuse and (2) adverse family factors. We identified a third cluster of (3) educational and social adversities for adolescence. For both age groups, emotional abuse in the family environment was closely linked to mental health in early adulthood and most adversities were linked with depression in early adulthood. In adolescence, housing and academic issues and abuse by a romantic partner were particularly central to the network of adversities. Thus, we found commonalities and differences in the relevance of adverse experiences at different developmental stages. These findings highlight the need to develop age-dependent frameworks for adversity research and policymaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Pollmann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, King's College London, Addison House, Guy's Campus, SE1 1UL, London, UK.
| | - Jessica Fritz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Edward Barker
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, King's College London, Henry Wellcome Building for Psychology, Denmark Hill Campus, SE5 8AF, London, UK
| | - Delia Fuhrmann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, King's College London, Addison House, Guy's Campus, SE1 1UL, London, UK
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Li J, Liu Z, Li M, Huang Y, Yin H, Xu G, Li L, Zhang T, Yan J, Yu Y, Xu X, Wang Z, Xu Y, Li T, Hou X, Xu X, Wang L, Yan Y, Xiao S, Du X, Li G. Associations of adverse childhood experiences with common psychiatric disorder in later life: results from the China mental health survey. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:706. [PMID: 37907840 PMCID: PMC10619228 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and common psychiatric disorders among older Chinese individuals have not been well reported. The objectives of this study are to examine the prevalence of ACEs and the associations of ACEs with common psychiatric disorders among older adults in China. METHODS The study used data from the China Mental Health Survey (CMHS), a nationally representative epidemiological survey, which used computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI), logistic regression models were used to examine community-based adult psychiatric disorders and associated risk factors. Finally, 2,317 individuals aged 60 years or over were included in the CMHS. The national prevalence of ACEs in older adults were estimated and logistic regression were used to analyse the association between ACEs and past-year psychiatric disorders. RESULTS Prevalence of ACEs among older adults in China was 18.1%. The three most common types of ACEs were neglect (11.6%), domestic violence (9.2%), and parental loss (9.1%). This study proved the association between ACEs and common past-year psychiatric disorders in older adults. ACEs increased the risk of past-year psychiatric disorders in older adults. After adjustment for age, sex, marital status, employment status, education, rural or urban residence, region, and physical diseases, the association between ACEs and past-year psychiatric disorders were still significant. CONCLUSIONS ACEs are linked to an increased risk for past-year psychiatric disorders in older adults. ACEs may have long-term effects on older adults' mental well-being. Preventing ACEs may help reduce possible adverse health outcomes in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Li
- Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Mental Health), Peking University Sixth Hospital, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yueqin Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Mental Health), Peking University Sixth Hospital, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Yin
- Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Guangming Xu
- Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Lingjiang Li
- Mental Health Institute, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-south University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Mental Health), Peking University Sixth Hospital, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Institute of Social Science Survey, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yaqin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiufeng Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Zhizhong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Yifeng Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- Mental Health Centre of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofei Hou
- Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- The Fourth People's Hospital in Urumqi, Urumqi, 830002, China
| | - Limin Wang
- National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yongping Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shuiyuan Xiao
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangdong Du
- Suzhou Guangji Hospital, Suzhou, 215008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guohua Li
- Chifeng Anding Hospital, Chifeng, 024000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
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Kerber A, Gewehr E, Zimmermann J, Sachser C, M Fegert J, Knaevelsrud C, Spitzer C. Adverse childhood experiences and personality functioning interact substantially in predicting depression, anxiety, and somatization. Personal Ment Health 2023; 17:246-258. [PMID: 36740219 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Etiological theories on the development of psychopathology often incorporate adverse childhood experiences (ACE) as an important contributing factor. Recent studies suggest personality functioning (PF; i.e., stability of the self and interpersonal relationships) as an important transdiagnostic construct that could be useful in better understanding when persons with ACE do (not) develop psychopathological symptoms. A representative sample of N = 2363 was assessed by questionnaires on ACE, PF (Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0), and current symptoms of depression, anxiety, and somatization (Brief Symptom Inventory 18). The interaction between ACE and PF on symptoms was investigated using multiple group models and Bayesian structural equation modeling. ACE were positively associated with psychopathology and PF impairments. The interaction effect between ACE and PF explained incremental variance in current symptoms, ranging from 26% for somatization to 49% for depression with the complete model explaining up to 91% of the latent variance in psychopathology. Our findings indicate a diathesis-stress model with PF as a resource or resilience that may buffer against the development of symptoms in the face of adversity. Treatments of depression and anxiety targeting self and interpersonal functioning therefore may lead to improvements in resilience and relapse prevention. [Correction added on 15 March 2023, after first online publication: Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form has been replaced to Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0 ].
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Affiliation(s)
- André Kerber
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elsa Gewehr
- Department of Psychology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
- Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Cedric Sachser
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jörg M Fegert
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine Knaevelsrud
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Spitzer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Alharbi HF, Moussa FL. Knowledge and Attitude of Pediatric Nurses in Saudi Arabia Regarding Child Abuse. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:2057-2069. [PMID: 37492189 PMCID: PMC10364821 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s421210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Child abuse, especially when caused by the child's parents or caregivers, can be either physical, psychological, and/or sexual. Pediatric nurses should be able to identify cases of child abuse, provide appropriate care, and address the issue. Nurses' knowledge, attitudes in child abuse are essential in safeguarding the well-being and safety of those children. This study aimed to investigate pediatric nurses' knowledge and attitude about child abuse and actions taken to address such abuse. Methods Seventy pediatric nurses working in one educational hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia participated in the study. This study followed a quantitative design. A self-administrative questionnaire was distributed to pediatric nurses. A convenience sampling was followed to include the nurses who met the criteria. An adopted validated questionnaire was used for collecting data about nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding child abuse. The data was analyzed by SPSS with a descriptive analysis, independent t-tests or ANOVA test, and regression analysis. Results The descriptive results indicate that participants had adequate knowledge for identifying a child as a probable victim of child abuse. All participants agreed that an important role for nurses in managing and preventing child abuse is present. The study also indicated a favorable attitude of pediatric nurses toward child abuse. Linear regression analysis showed that nurses age between 31 and 40 years were positively associated with nurses' knowledge of child abuse, nurses with fewer years of experience and nurses with experience in dealing with a victim of child abuse had a more favorable attitude. Conclusion The study concludes that pediatric nurses have adequate knowledge and a positive attitude toward child abuse. Middle age was positively associated with nurses' knowledge of child abuse, while years of experience and experience in dealing with child abuse was inversely associated with nurses' attitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan F Alharbi
- Department of Maternity and Child Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatchima L Moussa
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Nowak J, Nikendei C, Rollmann I, Orth M, Friederich HC, Kindermann D. Characterization of different types of anxiety disorders in relation to structural integration of personality and adverse and protective childhood experiences in psychotherapy outpatients - a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:501. [PMID: 37438712 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current research has emphasized the role of structural integration of personality and childhood experiences for the understanding of anxiety disorders. In this study, we examined the relationship between anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder vs. panic disorder vs. phobic disorders), the level of structural integration of personality, and negative and protective childhood experiences at the beginning of outpatient psychodynamic psychotherapy treatment. Differences were characterized in comparison to patients with no anxiety disorders. METHODS The sample included a total of 1646 outpatient psychodynamic psychotherapy treatments, of which 695 treatments included the diagnosis of at least one anxiety disorder. Levels of structural integration of personality were assessed according to the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD-2) system. Self-reported negative and protective childhood experiences were examined by using the Questionnaire for the Assessment of Adverse and Protective Childhood Experiences (APC). Associations were tested using single factor ANOVAs. RESULTS Patients with anxiety disorders showed lower levels of structural integration of personality and reported more adverse childhood experiences than patients with no anxiety disorders. Regarding the subscales of structural integration of personality, phobic disorders were associated with impaired external communication, whereas for generalized anxiety disorder, an (uncorrected) association with impaired self-regulation was found. Also, generalized anxiety disorder was associated with sexual abuse and other traumatization (accidents etc.) during childhood, while panic disorder and phobic disorders were associated with emotional neglect, abuse, and fewer protective childhood experiences. CONCLUSIONS Our findings emphasize the need of considering structural integration of personality and childhood experiences in order to understand and treat various types of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Nowak
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University of Heidelberg, Thibautstraße 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Nikendei
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University of Heidelberg, Thibautstraße 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivo Rollmann
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University of Heidelberg, Thibautstraße 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Orth
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University of Heidelberg, Thibautstraße 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University of Heidelberg, Thibautstraße 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Kindermann
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University of Heidelberg, Thibautstraße 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Walper S, Ulrich SM, Kindler H. [Family stressors on young children's emotional development]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2023:10.1007/s00103-023-03730-3. [PMID: 37402949 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-023-03730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) have been pointed out as risk factors for physical and mental health, with consequences extending from childhood into adulthood. Based on research regarding the effects of selected ACE as well as the accumulation of ACE, this article investigates how different types of family stressors are linked to children's negative emotionality in infancy and early childhood. METHODS Data are from the KiD 0-3 study (N = 5583) and the follow-up of a subsample after 2 years (n = 681). Based on 14 stress factors, we distinguish families with no/little stressors, socioeconomic stressors, parenting stressors, and multiple stressors. RESULTS Children in multiply stressed families have the highest risk of high negative emotionality (compared to unstressed families: Odds Ratios [OR] ranging from 13.00 to 6.81), controlling for demographic characteristics, child-related stress factors (e.g., excessive crying), and caregiver childhood stress. Children in families primarily characterized by parenting stress also showed a significantly increased risk of high negative emotionality (OR ranging from 8.31 to 6.95), whereas this did not hold for children from socioeconomically stressed families (without parenting stress) compared to those from unstressed families. Longitudinal analyses of the follow-up subsample showed that changes in the number of stressors were also associated with parallel changes in children's negative emotionality. DISCUSSION These results confirm findings from international research on ACE in Germany and for early childhood. They underline the importance of a well-developed early intervention system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Walper
- Deutsches Jugendinstitut, Nockherstr. 2, 81541, München, Deutschland.
| | - Susanne M Ulrich
- Deutsches Jugendinstitut, Nockherstr. 2, 81541, München, Deutschland
| | - Heinz Kindler
- Deutsches Jugendinstitut, Nockherstr. 2, 81541, München, Deutschland
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13
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Thyen U, Spiegler J, Konrad K. [The biopsychosocial understanding of health disorders and impairments in children with a focus on developmental neurological relationships]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2023:10.1007/s00103-023-03732-1. [PMID: 37322378 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-023-03732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The distinction between mental (spiritual and psychological) and physical health disorders is particularly difficult due to the special features of neurobiological development in children and adolescents. In this review article, the basics of developmental neurology are briefly described. On the basis of some congenital or early acquired neurological diseases, it is then shown to what extent mental processes can be impaired in interactions with the social context. Taking these aspects into account plays an important role in child and family-oriented counseling and support. The common occurrence of physical, mental, and psychological development disorders, which is also very variable between individuals and fluctuates over the course of a person's life, requires good interdisciplinary cooperation between conservative and surgical child and adolescent medicine and child and adolescent psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Thyen
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Deutschland.
| | - Juliane Spiegler
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- Sektion Klinische Neuropsychologie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Deutschland
- JARA-Brain Institut-II Molekulare Neurowissenschaften und Bildgebung (INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich/Aachen, Aachen, Deutschland
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14
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Roth A, Meigen C, Hiemisch A, Kiess W, Poulain T. Associations between Stressful Life Events and Increased Physical and Psychological Health Risks in Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1050. [PMID: 36673803 PMCID: PMC9858751 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Stressful life events (SLEs) are understood as risk factors for mental and physical health problems, particularly in the vulnerable period of adolescence. Using a longitudinal approach, this study investigated associations between SLE and several negative health outcomes in adolescents. Moderating effects of sociodemographic factors were considered. We analyzed the data of a healthy adolescent sample from the LIFE Child study in Leipzig, Germany (n = 2024, aged 10-18 years). SLEs were measured by a questionnaire, addressing SLEs in the family and the social environment domain. Health-related quality of life (HrQoL), behavioral difficulties and BMI were compared before and after an SLE had occurred. Moderator effects of socioeconomic status (SES), age, and sex were investigated using linear regression models. All considered health parameters had, on average, deteriorated after the occurrence of an SLE in the social environment. Differences in HrQoL before and after an SLE were significantly stronger in girls. Higher SES functioned as a slight protective factor against decreased well-being after an SLE. The findings suggest that SLEs function as risk factors for mental and physical health disadvantages in adolescents. Prevention programs should seek to support adolescents in all age and SES groups affected by SLEs, with a specific focus on girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roth
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christof Meigen
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiemisch
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Child Health, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Child Health, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tanja Poulain
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Child Health, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Johnson D, Browne DT, Meade RD, Prime H, Wade M. Latent Classes of Adverse and Benevolent Childhood Experiences in a Multinational Sample of Parents and Their Relation to Parent, Child, and Family Functioning during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13581. [PMID: 36294161 PMCID: PMC9603677 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are known to contribute to later mental health. Conversely, Benevolent Childhood Experiences (BCEs) may buffer against mental health difficulties. The importance of ACEs and BCEs for mental health of both parents and children may be most obvious during periods of stress, with potential consequences for functioning of the family. Subgroups of ACEs and BCEs in parents during the COVID-19 pandemic were investigated and validated in relation to indices of parent, child, and family well-being. In May 2020, ACEs/BCEs were assessed in 547 parents of 5-18-year-old children from the U.K., U.S., Canada, and Australia. Subgroups of parents with varying levels of ACEs and BCEs were identified via latent class analysis. The subgroups were validated by examining associations between class membership and indices of parent and child mental health and family well-being. Four latent classes were identified: low-ACEs/high-BCEs, moderate-ACEs/high-BCEs, moderate-ACEs/low-BCEs, and high-ACEs/moderate-BCEs. Regardless of the extent of BCEs, there was an increased risk of parent and child mental health difficulties and family dysfunction among those reporting moderate-to-high levels of ACEs. Parents' history of adversity may influence the mental health of their family. These findings highlight the importance of public health interventions for preventing early-life adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Johnson
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1V6, Canada
| | - Dillon T. Browne
- Centre for Mental Health Research and Treatment, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Robert D. Meade
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Heather Prime
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Mark Wade
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1V6, Canada
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Schulz AC, Kasinger C, Beutel M, Fegert JM, Clemens V, Brähler E. Adverse childhood experiences growing up in East or West Germany or abroad. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:908668. [PMID: 36245878 PMCID: PMC9555308 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.908668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are potentially traumatic events that occur before the age of 18. The term encompasses various adverse childhood experiences, e.g., physical, psychological, and sexual abuse, physical and psychological neglect, and family dysfunction. Prevalence estimates for a broad spectrum of ACEs against the background of where childhood and adolescence were spent are scarcely available in Germany. This study examines the frequencies of adverse childhood experiences, considering growing up in East or West Germany or abroad and interacting with different age cohorts and gender. Methods A total of 5,018 individuals (51.4% female) aged 14 years and older were retrospectively assessed on adverse childhood experiences using questionnaires "adverse childhood experiences" (ACE). Logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between birth cohort, gender, and where a person grew up. Descriptive statistics and univariate analyses were used to calculate frequencies, proportions, and unadjusted associations for each variable. Results 37.4% (N = 1,878) of respondents reported experiencing at least one form of ACE. Individuals who grew up abroad report significantly more adverse childhood experiences than individuals in East or West Germany. Men and women who grew up in East Germany reported a lower rate of ACEs. We found significant effects for all predictors: Where childhood and adolescence were predominantly spent, year of birth, and gender. Significant differences in the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences within the gender groups were only found for sexual and physical abuse and substance dependence in the household. Conclusion The results suggest that the socio-political context plays an essential role in the experience of adverse childhood experiences, both in frequency and risk. Thus, child abuse and neglect studies should increasingly focus on societal risk and protection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Schulz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Kasinger
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manfred Beutel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörg M. Fegert
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty of the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Vera Clemens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty of the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Clemens V, Köhler-Dauner F, Keller F, Ziegenhain U, Fegert JM. Adverse childhood experiences are associated with a higher risk for increased depressive symptoms during Covid-19 pandemic - a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:540. [PMID: 35948968 PMCID: PMC9365680 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Covid-19 pandemic has been profoundly affecting people around the world. While contact restrictions, school closures and economic shutdown were effective to reduce infection rates, these measures go along with high stress for many individuals. Persons who have experienced adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have an increased risk for mental health problems already under normal conditions. As ACEs can be associated with a higher vulnerability to stress we aimed to assess the role of ACEs on depressive symptoms during the Covid-19 pandemic. METHODS In a cross-sectional online survey, 1399 participants above the age of 18 years were included during the first lockdown in Germany. Via two-way repeated measures ANOVA, differences in depressive symptoms before (retrospectively assessed) and during the pandemic were analyzed. Linear regression analyses were performed in order to identify predictors for increase of depressive symptoms. RESULTS Compared to prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, depressive symptoms increased among all participants. Participants with ACEs and income loss reported about a stronger increase of depressive symptoms. Other predictors for increased depressive symptoms were young age and a lack of social support. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, ACEs are a significant predictor for an increase in depressive symptoms during the pandemic, indicating that personss with ACEs may be a risk group for mental health problems during the current and potential later pandemics. These findings underline the relevance of support for persons who have experienced ACEs and may help to provide more targeted support in possible scenarios due to the current or possible other pandemics. Besides, economic stability seems to be of prior importance for mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Clemens
- Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Steinhövelstraße 5, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Franziska Köhler-Dauner
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Steinhövelstraße 5, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Keller
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Steinhövelstraße 5, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ute Ziegenhain
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Steinhövelstraße 5, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jörg M. Fegert
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Steinhövelstraße 5, 89075 Ulm, Germany
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18
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Kampling H, Kruse J, Lampe A, Nolte T, Hettich N, Brähler E, Sachser C, Fegert JM, Gingelmaier S, Fonagy P, Krakau L, Zara S, Riedl D. Epistemic trust and personality functioning mediate the association between adverse childhood experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in adulthood. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:919191. [PMID: 36032256 PMCID: PMC9399466 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.919191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with posttraumatic and complex posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adulthood (PTSD/cPTSD), as well as reduced epistemic trust (trust in the authenticity and personal relevance of interpersonally transmitted information) and impaired personality functioning. The present work aims to investigate the predictive value of epistemic trust-the capacity for social learning-on the mediating effect of personality functioning in the association of ACEs and PTSD/cPTSD. Methods We conducted structural equation modeling (SEM) based on representative data of the German population (N = 2,004). Personality functioning (OPD-SQS) was applied as a mediator between ACEs and PTSD/cPTSD (ITQ), while epistemic trust (ETMCQ) was added as predictor for OPD-SQS. TLI, CFI, and RMSEA (95%-CI) determined the models' fit. Results N = 477 (23.8%) participants reported at least one ACE and n = 218 (10.9%) reported ≥4 ACEs. Fit indices were good for both PTSD (TLI = 0.96; CFI = 0.99; RMSEA = 0.06; 95%CI: 0.041-0.078) and cPTSD (TLI = 0.96; CFI = 0.99; RMSEA = 0.06; 95%CI: 0.043-0.081). ACEs were significantly associated with cPTSD (β = 0.44, p < 0.001) and PTSD (β = 0.29, p < 0.001), explaining 20 and 8% of its variance. Adding personality functioning as a mediator increased the explained variance of cPTSD and PTSD to 47 and 19% while the direct association between ACEs and cPTSD/PTSD decreased (β = 0.21/β = 0.17), thus, indicating a partial mediation. Including epistemic trust substantially increased the explained variance for personality functioning (41%) compared to ACEs as a single predictor (16%). Conclusion We add to previous research emphasizing the association between ACEs and PTSD/cPTSD symptoms. Offering insights on underlying mechanisms, we show that epistemic trust and personality functioning are relevant mediators. Since both are modifiable by psychotherapy, knowledge about the role of these constructs can inform research on psychotherapeutic interventions and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kampling
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kruse
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Center of the Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Lampe
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, Vienna, Austria
- VAMED Rehabilitation Center, Schruns, Austria
| | - Tobias Nolte
- Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nora Hettich
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Adiposity Diseases, University Medical Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cedric Sachser
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jörg M. Fegert
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephan Gingelmaier
- Psychology and Diagnostics for Emotional and Social Development for the Emotionally Impaired, University of Education Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Krakau
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sandra Zara
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - David Riedl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Türkmen C, Machunze N, Tan H, Gerhardt S, Kiefer F, Vollstädt-Klein S. Vulnerability for alcohol use disorder after adverse childhood experiences (AUDACE): protocol for a longitudinal fMRI study assessing neuropsychobiological risk factors for relapse. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e058645. [PMID: 35772833 PMCID: PMC9247669 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are common and may predispose affected individuals to various health problems, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). Although a relationship between ACE and AUD has been well-established, potential mechanisms that may underlie this relationship remain to be elucidated. The importance of these mechanisms with respect to relapse risk is of particular interest, given the clinical relevance of relapse in addictions. Thus, the aim of this study is to longitudinally assess the role of clinically relevant variables in the relationship between ACE and AUD, namely stress sensitivity, emotion processing, cue reactivity and cognitive functioning (response inhibition and working memory), in relation to relapse risk. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In this observational, longitudinal case-control study, 36 patients with AUD and heavy drinkers with varying degrees of ACE from a previous project (NCT03758053) as well as newly recruited participants from the same study population will be assessed. Besides measuring long-term relapse in AUD by re-examining these 36 previous participants after 2-2.5 years, factors contributing to short-term relapse will be examined by reassessing all participants on a 3-month follow-up. Furthermore, participants with no or mild ACE will be compared with participants with moderate to severe ACE to assess between-subject differences in risk factors for AUD. Questionnaires and interviews will thus be used to cover individuals' drinking behaviour and ACE. Emotion processing, stress sensitivity, cue reactivity and cognitive functioning will be assessed using task-based functional MRI (fMRI). Additionally, saliva cortisol and blood samples will be taken to measure hormonal stress response and to perform genome wide association analyses, respectively. The general linear model will be applied on the first level fMRI analyses, whereas for the second level analyses and analyses of behavioural data, t-tests, regression analyses, repeated-measures and one-way analysis of variances will be used. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the ethics committee of the Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University (ethics approval number: 2018-560N-MA with amendment from 29 June 2021). The findings of this study will be presented at conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05048758; Pre-results, clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagdas Türkmen
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Noah Machunze
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Haoye Tan
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Gerhardt
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Vollstädt-Klein
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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20
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Ernst M, Borkenhagen A, Fegert JM, Brähler E, Plener PL. The association of childhood abuse and neglect with tattoos and piercings in the population: evidence from a representative community survey. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:105. [PMID: 35449026 PMCID: PMC9026588 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00811-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tattoos and piercings are becoming increasingly popular in many countries around the world. Individuals seeking such body modifications have reported diverse psychological motives. Besides purely superficial considerations, tattoos and piercings can also have a deep, personal meaning. For example, they can mark and support the emotional processing of significant life events, including formative experiences from early childhood. However, there is a lack of studies that examine the links of tattoos and piercings with experiences of childhood abuse and neglect in large, population-based samples. METHODS We investigated the association of reports of childhood abuse and neglect with the acquisition of body modifications (tattoos and piercings) within a representative German community sample. Survey participants (N = 1060; ages 14-44 years) were questioned whether they had tattoos and piercings and filled out the 28-item Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form (CTQ-SF). RESULTS Tattoos and piercings were more common among individuals who reported childhood abuse and neglect. The proportion of participants with tattoos and piercings increased as a function of the severity of all assessed types of abuse and neglect (emotional, physical, and sexual abuse; emotional and physical neglect). In logistic regression analyses which included the covariates age, gender, education, and income, the sum of significant kinds of childhood abuse and neglect was positively related to having tattoos and/or piercings (OR = 1.37 [95% CI 1.19-1.58]). CONCLUSIONS The results corroborate previous research indicating that body modifications could have special significance for individuals who have survived adversity, in particular interpersonal trauma at the hands of caregivers. These findings could inform screening procedures and low-threshold access to psychotherapeutic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Ernst
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ada Borkenhagen
- University Hospital for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jörg M Fegert
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul L Plener
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Hitzler M, Bach AM, Köhler-Dauner F, Gündel H, Kolassa IT. Long-Term Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment Among Postpartum Women-Prevalence of Psychosocial Risk Factors for Child Welfare: An Independent Replication Study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:836077. [PMID: 35360143 PMCID: PMC8964057 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.836077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction As an especially burdensome experience, childhood maltreatment (CM) can have lifelong consequences on the mental health and wellbeing of an individual well into adulthood. We have previously reported that CM constitutes a central risk factor not only for the development of mental problems, but also for facing additional psychosocial risks, endangering healthy development of mother and offspring throughout life (e.g., financial problems, intimate partner violence, substance use). This study was designed to replicate these findings in a larger, independent study cohort. Method In this cross-sectional replication study an independent cohort of 533 healthy postpartum women was interviewed within seven days after parturition. CM experiences were assessed retrospectively using the German version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and current psychosocial risk factors for child welfare were assessed using the Konstanzer Index (KINDEX). Results Of all women, 16.1% experienced emotional and 10.1% physical abuse, 28.5% emotional neglect, 9.4% physical neglect and 10.3% experienced sexual abuse. Most importantly, the higher the CM load the more psychosocial stressors existed in women's life. In Particular, women with higher CM load had a higher risk for mental health problems, intimate partner violence, financial problems, and a higher postnatal stress load. Conclusions In an independent sample, this study replicated the previous findings that CM and psychosocial risk factors for child welfare were strongly associated in a dose-response manner. Our results emphasize the higher vulnerability of women with a CM history in the postpartum period. To avoid negative consequences for mother and child, a regular and evidence-based screening for CM and psychosocial risk factors during pregnancy and puerperium is needed to identify at-risk mothers early during pregnancy and to provide appropriate support. Hence, our findings highlight the mandatory requirement for an interdisciplinary collaboration of gynecological practices, hospitals and midwifes, along with psychologists and psychotherapists and child and youth welfare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hitzler
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexandra M. Bach
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Franziska Köhler-Dauner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Harald Gündel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Iris-Tatjana Kolassa
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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22
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Klein S, Fegert JM, Geprägs A, Brähler E, Clemens V. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health, Quality of Life and Intrafamilial Relations – A Population-Based Survey in Germany. Front Psychol 2022; 13:844057. [PMID: 35360600 PMCID: PMC8963202 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.844057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (COVID-19) at the end of 2019 comes along with many challenges. Besides worry for one’s own health and the well-being of the family, all measures applied to limit the spread of the coronavirus affected daily life. School closures, economic shutdown and contact restrictions have led to high levels of stress. The impact on health and families has been widely discussed. However, population-based data are scarce. Here, we have assessed health, quality of life and intrafamilial relations depending on the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a three-step random-route approach, a population-based sample of 2,515 persons (52.6% female, average age of 50.3 years) was recruited during the second COVID-19 wave in Germany in winter 2020/21. While the majority of participants reported no change in their health status and the relationship with their partner and children, more than half of participants reported a decreased quality of life since the beginning of the pandemic. Female gender, age above 60 years, a low household income, not living with a partner and the experience of childhood adversity were associated with a higher risk for a worsening of health, quality of life and intrafamilial relations. These had already been well-established risk factors ahead of the pandemic. In order to avoid further increase of inequality in our society and more devastating impact of the pandemic on health and intrafamilial relations, low-level support and intervention programs are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Klein
- Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jörg M. Fegert
- Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alina Geprägs
- Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vera Clemens
- Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- *Correspondence: Vera Clemens,
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23
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Salzmann S, Salzmann-Djufri M, Euteneuer F. Childhood Emotional Neglect and Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:815508. [PMID: 35198614 PMCID: PMC8858943 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.815508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosocial factors predict the incidence and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is accumulating evidence for the importance of childhood maltreatment for the development and progression of both CVD-related risk factors and CVD. However, past research has predominantly focused on active forms of childhood maltreatment such as emotional abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse. At the same time, childhood neglect as a relatively silent form of childhood maltreatment received less attention. Childhood emotional neglect is the most common form of neglect. This narrative review summarizes findings on the association between childhood emotional neglect and CVD and potential underlying mechanisms. These mechanisms may involve biological factors (i.e., elevated inflammation, autonomic dysregulation, dysregulated HPA axis, and altered brain development), psychological variables and mental health (i.e., depression and anxiety), and health behaviors (i.e., eating behavior, smoking, drug use, physical activity) and interpersonal aspects. Evidence suggests that emotional neglect is associated with CVD and CVD risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, inflammation, a dysregulated stress system, altered brain development, depression and other psychological abnormalities (i.e., emotion-regulation difficulties), interpersonal difficulties, and lack of health behaviors. Specific subtypes of childhood maltreatment may be associated with CVD via different mechanisms. This review further encompasses clinical suggestions, identifies research gaps, and has implications for future studies. However, more research with better study designs is desperately needed to identify the exact underlying mechanisms and opportunities for mitigating the negative health consequences of emotional neglect to reduce the prevalence and progression of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Salzmann
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stefan Salzmann
| | | | - Frank Euteneuer
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Petersen J, Schulz AC, Brähler E, Sachser C, Fegert JM, Beutel ME. Childhood maltreatment, depression and their link to adult economic burdens. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:908422. [PMID: 36072464 PMCID: PMC9441673 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.908422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult depression is a common consequence of adverse childhood experiences. There is also a higher likelihood of being affected by economic burdens after having experienced a traumatic event in childhood. As depression has been associated with economic burden, these long-term sequelae of childhood adversity are likely to interact. GOALS We investigated depression and economic consequences, such as unemployment, lower level of education, lower income as long-term sequelae of adverse childhood experiences in adulthood and their interaction. METHODS Childhood Maltreatment was measured by the German version of the Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) questionnaire. Depression was measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2). Logistic regressions were applied to investigate the risks of suffering economic burdens, with depression as a moderator. RESULTS Depressive symptoms increased with the number of ACEs and were highest in those reporting four or more ACEs, especially amongst those who experienced sexual and emotional abuse, as well as neglect. Moderation analysis showed a significant effect of depression increasing almost all economic burdens. Migration background additionally increased the risk of unemployment and working in a blue-collar job. Female gender decreased the risk of unemployment and working in a blue-collar job, but increased the risk of low income and part-time employment. CONCLUSION The moderation effect of depression increased the negative impact of exposure to multiple ACEs on economic life in adulthood. Prevention of ACEs and early intervention are needed to prevent the mental health and economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Petersen
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Schulz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cedric Sachser
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jörg M Fegert
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred E Beutel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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25
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Williams K, Moehler E, Kaess M, Resch F, Fuchs A. Dissociation Links Maternal History Of Childhood Abuse To Impaired parenting. J Trauma Dissociation 2022; 23:37-51. [PMID: 34185634 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2021.1934938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated dissociation as a predictor of parenting and a potential mediator in the relationship between early life maltreatment (ELM) and impaired parenting. Mothers reporting moderate to severe sexual and/or physical abuse (assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) formed the maltreatment group (n = 58; MG) and were compared to a non-maltreated comparison group (n = 61; CG) 5 months (T1) and 12 months (T2) postpartum. Dissociative symptoms were assessed with the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) at T1. Parenting was investigated by self-report questionnaires and behavior observation (Emotional Availability Scales; EA) at T2. Higher dissociation scores significantly predicted more self-reported parental bonding impairment and stress, higher physical abuse risk and less observed maternal sensitivity, non-intrusiveness and a lower total EA-score during mother-child interactions (p < .001 to p < .05). Dissociation mediated the associations between ELM and self-reported parenting, but not the associations between ELM and parenting as observed during mother-child interactions. Our results suggest that maternal dissociative symptoms play a distinct role in the intergenerational transmission of adverse childhood experiences and should therefore be targeted in therapeutic interventions provided for victims of physical/sexual childhood abuse and in preventive family programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Williams
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Moehler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kaess
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Department (UPD), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franz Resch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Fuchs
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
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26
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Hazzard VM, Yoon C, Emery RL, Mason SM, Crosby RD, Wonderlich SA, Neumark-Sztainer D. Adverse childhood experiences in relation to mood-, weight-, and eating-related outcomes in emerging adulthood: Does self-compassion play a buffering role? CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 122:105307. [PMID: 34492573 PMCID: PMC8612957 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with a range of health problems, yet protective factors such as self-compassion may help buffer these associations. OBJECTIVE This study examined associations of distinct patterns of ACEs with depressive symptoms, body mass index (BMI), and disordered eating symptoms and investigated self-compassion as a potential protective factor. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data from a diverse sample of 1440 emerging adults (Mage = 22.2 years; 53.7% female; 80.3% with race/ethnicity other than non-Hispanic white) came from the population-based EAT 2018 (Eating and Activity over Time) study. METHODS Seven types of ACEs were retrospectively self-reported and used as model indicators in latent class analysis to identify patterns of ACEs. Self-compassion, depressive symptoms, height and weight (to calculate BMI), and disordered eating symptoms were also assessed. Demographic-adjusted regression models were conducted. RESULTS Three latent classes emerged: "low ACEs" (66.5% of the sample), "household dysfunction" (24.3%), and "household dysfunction and abuse" (9.1%). Compared to participants in the "low ACEs" class, participants in either latent class involving household dysfunction demonstrated higher levels of depressive and disordered eating symptoms. Participants in the "household dysfunction and abuse" class also had higher BMI. Associations differed by self-compassion for depressive symptoms (pinteraction = 0.01), BMI (pinteraction = 0.03), and disordered eating symptoms (pinteraction = 0.005), such that associations for latent classes characterized by ACEs were weaker with higher levels of self-compassion. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest self-compassion may act as a buffer against adverse mood-, weight-, and eating-related outcomes in the face of adversity and therefore may be an important intervention target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia Yoon
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca L Emery
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Susan M Mason
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ross D Crosby
- Sanford Center for Biobehavioral Research, Fargo, ND, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Stephen A Wonderlich
- Sanford Center for Biobehavioral Research, Fargo, ND, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Dianne Neumark-Sztainer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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27
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Hughes K, Ford K, Bellis MA, Glendinning F, Harrison E, Passmore J. Health and financial costs of adverse childhood experiences in 28 European countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health 2021; 6:e848-e857. [PMID: 34756168 PMCID: PMC8573710 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with increased health risks across the life course. We aimed to estimate the annual health and financial burden of ACEs for 28 European countries. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, Criminal Justice Databases, and Education Resources Information Center for quantitative studies (published Jan 1, 1990, to Sept 8, 2020) that reported prevalence of ACEs and risks of health outcomes associated with ACEs. Pooled relative risks were calculated for associations between ACEs and harmful alcohol use, smoking, illicit drug use, high body-mass index, depression, anxiety, interpersonal violence, cancer, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and respiratory disease. Country-level ACE prevalence was calculated using available data. Country-level population attributable fractions (PAFs) due to ACEs were generated and applied to 2019 estimates of disability-adjusted life-years. Financial costs (US$ in 2019) were estimated using an adapted human capital approach. FINDINGS In most countries, interpersonal violence had the largest PAFs due to ACEs (range 14·7-53·5%), followed by harmful alcohol use (15·7-45·0%), illicit drug use (15·2-44·9%), and anxiety (13·9%-44·8%). Harmful alcohol use, smoking, and cancer had the highest ACE-attributable costs in many countries. Total ACE-attributable costs ranged from $0·1 billion (Montenegro) to $129·4 billion (Germany) and were equivalent to between 1·1% (Sweden and Turkey) and 6·0% (Ukraine) of nations' gross domestic products. INTERPRETATION Availability of ACE data varies widely between countries and country-level estimates cannot be directly compared. However, findings suggest ACEs are associated with major health and financial costs across European countries. The cost of not investing to prevent ACEs must be recognised, particularly as countries look to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, which interrupted services and education, and potentially increased risk factors for ACEs. FUNDING WHO Regional Office for Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hughes
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Investment for Health and Well-being, Public Health Wales, Wrexham, UK
| | - Kat Ford
- College of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Wrexham, UK
| | - Mark A Bellis
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Investment for Health and Well-being, Public Health Wales, Wrexham, UK.
| | | | - Emma Harrison
- College of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Wrexham, UK; Psychology Department, Glyndwr University, Wrexham, UK
| | - Jonathon Passmore
- WHO Regional Office for Europe, United Nations Campus, Bonn, Germany
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28
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Clemens V, Köhler-Dauner F, Ziegenhain U, Fegert JM. Predictors of Parental Coping During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Survey in Germany. Front Psychol 2021; 12:715327. [PMID: 34566797 PMCID: PMC8460925 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.715327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has been profoundly affecting nearly everybody, but families with minors have been hit particularly. Closure of schools and kindergartens, home schooling, and working from home have led to a profound upheaval in family life. Parental adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are an important determinant for parenting behavior. Importantly, ACEs can increase the vulnerability to stress and impair coping strategies. The current pandemic leads to increased parental stress, a risk factor for harsh parenting behavior, Therefore, we aimed to assess the role of ACEs and sociodemographic factors associated to parental coping during the current pandemic. In a cross-sectional online survey, 687 parents of minors in Germany were included. Demographic and psychosocial factors associated to parental coping during the first lockdown due to the Covid-19 pandemic were assessed. Results show that younger age of the respective child, income loss, dissatisfaction with the sharing of childcare duties, and ACEs were significantly associated with an increase of potential harmful parenting behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic. An increase of dissatisfaction with the sharing of childcare duties during the pandemic was predicted by working from home and taking care of the children mainly by oneself, while sharing childcare duties with the partner equally resulted even in an increase of satisfaction with sharing of childcare duties during the pandemic. These findings demonstrate that a history of childhood adversity in a parent is a risk factor for harmful parenting during the pandemic. Parental satisfaction with sharing of caregiving is an important factor for parental coping during the pandemic. Sharing of caregiving between partners should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Clemens
- Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ute Ziegenhain
- Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jörg M Fegert
- Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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29
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Mlouki I, Bouanene I, Sioud I, Bchir A, al'Absi M, El Mhamdi S. Impulsivity mediates the impact of early life adversity on high risk behaviors among Tunisian adolescents. Prev Med Rep 2021; 23:101424. [PMID: 34150480 PMCID: PMC8190465 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experience (ACE) has become an alarming phenomenon exposing youth at a great risk of developing mental health issues. Several studies have examined the mechanism by which ACE affects adolescent's engagement in risky behaviors. However, little is known about these associations in the Tunisian/African context. We investigated the role of impulsivity in the link between ACE and health risk behaviors among schooled adolescents in Tunisia. We performed a cross sectional study among 1940 schooled adolescents in the city of Mahdia (Tunisia) from January to February 2020. To measure ACE, we used the validated Arabic version of the World Health Organization ACE questionnaire. The Barratt Impulsivity Scale and the Internet Addiction Test were used as screening tools for impulsivity and internet addiction. A total of 2520 adolescents were recruited. Of those, 1940 returned the questionnaires with an overall response rate of 77%. The majority (97.5%) reported experiencing at least one ACE. Emotional neglect (83.2%) and witnessing community violence (73.5%) were the most reported intra-familial ACEs. Males had higher rates of exposure to social violence than females. The most common risky behavior was internet addiction (50%, 95%CI = [47.9-52.3%]). Our survey revealed that ACEs score predict problematic behaviors through impulsiveness (% mediated = 16.7%). Specifically, we found a major mediating role of impulsivity between the exposure to ACE and the risk of internet addiction (% mediated = 37.5%). Our results indicate the role of impulsivity in translating the risk associated with ACE leading to engagement in high risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Mlouki
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Preventive and Community Medicine, University Hospital Tahar Sfar of Mahdia, Tunisia
- Research laboratory “Epidemiology Applied to Maternal and Child Health” 12SP17, Tunisia
| | - Ines Bouanene
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
- Research laboratory “Epidemiology Applied to Maternal and Child Health” 12SP17, Tunisia
| | - Imen Sioud
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abdallah Bchir
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
- Research laboratory “Epidemiology Applied to Maternal and Child Health” 12SP17, Tunisia
| | - Mustafa al'Absi
- Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Sana El Mhamdi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Preventive and Community Medicine, University Hospital Tahar Sfar of Mahdia, Tunisia
- Research laboratory “Epidemiology Applied to Maternal and Child Health” 12SP17, Tunisia
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30
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Clemens V, Bürgin D, Huber-Lang M, Plener PL, Brähler E, Fegert JM. The Interplay between Child Maltreatment and Stressful Life Events during Adulthood and Cardiovascular Problems-A Representative Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173937. [PMID: 34501385 PMCID: PMC8432252 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. While the relevance of early life stress, such as that which is due to child maltreatment (CM), is well known to impact individual stress responses in the long-term, and data on the interplay between CM and stressful events in adulthood on cardiovascular health are sparse. Here, we aimed to assess how stressful life events in adulthood are associated with cardiovascular health infarction in later life and whether this association is independent of CM. In a cross-sectional design, a probability sample of the German population above the age of 14 was drawn using different sampling steps. The final sample included 2510 persons (53.3% women, mean age: 48.4 years). Participants were asked about sociodemographic factors, adult life events, CM, and health conditions in adulthood. Results indicate that the number of experienced adverse life events in adulthood is associated with significantly increased odds for obesity (Odds Ration (OR)women = 1.6 [1.3; 2.0], ORmen = 1.4 [1.1; 1.9]), diabetes (ORwomen = 1.5 [1.1; 2.1], ORmen = 1.5 [1.1; 2.3]) and myocardial infarction (ORwomen = 2.1 [1.0; 4.3], ORmen = 1.8 [1.1; 2.8]). This association is not moderated by the experience of CM, which is associated with cardiovascular problems independently. Taken together, adult stressful life events and CM are significantly and independently associated with cardiovascular health in men and women in the German population in a dose-dependent manner. General practitioners, cardiologists and health policy-makers should be aware of this association between psychosocial stressors during childhood and adulthood and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Clemens
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, Steinhövelstraße 5, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (P.L.P.); (J.M.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-731-500-61611
| | - David Bürgin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospitals of the University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, Ulm University Medical Centre, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Paul L. Plener
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, Steinhövelstraße 5, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (P.L.P.); (J.M.F.)
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases-Behavioral Medicine, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg M. Fegert
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, Steinhövelstraße 5, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (P.L.P.); (J.M.F.)
- Head of the Competence Area Mental Health Prevention Network Baden-Württemberg, Steinhövelstraße 5, 89075 Ulm, Germany
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Worte tun nicht weh? Folgen psychischer Misshandlung. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-021-01183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Clemens V, Köhler-Dauner F, Keller F, Ziegenhain U, Fegert JM, Kölch M. [Violence in intimate partnerships and mental problems in children and adolescents]. PSYCHOTHERAPEUT 2021; 66:209-216. [PMID: 33758468 PMCID: PMC7972021 DOI: 10.1007/s00278-021-00501-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hintergrund Die durch die „coronavirus disease 2019“ (COVID-19) ausgelöste Pandemie hat das Leben von Familien in beispielloser Weise verändert. Während des ersten Lockdowns wurden außerfamiliäre Kontakte erheblich reduziert. Viele Eltern mussten parallel ihre Kinder betreuen und von zu Hause aus arbeiten, während der ökonomische Druck zunahm. Ziel der Arbeit (Fragestellung) Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, den Zusammenhang von Gewalt in intimen Partnerschaften und psychischen Problemen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen vor und während der COVID-19-Pandemie zu untersuchen. Material und Methoden Mithilfe einer Online-Querschnittsumfrage wurden die Daten von 687 Eltern minderjähriger Kinder in Deutschland erhoben. Demografische und psychosoziale Prädiktoren für Gewalt in intimen Partnerschaften und Assoziationen mit psychischen Gesundheitsproblemen von Kindern vor, während und nach dem ersten Lockdown aufgrund der COVID-19-Pandemie wurden analysiert. Die Umfrage fand vom 18.05.2020 bis zum 21.07.2020 statt. Der Lockdown in Deutschland begann am 23.03.2020 und endete über schrittweise Lockerungen – die ersten Schulen öffneten am 22.04.2020 wieder; die Öffnungen von Schulen, Kindergärten und Kitas zog sich bis Ende Juni 2020. Ergebnisse Ein geringeres Haushaltseinkommen und das Erleben von eigenen belastenden Kindheitserfahrungen erhöhen das Risiko, dass Studienteilnehmende Gewalt in ihrer Beziehung erfahren haben und darüber berichten. Kinder und Jugendliche, die in Familien leben, in denen Gewalt in intimen Partnerschaften vorkommt, wiesen nach Angaben der teilnehmenden Eltern vor und während der Pandemie häufiger höhere Werte für externalisierende Probleme auf, hinsichtlich emotionaler Probleme zeigten sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Diskussion Belastende Kindheitserlebnisse erhöhen das Risiko für Gewalt in intimen Partnerschaften – und diese wiederum das Risiko für psychische Probleme der eigenen Kinder. Insofern sollte auch in der psychotherapeutischen Praxis systematisch nach entsprechenden Erfahrungen gefragt und entsprechende Behandlungsangebote sollte empfohlen werden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Clemens
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie/Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Steinhövelstr. 5, 89073 Ulm, Deutschland
| | - Franziska Köhler-Dauner
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie/Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Steinhövelstr. 5, 89073 Ulm, Deutschland
| | - Ferdinand Keller
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie/Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Steinhövelstr. 5, 89073 Ulm, Deutschland
| | - Ute Ziegenhain
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie/Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Steinhövelstr. 5, 89073 Ulm, Deutschland
| | - Jörg M Fegert
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie/Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Steinhövelstr. 5, 89073 Ulm, Deutschland
| | - Michael Kölch
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Neurologie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie im Kindes- und Jugendalter, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Deutschland
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Clemens V, Beschoner P, Jarczok MN, Weimer K, Kempf M, Morawa E, Geiser F, Albus C, Steudte-Schmiedgen S, Gündel H, Fegert JM, Jerg-Bretzke L. The mediating role of COVID-19-related burden in the association between adverse childhood experiences and emotional exhaustion: results of the egePan - VOICE study. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021; 12:1976441. [PMID: 34621498 PMCID: PMC8491662 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1976441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increase the risk for mental health problems. However, there is a lack of data targeting the role of ACEs for one of the most prevalent mental health problems in health-care professionals: burnout. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the relationship between ACEs and the core burnout dimension 'emotional exhaustion' (EE). As health-care professionals have been facing particular challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, we furthermore aimed to assess the role of COVID-19 associated burden in the interplay between ACEs and EE. METHODS During the first lockdown in Germany, a total of 2500 medical healthcare professionals were questioned in a cross-sectional online survey. Questions targeted, among others, sociodemographics, ACEs, COVID-19-associated problems (e.g. increase of workload, worries about relatives and patients) and emotional exhaustion, measured by the respective dimension of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). RESULTS In German health-care professionals, ACEs were associated with a higher EE score. The number of experienced ACEs was associated with the majority of assessed COVID-19-associated problems. An increasing number of ACEs predicted higher EE scores, controlling for gender. The association between ACEs and EE was mediated significantly by COVID-19-associated problems. These included maladaptive coping strategies such as increased smoking, drinking and use of antidepressants/tranquilizers, feeling less protected by measures of the employee or the state, a greater feeling of being burdened by COVID-19-associated problems and greater exhaustion and sleep problems. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest ACEs as significant risk factor for EE in German health-care professionals. The current pandemic means a significant burden that further pronounces this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Clemens
- Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Petra Beschoner
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marc N Jarczok
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katja Weimer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kempf
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eva Morawa
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Geiser
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Clinic of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Albus
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susan Steudte-Schmiedgen
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Harald Gündel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - J M Fegert
- Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lucia Jerg-Bretzke
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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Vogel M, Meyer F, Frommer J, Walter M, Lohmann CH, Croner R. Unwillingly traumatizing: is there a psycho-traumatologic pathway from general surgery to postoperative maladaptation? Scand J Pain 2020; 21:238-246. [PMID: 34387954 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2020-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgery may possibly be undermined by psychologic, psychiatric and psychosomatic problems, as long as these problems interfere with a patient's capacity to cope with surgery adaptively. Recent studies have shown that interpersonal trauma, e.g. abuse or neglect, and its correlates are involved in the adaptation to surgery. This observation is heuristically coherent, given the respective traumatization is an interpersonal event occurring in a relationship. Notably, surgery inevitably leads to the violation of physical boundaries within a doctor-patient relationship. Based on the principles of psycho-traumatologic thinking, such a constellation is deemed qualified to activate posttraumatic symptoms in the traumatized. METHOD The present topical review summarizes the respective findings which point to a subgroup of patients undergoing surgery, in whom difficulty bearing tension and confiding in others may cause adaptive problems relevant to surgery. Although this theorizing is empirically substantiated primarily with respect to total knee arthroplasty (TKA), a pubmed-research reveals psychopathologic distress to occur prior to surgery beyond TKA. Likewise, posttraumatic distress occurs in large numbers in the context of several operations, including cardiac, cancer and hernia surgery. CONCLUSION Aspects of psychological trauma may be linked to the outcomes of general surgery, as well, e.g. biliary, hernia or appendix surgery. The mechanisms possibly involved in this process are outlined in terms of a hierarchical organization of specific anxiety and negative affect as well as in terms of psychodynamics which imply the unconscious action of psychologic defenses at their core. IMPLICATIONS Not least, we encourage the screening for trauma and its correlates including defenses prior to general surgery in order to identify surgical candidates at risk of, e.g. chronic postoperative pain, before the operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Vogel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Meyer
- Department of Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Frommer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Jena Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph H Lohmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Roland Croner
- Department of Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Lorenz S, Ulrich SM, Sann A, Liel C. Self-Reported Psychosocial Stress in Parents With Small Children. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 117:709-716. [PMID: 33559586 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosocial stress in early childhood can impair children's health and development. Data on the prevalence of psychosocial stress in families with infants and toddlers in Germany are lacking. Such data could be used to determine the need for prevention and to plan the appropriate preventive measures. METHODS In 2015, a representative cross-sectional study called Kinder in Deutschland- KiD 0-3 was conducted by questionnaire in pediatricians' practices across Germany. Parents taking their children to the U3-U7a child development checks were asked to self-report information about stress in their families. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. RESULTS Data from 7549 families went into the analysis. Stressful situations commonly reported by the parents included unplanned pregnancy (21.3%), parenthoodrelated stress (e.g., self-doubt as to parenting competence, 29.6%), and lack of familial and social support for problems and questions arising in relation to the child, as well as for temporary child care (19.7%). Most types of psychosocial stress varied as a function of the child's age group, as categorized by the particular examination for which the child was presenting at the time of the survey (U3-U7a). Couple distress, lack of social support, signs of depression or anxiety symptoms, or inner anger were more commonly reported by parents attending the later examina - tions. Such problems could be addressed by supportive measures (e.g., parent counseling, early child intervention). CONCLUSION Psychosocial stress affects a large percentage of the parents of small children. A large proportion of parents of small children suffer from psychosocial stress. This should be monitored for accumulation and stability across child development checks and addressed as appropriate. Family practitioners and pediatricians are important partners for effective cooperation between the social system and the health-care system, and for the provision of preventive measures where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lorenz
- Department of Family and Family Politics, National Center for Early Prevention, German YouthInstitute (DJI, Deutsches Jugendinstitut e.V. ), Munich, Germany
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Witt A, M. Fegert J. In Reply. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 116:134-135. [PMID: 32181737 PMCID: PMC7081370 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0134c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Witt
- *Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie/-Psychotherapie Universitätsklinikum Ulm
| | - Jörg M. Fegert
- *Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie/-Psychotherapie Universitätsklinikum Ulm
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Lohbeck R. Adverse Experiences Outside the Family. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 116:134. [PMID: 32181736 PMCID: PMC7081369 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0134b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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Trebin E. Psychosocial and Somatoform Disorders. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 116:134. [PMID: 32181735 PMCID: PMC7081366 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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